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Nazabal A, Mendiguren A, Pineda J. Inhibition of rat locus coeruleus neurons by prostaglandin E 2 EP3 receptors: pharmacological characterization ex vivo. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1290605. [PMID: 38035000 PMCID: PMC10684765 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1290605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an inflammatory mediator synthesized by the brain constitutive cyclooxygenase enzyme. PGE2 binds to G protein-coupled EP1-4 receptors (EP1 to Gq, EP2,4 to Gs, and EP3 to Gi/o). EP2, EP3 and EP4 receptors are expressed in the locus coeruleus (LC), the main noradrenergic nucleus in the brain. EP3 receptors have been explored in the central nervous system, although its role regulating the locus coeruleus neuron activity has not been pharmacologically defined. Our aim was to characterize the function of EP3 receptors in neurons of the LC. Thus, we studied the effect of EP3 receptor agonists on the firing activity of LC cells in rat brain slices by single-unit extracellular electrophysiological techniques. The EP3 receptor agonist sulprostone (0.15 nM-1.28 µM), PGE2 (0.31 nM-10.2 µM) and the PGE1 analogue misoprostol (0.31 nM-2.56 µM) inhibited the firing rate of LC neurons in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50 = 15 nM, 110 nM, and 51 nM, respectively). The EP3 receptor antagonist L-798,106 (3-10 µM), but not the EP2 (PF-04418948, 3-10 µM) or EP4 (L-161,982, 3-10 µM) receptor antagonists, caused rightward shifts in the concentration-effect curves for the EP3 receptor agonists. Sulprostone-induced effect was attenuated by the Gi/o protein blocker pertussis toxin (pertussis toxin, 500 ng ml-1) and the inhibitors of inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRK) BaCl2 (300 µM) and SCH-23390 (15 µM). In conclusion, LC neuron firing activity is regulated by EP3 receptors, presumably by an inhibitory Gi/o protein- and GIRK-mediated mechanism.
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Nango H, Tsuruta K, Miyagishi H, Aono Y, Saigusa T, Kosuge Y. Update on the pathological roles of prostaglandin E 2 in neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:32. [PMID: 37337289 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. The pathogenesis of ALS remains largely unknown; however, inflammation of the spinal cord is a focus of ALS research and an important pathogenic process in ALS. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a major lipid mediator generated by the arachidonic-acid cascade and is abundant at inflammatory sites. PGE2 levels are increased in the postmortem spinal cords of ALS patients and in ALS model mice. Beneficial therapeutic effects have been obtained in ALS model mice using cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors to inhibit the biosynthesis of PGE2, but the usefulness of this inhibitor has not yet been proven in clinical trials. In this review, we present current evidence on the involvement of PGE2 in the progression of ALS and discuss the potential of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES) and the prostaglandin receptor E-prostanoid (EP) 2 as therapeutic targets for ALS. Signaling pathways involving prostaglandin receptors mediate toxic effects in the central nervous system. In some situations, however, the receptors mediate neuroprotective effects. Our recent studies demonstrated that levels of mPGES-1, which catalyzes the final step of PGE2 biosynthesis, are increased at the early-symptomatic stage in the spinal cords of transgenic ALS model mice carrying the G93A variant of superoxide dismutase-1. In addition, in an experimental motor-neuron model used in studies of ALS, PGE2 induces the production of reactive oxygen species and subsequent caspase-3-dependent cytotoxicity through activation of the EP2 receptor. Moreover, this PGE2-induced EP2 up-regulation in motor neurons plays a role in the death of motor neurons in ALS model mice. Further understanding of the pathophysiological role of PGE2 in neurodegeneration may provide new insights to guide the development of novel therapies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nango
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Komugi Tsuruta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyagishi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Yuri Aono
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Nihon University, 2-870-1 Sakaechonishi, Matsudo-Shi, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Tadashi Saigusa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Nihon University, 2-870-1 Sakaechonishi, Matsudo-Shi, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kosuge
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan.
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Sluter MN, Li Q, Yasmen N, Chen Y, Li L, Hou R, Yu Y, Yang CY, Meibohm B, Jiang J. The inducible prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES-1) in neuroinflammatory disorders. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:811-819. [PMID: 37515545 PMCID: PMC10468642 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231179926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase (COX)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling pathway has emerged as a critical target for anti-inflammatory therapeutic development in neurological diseases. However, medical use of COX inhibitors in the treatment of various neurological disorders has been limited due to well-documented cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. It has been widely proposed that modulation of downstream microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) enzyme may provide more specificity for inhibiting PGE2-elicited neuroinflammation. Heightened levels of mPGES-1 have been detected in a variety of brain diseases such as epilepsy, stroke, glioma, and neurodegenerative diseases. Subsequently, elevated levels of PGE2, the enzymatic product of mPGES-1, have been demonstrated to modulate a multitude of deleterious effects. In epilepsy, PGE2 participates in retrograde signaling to augment glutamate release at the synapse leading to neuronal death. The excitotoxic demise of neurons incites the activation of microglia, which can become overactive upon further stimulation by PGE2. A selective mPGES-1 inhibitor was able to reduce gliosis and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus following status epilepticus. A similar mechanism has also been observed in stroke, where the overactivation of microglia by PGE2 upregulated the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. This intense activation of neuroinflammatory processes triggered the secondary injury commonly observed in stroke, and blockade of mPGES-1 reduced infarction size and edema, suppressed induction of proinflammatory cytokines, and improved post-stroke well-being and cognition. Furthermore, elevated levels of PGE2 have been shown to intensify the proliferation of glioma cells, mediate P-glycoprotein expression at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and facilitate breakdown of the BBB. For these reasons, targeting mPGES-1, the central and inducible enzyme of the COX cascade, may provide a more specific therapeutic strategy for treating neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruida Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Chao-Yie Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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4
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Xiang P, Hu J, Wang H, Luo Y, Gu C, Tan X, Tu Y, Guo W, Chen L, Gao L, Chen R, Yang J. miR-204-5p is sponged by TUG1 to aggravate neuron damage induced by focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury through upregulating COX2. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:89. [PMID: 35228515 PMCID: PMC8885635 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Studies have reported that miR-204-5p is involved in multiple biological processes. However, little is known about the expression and mechanism of miR-204-5p in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. This study found that miR-204-5p expression was significantly downregulated in the blood of patients with ischemic stroke, MCAO/R rat brains, and OGD/R neurons. Overexpression of miR-204-5p markedly reduced infarct volume and neurological impairment and alleviated the inflammatory response in vivo. miR-204-5p promoted neuronal viability and reduced apoptotic cells in vitro. Mechanically, miR-204-5p was negatively regulated by the expression lncRNA TUG1 upstream and down-regulated COX2 expression downstream. Therefore, the TUG1/miR-204-5p/COX2 axis was involved in ischemia and reperfusion-induced neuronal damage. This finding may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Dianjiang People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 408300, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dianjiang People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 408300, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chao Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaodan Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yujun Tu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenjia Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Dianjiang People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 408300, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Neurology, Dianjiang People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 408300, China
| | - Rongchun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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5
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Xu Y, Liu Y, Li K, Yuan D, Yang S, Zhou L, Zhao Y, Miao S, Lv C, Zhao J. COX-2/PGE2 Pathway Inhibits the Ferroptosis Induced by Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1619-1631. [PMID: 35013936 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury easily develops in ischemic stroke, resulting in more serious injury. Ferroptosis is involved in cerebral I/R injury, but the mechanism remains unclear. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is potential to regulate ferroptosis. This study mainly explored the regulation effects of PGE2 on ferroptosis induced by cerebral I/R. We first detected PGE2 levels and ferroptosis status in 11 human brain tissues. Then, we induced a cerebral I/R animal model to examine ferroptosis status in cerebral I/R. We further injected a ferroptosis inhibitor to define the response of the PGE2 pathway to ferroptosis. Finally, we injected PGE2 and pranoprofen to explore the regulation of the cyclooxygenases 2 (COX-2)/PGE2 pathway on ferroptosis in cerebral I/R. We found that PGE2 release was correlated with the levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase 4, COX-2, and Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1. Ferroptosis can be induced by cerebral I/R, while inhibition of ferroptosis induced by cerebral I/R can inactivate PGE2 synthases, degrade enzyme, and parts of PGE2 receptors, and reduce cerebral infarct volume. In turn, PGE2 inhibited ferroptosis through the reduction of Fe2+, glutathione oxidation, and lipid peroxidation, while pranoprofen, one of the COX inhibitors, played an opposite role. In conclusion, PGE2 was positively correlated with ferroptosis, inhibition of ferroptosis induced by cerebral I/R can inactivate COX-2/PGE2 pathway, and PGE2 inhibited ferroptosis induced by cerebral I/R, possibly via PGE2 receptor 3 and PGE2 receptor 4. Graphical abstract Inhibition of ferroptosis inactivates the COX-2/PGE2 pathway. Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury induces the secretion of PGE2. After the inhibition of ferroptosis by Fer-1, the expression of cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) decreased, and PGE2 synthases cPGES, mPGES-1, and mPGES-2 were also reduced. At the same time, the PGE2 degradation enzyme 15-PGDH was also reduced. Changes in these enzymes ultimately result in the declination of PGE2. Besides, the expression of PGE2 receptors EP3 and EP4 is also inhibited, indicating that the function they mediate is also impaired. In conclusion, after cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, the inhibition of ferroptosis inactivates the COX-2/PGE2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dun Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuying Miao
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caihong Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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6
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Li L, Yasmen N, Hou R, Yang S, Lee JY, Hao J, Yu Y, Jiang J. Inducible Prostaglandin E Synthase as a Pharmacological Target for Ischemic Stroke. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:366-385. [PMID: 35099767 PMCID: PMC9130433 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As the inducible terminal enzyme for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis, microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) contributes to neuroinflammation and secondary brain injury after cerebral ischemia via producing excessive PGE2. However, a proof of concept that mPGES-1 is a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke has not been established by a pharmacological strategy mainly due to the lack of drug-like mPGES-1 inhibitors that can be used in relevant rodent models. To this end, we recently developed a series of novel small-molecule compounds that can inhibit both human and rodent mPGES-1. In this study, blockade of mPGES-1 by our several novel compounds abolished the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PGE2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in mouse primary brain microglia. Inhibition of mPGES-1 also decreased PGE2 produced by neuronal cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) stress. Among the five enzymes for PGE2 biosynthesis, mPGES-1 was the most induced one in cerebral ischemic lesions. Systemic treatment with our lead compound MPO-0063 (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) improved post-stroke well-being, decreased infarction and edema, suppressed induction of brain cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), alleviated locomotor dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior, and reduced the long-term cognitive impairments. The therapeutic effects of MPO-0063 in this proof-of-concept study provide the first pharmacological evidence that mPGES-1 represents a feasible target for delayed, adjunct treatment - along with reperfusion therapies - for acute brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Nelufar Yasmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Ruida Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Seyoung Yang
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeol Lee
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiukuan Hao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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Jiang J, Yu Y. Small molecules targeting cyclooxygenase/prostanoid cascade in experimental brain ischemia: Do they translate? Med Res Rev 2020; 41:828-857. [PMID: 33094540 DOI: 10.1002/med.21744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute brain ischemia accounts for most of stroke cases and constitutes a leading cause of deaths among adults and permanent disabilities in survivors. Currently, the intravenous thrombolysis is the only available medication for ischemic stroke; mechanical thrombectomy is an emerging alternative treatment for occlusion of large arteries and has shown some promise in selected subsets of patients. However, the overall narrow treatment window and potential risks largely limit the patient eligibility. New druggable targets are needed to innovate the treatment of brain ischemia. As the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosyntheses of prostanoids, cyclooxygenase (COX), particularly the inducible isoform COX-2, has long been implicated in mechanisms of acute stroke-induced brain injury and inflammation. However, the notion of therapeutically targeting COX has been diminished over the past two decades due to significant complications of the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems caused by long-term use of COX-2 inhibitor drugs. New treatment strategies targeting the downstream prostanoid signaling receptors regulating the deleterious effects of COX cascade have been proposed. As such, a large number of selective small molecules that negatively or positively modulate these important inflammatory regulators have been evaluated for neuroprotection and other beneficial effects in various animal models of brain ischemia. These timely preclinical studies, though not yet led to clinical innovation, provided new insights into the regulation of inflammatory reactions in the ischemic brain and could guide drug discovery efforts aiming for novel adjunctive strategies, along with current reperfusion therapy, to treat acute brain ischemia with higher specificity and longer therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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8
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Li L, Sluter MN, Yu Y, Jiang J. Prostaglandin E receptors as targets for ischemic stroke: Novel evidence and molecular mechanisms of efficacy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105238. [PMID: 33053444 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades the interest has waned in therapeutically targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) due to growing concerns over the potential cardiovascular and cerebrovascular toxicities of the long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors. Attention thus has recently been shifted downstream to the prostaglandin signaling pathways for new druggable anti-inflammatory targets aiming for higher therapeutic specificity. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is robustly synthesized in the ischemic cortex by quickly induced COX-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) following cerebral ischemia. The elevated PGE2, in turn, divergently regulates the excitotoxic injury and neuroinflammation by acting on four membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), namely, EP1-EP4. Markedly, all four EP receptors have been implicated in the excitotoxicity-associated brain inflammation and injury in animal models of cerebral ischemia. However promising, these preclinical studies have not yet led to a clinical trial targeting any PGE2 receptor for ischemic stroke. The goal of this article is to review the recent progress in understanding the pathogenic roles of PGE2 in cerebral ischemia as well as to provide new mechanistic insights into the PGE2 signaling via these four GPCRs in neuronal excitotoxicity and inflammation. We also discuss the feasibility of targeting EP1-EP4 receptors as an emerging delayed treatment, together with the first-line reperfusion strategy, to manage acute ischemic stroke with potentially extended window as well as improved specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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9
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Pre- and Neonatal Exposure to Lead (Pb) Induces Neuroinflammation in the Forebrain Cortex, Hippocampus and Cerebellum of Rat Pups. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031083. [PMID: 32041252 PMCID: PMC7037720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal with a proven neurotoxic effect. Exposure is particularly dangerous to the developing brain in the pre- and neonatal periods. One postulated mechanism of its neurotoxicity is induction of inflammation. This study analyzed the effect of exposure of rat pups to Pb during periods of brain development on the concentrations of selected cytokines and prostanoids in the forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Methods: Administration of 0.1% lead acetate (PbAc) in drinking water ad libitum, from the first day of gestation to postnatal day 21, resulted in blood Pb in rat pups reaching levels below the threshold considered safe for humans by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (10 µg/dL). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to determine the levels of interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2). Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine the expression levels of cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2. Finally, Western blot was used to determine the level of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Results: In all studied brain structures (forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum), the administration of Pb caused a significant increase in all studied cytokines and prostanoids (IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β, PGE2 and TXB2). The protein and mRNA expression of COX-1 and COX-2 increased in all studied brain structures, as did NF-κB expression. Conclusions: Chronic pre- and neonatal exposure to Pb induces neuroinflammation in the forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of rat pups.
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10
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Ikeda-Matsuo Y, Miyata H, Mizoguchi T, Ohama E, Naito Y, Uematsu S, Akira S, Sasaki Y, Tanabe M. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 is a critical factor in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:81-92. [PMID: 30423474 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain pathogenesis characterized by the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Although increased production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been implicated in tissue damage in several pathological settings, the role of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), an inducible terminal enzyme for PGE2 synthesis, in dopaminergic neurodegeneration remains unclear. Here we show that mPGES-1 is up-regulated in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra of postmortem brain tissue from PD patients and in neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD mice. The expression of mPGES-1 was also up-regulated in cultured dopaminergic neurons stimulated with 6-OHDA. The genetic deletion of mPGES-1 not only abolished 6-OHDA-induced PGE2 production but also inhibited 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration both in vitro and in vivo. Nigrostriatal projections, striatal dopamine content, and neurological functions were significantly impaired by 6-OHDA administration in wild-type (WT) mice, but not in mPGES-1 knockout (KO) mice. Furthermore, in cultured primary mesencephalic neurons, addition of PGE2 to compensate for the deficiency of 6-OHDA-induced PGE2 production in mPGES-1 KO neurons recovered 6-OHDA toxicity to almost the same extent as that seen in WT neurons. These results suggest that induction of mPGES-1 enhances 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuronal death through excessive PGE2 production. Thus, mPGES-1 may be a valuable therapeutic target for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ikeda-Matsuo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan; Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan.
| | - Hajime Miyata
- Department of Neuropathology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels - AKITA, Japan
| | - Tomoko Mizoguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhito Naito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Tanabe
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan
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11
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Bioanalysis of sulprostone, a prostaglandin E2 analogue and selective EP3 agonist, in monkey plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1092:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been thought to be an important mediator of inflammation in peripheral tissues, but recent studies clearly show the involvement of PGE2 in inflammatory brain diseases. In some animal models of brain disease, the genetic disruption and chemical inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 resulted in the reduction of PGE2 and amelioration of symptoms, and it had been thought that PGE2 produced by COX-2 may be involved in the progression of injuries. However, COX-2 produces not only PGE2, but also some other prostanoids, and thus the protective effects of COX-2 inhibition, as well as severe side effects, may be caused by the inhibition of prostanoids other than PGE2. Therefore, to elucidate the role of PGE2, studies of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), an inducible terminal enzyme for PGE2 synthesis, have recently been an active area of research. Studies from mPGES-1 deficient mice provide compelling evidence for its role in a variety of inflammatory brain diseases, such as ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy, and clues for developing new therapeutic treatments for brain diseases by targeting mPGES-1. Considering that COX inhibitors may non-selectively suppress the production of many types of prostanoids that are essential for normal physiological functioning of the brain and peripheral tissues, as well as induce gastro-intestinal, renal and cardiovascular complications, mPGES-1 inhibitors are expected to be injury-selective and have fewer side-effects when treating human brain diseases. Thus, this paper focuses on recent studies that have demonstrated the involvement of mPGES-1 in pathological brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ikeda-Matsuo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
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13
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Guo Y, Lei W, Wang J, Hu X, Wei Y, Ji C, Yang J. Misoprostol Reverse Hippocampal Neuron Cyclooxygenase-2 Downstream Signaling Imbalance in Aluminum-Overload Rats. Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 13:1006-16. [PMID: 27033056 PMCID: PMC4997938 DOI: 10.2174/1567205013666160401114601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although COX-2 inhibition in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases has shown neuroprotection, recent studies have revealed some serious side effects (ulcers, bleeding, fatal cerebrovascular diseases etc.) and the limited benefits of COX-2 inhibitors. A more focused approach is necessary to explore the therapeutic effect of the COX downstream signaling pathway in neurological research. The aim of this study was to explore the alterations of the PGES-PGE2-EP signal pathway and the effect of misoprostol on neurodegeneration by chronic aluminum-overload in rats. Adult rats were treated by intragastric administration of aluminum gluconate. The PGE2 content and expression of PGES and EPs in the hippocampi of rats were detected using ELISA, q-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the rat hippocampi were also detected. The misoprostol treatment dose-dependently improved spatial learning and memory function as well as healing after hippocampal neuron damage induced by chronic aluminum-overload in rats. Meanwhile, the administration of misoprostol resulted in a decrease in the PGE2 level and down-regulation of the mPGES-1, EP2 and EP4 expression levels, while there was a dosedependent up-regulation of EP3 expression. These results suggest that misoprostol possesses a neuroprotective property, and the mechanism involves affecting the EP3 level and reducing the endogenous production of PGE2 through a negative feedback mechanism, increasing the EP3 expression level, decreasing the EP2 and EP4 expression levels, and rebuilding the mPGES-1-PGE2-EP1-4 signal pathway balance. In this way, misoprostol has a counteractive effect on oxidant stress and inflammation in the central nervous system. The PGES-PGE2-EPs signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegeneration in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
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14
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Okazaki A, Hara J, Ohkura N, Fujimura M, Sakai T, Abo M, Katayama N, Kasahara K, Nakao S. Role of prostaglandin E 2 in bronchoconstriction-triggered cough response in guinea pigs. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 48:62-70. [PMID: 28951192 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A feature of cough variant asthma is a heightened cough response to bronchoconstriction. The mediators of this response are unknown. This study was designed to elucidate the role of lipid mediators in bronchoconstriction-triggered cough response in an experimental animal model. We examined the influence of bronchoconstriction on cell components and mediators including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). We studied the cough response to bronchoconstriction (CRB) by measuring the correlation between the increase in enhanced pause (Penh), an index of bronchoconstriction, and cough counts induced by methacholine (Mch) inhalation in conscious guinea pigs. We then examined the effects of intraperitoneal pretreatment with 16, 16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 (dm-PGE2) on CRB and cough counts. The total number of cells and cell components in the BALF were not influenced by bronchoconstriction. While levels of PGE2, prostaglandin I2, and cysteinyl leukotrienes were significantly increased, levels of prostaglandin D2, thromboxane B2, and substance P in the BALF were not. Dm-PGE2 significantly decreased the Mch-induced increase in Penh. Following bronchoconstriction by additional Mch inhalation, dm-PGE2 produced an increase in CRB and cough counts in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the heightened CRB following dm-PGE2 treatment was suppressed by pretreatment with PGE2 receptor (E-prostanoid EP) -1 and EP-3 antagonists in a dose-dependent manner, but not by EP-2 and EP-4 antagonists. The EP-1 antagonist also decreased cough counts. These results suggest that PGE2 acts as an exacerbating factor for bronchoconstriction-triggered cough. EP1 and EP3 may provide new therapeutic targets for cough variant asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Okazaki
- Hematology/Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Johsuke Hara
- Hematology/Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ohkura
- Hematology/Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujimura
- National Hospital Organization, Nanao Hospital, Nanao, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tamami Sakai
- Hematology/Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Miki Abo
- Hematology/Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Katayama
- Hematology/Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kasahara
- Hematology/Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakao
- Hematology/Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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15
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Yang Y, He Q, Wang H, Hu X, Luo Y, Liang G, Kuang S, Mai S, Ma J, Tian X, Chen Q, Yang J. The protection of meloxicam against chronic aluminium overload-induced liver injury in rats. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23448-23458. [PMID: 28423583 PMCID: PMC5410317 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to observe the protective effect and mechanisms of meloxicam on liver injury caused by chronic aluminium exposure in rats. The histopathology was detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The levels of prostaglandin E2, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of cyclooxygenases-2, prostaglandin E2 receptors and protein kinase A were measured by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Our experimental results showed that aluminium overload significantly damaged the liver. Aluminium also significantly increased the expressions of cyclooxygenases-2, prostaglandin E2, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, protein kinase A and the prostaglandin E2 receptors (EP1,2,4) and the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, while significantly decreased the EP3 expression in liver. The administration of meloxicam significantly improved the impairment of liver. The contents of prostaglandin E2 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were significantly decreased by administration of meloxicam. The administration of meloxicam also significantly decreased the expressions of cyclooxygenases-2 and protein kinase A and the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, while significantly increased the EP1,2,3,4 expressions in rat liver. Our results suggested that the imbalance of cyclooxygenases-2 and downstream prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway is involved in the injury of chronic aluminium-overload rat liver. The protective mechanism of meloxicam on aluminium-overload liver injury is attributed to reconstruct the balance of cyclooxygenases-2 and downstream prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qin He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guojuan Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shengnan Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shaoshan Mai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
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16
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Psarra A, Nikolaou A, Kokotou MG, Limnios D, Kokotos G. Microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1344218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Psarra
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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17
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Varga DP, Puskás T, Menyhárt Á, Hertelendy P, Zölei-Szénási D, Tóth R, Ivánkovits-Kiss O, Bari F, Farkas E. Contribution of prostanoid signaling to the evolution of spreading depolarization and the associated cerebral blood flow response. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31402. [PMID: 27506382 PMCID: PMC4979027 DOI: 10.1038/srep31402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of prostanoid signaling in neurovascular coupling during somatosensory stimulation is increasingly more appreciated, yet its involvement in mediating the cerebral blood flow (CBF) response to spreading depolarization (SD) has remained inconclusive. Selective cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme inhibitors (NS-398, SC-560) or an antagonist (L161,982) of the EP4 type prostaglandin E2 receptor were applied topically to a cranial window over the parietal cortex of isoflurane-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 60). Global forebrain ischemia was induced by occlusion of both common carotid arteries in half of the animals. SDs were triggered by the topical application of 1M KCl. SD occurrence was confirmed by the acquisition of DC potential, and CBF variations were recorded by laser-Doppler flowmetry. EP4 receptor antagonism significantly decreased peak hyperemia and augmented post-SD oligemia in the intact but not in the ischemic cortex. COX-1 inhibition and EP4 receptor blockade markedly delayed repolarization after SD in the ischemic but not in the intact brain. COX-2 inhibition achieved no significant effect on any of the end points taken. The data suggest, that activation of EP4 receptors initiates vasodilation in response to SD in the intact brain, and - together with COX-1 derived prostanoids - shortens SD duration in the acute phase of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Péter Varga
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, Hungary
| | - Tamás Puskás
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, Hungary
| | - Ákos Menyhárt
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, Hungary
| | - Péter Hertelendy
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, Hungary
| | - Dániel Zölei-Szénási
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, Hungary
| | - Réka Tóth
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Ivánkovits-Kiss
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Bari
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, Hungary
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Korányi fasor 9, Hungary
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18
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An EP2 Agonist Facilitates NMDA-Induced Outward Currents and Inhibits Dendritic Beading through Activation of BK Channels in Mouse Cortical Neurons. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5079597. [PMID: 27298516 PMCID: PMC4889853 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5079597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a major metabolite of arachidonic acid produced by cyclooxygenase pathways, exerts its bioactive responses by activating four E-prostanoid receptor subtypes, EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. PGE2 enables modulating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated responses. However, the effect of E-prostanoid receptor agonists on large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels, which are functionally coupled with NMDA receptors, remains unclear. Here, we showed that EP2 receptor-mediated signaling pathways increased NMDA-induced outward currents (INMDA-OUT), which are associated with the BK channel activation. Patch-clamp recordings from the acutely dissociated mouse cortical neurons revealed that an EP2 receptor agonist activated INMDA-OUT, whereas an EP3 receptor agonist reduced it. Agonists of EP1 or EP4 receptors showed no significant effects on INMDA-OUT. A direct perfusion of 3,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) through the patch pipette facilitated INMDA-OUT, which was abolished by the presence of protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. Furthermore, facilitation of INMDA-OUT caused by an EP2 receptor agonist was significantly suppressed by PKA inhibitor. Finally, the activation of BK channels through EP2 receptors facilitated the recovery phase of NMDA-induced dendritic beading in the primary cultured cortical neurons. These results suggest that a direct activation of BK channels by EP2 receptor-mediated signaling pathways plays neuroprotective roles in cortical neurons.
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19
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Han X, Lan X, Li Q, Gao Y, Zhu W, Cheng T, Maruyama T, Wang J. Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 mitigates thrombin-induced brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1059-74. [PMID: 26661165 PMCID: PMC4908617 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15606462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 EP3 receptor is the only prostaglandin E2 receptor that couples to multiple G-proteins, but its role in thrombin-induced brain injury is unclear. In the present study, we exposed mouse hippocampal slice cultures to thrombin in vitro and injected mice with intrastriatal thrombin in vivo to investigate the role of EP3 receptor in thrombin-induced brain injury and explore its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. In vitro, EP3 receptor inhibition reduced thrombin-induced hippocampal CA1 cell death. In vivo, EP3 receptor was expressed in astrocytes and microglia in the perilesional region. EP3 receptor inhibition reduced lesion volume, neurologic deficit, cell death, matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, neutrophil infiltration, and the number of CD68(+) microglia, but increased the number of Ym-1(+) M2 microglia. RhoA-Rho kinase levels were increased after thrombin injection and were decreased by EP3 receptor inhibition. In mice that received an intrastriatal injection of autologous arterial blood, inhibition of thrombin activity with hirudin decreased RhoA expression compared with that in vehicle-treated mice. However, EP3 receptor activation reversed this effect of hirudin. These findings show that prostaglandin E2 EP3 receptor contributes to thrombin-induced brain damage via Rho-Rho kinase-mediated cytotoxicity and proinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Takayuki Maruyama
- Project Management, Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Mishima-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Miyagishi H, Kosuge Y, Takano A, Endo M, Nango H, Yamagata-Murayama S, Hirose D, Kano R, Tanaka Y, Ishige K, Ito Y. Increased Expression of 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase in Spinal Astrocytes During Disease Progression in a Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:445-452. [PMID: 27140190 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset, progressive, and fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by selective loss of motor neurons. Both ALS model mice and patients with sporadic ALS have increased levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Furthermore, the protein levels of microsomal PGE synthase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, which catalyze PGE2 biosynthesis, are significantly increased in the spinal cord of ALS model mice. However, it is unclear whether PGE2 metabolism in the spinal cord is altered. In the present study, we investigated the protein level of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), a key enzyme in prostaglandin metabolism, in ALS model mice at three different disease stages. Western blotting revealed that the 15-PGDH level was significantly increased in the lumbar spinal cord at the symptomatic stage and end stage. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that 15-PGDH immunoreactivity was localized in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes at the end stage. In contrast, 15-PGDH immunoreactivity was not identified in NeuN-positive large cells showing the typical morphology of motor neurons in the anterior horn. Unlike 15-PGDH, the level of PGE2 in the spinal cord was increased only at the end stage. These results suggest that the significant increase of PGE2 at the end stage of ALS in this mouse model is attributable to an imbalance of the synthetic pathway and 15-PGDH-dependent scavenging system for PGE2, and that this drives the pathogenetic mechanism responsible for transition from the symptomatic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Miyagishi
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kosuge
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Takano
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Manami Endo
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nango
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | | | - Dai Hirose
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Rui Kano
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8510, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanaka
- School of Dentistry of Matsudo, Nihon University, 2-870-1 Sakaechonishi, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ishige
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Ito
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
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Abstract
Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) have been used as a powerful ex vivo model for decades. They have been used successfully in studies of neuronal death, microglial activation, mossy fiber regeneration, neurogenesis, and drug screening. As a pre-animal experimental phase for physiologic and pathologic brain research, OHSCs offer outcomes that are relatively closer to those of whole-animal studies than outcomes obtained from cell culture in vitro. At the same time, mechanisms can be studied more precisely in OHSCs than they can be in vivo. Here, we summarize stroke and traumatic brain injury research that has been carried out in OHSCs and review classic experimental applications of OHSCs and its limitations.
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Leclerc JL, Lampert AS, Diller MA, Doré S. Genetic deletion of the prostaglandin E2 E prostanoid receptor subtype 3 improves anatomical and functional outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1381-91. [PMID: 25847406 PMCID: PMC4696550 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a stroke subtype associated with high mortality and morbidity. Following ICH, excitotoxicity and inflammation significantly contribute to secondary brain injury and poor outcomes. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) levels rise locally with insult to the nervous system, and PGE2 is known to modulate these processes mainly through its E prostanoid (EP) receptors, EP1-4. EP receptor subtype 3 (EP3) is the most abundant EP receptor in the brain and we have previously shown that signaling through the PGE2 -EP3 axis exacerbates excitotoxicity and ischemic stroke outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of this pathway in modulating anatomical outcomes and functional recovery following ICH. Genetic deletion of EP3 resulted in 48.2 ± 7.3% less ICH-induced brain injury (P < 0.005) and improved functional recovery (P < 0.05), as identified by neurological deficit scoring. To start investigating the mechanisms involved in neuroprotection with impaired PGE2 -EP3 signaling, histological staining was performed to evaluate blood and ferric iron accumulation, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and peripheral neutrophil infiltration. After ICH, EP3 knockout mice demonstrated 49.5 ± 8.8% and 42.8 ± 13.1% less blood (P < 0.01) and ferric iron (P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, EP3 knockout mice had significantly reduced astrogliosis, microglial activation, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and neutrophil infiltration. Collectively, these results suggest an injurious role for the PGE2 -EP3 signaling axis in modulating brain injury, inflammation, and neurological functional recovery after ICH. Modulation of the PGE2 -EP3 signaling axis may represent a putative therapeutic avenue for the treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Leclerc
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew S Lampert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew A Diller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Wang H, Ye M, Yu L, Wang J, Guo Y, Lei W, Yang J. Hippocampal neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 downstream signaling imbalance in a rat model of chronic aluminium gluconate administration. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11:8. [PMID: 25888969 PMCID: PMC4336726 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-015-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute and chronic brain damages including neurodegenerative diseases are a group of neuroinflammation-associated diseases characterized by cognitive function defect and progressive neuron loss. The pathophysiological procession of brain damages involves the overexpression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Owing to the limited benefit to chronic brain damage and the late adverse effect of COX-2 inhibitors, the COX downstream signaling pathway has become a focus in neurological research. In order to explore the mechanism of aluminum neurotoxicity and the importance of COX2 downstream signaling pathways to chronic brain damage, the present study was designed to simultaneously observe the prostaglandin (PG) contents, and the expressions of PG synthases and PG receptors of hippocampus in a rat model induced by chronic administration of aluminium gluconate. METHODS A rat model of chronic brain damage was established by chronic intragastric administration of aluminium gluconate (Al3+ 200 mg/kg per day, 5d a week for 20 weeks). PG contents, the expressions of PG synthases, and the expressions of PG receptors in rats were measured by ELISA, RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Chronic aluminium gluconate administration resulted in hippocampal neuron injury and learning and memory disorders in rats. Aluminium gluconate administration also resulted in increased levels of PGE2, PGD2, TXA2, PGI2, and PGF2α in rat hippocampus. The DP1, EP2, IP, mPGES-1, EP4, PGIS and TXAS mRNA expressions, and the DP1, EP2 and IP protein expressions significantly increased in the Al-treated hippocampus, while the EP3 and FP mRNA and protein expressions and the TP mRNA expression decreased. CONCLUSIONS The PGS/PGs/PG receptors signaling pathway in chronic aluminium gluconate-overloaded rat hippocampus is disturbed, which may be involved in the mechanism of aluminium neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Mengliang Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Lijuan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yuanxin Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Wenjuan Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Ikeda-Matsuo Y. [Role of prostaglandin E synthase and EP receptors in ischemic brain injury]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2014; 144:110-114. [PMID: 25213610 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.144.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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25
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Akanuma SI, Higuchi T, Higashi H, Ozeki G, Tachikawa M, Kubo Y, Hosoya KI. Transporter-mediated prostaglandin E₂ elimination across the rat blood-brain barrier and its attenuation by the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 29:387-93. [PMID: 24717839 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-14-rg-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) E2 is involved in neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, and the cerebral PGE2 concentration is increased in neurodegenerative diseases. Because the intracerebral concentration of L-glutamate (L-Glu) is reported to be also elevated in neurodegenerative diseases, it has been proposed that L-Glu affects PGE2 dynamics in the brain, and thus exacerbates neural excitotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of intracerebral L-Glu on PGE2 elimination across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats by using the intracerebral microinjection technique. [(3)H]PGE2 injected into the cerebral cortex was eliminated from the brain in rats, and the apparent brain-to-blood [(3)H]PGE2 efflux clearance was found to be 60.1 µL/(min·g brain). Intracerebral pre-administration of 50 mM L-Glu significantly inhibited [(3)H]PGE2 elimination across the BBB and this L-Glu-induced inhibition was abolished by co-administration of an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator. The intracellular Ca(2+) concentration is reported to be increased via N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type L-Glu receptors (NMDAR) and [(3)H]PGE2 elimination was attenuated by intracerebral pre-administration of a mixture of NMDA and D-serine. Moreover, the co-administration of antagonists of NMDAR with L-Glu abolished the attenuation of PGE2 elimination induced by intracerebral L-Glu administration. These results suggest that L-Glu attenuates BBB-mediated PGE2 elimination via NMDAR-mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Akanuma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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Singh Bahia M, Kumar Katare Y, Silakari O, Vyas B, Silakari P. Inhibitors of Microsomal Prostaglandin E2
Synthase-1 Enzyme as Emerging Anti-Inflammatory Candidates. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:825-55. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malkeet Singh Bahia
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Yogesh Kumar Katare
- Radharaman Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462046 India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Bhawna Vyas
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Pragati Silakari
- Adina institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sagar Madhya Pradesh (M.P.) 470001 India
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ikeda-Matsuo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
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28
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Akitake Y, Nakatani Y, Kamei D, Hosokawa M, Akatsu H, Uematsu S, Akira S, Kudo I, Hara S, Takahashi M. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 is induced in alzheimer's disease and its deletion mitigates alzheimer's disease-like pathology in a mouse model. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:909-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Akitake
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Fukuoka University; Fukuoka; Japan
| | - Yoshihito Nakatani
- Department of Health Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Showa University; Tokyo; Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Choju Medical Institute; Fukushimura Hospital; Toyohashi; Aichi; Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Host Defense; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases; Osaka University; Osaka; Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases; Osaka University; Osaka; Japan
| | - Ichiro Kudo
- Department of Health Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Showa University; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Shuntaro Hara
- Department of Health Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Showa University; Tokyo; Japan
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29
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Mohan S, Ahmad AS, Glushakov AV, Chambers C, Doré S. Putative role of prostaglandin receptor in intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2012; 3:145. [PMID: 23097645 PMCID: PMC3477820 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, approximately 795,000 people experience a new or recurrent stroke. Of all strokes, 84% are ischemic, 13% are intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) strokes, and 3% are subarachnoid hemorrhage strokes. Despite the decreased incidence of ischemic stroke, there has been no change in the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke in the last decade. ICH is a devastating disease 37–38% of patients between the ages of 45 and 64 die within 30 days. In an effort to prevent ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes we and others have been studying the role of prostaglandins and their receptors. Prostaglandins are bioactive lipids derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid. They sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. Most prostaglandins are produced from specific enzymes and act upon cells via distinct G-protein coupled receptors. The presence of multiple prostaglandin receptors cross-reactivity and coupling to different signal transduction pathways allow differentiated cells to respond to prostaglandins in a unique manner. Due to the number of prostaglandin receptors, prostaglandin-dependent signaling can function either to promote neuronal survival or injury following acute excitotoxicity, hypoxia, and stress induced by ICH. To better understand the mechanisms of neuronal survival and neurotoxicity mediated by prostaglandin receptors, it is essential to understand downstream signaling. Several groups including ours have discovered unique roles for prostaglandin receptors in rodent models of ischemic stroke, excitotoxicity, and Alzheimer disease, highlighting the emerging role of prostaglandin receptor signaling in hemorrhagic stroke with a focus on cyclic-adenosine monophosphate and calcium (Ca2+) signaling. We review current ICH data and discuss future directions notably on prostaglandin receptors, which may lead to the development of unique therapeutic targets against hemorrhagic stroke and brain injuries alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Mohan
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Inflammation modulates expression of laminin in the central nervous system following ischemic injury. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:159. [PMID: 22759265 PMCID: PMC3414761 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke induces neuronal death in the core of the infarct within a few hours and the secondary damage in the surrounding regions over a long period of time. Reduction of inflammation using pharmacological reagents has become a target of research for the treatment of stroke. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), a marker of inflammation, is induced during stroke and enhances inflammatory reactions through the release of enzymatic products, such as prostaglandin (PG) E2. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and COX-2 knockout (COX-2KO) mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Additionally, brain slices derived from these mice or brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions. The expression levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins were assessed and correlated with the state of inflammation. RESULTS We found that components of the ECM, and specifically laminin, are transiently highly upregulated on endothelial cells after MCAO or OGD. This upregulation is not observed in COX-2KO mice or WT mice treated with COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, suggesting that COX-2 is associated with changes in the levels of laminins. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we report that transient ECM remodeling takes place early after stroke and suggest that this increase in ECM protein expression may constitute an effort to revascularize and oxygenate the tissue.
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Suzuki JI, Ogawa M, Watanabe R, Takayama K, Hirata Y, Nagai R, Isobe M. Roles of prostaglandin E2 in cardiovascular diseases. Int Heart J 2011; 52:266-9. [PMID: 22008433 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.52.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) is produced in inflammatory responses and regulates a variety of immunological reactions through 4 different receptor subtypes; EP1, 2, 3 and 4. However, the precise role of each receptor in cardiovascular disease has not yet been elucidated. Enhanced expression of some EPs has been observed in clinical and experimental cardiovascular diseases. EP agonists have been developed to clarify the role of each receptor. Recently, we developed a novel selective agonist to examine the effects of EP4 on cardiac transplantation, myocardial ischemia, and myocarditis. Of note, a selective EP4 agonist attenuated inflammatory cytokines and chemokines via attenuation of macrophage activation in inflammatory heart diseases. In this review article, we discuss the effects of PGE(2) receptor agonists on the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Smith WL, Urade Y, Jakobsson PJ. Enzymes of the cyclooxygenase pathways of prostanoid biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5821-65. [PMID: 21942677 PMCID: PMC3285496 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William L Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 5301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5606, USA.
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Woodward DF, Jones RL, Narumiya S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: classification of prostanoid receptors, updating 15 years of progress. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:471-538. [PMID: 21752876 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 15 years since the molecular structures of the major prostanoid receptors were elucidated. Since then, substantial progress has been achieved with respect to distribution and function, signal transduction mechanisms, and the design of agonists and antagonists (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=58). This review systematically details these advances. More recent developments in prostanoid receptor research are included. The DP(2) receptor, also termed CRTH2, has little structural resemblance to DP(1) and other receptors described in the original prostanoid receptor classification. DP(2) receptors are more closely related to chemoattractant receptors. Prostanoid receptors have also been found to heterodimerize with other prostanoid receptor subtypes and nonprostanoids. This may extend signal transduction pathways and create new ligand recognition sites: prostacyclin/thromboxane A(2) heterodimeric receptors for 8-epi-prostaglandin E(2), wild-type/alternative (alt4) heterodimers for the prostaglandin FP receptor for bimatoprost and the prostamides. It is anticipated that the 15 years of research progress described herein will lead to novel therapeutic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Dept. of Biological Sciences RD3-2B, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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34
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Edwards G, Harno E, Porter E, Weston A. Reply by authors to letter from Sandow and Grayson. Br J Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Wu T, Wu H, Wang J, Wang J. Expression and cellular localization of cyclooxygenases and prostaglandin E synthases in the hemorrhagic brain. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:22. [PMID: 21385433 PMCID: PMC3062590 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although cyclooxygenases (COX) and prostaglandin E synthases (PGES) have been implicated in ischemic stroke injury, little is known about their role in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced brain damage. This study examines the expression and cellular localization of COX-1, COX-2, microsomal PGES-1 (mPGES-1), mPGES-2, and cytosolic PGES (cPGES) in mice that have undergone hemorrhagic brain injury. Methods ICH was induced in C57BL/6 mice by intrastriatal injection of collagenase. Expression and cellular localization of COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, mPGES-2, and cPGES were examined by immunofluorescence staining. Results In the hemorrhagic brain, COX-1, mPGES-2, and cPGES were expressed constitutively in neurons; COX-1 was also constitutively expressed in microglia. The immunoreactivity of COX-2 was increased in neurons and astrocytes surrounding blood vessels at 5 h and then tended to decrease in neurons and increase in astrocytes at 1 day. At 3 days after ICH, COX-2 was observed primarily in astrocytes but was absent in neurons. Interestingly, the immunoreactivity of mPGES-1 was increased in neurons in the ipsilateral cortex and astrocytes in the ipsilateral striatum at 1 day post-ICH; the immunoreactivity of astrocytic mPGES-1 further increased at 3 days. Conclusion Our data suggest that microglial COX-1, neuronal COX-2, and astrocytic COX-2 and mPGES-1 may work sequentially to affect ICH outcomes. These findings have implications for efforts to develop anti-inflammatory strategies that target COX/PGES pathways to reduce ICH-induced secondary brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Nakagawa T. Roles of prostaglandin E2 in the cochlea. Hear Res 2011; 276:27-33. [PMID: 21295127 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins are one of the major groups of chemical mediators in the mammalian body. Among prostaglandins, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the most abundant prostanoid in humans and involved in regulating many different fundamental biological functions. PGE2 signaling is mediated by four distinct E-prostanoid receptors (EPs) namely EP1-4. Recently, accumulating evidence indicates critical, but complex roles of EP signaling in the pathogenesis of neuronal diseases depending on the context of neuronal injury. Four distinct EPs are expressed in the stria vascularis, spiral ligament, spiral ganglion and organ of Corti, indicating an involvement of EP signaling in the cochlear function. Activation of EP4 in cochleae significantly attenuates noise-induced damage in cochleae, and activation of EP2 or EP4 induces the formation of vascular endothelial growth factor in cochleae. These findings strongly suggest that individual EP signaling may be involved in the maintenance of the cochlear sensory system similarly to the central nervous system. This review highlights recent findings on EP signaling in the central nervous system, and presents its possible roles in regulation of blood flow, protection of sensory cells and immune responses in cochleae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawaharacho 54, Shogoin, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Ferronato S, Lira MG, Olivato S, Scuro A, Veraldi GF, Romanelli MG, Patuzzo C, Malerba G, Pignatti PF, Mazzucco S. Upregulated expression of Toll-like receptor 4 in peripheral blood of ischaemic stroke patients correlates with cyclooxygenase 2 expression. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 41:358-63. [PMID: 21236709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An inflammatory process following stroke in human brains and systemic inflammatory responses after stroke in humans have been reported by numerous investigators. The aim of the study was to investigate if genes involved in the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) pathway are upregulated at peripheral level in patients after transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and stroke. DESIGN OF STUDY Blood samples were obtained from two groups of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. The first group included 25 patients who presented TIA or ischaemic stroke. The second group included 35 patients who had an asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. Total RNA was isolated and the expression of Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), COX-2, membrane-associated Prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES-1), Prostaglandin E₂ receptors (EP3 and EP4) was analysed by real time RT-PCR. RESULTS Expression of COX-2 and TLR4 were significantly increased in symptomatic patients (p < 0.001). Correlation analysis showed that TLR4 expression significantly correlated with COX-2 expression (R = 0.65; p < 0.01) in ischaemic stroke patients. This correlation was not observed in TIA and asymptomatic patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the peripheral mechanism of inflammatory injury after stroke may be mediated by TLR4 through a COX-2-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ferronato
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Abstract
The inducible cyclooxygenase COX-2 exerts neurotoxic effects in a wide spectrum of neurological disease models, including models of cerebral ischaemia and chronic neurodegeneration. As COX-1 and COX-2 catalyse the first committed step in prostaglandin synthesis, recent efforts have focused on identifying the downstream prostaglandin signalling pathways responsible for mediating the toxic effect of COX-2. Recent studies in models of in vitro excitotoxicity or hypoxia demonstrate that certain prostaglandin receptors mediate toxic effects, but a large number appear to mediate paradoxically protective effects. In vivo studies have begun to confirm initial in vitro findings, with selected prostaglandin receptors eliciting either neurotoxic or protective effects in models of cerebral ischaemia. In the present issue, Ikeda-Matsuo et al. examine the function of the PGE(2) EP3 receptor in a model of transient focal ischaemia and explore its potential signalling through Rho kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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