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Mohammadian K, Fakhar F, Keramat S, Stanek A. The Role of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:797. [PMID: 39061866 PMCID: PMC11273623 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global public health problem that causes liver-related morbidity and mortality. It is also an independent risk factor for non-communicable diseases. In 2020, a proposal was made to refer to it as "metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)", with concise diagnostic criteria. Given its widespread occurrence, its treatment is crucial. Increased levels of oxidative stress cause this disease. This review aims to evaluate various studies on antioxidant therapies for patients with MAFLD. A comprehensive search for relevant research was conducted on the PubMed, SCOPUS, and ScienceDirect databases, resulting in the identification of 87 studies that met the inclusion criteria. In total, 31.1% of human studies used natural antioxidants, 53.3% used synthetic antioxidants, and 15.5% used both natural and synthetic antioxidants. In human-based studies, natural antioxidants showed 100% efficacy in the treatment of MAFLD, while synthetic antioxidants showed effective results in only 91% of the investigations. In animal-based research, natural antioxidants were fully effective in the treatment of MAFLD, while synthetic antioxidants demonstrated effectiveness in only 87.8% of the evaluations. In conclusion, antioxidants in their natural form are more helpful for patients with MAFLD, and preserving the correct balance of pro-oxidants and antioxidants is a useful way to monitor antioxidant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Mohammadian
- Division of Hematology and Blood Banking, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran; (K.M.); (F.F.)
| | - Fatemeh Fakhar
- Division of Hematology and Blood Banking, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran; (K.M.); (F.F.)
| | - Shayan Keramat
- VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Support Association of Patients of Buerger’s Disease, Buerger’s Disease NGO, Mashhad 9183785195, Iran
| | - Agata Stanek
- VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology, and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
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Nascimento AL, Pereira JHS, Caldas BV, Guimarães VHD, Monteiro-Junior RS, Paula AMB, Guimarães ALS, Pereira UA, Santos SHS. Dietary Supplementation with Apis mellifera Wholemeal Flour Reduces Hepatic Steatosis in Obese Mice. J Med Food 2024; 27:545-551. [PMID: 38770674 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aline L Nascimento
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias (ICA), Postgraduate Program in Food and Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Joyce H S Pereira
- Laboratory of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Bruna V Caldas
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias (ICA), Postgraduate Program in Food and Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Victor H D Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Renato S Monteiro-Junior
- Laboratory of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Alfredo M B Paula
- Laboratory of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - André L S Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Ulisses A Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias (ICA), Postgraduate Program in Food and Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Sérgio H S Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias (ICA), Postgraduate Program in Food and Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Brazil
- Laboratory of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Brazil
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Arab HH, Eid AH, Alsufyani SE, Ashour AM, Alnefaie AM, Alsharif NM, Alshehri AM, Almalawi AA, Alsowat AA, Abd El Aal HA, Hassan ESG, Elesawy WH, Elhemiely AA. Activation of AMPK/mTOR-Driven Autophagy and Suppression of the HMGB1/TLR4 Pathway with Pentoxifylline Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:681. [PMID: 38931349 PMCID: PMC11206793 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite being an effective chemotherapeutic agent, the clinical use of doxorubicin (DOX) is limited by several organ toxicities including hepatic injury. Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine derivative with marked anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic features. It is unknown, however, whether PTX can mitigate DOX-evoked hepatotoxicity. This study aims to explore the potential hepatoprotective impact of PTX in DOX-induced hepatic injury and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA were used to examine liver tissues. The current findings revealed that PTX administration to DOX-intoxicated rats mitigated the pathological manifestations of hepatic injury, reduced microscopical damage scores, and improved serum ALT and AST markers, revealing restored hepatic cellular integrity. These favorable effects were attributed to PTX's ability to mitigate inflammation by reducing hepatic IL-1β and TNF-α levels and suppressing the pro-inflammatory HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB axis. Moreover, PTX curtailed the hepatic apoptotic abnormalities by suppressing caspase 3 activity and lowering the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In tandem, PTX improved the defective autophagy events by lowering hepatic SQSTM-1/p62 accumulation and enhancing the AMPK/mTOR pathway, favoring autophagy and hepatic cell preservation. Together, for the first time, our findings demonstrate the ameliorative effect of PTX against DOX-evoked hepatotoxicity by dampening the hepatic HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pro-inflammatory axis and augmenting hepatic AMPK/mTOR-driven autophagy. Thus, PTX could be utilized as an adjunct agent with DOX regimens to mitigate DOX-induced hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany H. Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H. Eid
- Department of Pharmacology, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA)—Formerly NODCAR, Giza 12654, Egypt
| | - Shuruq E. Alsufyani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, P.O. Box 13578, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nasser M. Alsharif
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Hayat A. Abd El Aal
- Department of Pharmacology, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA)—Formerly NODCAR, Giza 12654, Egypt
| | - Eman S. G. Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA)—Formerly NODCAR, Giza 12654, Egypt
| | - Wessam H. Elesawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12568, Egypt
| | - Alzahraa A. Elhemiely
- Department of Pharmacology, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA)—Formerly NODCAR, Giza 12654, Egypt
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Xu D, Zhao W, Feng Y, Wen X, Liu H, Ping J. Pentoxifylline attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver by inhibiting hepatic macrophage polarization to the M1 phenotype. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154368. [PMID: 35994850 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), recognized as one of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases, is increasingly prevalent worldwide. Pentoxifylline, a derivative of theobromine extracted from Theobroma cacao and tea, has been studied for effects on blood viscosity, tissue oxygenation and inflammation. However, its effects on hepatic lipid accumulation and the potential mechanisms remain unclear. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of pentoxifylline on high-fat diet-induced NAFL and to explore the corresponding molecular mechanisms. METHODS NAFL mice were injected with or without 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg pentoxifylline for 2 weeks. Hepatic steatosis was observed by haematoxylin-eosin staining and Oil Red O staining, the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride were detected by biochemical kits, and insulin resistance was evaluated by glucose and insulin tolerance tests. In addition, we measured the frequencies of macrophage and its polarization subsets in the liver using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The expressions of proteins associated with macrophage polarization signaling pathways were assessed by Western blotting and flow cytometry histograms. Molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assay were conducted to identify and verify the target protein of pentoxifylline in macrophage. RESULTS Pentoxifylline significantly alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation, reduced blood lipid levels and improved insulin resistance. Strikingly, the excessive M1 macrophages in NAFL development was abolished by pentoxifylline. And pentoxifylline was further evidenced it failed to reduce hepatocyte lipid accumulation in the absence of macrophages in vitro. Mechanistically, pentoxifylline competed with LPS for binding to toll-like receptor 4, dramatically inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Pentoxifylline attenuated NAFL by inhibiting hepatic macrophage M1 polarization, indicating that pentoxifylline could be a therapeutic candidate for NAFL. This study first observed that M1 macrophages were increased in NAFL mice and then revealed the molecule targeted by pentoxifylline. In addition, we provided evidence that macrophage targeting may be an emerging strategy for NAFL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, , China
| | - Wenhao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, , China
| | - Yiting Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, , China
| | - Xiao Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, , China
| | - Hanxiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, , China
| | - Jie Ping
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, , China.
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A Molecular Insight into the Role of Antioxidants in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9233650. [PMID: 35602098 PMCID: PMC9117022 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9233650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) defines fat accumulation in the liver, and it is commonly associated with metabolic syndromes like diabetes and obesity. Progressive NAFLD leads to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and ultimately causes cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and NASH is currently a frequent cause of liver transplantation. Oxidative stress is often contributed to the progression of NAFLD, and hence, antioxidants such as silymarin, silybin, or silibinin, pentoxifylline, resveratrol, and vitamins A, C, and E are used in clinical trials against NAFLD. Silymarin induces the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), a fatty acid sensor, which promotes the transcription of genes that are required for the enzymes involved in lipid oxidation in hepatocytes. Silybin inhibits sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and carbohydrate response element-binding protein to downregulate the expression of genes responsible for de novo lipogenesis by activating AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Pentoxifylline inhibits TNF-α expression and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated inflammatory nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. Thus, it prevents NAFLD to NASH progression. Resveratrol inhibits methylation at Nrf-2 promoters and NF-κB activity via SIRT1 activation in NAFLD conditions. However, clinically, resveratrol has not shown promising beneficial effects. Vitamin C is beneficial in NAFLD patients. Vitamin E is not effectively regressing hepatic fibrosis. Hence, its combination with antifibrotic agents is used as an adjuvant to produce a synergistic antifibrotic effect. However, to date, none of these antioxidants have been used as a definite therapeutic agent in NAFLD patients. Further, these antioxidants should be studied in NAFLD patients with larger populations and multiple endpoints in the future.
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Xenobiotic-Induced Aggravation of Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031062. [PMID: 35162986 PMCID: PMC8834714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which is often linked to obesity, encompasses a large spectrum of hepatic lesions, including simple fatty liver, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Besides nutritional and genetic factors, different xenobiotics such as pharmaceuticals and environmental toxicants are suspected to aggravate MAFLD in obese individuals. More specifically, pre-existing fatty liver or steatohepatitis may worsen, or fatty liver may progress faster to steatohepatitis in treated patients, or exposed individuals. The mechanisms whereby xenobiotics can aggravate MAFLD are still poorly understood and are currently under deep investigations. Nevertheless, previous studies pointed to the role of different metabolic pathways and cellular events such as activation of de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial dysfunction, mostly associated with reactive oxygen species overproduction. This review presents the available data gathered with some prototypic compounds with a focus on corticosteroids and rosiglitazone for pharmaceuticals as well as bisphenol A and perfluorooctanoic acid for endocrine disruptors. Although not typically considered as a xenobiotic, ethanol is also discussed because its abuse has dire consequences on obese liver.
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Wei D, Wu S, Liu J, Zhang X, Guan X, Gao L, Xu Z. Theobromine ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating hepatic lipid metabolism via mTOR signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:775-785. [PMID: 33290156 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Theobromine, a methylxanthine present in cocoa, has been shown to possess many beneficial pharmacological properties such as anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory property, and anti-microbial activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of theobromine on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the possible underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that theobromine reduced body weight and fat mass and improved dyslipidemia. Theobromine mitigated liver injury and significantly reduced hepatic triglyceride level in mice with obesity. Histological examinations also showed hepatic steatosis was alleviated after theobromine treatment. Furthermore, theobromine reversed the elevated mRNA and protein expression of SREBP-1c, FASN, CD36, FABP4, and the suppressed expression of PPARα and CPT1a in the liver of mice with obesity, which were responsible for lipogenesis, fatty acid uptake, and fatty acid oxidation respectively. In vitro, theobromine also downregulated SREBP-1c, FASN, CD36, FABP4 and upregulated PPARα and CPT1a mRNA and protein levels in hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner, while these changes were reversed by L-leucine, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) agonist. The present study demonstrated that theobromine improved NAFLD by inhibiting lipogenesis and fatty acid uptake and promoting fatty acid oxidation in the liver and hepatocytes, which might be associated with its suppression of mTOR signaling pathway. Novelty: Theobromine protects against high-fat diet - induced NAFLD. Theobromine inhibits lipogenesis and fatty acid uptake and promotes fatty acid oxidation in the liver and hepatocytes via inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Public Health, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoling Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Li J, Wang T, Xia J, Yao W, Huang F. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic protein acetylations control glycolysis process in liver diseases. FASEB J 2019; 33:11640-11654. [PMID: 31370704 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901175r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired glycolysis has pathologic effects on the occurrence and progression of liver diseases, and it appears that glycolysis is increased to different degrees in different liver diseases. As an important post-translational modification, reversible lysine acetylation regulates almost all cellular processes, including glycolysis. Lysine acetylation can occur enzymatically with acetyltransferases or nonenzymatically with acetyl-coenzyme A. Accompanied by the progression of liver diseases, there seems to be a temporal and spatial variation between enzymatic and nonenzymatic acetylations in the regulation of glycolysis. Here, we summarize the most recent findings on the functions and targets of acetylation in controlling glycolysis in the different stages of liver diseases. In addition, we discuss the differences and causes between enzymatic and nonenzymatic acetylations in regulating glycolysis throughout the progression of liver diseases. Then, we review these new discoveries to provide the potential implications of these findings for therapeutic interventions in liver diseases.-Li, J., Wang, T., Xia, J., Yao, W., Huang, F. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic protein acetylations control glycolysis process in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongxin Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weilei Yao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiruo Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Allard J, Le Guillou D, Begriche K, Fromenty B. Drug-induced liver injury in obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 85:75-107. [PMID: 31307592 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is commonly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), a benign condition characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation. However, NAFL can progress in some patients to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and then to severe liver lesions including extensive fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The entire spectrum of these hepatic lesions is referred to as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The transition of simple fatty liver to NASH seems to be favored by several genetic and environmental factors. Different experimental and clinical investigations showed or suggested that obesity and NAFLD are able to increase the risk of hepatotoxicity of different drugs. Some of these drugs may cause more severe and/or more frequent acute liver injury in obese individuals whereas others may trigger the transition of simple fatty liver to NASH or may worsen hepatic lipid accumulation, necroinflammation and fibrosis. This review presents the available information regarding drugs that may cause a specific risk in the context of obesity and NAFLD. These drugs, which belong to different pharmacological classes, include acetaminophen, halothane, methotrexate, rosiglitazone and tamoxifen. For some of these drugs, experimental investigations confirmed the clinical observations and unveiled different pathophysiological mechanisms which may explain why these pharmaceuticals are particularly hepatotoxic in obesity and NAFLD. Because obese people often take several drugs for the treatment of different obesity-related diseases, there is an urgent need to identify the main pharmaceuticals that may cause acute liver injury on a fatty liver background or that may enhance the risk of severe chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Allard
- INSERM, Univ. Rennes, INRA, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Rennes, France
| | - Dounia Le Guillou
- INSERM, Univ. Rennes, INRA, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Rennes, France
| | - Karima Begriche
- INSERM, Univ. Rennes, INRA, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Rennes, France
| | - Bernard Fromenty
- INSERM, Univ. Rennes, INRA, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Rennes, France.
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Bessone F, Dirchwolf M, Rodil MA, Razori MV, Roma MG. Review article: drug-induced liver injury in the context of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - a physiopathological and clinical integrated view. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 48:892-913. [PMID: 30194708 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, since it is strongly associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome pandemics. NAFLD may affect drug disposal and has common pathophysiological mechanisms with drug-induced liver injury (DILI); this may predispose to hepatoxicity induced by certain drugs that share these pathophysiological mechanisms. In addition, drugs may trigger fatty liver and inflammation per se by mimicking NAFLD pathophysiological mechanisms. AIMS To provide a comprehensive update on (a) potential mechanisms whereby certain drugs can be more hepatotoxic in NAFLD patients, (b) the steatogenic effects of drugs, and (c) the mechanism involved in drug-induced steatohepatitis (DISH). METHODS A language- and date-unrestricted Medline literature search was conducted to identify pertinent basic and clinical studies on the topic. RESULTS Drugs can induce macrovesicular steatosis by mimicking NAFLD pathogenic factors, including insulin resistance and imbalance between fat gain and loss. Other forms of hepatic fat accumulation exist, such as microvesicular steatosis and phospholipidosis, and are mostly associated with acute mitochondrial dysfunction and defective lipophagy, respectively. Drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is also commonly involved in DISH. Patients with pre-existing NAFLD may be at higher risk of DILI induced by certain drugs, and polypharmacy in obese individuals to treat their comorbidities may be a contributing factor. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between DILI and NAFLD may be reciprocal: drugs can cause NAFLD by acting as steatogenic factors, and pre-existing NAFLD could be a predisposing condition for certain drugs to cause DILI. Polypharmacy associated with obesity might potentiate the association between this condition and DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bessone
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Melisa Dirchwolf
- Unidad de Transplante Hepático, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Privado de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Agustina Rodil
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Valeria Razori
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Inhibitory effects of pentoxifylline on inflammation-related tumorigenesis in rat colon. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33972-33981. [PMID: 30338039 PMCID: PMC6188053 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in the colorectum increases the risk of colorectal cancer development. Pentoxifylline, a medicine used for improving the circulation, has been reported to inhibit TNF-α production and to ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In this study, we investigated the effects of pentoxifylline on inflammation-related colon tumorigenesis in a rodent model using Kyoto APC delta rats, which have APC mutation and are susceptible to colon carcinogenesis. Male Kyoto APC delta rats were treated with azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate, and were subsequently administered water, with or without pentoxifylline. At the end of the experiment, the development of colorectal tumor was significantly inhibited in the pentoxifylline group. The pentoxifylline treatment also lowered the levels of oxidative stress markers and mRNAs of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, in the colon mucosa. The PCNA labeling index and the inflammation score were also decreased in the colon of rats in the pentoxifylline -treated group. We also used an endoscopy to observe the tumor progression and inflammation in the colon of rats, revealing that inflammation grade was significantly lower in pentoxifylline-treated group at several points during the experiment. These findings suggest that pentoxifylline treatment might be useful for chemoprevention of inflammation-related colon cancer.
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G B, V G, T S, A S MK, C HK, G SK. Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Properties of Oryzanol Concentrate in Reducing Diabetic Nephropathy via SREBP1 Downregulation Rather than β-Oxidation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700511. [PMID: 29469229 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a micro-vascular complication of chronic diabetes. Sterol regulatory element binding protein1 (SREBP1) participation in the development of DN is reported. Oryzanol concentrate (OC) at 0.1% and 0.3% is tested for its antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects. The aim of the work is to study the involvement of OC in the amelioration of DN in STZ-induced diabetic animal model. METHODS AND RESULTS Animals were grouped into starch, high-fat, and OC-treated control/diabetic groups (SFC/SFD, HFC/HFD, OFC/OFD). The markers of DN, increased glomerular filtration rate and kidney weight, were evident in HFD and reduced in OFD group by ≈1.09 and ≈1.3 fold, respectively. The amelioration of defensive antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation, expressions of lipid-associated biomolecules (SREBP1 and FAS) were also observed. HFD showed increased ECM accumulation of glycoproteins, particularly Type IV collagen, fibronectin. SREBP1-associated gene transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was reduced on treatment (OFD ≈ 1.3 fold) as to HFD (≈2.7 fold). CONCLUSION Oryzanol concentrate, having hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties, also downregulated the lipid biosynthesis through reduced SREBP1-TGF-β interactions (EMSA) and could effectively ameliorate DN. Gene (ACC2, Cpt1, and ACOX) expression studies showed that β-oxidation was not involved in reducing DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskaragoud G
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Geetha V
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Sharanappa T
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Mohan Kumar A S
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Hema Kumar C
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Suresh Kumar G
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
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13
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Eshraghian A. Current and emerging pharmacological therapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7495-7504. [PMID: 29204050 PMCID: PMC5698243 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i42.7495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is life style modification including weight reduction and dietary regimen. Majority of patients are safely treated with this management and pharmacologic interventions are not recommended. However, a subgroup of NAFLD patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) who cannot achieve goals of life style modification may need pharmacological therapy. One major obstacle is measurement of histological outcome by liver biopsy which is an invasive method and is not recommended routinely in these patients. Several medications, mainly targeting baseline mechanism of NAFLD, have been investigated in clinical trials for treatment of NASH with promising results. At present, only pioglitazone acting as insulin sensitizing agent and vitamin E as an anti-oxidant have been recommended for treatment of NASH by international guidelines. Lipid lowering agents including statins and fibrates, pentoxifylline, angiotensin receptor blockers, ursodeoxycholic acid, probiotics and synbiotics are current agents with beneficial effects for treatment of NASH but have not been approved yet. Several emerging medications are in development for treatment of NASH. Obeticholic acid, liraglutide, elafibranor, cenicriviroc and aramchol have been tested in clinical trials or are completing trials. Here in, current and upcoming medications with promising results in clinical trial for treatment of NAFLD were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Eshraghian
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71937-11351, Iran
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14
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Stana J, Stergar J, Gradišnik L, Flis V, Kargl R, Fröhlich E, Stana Kleinschek K, Mohan T, Maver U. Multilayered Polysaccharide Nanofilms for Controlled Delivery of Pentoxifylline and Possible Treatment of Chronic Venous Ulceration. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2732-2746. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stana
- Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Department of Vascular
and Endovascular Surgery, Krankenhausstraße 20, 83569 Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Janja Stergar
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Gradišnik
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Vojko Flis
- University Medical Centre Maribor, Division of Surgery,
Department of Vascular Surgery, Ljubljanka ulica 5, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Rupert Kargl
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Laboratory for Characterisation and Processing of Polymers, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Medical University of Graz, Center for Medical Research,
Core Facility Microscopy, Stiftingtalstraße 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Stana Kleinschek
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Laboratory for Characterisation and Processing of Polymers, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tamilselvan Mohan
- University of Graz, Institute of Chemistry, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Uroš Maver
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Department
of Pharmacology, Taborska
ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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15
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Pentoxifylline attenuates cytokine stress and Fas system in syngeneic liver proteins induced experimental autoimmune hepatitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:316-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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16
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Weaver RJ, Betts C, Blomme EAG, Gerets HHJ, Gjervig Jensen K, Hewitt PG, Juhila S, Labbe G, Liguori MJ, Mesens N, Ogese MO, Persson M, Snoeys J, Stevens JL, Walker T, Park BK. Test systems in drug discovery for hazard identification and risk assessment of human drug-induced liver injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:767-782. [PMID: 28604124 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1341489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The liver is an important target for drug-induced toxicities. Early detection of hepatotoxic drugs requires use of well-characterized test systems, yet current knowledge, gaps and limitations of tests employed remains an important issue for drug development. Areas Covered: The current state of the science, understanding and application of test systems in use for the detection of drug-induced cytotoxicity, mitochondrial toxicity, cholestasis and inflammation is summarized. The test systems highlighted herein cover mostly in vitro and some in vivo models and endpoint measurements used in the assessment of small molecule toxic liabilities. Opportunities for research efforts in areas necessitating the development of specific tests and improved mechanistic understanding are highlighted. Expert Opinion: Use of in vitro test systems for safety optimization will remain a core activity in drug discovery. Substantial inroads have been made with a number of assays established for human Drug-induced Liver Injury. There nevertheless remain significant gaps with a need for improved in vitro tools and novel tests to address specific mechanisms of human Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Progress in these areas will necessitate not only models fit for application, but also mechanistic understanding of how chemical insult on the liver occurs in order to identify translational and quantifiable readouts for decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Weaver
- a Research & Biopharmacy, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier , Suresnes , France
| | - Catherine Betts
- b Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism , AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge , UK
| | | | - Helga H J Gerets
- d Non Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest , UCB BioPharma SPRL , Braine L'Alleud , Belgium
| | | | - Philip G Hewitt
- f Non-Clinical Development, Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Satu Juhila
- g In Vitro Biology , Orion Pharma , Espoo , Finland
| | - Gilles Labbe
- h Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety , Sanofi R&D , Paris , France
| | | | - Natalie Mesens
- i Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen (Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson) Turnhoutseweg 30 , Beerse , Belgium
| | - Monday O Ogese
- j Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism , AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge , UK
| | - Mikael Persson
- k Innovative Medicines and Early Clinical Development, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Discovery Safety , AstraZeneca R&D , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Jan Snoeys
- l Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Janssen (Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson) Turnhoutseweg 30 , Beerse , Belgium
| | - James L Stevens
- m Dept of Toxicology , Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA
| | - Tracy Walker
- n Investigative Safety & Drug Metabolism , GlaxoSmithKline, David Jack Centre for Research and Development , Ware , Herts , Hertfordshire, UK
| | - B Kevin Park
- o Institute of Translational Medicine , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
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17
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Buron N, Porceddu M, Roussel C, Begriche K, Trak-Smayra V, Gicquel T, Fromenty B, Borgne-Sanchez A. Chronic and low exposure to a pharmaceutical cocktail induces mitochondrial dysfunction in liver and hyperglycemia: Differential responses between lean and obese mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1375-1389. [PMID: 27501252 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are found in the environment but the impact of this contamination on human and animal health is poorly known. The liver could be particularly targeted since a significant number of these drugs are hepatotoxic, in particular via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, the latter events can also be observed in liver diseases linked to obesity, so that the obese liver might be more sensitive to drug toxicity. In this study, we determined the effects of a chronic exposure to low doses of pharmaceuticals in wild-type and obese mice, with a particular focus on mitochondrial function. To this end, wild-type and ob/ob mice were exposed for 4 months to a cocktail of 11 pharmaceuticals provided in drinking water containing 0.01, 0.1, or 1 mg/L of each drug. At the end of the treatment, liver mitochondria were isolated and different parameters were measured. Chronic exposure to the pharmaceuticals reduced mitochondrial respiration driven by succinate and palmitoyl-l-carnitine in wild-type mice and increased antimycin-induced ROS production in ob/ob mice. Hyperglycemia and hepatic histological abnormalities were also observed in treated ob/ob mice. Investigations were also carried out in isolated liver mitochondria incubated with the mixture, or with each individual drug. The mitochondrial effects of the mixture were different from those observed in treated mice and could not be predicted from the results obtained with each drug. Because some of the 11 drugs included in our cocktail can be found in water at relatively high concentrations, our data could be relevant in environmental toxicology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1375-1389, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Buron
- MITOLOGICS S.A.S. Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Porceddu
- MITOLOGICS S.A.S. Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Célestin Roussel
- MITOLOGICS S.A.S. Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Karima Begriche
- Faculté De Pharmacie, INSERM, U991, 2 Av Du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
| | | | - Thomas Gicquel
- Faculté De Pharmacie, INSERM, U991, 2 Av Du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
- CHU Pontchaillou, Laboratoire De Toxicologie Biologique Et Médico-Légale, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Bernard Fromenty
- Faculté De Pharmacie, INSERM, U991, 2 Av Du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
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18
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Massart J, Begriche K, Moreau C, Fromenty B. Role of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as risk factor for drug-induced hepatotoxicity. J Clin Transl Res 2017; 3:212-232. [PMID: 28691103 PMCID: PMC5500243 DOI: 10.18053/jctres.03.2017s1.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is often associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which refers to a large spectrum of hepatic lesions including fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Different investigations showed or suggested that obesity and NAFLD are able to increase the risk of hepatotoxicity of different drugs. Some of these drugs could induce more frequently an acute hepatitis in obese individuals whereas others could worsen pre-existing NAFLD. AIM The main objective of the present review was to collect the available information regarding the role of NAFLD as risk factor for drug-induced hepatotoxicity. For this purpose, we performed a data-mining analysis using different queries including drug-induced liver injury (or DILI), drug-induced hepatotoxicity, fatty liver, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (or NAFLD), steatosis and obesity. The main data from the collected articles are reported in this review and when available, some pathophysiological hypotheses are put forward. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS Drugs that could pose a potential risk in obese patients include compounds belonging to different pharmacological classes such as acetaminophen, halothane, methotrexate, rosiglitazone, stavudine and tamoxifen. For some of these drugs, experimental investigations in obese rodents confirmed the clinical observations and unveiled different pathophysiological mechanisms which could explain why these pharmaceuticals are particularly hepatotoxic in obesity and NAFLD. Other drugs such as pentoxifylline, phenobarbital and omeprazole might also pose a risk but more investigations are required to determine whether this risk is significant or not. Because obese people often take several drugs for the treatment of different obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease, it is urgent to identify the main pharmaceuticals that can cause acute hepatitis on a fatty liver background or induce NAFLD worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Massart
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Caroline Moreau
- INSERM, U991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Service de Biochimie et Toxicologie, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
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19
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Ye JH, Chao J, Chang ML, Peng WH, Cheng HY, Liao JW, Pao LH. Pentoxifylline ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in hyperglycaemic and dyslipidaemic mice by upregulating fatty acid β-oxidation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33102. [PMID: 27612024 PMCID: PMC5017161 DOI: 10.1038/srep33102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which includes simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, is characterised by abnormal fat accumulation in the liver in the absence of excessive alcohol intake. In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), concurrent NAFLD might increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and the mortality rate. Although several studies have examined the effectiveness of pentoxifylline (PTX) in NAFLD treatment, no results are available to verify the effectiveness of PTX in treating T2D associated with NAFLD. In this study, we developed a combined high-fat diet-induced obesity and low-dose streptozocin-induced hyperglycaemia mouse model to mimic the concurrent NAFLD and T2D pathological condition. By combining physiological assessments, pathological examinations, metabolomics studies on blood, urine, and liver, and measurements of gene and protein expression, we elucidated the effectiveness and the underlying mechanism of action of PTX in the hyperglycaemic and dyslipidaemic mice. Our results revealed that PTX ameliorated NAFLD in the hyperglycaemic and dyslipidaemic mice by upregulating fatty acid β-oxidation. Furthermore, the glycolysis pathway and branched-chain amino acid-related pathways in these mice were restored by PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hung Ye
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jung Chao
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Chang
- Liver Research Center, Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huang Peng
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Nursing, Chung Jen College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Heng Pao
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Health-Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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20
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Michaut A, Le Guillou D, Moreau C, Bucher S, McGill MR, Martinais S, Gicquel T, Morel I, Robin MA, Jaeschke H, Fromenty B. A cellular model to study drug-induced liver injury in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Application to acetaminophen. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 292:40-55. [PMID: 26739624 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can increase susceptibility to hepatotoxicity induced by some xenobiotics including drugs, but the involved mechanisms are poorly understood. For acetaminophen (APAP), a role of hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is suspected since the activity of this enzyme is consistently enhanced during NAFLD. The first aim of our study was to set up a cellular model of NAFLD characterized not only by triglyceride accumulation but also by higher CYP2E1 activity. To this end, human HepaRG cells were incubated for one week with stearic acid or oleic acid, in the presence of different concentrations of insulin. Although cellular triglycerides and the expression of lipid-responsive genes were similar with both fatty acids, CYP2E1 activity was significantly increased only by stearic acid. CYP2E1 activity was reduced by insulin and this effect was reproduced in cultured primary human hepatocytes. Next, APAP cytotoxicity was assessed in HepaRG cells with or without lipid accretion and CYP2E1 induction. Experiments with a large range of APAP concentrations showed that the loss of ATP and glutathione was almost always greater in the presence of stearic acid. In cells pretreated with the CYP2E1 inhibitor chlormethiazole, recovery of ATP was significantly higher in the presence of stearate with low (2.5mM) or high (20mM) concentrations of APAP. Levels of APAP-glucuronide were significantly enhanced by insulin. Hence, HepaRG cells can be used as a valuable model of NAFLD to unveil important metabolic and hormonal factors which can increase susceptibility to drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Michaut
- INSERM, U991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | | | - Caroline Moreau
- INSERM, U991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Service de Biochimie et Toxicologie, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Simon Bucher
- INSERM, U991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - Thomas Gicquel
- INSERM, U991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Service de Biochimie et Toxicologie, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Isabelle Morel
- INSERM, U991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Service de Biochimie et Toxicologie, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | | | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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21
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Acedo SC, Caria CREP, Gotardo &EMF, Pereira JA, Pedrazzoli J, Ribeiro ML, Gambero A. Role of pentoxifylline in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2551-2558. [PMID: 26523207 PMCID: PMC4621469 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i24.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study pentoxifylline effects in liver and adipose tissue inflammation in obese mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD).
METHODS: Male swiss mice (6-wk old) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal from fat) or AIN-93 (control diet; 15% kcal from fat) for 12 wk and received pentoxifylline intraperitoneally (100 mg/kg per day) for the last 14 d. Glucose homeostasis was evaluated by measurements of basal glucose blood levels and insulin tolerance test two days before the end of the protocol. Final body weight was assessed. Epididymal adipose tissue was collected and weighted for adiposity evaluation. Liver and adipose tissue biopsies were homogenized in solubilization buffer and cytokines were measured in supernatant by enzyme immunoassay or multiplex kit, respectively. Hepatic histopathologic analyses were performed in sections of paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver specimens stained with hematoxylin-eosin by an independent pathologist. Steatosis (macrovesicular and microvesicular), ballooning degeneration and inflammation were histopathologically determined. Triglycerides measurements were performed after lipid extraction in liver tissue.
RESULTS: Pentoxifylline treatment reduced microsteatosis and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in liver (156.3 ± 17.2 and 62.6 ± 7.6 pg/mL of TNF-α for non-treated and treated obese mice, respectively; P < 0.05). Serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were also reduced (23.2 ± 6.9 and 12.1 ± 1.6 U/L for non-treated and treated obese mice, respectively; P < 0.05) but had no effect on glucose homeostasis. In obese adipose tissue, pentoxifylline reduced TNF-α (106.1 ± 17.6 and 51.1 ± 9.6 pg/mL for non-treated and treated obese mice, respectively; P < 0.05) and interleukin-6 (340.8 ± 51.3 and 166.6 ± 22.5 pg/mL for non-treated and treated obese mice, respectively; P < 0.05) levels; however, leptin (8.1 ± 0.7 and 23.1 ± 2.9 ng/mL for non-treated and treated lean mice, respectively; P < 0.05) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (600.2 ± 32.3 and 1508.6 ± 210.4 pg/mL for non-treated and treated lean mice, respectively; P < 0.05) levels increased in lean adipose tissue. TNF-α level in the liver of lean mice also increased (29.6 ± 6.6 and 75.4 ± 12.6 pg/mL for non-treated and treated lean mice, respectively; P < 0.05) while triglycerides presented a tendency to reduction.
CONCLUSION: Pentoxifylline was beneficial in obese mice improving liver and adipose tissue inflammation. Unexpectedly, pentoxifylline increased pro-inflammatory markers in the liver and adipose tissue of lean mice.
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Michaut A, Moreau C, Robin MA, Fromenty B. Acetaminophen-induced liver injury in obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2014; 34:e171-9. [PMID: 24575957 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although acetaminophen (APAP) is usually considered as a safe drug, this painkiller can lead to acute liver failure after overdoses. Moreover, there is evidence that the maximum recommended dosage can induce hepatic cytolysis in some individuals. Several predisposing factors appear to enhance the risk and severity of APAP-induced liver injury including chronic alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which refers to a large spectrum of hepatic lesions linked to obesity. In contrast, obesity by itself does not seem to be associated with a higher risk of APAP-induced liver injury. Since 1987, seven studies dealt with APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rodent models of NAFLD and five of them found that this liver disease was associated with higher APAP toxicity. Unfortunately, these studies did not unequivocally established the mechanism(s) whereby NAFLD could favour APAP hepatotoxicity, although some investigations suggested that pre-existent induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) could play a significant role by increasing the generation of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the toxic metabolite of APAP. Moreover, pre-existent mitochondrial dysfunction associated with NAFLD could also be involved. In contrast, some investigations suggested that factors that could reduce the risk and severity of APAP hepatotoxicity in obesity and NAFLD include higher hepatic APAP glucuronidation, reduced CYP3A4 activity and increased volume of body distribution. Thus, the occurrence and the outcome of APAP-induced liver injury in an obese individual with NAFLD might depend on a delicate balance between metabolic factors that can be protective and others that favour large hepatic levels of NAPQI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Michaut
- INSERM, U991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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23
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24
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Anthérieu S, Le Guillou D, Coulouarn C, Begriche K, Trak-Smayra V, Martinais S, Porceddu M, Robin MA, Fromenty B. Chronic exposure to low doses of pharmaceuticals disturbs the hepatic expression of circadian genes in lean and obese mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 276:63-72. [PMID: 24525044 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drinking water can be contaminated with pharmaceuticals. However, it is uncertain whether this contamination can be harmful for the liver, especially during obesity. Hence, the goal of our study was to determine whether chronic exposure to low doses of pharmaceuticals could have deleterious effects on livers of lean and obese mice. To this end, lean and ob/ob male mice were treated for 4 months with a mixture of 11 drugs provided in drinking water at concentrations ranging from 10 to 10⁶ ng/l. At the end of the treatment, some liver and plasma abnormalities were observed in ob/ob mice treated with the cocktail containing 10⁶ ng/l of each drug. For this dosage, a gene expression analysis by microarray showed altered expression of circadian genes (e.g. Bmal1, Dbp, Cry1) in lean and obese mice. RT-qPCR analyses carried out in all groups of animals confirmed that expression of 8 different circadian genes was modified in a dose-dependent manner. For some genes, a significant modification was observed for dosages as low as 10²-10³ ng/l. Drug mixture and obesity presented an additive effect on circadian gene expression. These data were validated in an independent study performed in female mice. Thus, our study showed that chronic exposure to trace pharmaceuticals disturbed hepatic expression of circadian genes, particularly in obese mice. Because some of the 11 drugs can be found in drinking water at such concentrations (e.g. acetaminophen, carbamazepine, ibuprofen) our data could be relevant in environmental toxicology, especially for obese individuals exposed to these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathieu Porceddu
- Mitologics SAS, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
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Choi HN, Jang YH, Kim MJ, Seo MJ, Kang BW, Jeong YK, Kim JI. Cordyceps militaris alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in ob/ob mice. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:172-6. [PMID: 24741401 PMCID: PMC3988506 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming an important public health problem as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes have become epidemic. In this study we investigated the protective effect of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) against NAFLD in an obese mouse model. MATERIALS/METHODS Four-week-old male ob/ob mice were fed an AIN-93G diet or a diet containing 1% C. militaris water extract for 10 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. Serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), alanine transaminase (ALT), and proinflammatory cytokines were measured. Hepatic levels of lipids, glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxide were determined. RESULTS Consumption of C. militaris significantly decreased serum glucose, as well as homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), in ob/ob mice. In addition to lowering serum FFA levels, C. militaris also significantly decreased hepatic total lipids and triglyceride contents. Serum ALT activities and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were reduced by C. militaris. Consumption of C. militaris increased hepatic GSH and reduced lipid peroxide levels. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that C. militaris can exert protective effects against development of NAFLD, partly by reducing inflammatory cytokines and improving hepatic antioxidant status in ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Neul Choi
- Department of Smart Food and Drugs, School of Food and Life Science, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea
| | - Yang-Hee Jang
- Department of Smart Food and Drugs, School of Food and Life Science, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea
| | - Min-Joo Kim
- Laboratory of Nutritional Analysis, Hurom Co., Ltd., Gyeongnam 660-701, Korea
| | - Min Jeong Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea. ; Medi-Farm Industrialization Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Byoung Won Kang
- Medi-Farm Industrialization Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Yong Kee Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea. ; Medi-Farm Industrialization Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Jung-In Kim
- Department of Smart Food and Drugs, School of Food and Life Science, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea
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Kaya V, Yazkan R, Yıldırım M, Doğuç DK, Süren D, Bozkurt KK, Yüksel Ö, Demırpence Ö, Şen CA, Yalçın AY. The relation of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis with stress and the efficiency of antioxidant treatment: an experimental study. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:290-6. [PMID: 24556959 PMCID: PMC3937037 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation-Induced Lung Injury has 2 components: radiation pneumonitis and radiation fibrosis. The pulmonary fibrosis has no known efficient treatment. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between the oxidant/antioxidant status and pulmonary fibrosis in rats having radiation induced pulmonary fibrosis and to study the antioxidant effects of pentoxifylline, vitamin E, and vitamin C in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study rats were divided into 5 groups: Thoracic RT + vitamin E+ Pentoxifylline for group 1, Thoracic RT + vitamin C + Pentoxifylline for group 2, Thoracic RT + vitamin C + vitamin E + Pentoxifylline for group 3, and Thoracic RT + Pentoxifylline for group 4, and group 5 was the control group. RESULTS When groups are evaluated in pairs, significant differences between group 1 and 2, group 1 and 4, and group 1 and 5 were determined (p: 0.002, p: 0.002, p<0.001, respectively). No significant difference was determined between group 1 and 3 (p: 0.161). No significant difference was determined between group 2 and group 3, 4, and 5 (p: 0.105, p: 0.645, p: 0.234, respectively). There was no significant difference between group 4 and 5 (p: 0.645). CONCLUSIONS The combination of vitamin E and pentoxifylline is efficient in preventing radiation-induced lung fibrosis. The additional benefit of vitamin C, which is added to this combination to increase the antioxidant activity, cannot be shown. It would be useful to investigate the combination of vitamin E, pentoxifylline, and other non-enzymatic antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildan Kaya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Süleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Rasih Yazkan
- Department of Chest Surgery, Süleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yıldırım
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ministry of Health Batman Regional Government Hospital, Batman, Turkey
| | - Duygu Kumbul Doğuç
- Department of Biochemistry, Süleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Dinç Süren
- Department of Pathology, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Kemal Kürşat Bozkurt
- Department of Pathology, Süleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Özlem Yüksel
- Department of Biochemistry, Süleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Özlem Demırpence
- Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health Batman Regional Government Hospital, Batman, Turkey
| | - Cenk Ahmet Şen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Izmir University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ayşen Yeşim Yalçın
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Süleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Carbohydrate consumption has been implicated in the metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Reviewed here is basis for this relationship and the recent additional evidence that excessive dietary carbohydrate consumption, especially excessive fructose or sucrose consumption, is playing a role in the epidemic of NAFLD. RECENT FINDINGS A recent cross-sectional epidemiological study has linked fructose consumption to the severity of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Clinical trials have shown that consumption of fructose-containing beverages, either has fructose or sucrose, contribute to the development of NAFLD compared to isocaloric alternatives, and that genetic polymorphisms that increase the entry of glucose into lipogenic pathways are associated with fatty liver disease. New animal studies provide additional evidence on the role of carbohydrate-induced de-novo lipogenesis and the gut microbiome in fructose-induced NAFLD. Data also suggest that fructose-induced uric acid production in the liver also plays a role in NAFLD independent of the role of fructose as a substrate for lipogenesis. SUMMARY Epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and animal studies continue to point to excess dietary carbohydrate, and especially fructose, in contributing to the risk factors for NAFLD.
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Fromenty B. Drug-induced liver injury in obesity. J Hepatol 2013; 58:824-6. [PMID: 23298629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Aubert J, Begriche K, Delannoy M, Morel I, Pajaud J, Ribault C, Lepage S, McGill MR, Lucas-Clerc C, Turlin B, Robin MA, Jaeschke H, Fromenty B. Differences in early acetaminophen hepatotoxicity between obese ob/ob and db/db mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:676-87. [PMID: 22647274 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.193813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical investigations suggest that hepatotoxicity after acetaminophen (APAP) overdose could be more severe in the context of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The pre-existence of fat accumulation and CYP2E1 induction could be major mechanisms accounting for such hepatic susceptibility. To explore this issue, experiments were performed in obese diabetic ob/ob and db/db mice. Preliminary investigations performed in male and female wild-type, ob/ob, and db/db mice showed a selective increase in hepatic CYP2E1 activity in female db/db mice. However, liver triglycerides in these animals were significantly lower compared with ob/ob mice. Next, APAP (500 mg/kg) was administered in female wild-type, ob/ob, and db/db mice, and investigations were carried out 0.5, 2, 4, and 8 h after APAP intoxication. Liver injury 8 h after APAP intoxication was higher in db/db mice, as assessed by plasma transaminases, liver histology, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. In db/db mice, however, the extent of hepatic glutathione depletion, levels of APAP-protein adducts, c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation, changes in gene expression, and mitochondrial DNA levels were not greater compared with the other genotypes. Furthermore, in the db/db genotype plasma lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate were not specifically altered, whereas the plasma levels of APAP-glucuronide were intermediary between wild-type and ob/ob mice. Thus, early APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was greater in db/db than ob/ob mice, despite less severe fatty liver and similar basal levels of transaminases. Hepatic CYP2E1 induction could have an important pathogenic role when APAP-induced liver injury occurs in the context of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinthe Aubert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Lee HC, Jung SA, Jung HK, Yi SY, Kim DY, Moon IH, Park SS. Protective effect of chlormethiazole, a sedative, against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Korean J Intern Med 1999; 14:27-33. [PMID: 10461422 PMCID: PMC4531924 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.1999.14.2.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen is not a result of the parent compound but is mediated by its reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine. Cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) is the principal enzyme of this biotransformation, which accounts for approximately 52% of the bioactivation in human microsomes. Recently, chlormethiazole a sedative drug, is reported to be an efficient inhibitor of CYP2E1 activity in human beings. In this study we wished to evaluate whether chlormethiazole, an inhibitor of CYP2E1, could prevent acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. METHODS Acetaminophen, at doses ranging from 200 to 600 mg/kg, was injected into the peritoneum of female C57BL/6 inbred mice fasted for four hours. Chlormethiazole (60 mg/kg) or 5% dextrose water was given 30 min before or 2 h after acetaminophen. Serum aminotransferase activities, histologic index score, survival rate and hepatic malondialdehyde levels were compared. RESULTS Pretreatment with chlormethiazole 30 min before 400 mg/kg of acetaminophen completely inhibited acetaminophen-induced liver injury (median 118.5 U/L, range 75 to 142 vs. 14,070 U/L, range 5980 to 27,680 for AST; 49 U/L, range 41 to 64 vs. 15,330 U/L, range 13,920 to 15,940 for ALT). In mice receiving chlormethiazole 2 h after acetaminophen, the mean AST and ALT levels were also less elevated, reaching only 20% of the value of acetaminophen-only group. These protective effects were confirmed histologically. Whereas more than 50% of mice died at 500 mg/kg of acetaminophen, all the mice pretreated with chlormethiazole survived at the same dose. CONCLUSION Chlormethiazole effectively reduces acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Further studies are needed to assess its role in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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