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Yeung J, Jhanji S, Braun J, Dunn J, Eggleston L, Frempong S, Hiller L, Jacques C, Jefford M, Mason J, Moonesinghe R, Pearse R, Shelley B, Vindrola C. Volatile vs Total intravenous Anaesthesia for major non-cardiac surgery: a pragmatic randomised triaL (VITAL). Trials 2024; 25:414. [PMID: 38926770 PMCID: PMC11210167 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving outcomes after surgery is a major public health research priority for patients, clinicians and the NHS. The greatest burden of perioperative complications, mortality and healthcare costs lies amongst the population of patients aged over 50 years who undergo major non-cardiac surgery. The Volatile vs Total Intravenous Anaesthesia for major non-cardiac surgery (VITAL) trial specifically examines the effect of anaesthetic technique on key patient outcomes: quality of recovery after surgery (quality of recovery after anaesthesia, patient satisfaction and major post-operative complications), survival and patient safety. METHODS A multi-centre pragmatic efficient randomised trial with health economic evaluation comparing total intravenous anaesthesia with volatile-based anaesthesia in adults (aged 50 and over) undergoing elective major non-cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia. DISCUSSION Given the very large number of patients exposed to general anaesthesia every year, even small differences in outcome between the two techniques could result in substantial excess harm. Results from the VITAL trial will ensure patients can benefit from the very safest anaesthesia care, promoting an early return home, reducing healthcare costs and maximising the health benefits of surgical treatments. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN62903453. September 09, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Yeung
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | | | - John Braun
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Janet Dunn
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Lucy Eggleston
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Samuel Frempong
- Centre for Health Economics at Warwick, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Louise Hiller
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Claire Jacques
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - James Mason
- Centre for Health Economics at Warwick, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Varinthra P, Anwar SNMN, Shih SC, Liu IY. The role of the GABAergic system on insomnia. Tzu Chi Med J 2024; 36:103-109. [PMID: 38645778 PMCID: PMC11025592 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_243_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep is an essential activity for the survival of mammals. Good sleep quality helps promote the performance of daily functions. In contrast, insufficient sleep reduces the efficiency of daily activities, causes various chronic diseases like Alzheimer's disease, and increases the risk of having accidents. The GABAergic system is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter system in the central nervous system. It transits the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter via GABAA and GABAB receptors to counterbalance excitatory neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, noradrenaline, serotonin, acetylcholine, orexin, and dopamine, which release and increase arousal activities during sleep. Several studies emphasized that dysfunction of the GABAergic system is related to insomnia, the most prevalent sleep-related disorder. The GABAergic system comprises the GABA neurotransmitter, GABA receptors, GABA synthesis, and degradation. Many studies have demonstrated that GABA levels correlate with sleep quality, suggesting that modulating the GABAergic system may be a promising therapeutic approach for insomnia. In this article, we highlight the significance of sleep, the classification and pathology of insomnia, and the impact of the GABAergic system changes on sleep. In addition, we also review the medications that target the GABAergic systems for insomnia, including benzodiazepines (BZDs), non-BZDs, barbiturates, GABA supplements, and Chinese herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shameemun Naseer Mohamed Nizarul Anwar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shu-Ching Shih
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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3
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McGuigan S, Marie DJ, O'Bryan LJ, Flores FJ, Evered L, Silbert B, Scott DA. The cellular mechanisms associated with the anesthetic and neuroprotective properties of xenon: a systematic review of the preclinical literature. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1225191. [PMID: 37521706 PMCID: PMC10380949 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1225191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Xenon exhibits significant neuroprotection against a wide range of neurological insults in animal models. However, clinical evidence that xenon improves outcomes in human studies of neurological injury remains elusive. Previous reviews of xenon's method of action have not been performed in a systematic manner. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the evidence underlying the cellular interactions responsible for two phenomena associated with xenon administration: anesthesia and neuroprotection. Methods A systematic review of the preclinical literature was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines and a review protocol was registered with PROSPERO. The review included both in vitro models of the central nervous system and mammalian in vivo studies. The search was performed on 27th May 2022 in the following databases: Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Ovid Emcare, APA PsycInfo, and Web of Science. A risk of bias assessment was performed utilizing the Office of Health Assessment and Translation tool. Given the heterogeneity of the outcome data, a narrative synthesis was performed. Results The review identified 69 articles describing 638 individual experiments in which a hypothesis was tested regarding the interaction of xenon with cellular targets including: membrane bound proteins, intracellular signaling cascades and transcription factors. Xenon has both common and subtype specific interactions with ionotropic glutamate receptors. Xenon also influences the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters and influences multiple other ligand gated and non-ligand gated membrane bound proteins. The review identified several intracellular signaling pathways and gene transcription factors that are influenced by xenon administration and might contribute to anesthesia and neuroprotection. Discussion The nature of xenon NMDA receptor antagonism, and its range of additional cellular targets, distinguishes it from other NMDA antagonists such as ketamine and nitrous oxide. This is reflected in the distinct behavioral and electrophysiological characteristics of xenon. Xenon influences multiple overlapping cellular processes, both at the cell membrane and within the cell, that promote cell survival. It is hoped that identification of the underlying cellular targets of xenon might aid the development of potential therapeutics for neurological injury and improve the clinical utilization of xenon. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: 336871.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven McGuigan
- Department of Anesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel J. Marie
- Department of Anesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Liam J. O'Bryan
- Department of Anesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Francisco J. Flores
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lisbeth Evered
- Department of Anesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brendan Silbert
- Department of Anesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David A. Scott
- Department of Anesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Wang C, Bhutta A, Zhang X, Liu F, Liu S, Latham LE, Talpos JC, Patterson TA, Slikker W. Development of a primate model to evaluate the effects of ketamine and surgical stress on the neonatal brain. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:624-632. [PMID: 37208914 PMCID: PMC10350805 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231168144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
With advances in pediatric and obstetric surgery, pediatric patients are subject to complex procedures under general anesthesia. The effects of anesthetic exposure on the developing brain may be confounded by several factors including pre-existing disorders and surgery-induced stress. Ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is routinely used as a pediatric general anesthetic. However, controversy remains about whether ketamine exposure may be neuroprotective or induce neuronal degeneration in the developing brain. Here, we report the effects of ketamine exposure on the neonatal nonhuman primate brain under surgical stress. Eight neonatal rhesus monkeys (postnatal days 5-7) were randomly assigned to each of two groups: Group A (n = 4) received 2 mg/kg ketamine via intravenous bolus prior to surgery and a 0.5 mg/kg/h ketamine infusion during surgery in the presence of a standardized pediatric anesthetic regimen; Group B (n = 4) received volumes of normal saline equivalent to those of ketamine given to Group A animals prior to and during surgery, also in the presence of a standardized pediatric anesthetic regimen. Under anesthesia, the surgery consisted of a thoracotomy followed by closing the pleural space and tissue in layers using standard surgical techniques. Vital signs were monitored to be within normal ranges throughout anesthesia. Elevated levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-8, IL-15, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β at 6 and 24 h after surgery were detected in ketamine-exposed animals. Fluoro-Jade C staining revealed significantly higher neuronal degeneration in the frontal cortex of ketamine-exposed animals, compared with control animals. Intravenous ketamine administration prior to and throughout surgery in a clinically relevant neonatal primate model appears to elevate cytokine levels and increase neuronal degeneration. Consistent with previous data on the effects of ketamine on the developing brain, the results from the current randomized controlled study in neonatal monkeys undergoing simulated surgery show that ketamine does not provide neuroprotective or anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Adnan Bhutta
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Riley Children’s Hospital, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Shuliang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Leah E Latham
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - John C Talpos
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Tucker A Patterson
- Office of Research, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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George BM, Pandit JJ. General anaesthetics as 'awakening agents'? Re-appraising the evidence for suggested 'pressure reversal' of anaesthesia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1454-1468. [PMID: 34309890 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing ambient pressure has been suggested to reverse general anaesthesia and provides support for the 'lipid theory'. Anaesthetic dissolution into cell membranes is said to cause their expansion to a critical volume. This triggers a sequence of events as basis of a unitary theory of anaesthestic mechanism. Pressure is argued to restore membrane volume to below critical level, reversing this process. We wished to review the original literature to assess internal consistency within and across papers, and to consider if alternative interpretations were possible. A literature search yielded 31 relevant 'pressure reversal' papers for narrative review, and 8 papers that allowed us to re-plot original data more consistently as 'dose-response' curves for the anaesthetics examined. Original studies were heterogenous for end-points, pressure ranges, species, and agents. Pressure effects were inconsistent, with narcosis at certain pressures and excitation at others, influenced by carrier gas (e.g., nitrogen vs helium). Pressure reversal (a right- or downward-shift on the re-plotted dose-response curves) was evident, but only in some species and at certain pressures and anaesthetic concentrations. However, even more striking was a novel 'awakening' effect of anaesthetics: i.e., anaesthetics reversed the narcotic effect of pressure, but this was limited to certain pressures at generally low anaesthetic concentrations. Contrary to the established view, 'pressure reversal' is not a universal phenomenon. The awakening effect of anaesthetics - described here for the first time - has equal evidence to support it, within the same literature, and is something that cannot be fully explained. Pressure cannot meaningfully be used to gain insight into anaesthetic mechanisms because of its heterogenous, non-specific and unpredictable effects on biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M George
- Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Jaideep J Pandit
- Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Han F, Zhao J, Zhao G. Prolonged Volatile Anesthetic Exposure Exacerbates Cognitive Impairment and Neuropathology in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:1551-1562. [PMID: 34690137 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which shows a set of symptoms involving cognitive changes and psychological changes. Given that AD is the most common form of dementia in aging population and the increasing demand for anesthesia/surgery with aging, there has been significant interest in the exact impact of volatile anesthetics on cognitive function and pathological alterations in AD population. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate behavioral changes and neuropathology in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease with short-term exposure or long-term exposure to desflurane, sevoflurane, or isoflurane. METHODS In this study, we exposed 5xFAD mouse model of AD to isoflurane, sevoflurane, or desflurane in two different time periods (30 min and 6 h), and the memory related behaviors as well as the pathological changes in 5xFAD mice were evaluated 7 days after the anesthetic exposure. RESULTS We found that short-term exposure to volatile anesthetics did not affect hippocampus dependent memory and the amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain. However, long-term exposure to sevoflurane or isoflurane significantly increased the Aβ deposition in CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus, as well as the glial cell activation in amygdala. Besides, the PSD-95 expression was decreased in 5xFAD mice with exposure to sevoflurane or isoflurane and the caspase-3 activation was enhanced in isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane groups. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the time-dependent effects of common volatile anesthetics and implicate that desflurane has the potential benefits to prolonged anesthetic exposure in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglei Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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7
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Coulter I, Timic Stamenic T, Eggan P, Fine BR, Corrigan T, Covey DF, Yang L, Pan JQ, Todorovic SM. Different roles of T-type calcium channel isoforms in hypnosis induced by an endogenous neurosteroid epipregnanolone. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108739. [PMID: 34339750 PMCID: PMC8478885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many neuroactive steroids induce sedation/hypnosis by potentiating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) currents. However, we previously demonstrated that an endogenous neuroactive steroid epipregnanolone [(3β,5β)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one] (EpiP) exerts potent peripheral analgesia and blocks T-type calcium currents while sparing GABAA currents in rat sensory neurons. This study seeks to investigate the behavioral effects elicited by systemic administration of EpiP and to characterize its use as an adjuvant agent to commonly used general anesthetics (GAs). METHODS Here, we utilized electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings to characterize thalamocortical oscillations, as well as behavioral assessment and mouse genetics with wild-type (WT) and different knockout (KO) models of T-channel isoforms to investigate potential sedative/hypnotic and immobilizing properties of EpiP. RESULTS Consistent with increased oscillations in slower EEG frequencies, EpiP induced an hypnotic state in WT mice when injected alone intra-peritoneally (i.p.) and effectively facilitated anesthetic effects of isoflurane (ISO) and sevoflurane (SEVO). The CaV3.1 (Cacna1g) KO mice demonstrated decreased sensitivity to EpiP-induced hypnosis when compared to WT mice, whereas no significant difference was noted between CaV3.2 (Cacna1h), CaV3.3 (Cacna1i) and WT mice. Finally, when compared to WT mice, onset of EpiP-induced hypnosis was delayed in CaV3.2 KO mice but not in CaV3.1 and CaV3.3 KO mice. CONCLUSION We posit that EpiP may have an important role as novel hypnotic and/or adjuvant to volatile anesthetic agents. We speculate that distinct hypnotic effects of EpiP across all three T-channel isoforms is due to their differential expression in thalamocortical circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Coulter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado,
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045
| | - Tamara Timic Stamenic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado,
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045
| | - Pierce Eggan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado,
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045
| | - Brier R. Fine
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado,
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045
| | - Timothy Corrigan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology,
Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical
Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;,Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric
Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lingling Yang
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of
Harvard and MIT
| | - Jen Q. Pan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of
Harvard and MIT
| | - Slobodan M. Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado,
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045;,Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical
Campus, Aurora 80045;,Pharmacology Graduate Programs, University of Colorado,
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora 80045
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Towards Quantum-Chemical Modeling of the Activity of Anesthetic Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179272. [PMID: 34502179 PMCID: PMC8431746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The modeling of the activity of anesthetics is a real challenge because of their unique electronic and structural characteristics. Microscopic approaches relevant to the typical features of these systems have been developed based on the advancements in the theory of intermolecular interactions. By stressing the quantum chemical point of view, here, we review the advances in the field highlighting differences and similarities among the chemicals within this group. The binding of the anesthetics to their partners has been analyzed by Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory to provide insight into the nature of the interaction and the modeling of the adducts/complexes allows us to rationalize their anesthetic properties. A new approach in the frame of microtubule concept and the importance of lipid rafts and channels in membranes is also discussed.
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Zizzi EA, Cavaglià M, Tuszynski JA, Deriu MA. Insights into the interaction dynamics between volatile anesthetics and tubulin through computational molecular modelling. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:7324-7338. [PMID: 33715591 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1897044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
General anesthetics, able to reversibly suppress all conscious brain activity, have baffled medical science for decades, and little is known about their exact molecular mechanism of action. Given the recent scientific interest in the exploration of microtubules as putative functional targets of anesthetics, and the involvement thereof in neurodegenerative disorders, the present work focuses on the investigation of the interaction between human tubulin and four volatile anesthetics: ethylene, desflurane, halothane and methoxyflurane. Interaction sites on different tubulin isotypes are predicted through docking, along with an estimate of the binding affinity ranking. The analysis is expanded by Molecular Dynamics simulations, where the dimers are allowed to freely interact with anesthetics in the surrounding medium. This allowed for the determination of interaction hotspots on tubulin dimers, which could be linked to different functional consequences on the microtubule architecture, and confirmed the weak, Van der Waals-type interaction, occurring within hydrophobic pockets on the dimer. Both docking and MD simulations highlighted significantly weaker interactions of ethylene, consistent with its far lower potency as a general anesthetic. Overall, simulations suggest a transient interaction between anesthetics and microtubules in general anesthesia, and contact probability analysis shows interaction strengths consistent with the potencies of the four compounds.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Zizzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Cavaglià
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Jack A Tuszynski
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marco A Deriu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Zhan J, Wu ZX, Duan ZX, Yang GY, Du ZY, Bao XH, Li H. Heart rate variability-derived features based on deep neural network for distinguishing different anaesthesia states. BMC Anesthesiol 2021; 21:66. [PMID: 33653263 PMCID: PMC7923817 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-021-01285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estimating the depth of anaesthesia (DoA) is critical in modern anaesthetic practice. Multiple DoA monitors based on electroencephalograms (EEGs) have been widely used for DoA monitoring; however, these monitors may be inaccurate under certain conditions. In this work, we hypothesize that heart rate variability (HRV)-derived features based on a deep neural network can distinguish different anaesthesia states, providing a secondary tool for DoA assessment. Methods A novel method of distinguishing different anaesthesia states was developed based on four HRV-derived features in the time and frequency domain combined with a deep neural network. Four features were extracted from an electrocardiogram, including the HRV high-frequency power, low-frequency power, high-to-low-frequency power ratio, and sample entropy. Next, these features were used as inputs for the deep neural network, which utilized the expert assessment of consciousness level as the reference output. Finally, the deep neural network was compared with the logistic regression, support vector machine, and decision tree models. The datasets of 23 anaesthesia patients were used to assess the proposed method. Results The accuracies of the four models, in distinguishing the anaesthesia states, were 86.2% (logistic regression), 87.5% (support vector machine), 87.2% (decision tree), and 90.1% (deep neural network). The accuracy of deep neural network was higher than those of the logistic regression (p < 0.05), support vector machine (p < 0.05), and decision tree (p < 0.05) approaches. Our method outperformed the logistic regression, support vector machine, and decision tree methods. Conclusions The incorporation of four HRV-derived features in the time and frequency domain and a deep neural network could accurately distinguish between different anaesthesia states; however, this study is a pilot feasibility study. The proposed method—with other evaluation methods, such as EEG—is expected to assist anaesthesiologists in the accurate evaluation of the DoA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12871-021-01285-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.,Department of Anaesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo-Xi Wu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zhen-Xin Duan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Gui-Ying Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Du
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xiao-Hang Bao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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11
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Interaction of drugs with lipid raft membrane domains as a possible target. Drug Target Insights 2021; 14:34-47. [PMID: 33510571 PMCID: PMC7832984 DOI: 10.33393/dti.2020.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Plasma membranes are not the homogeneous bilayers of uniformly distributed lipids but the lipid complex with laterally separated lipid raft membrane domains, which provide receptor, ion channel and enzyme proteins with a platform. The aim of this article is to review the mechanistic interaction of drugs with membrane lipid rafts and address the question whether drugs induce physicochemical changes in raft-constituting and raft-surrounding membranes. Methods Literature searches of PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases from 2000 to 2020 were conducted to include articles published in English in internationally recognized journals. Collected articles were independently reviewed by title, abstract and text for relevance. Results The literature search indicated that pharmacologically diverse drugs interact with raft model membranes and cellular membrane lipid rafts. They could physicochemically modify functional protein-localizing membrane lipid rafts and the membranes surrounding such domains, affecting the raft organizational integrity with the resultant exhibition of pharmacological activity. Raft-acting drugs were characterized as ones to decrease membrane fluidity, induce liquid-ordered phase or order plasma membranes, leading to lipid raft formation; and ones to increase membrane fluidity, induce liquid-disordered phase or reduce phase transition temperature, leading to lipid raft disruption. Conclusion Targeting lipid raft membrane domains would open a new way for drug design and development. Since angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors which are a cell-specific target of and responsible for the cellular entry of novel coronavirus are localized in lipid rafts, agents that specifically disrupt the relevant rafts may be a drug against coronavirus disease 2019.
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Ogawa Y, Irifune M, Mukai A, Shimizu Y, Doi M, Oue K, Yoshida M, Kanematsu T, Morioka N, Nakata Y, Sakai N. The indirect γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonist gabaculine-induced loss of the righting reflex may inhibit the descending analgesic pathway. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 198:173034. [PMID: 32910929 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the spinal cord, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons play an essential role in antinociception. However, not all actions of GABA favor antinociception at the supraspinal level. We previously reported that gabaculine, which increases endogenous GABA in the synaptic clefts, induces loss of the righting reflex (LORR) that is one indicator of hypnosis, but not immobility in response to noxious stimulus. A slow pain is transmitted to the spinal cord via C fibers and evokes substance P (SP) release from their terminals. However, the antinociceptive effects of gabaculine are still unknown. Our study examined whether the analgesic effects of the opioid morphine or the α2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine, whose actions are mediated through facilitation of the descending analgesic pathway, are affected by gabaculine-induced LORR. We also explored the effects of GABA receptor agonists on SP release from cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. All drugs were administered systemically to mice. To assess antinociception, loss of nociceptive response (analgesia) and immobility were evaluated. DRG cells were dissected from rats. Gabaculine produced no analgesia. Either morphine or dexmedetomidine in combination with gabaculine induced immobility; however, the doses of each drug required to induce immobility were much higher than those required to induce analgesia. Capsaicin significantly increased SP release from DRG cells, but a high concentration (1 mM) of the GABA receptor agonist muscimol, propofol, gaboxadol, or baclofen did not inhibit the capsaicin-induced SP release, suggesting that their antinociceptive effects were not through this mechanism. Thus, the gabaculine-induced LORR may inhibit the descending analgesic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ogawa
- Section of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiro Irifune
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Akari Mukai
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimizu
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Doi
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kana Oue
- Section of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshida
- Section of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Morioka
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Upton DH, Popovic K, Fulton R, Kassiou M. Anaesthetic-dependent changes in gene expression following acute and chronic exposure in the rodent brain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9366. [PMID: 32518252 PMCID: PMC7283325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaesthesia has been predicted to affect gene expression of the memory-related regions of the brain including the primary visual cortex. It is also believed that anaesthesia causes inflammation of neural tissues, increasing elderly patients' chances of developing precursor lesions that lead to Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegeneration related diseases. We have analyzed the expression of over 22,000 genes and 129,800 transcripts using oligonucleotide microarrays to examine the brain expression profiles in Sprague Dawley rats following exposure to acute or chronic doses of the anaesthetics isoflurane, ketamine and propofol. Here we report for the first time molecular and genomic data on the effect on the rodent brain of chronic and acute exposure to isoflurane, ketamine and propofol. Our screen identified multiple genes that responded to all three anaesthetics. Although some of the genes were previously known to be anaesthesia responsive, we have for the most part identified novel genes involved in the acute and chronic rodent brain response to different anaesthesia treatments. The latter may be useful candidate genes in the search to elucidate the molecular pathways mediating anaesthetic effects in the brain and may allow us to identify mechanisms by which anaesthetics could impact on neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle H Upton
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kata Popovic
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roger Fulton
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Physics, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Al Ghamdi F, Uffman JC, Kim SS, Nafiu OO, Tobias JD. Anesthetic care for patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Saudi J Anaesth 2020; 14:164-168. [PMID: 32317869 PMCID: PMC7164460 DOI: 10.4103/sja.sja_720_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis, an autoimmune disorder resulting from antibodies directed against the NMDA (glutamate) receptor, is the second most frequent cause of immune-mediated encephalitis. To date, the information related to the anesthetic care of children with this disorder is limited to anecdotal reports. Methods We reviewed the anesthetic care of six patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis who underwent 21 procedures at our institution from 2014 through 2019. Results The study cohort included six patients, ranging in age from 2 to 18 years, who required anesthetic care during 21 procedures. Airway management included a laryngeal mask airway (n = 8), endotracheal intubation (n = 12), and native airway with spontaneous ventilation (n = 1). Intravenous (IV) induction with propofol was used in 17 procedures for five patients, including three that required rapid sequence intubation using rocuronium or succinylcholine. Inhalation induction with sevoflurane in nitrous oxide (N2O)/oxygen (O2) was chosen for two procedures in two patients. A combination of both induction techniques was used for two patients in two procedures. Maintenance anesthesia was accomplished with a volatile agent, predominantly sevoflurane, for 18 of the 21 procedures; propofol infusion for one procedure; and single dose of propofol was used for two short procedures. N2O was not used for maintenance anesthesia in any of the encounters. None of the patients exhibited adverse events, including hemodynamic instability, thermoregulatory problems, or respiratory events perioperatively. Postoperatively, there was no observed deterioration in clinical status attributed to anesthetic care. Discussion Multisystem involvement in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis includes memory loss, behavior irregularity, psychosis, arrhythmias, blood pressure (BP) instability, and hypoventilation. In our study cohort, we noted no intraoperative issues and deterioration in clinical status following the use of volatile anesthetic agents, opioids, dexmedetomidine, and propofol for general anesthesia (GA) or sedation. As ketamine, xenon, and N2O mediate their anesthetic effects, primarily, through antagonism of NMDA receptors, theoretical concerns suggest that they should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Al Ghamdi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua C Uffman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephani S Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Olubukola O Nafiu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph D Tobias
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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15
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Peng B, Hao DD, Li X, Wang GH, Guan ZY, Jiang ZL. Inhibition of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors during nitrogen narcosis. Diving Hyperb Med 2019; 49:276-282. [PMID: 31828746 DOI: 10.28920/dhm49.4.276-282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When humans breathe compressed air or N2-O2 mixtures at three to four atmospheres pressure, they will experience nitrogen narcosis that may possibly lead to a diving accident, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS Mice were exposed to 1.6 MPa breathing a N2-O2 mixture adjusted to deliver an inspired PO2 of 32-42 kPa. The electroencephalogram (EEG) and forced swimming test were used to evaluate the narcotic effect of nitrogen. Neuronal activity was observed via c-Fos expression in cortex and hippocampus tissue after decompressing to the surface. To further investigate underlying molecular mechanisms, we incubated cultured hippocampal neurons with various NMDA concentrations, and measured expression of NMDA receptors and its down-stream signal with or without 1.6 MPa N2-O2 exposure. RESULTS Both the frequency of the EEG and the drowning time using the forced swimming test were significantly decreased during exposure to 1.6 MPa N2-O2 (P < 0.001). Additionally, in cultured hippocampal neurons, the increased levels of phosphorylated NR2B and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) induced by NMDA stimulation were significantly inhibited by exposure to 1.6 MPa N2-O2. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that NR2B-containing NMDA receptors were inhibited during nitrogen narcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Peng
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Du-Du Hao
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Hua Wang
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zong-Yu Guan
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng-Lin Jiang
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Corresponding author: Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China,
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16
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Broening HW, La Du J, Carr GJ, Nash JF, Truong L, Tanguay RL. Determination of narcotic potency using a neurobehavioral assay with larval zebrafish. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:67-73. [PMID: 31085211 PMCID: PMC6750999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying chemicals with narcotic potency is an important aspect of assessing the safety of consumer products that may be accidentally ingested. A rapid and efficient assay of narcotic potency is desired for assessing chemicals with such suspected activity. OBJECTIVES This purpose of this research was to develop a non-mammalian vertebrate, high throughput, neurobehavioral method to assess the narcotic potency of chemicals using larval zebrafish. METHODS Larval zebrafish were acutely exposed to chemicals beginning at 5 days post fertilization (5 dpf). Locomotor activity, elicited by regular, periodic photostimulation, was quantified using a video tracking apparatus. Narcotic potency was determined as the molar concentration at which photostimulated locomotor activity was reduced by 50% (IC50). Toxicity was assessed based on observations of morbidity or mortality. Recovery was assessed following removal of test material by serial dilution and reassessment of photostimulated behavior 24 hr later (6 dpf). RESULTS A total of 21 chemicals were assessed. Etomidate, a human narcotic analgesic agent, was used as a reference material. Investigating a series of eleven linear, primary alcohols (C6 to C16), a relationship between narcotic potency and carbon number was observed; narcotic potency increased with carbon number up to C12, consistent with historical studies. For a set of technical grade surfactants, nonionic surfactants (i.e., alcohol ethoxylates) were observed to be narcotic agents while anionic surfactants produced evidence of reduced locomotor activity only in combination with toxicity. Of the solvents evaluated, only ethanol exhibited narcotic activity with an IC50 of 261 mM and was the least potent of the chemicals investigated. Etomidate was the most potent material evaluated with an IC50 of 0.39 μM. CONCLUSIONS The larval zebrafish neurobehavioral assay provides a method capable of estimating the narcotic potency of chemicals and can identify if toxicity contributes to observed neurobehavioral effects in the test organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane La Du
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - J F Nash
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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17
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Wu L, Zhao H, Weng H, Ma D. Lasting effects of general anesthetics on the brain in the young and elderly: "mixed picture" of neurotoxicity, neuroprotection and cognitive impairment. J Anesth 2019; 33:321-335. [PMID: 30859366 PMCID: PMC6443620 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-019-02623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
General anesthetics are commonly used in major surgery. To achieve the depth of anesthesia for surgery, patients are being subjected to a variety of general anesthetics, alone or in combination. It has been long held an illusory concept that the general anesthesia is entirely reversible and that the central nervous system is returned to its pristine state once the anesthetic agent is eliminated from the active site. However, studies indicate that perturbation of the normal functioning of these targets may result in long-lasting desirable or undesirable effects. This review focuses on the impact of general anesthetic exposure to the brain and summarizes the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which general anesthetics may induce long-lasting undesirable effects when exposed at the developing stage of the brain. The vulnerability of aging brain to general anesthetics, specifically in the context of cognitive disorders and Alzheimer’s disease pathogeneses are also discussed. Moreover, we will review emerging evidence regarding the neuroprotective property of xenon and anesthetic adjuvant dexmedetomidine in the immature and mature brains. In conclusion, “mixed picture” effects of general anesthetics should be well acknowledged and should be implemented into daily clinical practice for better patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Wu
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hailin Zhao
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hao Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Fengxian District, Shanghai, China
| | - Daqing Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
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18
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Chau PL. Simulations of general anaesthetics in membranes at raised pressures: the search for mechanisms for pressure reversal of general anaesthetics. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2018.1560438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P.-L. Chau
- Bioinformatique Structurale, Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA 3528, Paris, France
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Shields ZPI, Seybold PG, Murray JS. Anesthetic activity and the electrostatic potential (revisited). J Mol Model 2017; 24:19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chaw SH, Foo LL, Chan L, Wong KK, Abdullah S, Lim BK. Anesthesia in anti-N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor encephalitis – is general anesthesia a requisite? A case report. Braz J Anesthesiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Ding W, Palaiokostas M, Shahane G, Wang W, Orsi M. Effects of High Pressure on Phospholipid Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9597-9606. [PMID: 28926699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The response of lipid membranes to changes in external pressure is important for many biological processes, and it can also be exploited for technological applications. In this work, we employ all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the changes in the physical properties of phospholipid bilayers brought about by high pressure (1000 bar). In particular, we study how the response differs, in relation to different chain unsaturation levels, by comparing monounsaturated 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and biunsaturated dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) bilayers. Various structural, mechanical, and dynamical features are found to be altered by the pressure increase in both bilayers. Notably, for most properties, including bilayer area and thickness, lipid order parameters, lateral pressure profile, and curvature frustration energy, we observe significantly more pronounced effects for monounsaturated POPC than biunsaturated DOPC. Possible biological implications of the results obtained are discussed, especially in relation to how different lipids can control the structure and function of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- School of Engineering & Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Michail Palaiokostas
- School of Engineering & Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Ganesh Shahane
- School of Engineering & Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Engineering & Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Mario Orsi
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England , Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K
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Fu B, Liu C, Zhang Y, Fu X, Zhang L, Yu T. Ketamine attenuates the glutamatergic neurotransmission in the ventral posteromedial nucleus slices of rats. BMC Anesthesiol 2017; 17:111. [PMID: 28835217 PMCID: PMC5569565 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-017-0404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ketamine is a frequently used intravenous anesthetic, which can reversibly induce loss of consciousness (LOC). Previous studies have demonstrated that thalamocortical system is critical for information transmission and integration in the brain. The ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) is a critical component of thalamocortical system. Glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and may be involved in ketamine-induced LOC. Methods The study used whole-cell patch-clamp to observe the effect of ketamine (30 μM–1000 μM) on glutamatergic neurotransmission in VPM slices. Results Ketamine significantly decreased the amplitude of glutamatergic spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs), but only higher concentration of ketamine (300 μM and 1000 μM) suppressed the frequency of sEPSCs. Ketamine (100 μM–1000 μM) also decreased the amplitude of glutamatergic miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), without altering the frequency. Conclusions In VPM neurons, ketamine attenuates the glutamatergic neurotransmission mainly through postsynaptic mechanism and action potential may be involved in the process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12871-017-0404-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Fu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Chengxi Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou, 201, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou, 201, China
| | - Xiaoyun Fu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou, 201, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou, 201, China.
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Tsuchiya H. Anesthetic Agents of Plant Origin: A Review of Phytochemicals with Anesthetic Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:E1369. [PMID: 28820497 PMCID: PMC6152143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of currently used anesthetic agents are derived from or associated with natural products, especially plants, as evidenced by cocaine that was isolated from coca (Erythroxylum coca, Erythroxylaceae) and became a prototype of modern local anesthetics and by thymol and eugenol contained in thyme (Thymus vulgaris, Lamiaceae) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum, Myrtaceae), respectively, both of which are structurally and mechanistically similar to intravenous phenolic anesthetics. This paper reviews different classes of phytochemicals with the anesthetic activity and their characteristic molecular structures that could be lead compounds for anesthetics and anesthesia-related drugs. Phytochemicals in research papers published between 1996 and 2016 were retrieved from the point of view of well-known modes of anesthetic action, that is, the mechanistic interactions with Na⁺ channels, γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and lipid membranes. The searched phytochemicals include terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids because they have been frequently reported to possess local anesthetic, general anesthetic, antinociceptive, analgesic or sedative property. Clinical applicability of phytochemicals to local and general anesthesia is discussed by referring to animal in vivo experiments and human pre-clinical trials. This review will give structural suggestions for novel anesthetic agents of plant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Tsuchiya
- Department of Dental Basic Education, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan.
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Hashemi M, Hutt A, Hight D, Sleigh J. Anesthetic action on the transmission delay between cortex and thalamus explains the beta-buzz observed under propofol anesthesia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179286. [PMID: 28622355 PMCID: PMC5473556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, more and more surgeries under general anesthesia have been performed with the assistance of electroencephalogram (EEG) monitors. An increase in anesthetic concentration leads to characteristic changes in the power spectra of the EEG. Although tracking the anesthetic-induced changes in EEG rhythms can be employed to estimate the depth of anesthesia, their precise underlying mechanisms are still unknown. A prominent feature in the EEG of some patients is the emergence of a strong power peak in the β-frequency band, which moves to the α-frequency band while increasing the anesthetic concentration. This feature is called the beta-buzz. In the present study, we use a thalamo-cortical neural population feedback model to reproduce observed characteristic features in frontal EEG power obtained experimentally during propofol general anesthesia, such as this beta-buzz. First, we find that the spectral power peak in the α- and δ-frequency ranges depend on the decay rate constant of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, but the anesthetic action on synapses does not explain the beta-buzz. Moreover, considering the action of propofol on the transmission delay between cortex and thalamus, the model reveals that the beta-buzz may result from a prolongation of the transmission delay by increasing propofol concentration. A corresponding relationship between transmission delay and anesthetic blood concentration is derived. Finally, an analytical stability study demonstrates that increasing propofol concentration moves the systems resting state towards its stability threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Hashemi
- INRIA Grand Est - Nancy, Team NEUROSYS, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS, Loria, UMR nō 7503, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, Loria, UMR nō 7503, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Axel Hutt
- German Meteorology Service, Offenbach am Main, Germany
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Qiu L, Lin J, Liu Q, Wang S, Lv G, Li K, Shi H, Huang Z, Bertaccini EJ. The Role of the Hydroxyl Group in Propofol-Protein Target Recognition: Insights from ONIOM Studies. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5883-5896. [PMID: 28548837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Propofol (PFL, 1-hydroxyl-2,6-diisopropylbenzene) is currently used widely as one of the most well-known intravenous anesthetics to relieve surgical suffering, but its mechanism of action is not yet clear. Previous experimental studies have demonstrated that the hydroxyl group of PFL plays a dominant role in the molecular recognition of PFL with receptors that lead to hypnosis. To further explore the mechanism of anesthesia induced by PFL in the present work, the exact binding features and interaction details of PFL with three important proteins, human serum albumin (HSA), the pH-gated ion channel from Gloeobacter violaceus (GLIC), and horse spleen apoferritin (HSAF), were investigated systematically by using a rigorous three-layer ONIOM (M06-2X/6-31+G*:PM6:AMBER) method. Additionally, to further characterize the possible importance of such hydroxyl interactions, a similar set of calculations was carried out on the anesthetically inactive fropofol (FFL, 1-fluoro-2,6-diisopropylbenzene) in which the fluorine was substituted for the hydroxyl. According to the ONIOM calculations, atoms in molecules (AIM) analyses, and electrostatic potential (ESP) analyses, the significance of hydrogen bond, halogen bond, and hydrophobic interactions in promoting proper molecular recognition was revealed. The binding interaction energies of PFL with different proteins were generally larger than FFL and are a significant determinant of their differential anesthetic efficacies. Interestingly, although the hydrogen-bonding effect of the hydroxyl moiety was prominent in propofol, the substitution of the 1-hydroxyl by a fluorine atom did not prevent FFL from binding to the protein via a halogen-bonding interaction. It therefore became clear that multiple specific interactions rather than just hydrogen or halogen bonds must be taken into account to explain the different anesthesia endpoints caused by PFL and FFL. The contributions of key residues in ligand-receptor binding were also quantified, and the calculated results agreed with many available experimental observations. This work will provide complementary insights into the molecular mechanisms of anesthetic action for PFL from a robust theoretical point of view. This will not only assist in interpreting experimental observations but will also help to develop working hypotheses for further experiments and future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063, P. R. China.,Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine , 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jianguo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Gaochao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Shi
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Zhengkun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Edward J Bertaccini
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine , 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Palo Alto VA Health Care System, 112A, PAVAHCS , 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
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Liu Q, Chen YF, Fan SZ, Abbod MF, Shieh JS. Quasi-Periodicities Detection Using Phase-Rectified Signal Averaging in EEG Signals as a Depth of Anesthesia Monitor. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2017; 25:1773-1784. [PMID: 28391200 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2017.2690449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Phase-rectified signal averaging (PRSA) has been known to be a useful method to detect periodicities in non-stationary biological signals. Determination of quasi-periodicities in electroencephalogram (EEG) is a candidate for quantifying the changes in the depth of anesthesia (DOA). In this paper, DOA monitoring capacity of periodicities detected using PRSA was quantified by assessing EEG signals collected from 56 patients during surgery. The method is compared with sample entropy (SampEn), detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), and permutation entropy (PE). The performance of quasi-periodicities defined by deceleration capacity and acceleration capacity was tested using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and Pearson correlation coefficient. During the surgery, a significant difference ( ) in the quasi-periodicities was observed among three different stages under general anesthesia. There is a larger mean AUC and correlation coefficient of quasi-periodicities compared with SampEn, DFA, and PE using expert assessment of conscious level and bispectral index as the gold standard, respectively. Quasi-periodicities detected using PRSA in EEG signals are a powerful monitor of DOA and perform more accurate and robust results compared with SampEn, DFA, and PE. The results do provide a valuable reference to researchers in the field of clinical applications.
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27
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A combined X-ray scattering and simulation study of halothane in membranes at raised pressures. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Liao Z, Jiang X, Ni J. Anesthesia management of cesarean section in parturient with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a case report. J Anesth 2017; 31:282-285. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-016-2304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pugliese C, Mazza R, Andrews PLR, Cerra MC, Fiorito G, Gattuso A. Effect of Different Formulations of Magnesium Chloride Used As Anesthetic Agents on the Performance of the Isolated Heart of Octopus vulgaris. Front Physiol 2016; 7:610. [PMID: 28082904 PMCID: PMC5183607 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is commonly used as a general anesthetic in cephalopods, but its physiological effects including those at cardiac level are not well-characterized. We used an in vitro isolated perfused systemic heart preparation from the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, to investigate: (a) if in vivo exposure to MgCl2 formulations had an effect on cardiac function in vitro and, if so, could this impact recovery and (b) direct effects of MgCl2 formulations on cardiac function. In vitro hearts removed from animals exposed in vivo to 3.5% MgCl2 in sea water (20 min) or to a mixture of MgCl2+ ethanol (1.12/1%; 20 min) showed cardiac function (heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output) comparable to hearts removed from animals killed under hypothermia. However, 3.5% MgCl2 (1:1, sea water: distilled water, 20 min) produced a significant impairment of the Frank-Starling response as did 45 min exposure to the MgCl2+ ethanol mixture. Perfusion of the isolated heart with MgCl2± ethanol formulations produced a concentration-related bradycardia (and arrest), a decreased stroke volume and cardiac output indicating a direct effect on the heart. The cardiac effects of MgCl2 are discussed in relation to the involvement of magnesium, sodium, chloride, and calcium ions, exposure time and osmolality of the formulations and the implications for the use of various formulations of MgCl2 as anesthetics in octopus. Overall, provided that the in vivo exposure to 3.5% MgCl2 in sea water or to a mixture of MgCl2+ ethanol is limited to ~20 min, residual effects on cardiac function are unlikely to impact post-anesthetic recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pugliese
- Department of Biology, Ecology, and Earth Sciences, University of CalabriaArcavacata di Rende, Italy
- Association for Cephalopod Research ‘CephRes’Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Mazza
- Department of Biology, Ecology, and Earth Sciences, University of CalabriaArcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Paul L. R. Andrews
- Association for Cephalopod Research ‘CephRes’Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples, Italy
| | - Maria C. Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology, and Earth Sciences, University of CalabriaArcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Graziano Fiorito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaples, Italy
| | - Alfonsina Gattuso
- Department of Biology, Ecology, and Earth Sciences, University of CalabriaArcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Park H, Ryu K, Kim YH, Choi WJ, Ko D. The effects of etomidate and midazolam on adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation. Korean J Anesthesiol 2016; 69:614-618. [PMID: 27924203 PMCID: PMC5133234 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2016.69.6.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cell therapy using adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs), which are capable of multipotent differentiation, is currently being investigated in the field of tissue regeneration and the treatment of patients in intensive care units. It is known that type-A γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor activity has an influence on stem cell proliferation. Thus, we investigated the effects of the clinically available GABAA receptor agonists, etomidate and midazolam, on ADSC proliferation measured by the cell counting kit-8 assay. Methods ADSCs cultured in control medium or adipogenic differentiation medium for 15 days were divided into 5 treatment groups: non-medicated (Control) and 4 groups including treatment with etomidate or midazolam at 1 and 50 µM (n = 3 per group). The cell counting kit-8 assay was performed for determining the cell proliferation in both medium groups at day 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 in culture. The absorbance values at 450 nm were then measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader and statistically compared among groups. Results There was no significant difference in cell proliferation profiles among the 5 groups at any time point in both control and adipogenic differentiation media. Conclusions Etomidate and midazolam did not influence ADSC proliferation under both media when compared to the non-medicated group and there was no dose-dependent effect of etomidate and midazolam on ADSC viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Park
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Kyoungho Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Hong Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Jun Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongchan Ko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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[Anesthesia in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis - is general anesthesia a requisite? A case report]. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2016; 67:647-650. [PMID: 27687317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a recently described neurological disorder and an increasingly recognized cause of psychosis, movement disorders and autonomic dysfunction. We report 20-year-old Chinese female who presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, recent memory loss, visual hallucinations and abnormal behavior. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis was diagnosed and a computed tomography scan of abdomen reviewed a left adnexal tumor. We describe the first such case report of a patient with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis who was given a bilateral transversus abdominis plane block as the sole anesthetic for removal of ovarian tumor. We also discuss the anesthetic issues associated with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. As discovery of tumor and its removal is the focus of initial treatment in this group of patients, anesthetists will encounter more such cases in the near future.
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Pérez C, Caballero-Mancebo E, Lesarri A, Cocinero EJ, Alkorta I, Suenram RD, Grabow JU, Pate BH. The Conformational Map of Volatile Anesthetics: Enflurane Revisited. Chemistry 2016; 22:9804-11. [PMID: 27258776 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previous ambiguities in the conformational and structural landscape of the volatile anesthetic enflurane have been solved combining microwave spectroscopy in a jet expansion and ab initio calculations. The broadband (2-18 GHz) rotational spectra identified three different rotamers, sharing a common trans ether skeleton but differing in the ±gauche/trans position of the terminal chlorine atom. For each chlorine conformation two different gauche orientations were predicted for the opposite difluoromethyl group, but only one is experimentally observable due to collisional relaxation in the jet. The experimental dataset comprised nine different isotopologues ((35) Cl, (37) Cl, (13) C) and a large number (>6500) of rotational transitions. The inertial data provided structural information using the substitution and effective procedures. The structural preferences were rationalized with additional ab initio, natural-bond-orbital and non-covalent-interaction analysis, which suggest that plausible anomeric effects at the difluoromethyl group could be overridden by other intramolecular effects. The difluoromethyl orientation thus reflects a minimization of inter-fluorine repulsions while maximizing F⋅⋅⋅H attractive interactions. A comparison with previous electron diffraction and spectroscopic data in the gas and condensed phases finally resulted in a comprehensive description of this ether, completing a rotational description of the most common multi-halogenated anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA.,Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena Caballero-Mancebo
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lesarri
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Emilio J Cocinero
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco, Ap. 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard D Suenram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Jens-Uwe Grabow
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Elektrochemie, Lehrgebiet A, Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Universität, Callinstrasse 3A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brooks H Pate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA.
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Di Meo F, Fabre G, Berka K, Ossman T, Chantemargue B, Paloncýová M, Marquet P, Otyepka M, Trouillas P. In silico pharmacology: Drug membrane partitioning and crossing. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:471-486. [PMID: 27378566 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have become particularly powerful to rationalize drug insertion and partitioning in lipid bilayers. MD simulations efficiently support experimental evidences, with a comprehensive understanding of molecular interactions driving insertion and crossing. Prediction of drug partitioning is discussed with respect to drug families (anesthetics; β-blockers; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; antioxidants; antiviral drugs; antimicrobial peptides). To accurately evaluate passive permeation coefficients turned out to be a complex theoretical challenge; however the recent methodological developments based on biased MD simulations are particularly promising. Particular attention is paid to membrane composition (e.g., presence of cholesterol), which influences drug partitioning and permeation. Recent studies concerning in silico models of membrane proteins involved in drug transport (influx and efflux) are also reported here. These studies have allowed gaining insight in drug efflux by, e.g., ABC transporters at an atomic resolution, explicitly accounting for the mandatory forces induced by the surrounded lipid bilayer. Large-scale conformational changes were thoroughly analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Di Meo
- INSERM UMR 850, Univ. Limoges, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, F-87025, Limoges, France
| | - Gabin Fabre
- LCSN, Univ. Limoges, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, F-87025, Limoges, France
| | - Karel Berka
- Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky̿ University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tahani Ossman
- INSERM UMR 850, Univ. Limoges, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, F-87025, Limoges, France
| | - Benjamin Chantemargue
- INSERM UMR 850, Univ. Limoges, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, F-87025, Limoges, France; Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky̿ University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Paloncýová
- Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky̿ University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pierre Marquet
- INSERM UMR 850, Univ. Limoges, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, F-87025, Limoges, France
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky̿ University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Trouillas
- INSERM UMR 850, Univ. Limoges, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, F-87025, Limoges, France; Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky̿ University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Effects of Ketamine on Neuronal Spontaneous Excitatory Postsynaptic Currents and Miniature Excitatory Postsynaptic Currents in the Somatosensory Cortex of Rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 41:275-82. [PMID: 27365548 PMCID: PMC4912645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic which produces dissociation anesthesia, analgesia, and amnesia. The mechanism of ketamine-induced synaptic inhibition in high-level cortical areas is still unknown. We aimed to elucidate the effects of different concentrations of ketamine on the glutamatergic synaptic transmission of the neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex by using the whole-cell patch-clamp method. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (11-19 postnatal days, n=36) were used to obtain brain slices (300 μM). Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (data from 40 neurons) were recorded at a command potential of -70 mV in the presence of bicuculline (a competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors, 30 μM) and strychnine (glycine receptor antagonist, 30 μM). Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (data from 40 neurons) were also recorded when 1 μM of tetrodotoxin was added into the artificial cerebrospinal fluid. We used GraphPad Prism5for statistical analysis. Significant differences in the mean amplitude and frequency were tested using the Student paired 2-tailed t test. Values of P<0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Different concentrations of ketamine inhibited the frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents as well as the amplitude of the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in a concentration-dependent manner, but they exerted no significant effect on the frequency of the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. CONCLUSION Ketamine inhibited the excitatory synaptic transmission of the neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex. The inhibition may have been mediated by a reduction in the sensitivity of the postsynaptic glutamatergic receptors.
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Zalucki O, van Swinderen B. What is unconsciousness in a fly or a worm? A review of general anesthesia in different animal models. Conscious Cogn 2016; 44:72-88. [PMID: 27366985 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
All animals are rendered unresponsive by general anesthetics. In humans, this is observed as a succession of endpoints from memory loss to unconsciousness to immobility. Across animals, anesthesia endpoints such as loss of responsiveness or immobility appear to require significantly different drug concentrations. A closer examination in key model organisms such as the mouse, fly, or the worm, uncovers a trend: more complex behaviors, either requiring several sub-behaviors, or multiple neural circuits working together, are more sensitive to volatile general anesthetics. This trend is also evident when measuring neural correlates of general anesthesia. Here, we review this complexity hypothesis in humans and model organisms, and attempt to reconcile these findings with the more recent view that general anesthetics potentiate endogenous sleep pathways in most animals. Finally, we propose a presynaptic mechanism, and thus an explanation for how these drugs might compromise a succession of brain functions of increasing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oressia Zalucki
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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McCarthy NLC, Ces O, Law RV, Seddon JM, Brooks NJ. Separation of liquid domains in model membranes induced with high hydrostatic pressure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:8675-8. [PMID: 25907808 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02134k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have imaged the formation of membrane microdomains immediately after their induction using a novel technology platform coupling high hydrostatic pressure to fluorescence microscopy. After formation, the ordered domains are small and highly dynamic. This will enhance links between model lipid assemblies and dynamic processes in cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L C McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Uriarte I, Écija P, Spada L, Zabalza E, Lesarri A, Basterretxea FJ, Fernández JA, Caminati W, Cocinero EJ. Potential energy surface of fluoroxene: experiment and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3966-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06522d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy surface (PES) of the general anesthetic fluoroxene was probed in a supersonic jet expansion using broadband CP-FTMW spectroscopy and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iciar Uriarte
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
- Bilbao
- Spain
| | - Patricia Écija
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
- Bilbao
- Spain
| | - Lorenzo Spada
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
- Bilbao
- Spain
| | - Eneko Zabalza
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
- Bilbao
- Spain
| | - Alberto Lesarri
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Valladolid
- Valladolid
- Spain
| | - Francisco J. Basterretxea
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
- Bilbao
- Spain
| | - José A. Fernández
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
- Bilbao
- Spain
| | | | - Emilio J. Cocinero
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
- Bilbao
- Spain
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Differential effects of general anesthetics on anxiety-like behavior in formalin-induced pain: involvement of ERK activation in the anterior cingulate cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4433-44. [PMID: 26400403 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pain-related anxiety and depression are well known to be comorbid with chronic pain and adversely affect patient quality of life. Recent studies have shown that anxiety-like behaviors also develop with acute surgical pain, but the effects of general anesthetics on acute pain-related anxiety are unknown. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to compare the effects of different general anesthetics on anxiety-like behaviors that follow formalin-induced acute pain in a rat model. METHODS Formalin-induced acute inflammatory pain was established by intraplantar injection of 1% formalin without anesthesia or with anesthesia using the clinical anesthetics sevoflurane, propofol, or pentobarbital sodium. Anxiety-like behaviors were studied using the open-field test and elevated plus maze. Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) 1/2 expression in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and spinal cord was examined using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Anxiety-like behaviors were observed at 24 and 72 h post-formalin injection. Concomitantly, p-ERK 1/2 expression was upregulated in the ACC at 1 and 24 h post-formalin injection. While all three general anesthetics effectively blocked nociceptive responses and activation of ERK in the rat ACC following formalin injection during anesthesia, only sevoflurane inhibited ERK activation in the spinal cord and ACC at 24 h post-injection. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that sevoflurane, but not intravenous anesthetics, inhibits pain-related anxiety, along with ERK activation in the ACC, probably through inhibition of spinal nociceptive transmission. Intraoperative application of inhaled anesthetics may be a better choice to reduce postoperative anxiety.
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Senbruna B, Lerman J. Anesthesia Management for a Boy with Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:182-4. [PMID: 26576051 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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40
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Wieteska J, Welche P, Tu KM, ElGamacy M, Csanyi G, Payne M, Chau PL. Isoflurane does not aggregate inside POPC bilayers at high pressure: Implications for pressure reversal of general anaesthesia. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Qiu L, Lin J, Bertaccini EJ. Insights into the Nature of Anesthetic-Protein Interactions: An ONIOM Study. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12771-82. [PMID: 26388288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anesthetics have been employed widely to relieve surgical suffering, but their mechanism of action is not yet clear. For over a century, the mechanism of anesthesia was previously thought to be via lipid bilayer interactions. In the present work, a rigorous three-layer ONIOM(M06-2X/6-31+G*:PM6:AMBER) method was utilized to investigate the nature of interactions between several anesthetics and actual protein binding sites. According to the calculated structural features, interaction energies, atomic charges, and electrostatic potential surfaces, the amphiphilic nature of anesthetic-protein interactions was demonstrated for both inhalational and injectable anesthetics. The existence of hydrogen and halogen bonding interactions between anesthetics and proteins was clearly identified, and these interactions served to assist ligand recognition and binding by the protein. Within all complexes of inhalational or injectable anesthetics, the polarization effects play a dominant role over the steric effects and induce a significant asymmetry in the otherwise symmetric atomic charge distributions of the free ligands in vacuo. This study provides new insight into the mechanism of action of general anesthetics in a more rigorous way than previously described. Future rational design of safer anesthetics for an aging and more physiologically vulnerable population will be predicated on this greater understanding of such specific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063, P. R. China.,Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto VA Health Care System , 112A, PAVAHCS, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Jianguo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Edward J Bertaccini
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto VA Health Care System , 112A, PAVAHCS, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
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How the cortico-thalamic feedback affects the EEG power spectrum over frontal and occipital regions during propofol-induced sedation. J Comput Neurosci 2015; 39:155-79. [PMID: 26256583 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-015-0569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of the anaesthetic agent propofol initially induces sedation before achieving full general anaesthesia. During this state of anaesthesia, the observed specific changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms comprise increased activity in the δ- (0.5-4 Hz) and α- (8-13 Hz) frequency bands over the frontal region, but increased δ- and decreased α-activity over the occipital region. It is known that the cortex, the thalamus, and the thalamo-cortical feedback loop contribute to some degree to the propofol-induced changes in the EEG power spectrum. However the precise role of each structure to the dynamics of the EEG is unknown. In this paper we apply a thalamo-cortical neuronal population model to reproduce the power spectrum changes in EEG during propofol-induced anaesthesia sedation. The model reproduces the power spectrum features observed experimentally both in frontal and occipital electrodes. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the model indicates the importance of multiple resting states in brain activity. The work suggests that the α-activity originates from the cortico-thalamic relay interaction, whereas the emergence of δ-activity results from the full cortico-reticular-relay-cortical feedback loop with a prominent enforced thalamic reticular-relay interaction. This model suggests an important role for synaptic GABAergic receptors at relay neurons and, more generally, for the thalamus in the generation of both the δ- and the α- EEG patterns that are seen during propofol anaesthesia sedation.
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Purushothaman S, Cicuta P, Ces O, Brooks NJ. Influence of High Pressure on the Bending Rigidity of Model Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:9805-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Purushothaman
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Oscar Ces
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Brooks
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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Effect of methanol on the phase-transition properties of glycerol-monopalmitate lipid bilayers investigated using molecular dynamics simulations: In quest of the biphasic effect. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 55:85-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brosnan RJ, Pham TL. Hydrocarbon molar water solubility predicts NMDA vs. GABAA receptor modulation. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 15:62. [PMID: 25410726 PMCID: PMC4247779 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-15-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many anesthetics modulate 3-transmembrane (such as NMDA) and 4-transmembrane (such as GABAA) receptors. Clinical and experimental anesthetics exhibiting receptor family specificity often have low water solubility. We hypothesized that the molar water solubility of a hydrocarbon could be used to predict receptor modulation in vitro. Methods GABAA (α1β2γ2s) or NMDA (NR1/NR2A) receptors were expressed in oocytes and studied using standard two-electrode voltage clamp techniques. Hydrocarbons from 14 different organic functional groups were studied at saturated concentrations, and compounds within each group differed only by the carbon number at the ω-position or within a saturated ring. An effect on GABAA or NMDA receptors was defined as a 10% or greater reversible current change from baseline that was statistically different from zero. Results Hydrocarbon moieties potentiated GABAA and inhibited NMDA receptor currents with at least some members from each functional group modulating both receptor types. A water solubility cut-off for NMDA receptors occurred at 1.1 mM with a 95% CI = 0.45 to 2.8 mM. NMDA receptor cut-off effects were not well correlated with hydrocarbon chain length or molecular volume. No cut-off was observed for GABAA receptors within the solubility range of hydrocarbons studied. Conclusions Hydrocarbon modulation of NMDA receptor function exhibits a molar water solubility cut-off. Differences between unrelated receptor cut-off values suggest that the number, affinity, or efficacy of protein-hydrocarbon interactions at these sites likely differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brosnan
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Liu S, Paule MG, Zhang X, Newport GD, Patterson TA, Apana SM, Berridge MS, Maisha MP, Slikker W, Wang C. Positron Emission Tomography with [(18)F]FLT Revealed Sevoflurane-Induced Inhibition of Neural Progenitor Cell Expansion in vivo. Front Neurol 2014; 5:234. [PMID: 25452743 PMCID: PMC4233913 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cell expansion is critical for normal brain development and an appropriate response to injury. During the brain growth spurt, exposures to general anesthetics, which either block the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor or enhance the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A can disturb neuronal transduction. This effect can be detrimental to brain development. Until now, the effects of anesthetic exposure on neural progenitor cell expansion in vivo had seldom been reported. Here, minimally invasive micro positron emission tomography (microPET) coupled with 3'-deoxy-3' [(18)F] fluoro-l-thymidine ([(18)F]FLT) was utilized to assess the effects of sevoflurane exposure on neural progenitor cell proliferation. FLT, a thymidine analog, is taken up by proliferating cells and phosphorylated in the cytoplasm, leading to its intracellular trapping. Intracellular retention of [(18)F]FLT, thus, represents an observable in vivo marker of cell proliferation. Here, postnatal day 7 rats (n = 11/group) were exposed to 2.5% sevoflurane or room air for 9 h. For up to 2 weeks following the exposure, standard uptake values (SUVs) for [(18)F]-FLT in the hippocampal formation were significantly attenuated in the sevoflurane-exposed rats (p < 0.0001), suggesting decreased uptake and retention of [(18)F]FLT (decreased proliferation) in these regions. Four weeks following exposure, SUVs for [(18)F]FLT were comparable in the sevoflurane-exposed rats and in controls. Co-administration of 7-nitroindazole (30 mg/kg, n = 5), a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, significantly attenuated the SUVs for [(18)F]FLT in both the air-exposed (p = 0.00006) and sevoflurane-exposed rats (p = 0.0427) in the first week following the exposure. These findings suggested that microPET in couple with [(18)F]FLT as cell proliferation marker could be used as a non-invasive modality to monitor the sevoflurane-induced inhibition of neural progenitor cell proliferation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | - Merle G Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | - Glenn D Newport
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | - Tucker A Patterson
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | | | | | - Mackean P Maisha
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | - William Slikker
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR , USA
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Effect of the cosolutes trehalose and methanol on the equilibrium and phase-transition properties of glycerol-monopalmitate lipid bilayers investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2014; 43:517-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-014-0982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dwyer DS, Aamodt E, Cohen B, Buttner EA. Drug elucidation: invertebrate genetics sheds new light on the molecular targets of CNS drugs. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:177. [PMID: 25120487 PMCID: PMC4112795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many important drugs approved to treat common human diseases were discovered by serendipity, without a firm understanding of their modes of action. As a result, the side effects and interactions of these medications are often unpredictable, and there is limited guidance for improving the design of next-generation drugs. Here, we review the innovative use of simple model organisms, especially Caenorhabditis elegans, to gain fresh insights into the complex biological effects of approved CNS medications. Whereas drug discovery involves the identification of new drug targets and lead compounds/biologics, and drug development spans preclinical testing to FDA approval, drug elucidation refers to the process of understanding the mechanisms of action of marketed drugs by studying their novel effects in model organisms. Drug elucidation studies have revealed new pathways affected by antipsychotic drugs, e.g., the insulin signaling pathway, a trace amine receptor and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Similarly, novel targets of antidepressant drugs and lithium have been identified in C. elegans, including lipid-binding/transport proteins and the SGK-1 signaling pathway, respectively. Elucidation of the mode of action of anesthetic agents has shown that anesthesia can involve mitochondrial targets, leak currents, and gap junctions. The general approach reviewed in this article has advanced our knowledge about important drugs for CNS disorders and can guide future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donard S. Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry–Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-ShreveportShreveport, LA, USA
| | - Eric Aamodt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-ShreveportShreveport, LA, USA
| | - Bruce Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
- Mailman Research Center, McLean HospitalBelmont, MA, USA
| | - Edgar A. Buttner
- Mailman Research Center, McLean HospitalBelmont, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology–Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBelmont, MA, USA
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50
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Cochet-Bissuel M, Lory P, Monteil A. The sodium leak channel, NALCN, in health and disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:132. [PMID: 24904279 PMCID: PMC4033012 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are crucial components of cellular excitability and are involved in many neurological diseases. This review focuses on the sodium leak, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)-activated NALCN channel that is predominantly expressed in neurons where it regulates the resting membrane potential and neuronal excitability. NALCN is part of a complex that includes not only GPCRs, but also UNC-79, UNC-80, NLF-1 and src family of Tyrosine kinases (SFKs). There is growing evidence that the NALCN channelosome critically regulates its ion conduction. Both in mammals and invertebrates, animal models revealed an involvement in many processes such as locomotor behaviors, sensitivity to volatile anesthetics, and respiratory rhythms. There is also evidence that alteration in this NALCN channelosome can cause a wide variety of diseases. Indeed, mutations in the NALCN gene were identified in Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy (INAD) patients, as well as in patients with an Autosomal Recessive Syndrome with severe hypotonia, speech impairment, and cognitive delay. Deletions in NALCN gene were also reported in diseases such as 13q syndrome. In addition, genes encoding NALCN, NLF- 1, UNC-79, and UNC-80 proteins may be susceptibility loci for several diseases including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, autism, epilepsy, alcoholism, cardiac diseases and cancer. Although the physiological role of the NALCN channelosome is poorly understood, its involvement in human diseases should foster interest for drug development in the near future. Toward this goal, we review here the current knowledge on the NALCN channelosome in physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Cochet-Bissuel
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, Universités Montpellier 1&2 Montpellier, France ; INSERM, U 661 Montpellier, France ; LabEx 'Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics' Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Lory
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, Universités Montpellier 1&2 Montpellier, France ; INSERM, U 661 Montpellier, France ; LabEx 'Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics' Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Monteil
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, Universités Montpellier 1&2 Montpellier, France ; INSERM, U 661 Montpellier, France ; LabEx 'Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics' Montpellier, France
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