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Shapira T, Christofferson M, Av-Gay Y. The antimicrobial activity of innate host-directed therapies: A systematic review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 63:107138. [PMID: 38490573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular human pathogens are the deadliest infectious diseases and are difficult to treat effectively due to their protection inside the host cell and the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). An emerging approach to combat these intracellular pathogens is host-directed therapies (HDT), which harness the innate immunity of host cells. HDT rely on small molecules to promote host protection mechanisms that ultimately lead to pathogen clearance. These therapies are hypothesized to: (1) possess indirect yet broad, cross-species antimicrobial activity, (2) effectively target drug-resistant pathogens, (3) carry a reduced susceptibility to the development of AMR and (4) have synergistic action with conventional antimicrobials. As the field of HDT expands, this systematic review was conducted to collect a compendium of HDT and their characteristics, such as the host mechanisms affected, the pathogen inhibited, the concentrations investigated and the magnitude of pathogen inhibition. The evidential support for the main four HDT hypotheses was assessed and concluded that HDT demonstrate robust cross-species activity, are active against AMR pathogens, clinical isolates and laboratory-adapted pathogens. However, limited information exists to support the notion that HDT are synergistic with canonical antimicrobials and are less predisposed to AMR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirosh Shapira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew Christofferson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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2
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Costa TFR, Catta-Preta CMC, Goundry A, Carvalho DB, Rodrigues NS, Vivarini AC, de Abreu MF, Reis FCG, Lima APCA. The ecotin-like peptidase inhibitor of Trypanosoma cruzi prevents TMPRSS2-PAR2-TLR4 crosstalk downmodulating infection and inflammation. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23566. [PMID: 38526868 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302091rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a chronic pathology that affects the heart and/or digestive system. This parasite invades and multiplies in virtually all nucleated cells, using a variety of host cell receptors for infection. T. cruzi has a gene that encodes an ecotin-like inhibitor of serine peptidases, ISP2. We generated ISP2-null mutants (Δisp2) in T. cruzi Dm28c using CRISPR/Cas9. Epimastigotes of Δisp2 grew normally in vitro but were more susceptible to lysis by human serum compared to parental and ISP2 add-back lines. Tissue culture trypomastigotes of Δisp2 were more infective to human muscle cells in vitro, which was reverted by the serine peptidase inhibitors aprotinin and camostat, suggesting that host cell epitheliasin/TMPRSS2 is the target of ISP2. Pretreatment of host cells with an antagonist to the protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) or an inhibitor of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) selectively counteracted the increased cell invasion by Δisp2, but did not affect invasion by parental and add-back lines. The same was observed following targeted gene silencing of PAR2, TLR4 or TMPRSS2 in host cells by siRNA. Furthermore, Δisp2 caused increased tissue edema in a BALB/c mouse footpad infection model after 3 h differently to that observed following infection with parental and add-back lines. We propose that ISP2 contributes to protect T. cruzi from the anti-microbial effects of human serum and to prevent triggering of PAR2 and TLR4 in host cells, resulting in the modulation of host cell invasion and contributing to decrease inflammation during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana F R Costa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina M C Catta-Preta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amy Goundry
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle B Carvalho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalia S Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aislan C Vivarini
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Insituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Mayra Fonseca de Abreu
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia C G Reis
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula C A Lima
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Oliveira AC, Vicentino ARR, Andrade D, Pereira IR, Saboia-Vahia L, Moreira ODC, Carvalho-Pinto CE, Mota JBD, Maciel L, Vilar-Pereira G, Pesquero JB, Lannes-Vieira J, Sirois P, Campos de Carvalho AC, Scharfstein J. Genetic Ablation and Pharmacological Blockade of Bradykinin B1 Receptor Unveiled a Detrimental Role for the Kinin System in Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082888. [PMID: 37109224 PMCID: PMC10144326 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, the parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, afflicts about 6 million people in Latin America. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that T. cruzi may fuel heart parasitism by activating B1R, a G protein-coupled (brady) kinin receptor whose expression is upregulated in inflamed tissues. Studies in WT and B1R-/- mice showed that T. cruzi DNA levels (15 days post infection-dpi) were sharply reduced in the transgenic heart. FACS analysis revealed that frequencies of proinflammatory neutrophils and monocytes were diminished in B1R-/- hearts whereas CK-MB activity (60 dpi) was exclusively detected in B1R+/+ sera. Since chronic myocarditis and heart fibrosis (90 dpi) were markedly attenuated in the transgenic mice, we sought to determine whether a pharmacological blockade of the des-Arg9-bradykinin (DABK)/B1R pathway might alleviate chagasic cardiomyopathy. Using C57BL/6 mice acutely infected by a myotropic T. cruzi strain (Colombian), we found that daily treatment (15-60 dpi) with R-954 (B1R antagonist) reduced heart parasitism and blunted cardiac injury. Extending R-954 treatment to the chronic phase (120-160 dpi), we verified that B1R targeting (i) decreased mortality indexes, (ii) mitigated chronic myocarditis, and (iii) ameliorated heart conduction disturbances. Collectively, our study suggests that a pharmacological blockade of the proinflammatory KKS/DABK/B1R pathway is cardioprotective in acute and chronic Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Oliveira
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Amanda Roberta Revoredo Vicentino
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Daniele Andrade
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Isabela Resende Pereira
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Saboia-Vahia
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Otacílio da Cruz Moreira
- Plataforma de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Carla Eponina Carvalho-Pinto
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Julia Barbalho da Mota
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Programa de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias Campus, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Vilar-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - João B Pesquero
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Pierre Sirois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Antônio Carlos Campos de Carvalho
- Programa de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bio-Imagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Julio Scharfstein
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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Alfaro S, Acuña V, Ceriani R, Cavieres MF, Weinstein-Oppenheimer CR, Campos-Estrada C. Involvement of Inflammation and Its Resolution in Disease and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810719. [PMID: 36142625 PMCID: PMC9505300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in the response to and survival from injuries and/or infections. It occurs in two phases: initiation and resolution; however, when these events do not resolve and persist over time, the inflammatory response becomes chronic, prompting diseases that affect several systems and organs, such as the vasculature and the skin. Here, we reviewed inflammation that occurs in selected infectious and sterile pathologies. Thus, the immune processes induced by bacterial sepsis as well as T. cruzi and SARS-CoV-2 infections are shown. In addition, vaccine adjuvants as well as atherosclerosis are revised as examples of sterile-mediated inflammation. An example of the consequences of a lack of inflammation resolution is given through the revision of wound healing and chronic wounds. Then, we revised the resolution of the latter through advanced therapies represented by cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches, showing how they contribute to control chronic inflammation and therefore wound healing. Finally, new pharmacological insights into the management of chronic inflammation addressing the resolution of inflammation based on pro-resolving mediators, such as lipoxin, maresin, and resolvins, examining their biosynthesis, biological properties, and pharmacokinetic and pharmaceuticals limitations, are given. We conclude that resolution pharmacology and advanced therapies are promising tools to restore the inflammation homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Alfaro
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
| | - Vania Acuña
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
| | - Ricardo Ceriani
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
| | - María Fernanda Cavieres
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
| | - Caroline Ruth Weinstein-Oppenheimer
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena (CIFAR), Universidad de Valparaíso, Santa Marta 183, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.R.W.-O.); (C.C.-E.); Tel.: +56-32-2508419 (C.R.W.-O.); +56-32-2508140 (C.C.-E.)
| | - Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Gran Bretaña, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena (CIFAR), Universidad de Valparaíso, Santa Marta 183, Valparaíso 1093, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.R.W.-O.); (C.C.-E.); Tel.: +56-32-2508419 (C.R.W.-O.); +56-32-2508140 (C.C.-E.)
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5
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Vellasco L, Svensjö E, Bulant CA, Blanco PJ, Nogueira F, Domont G, de Almeida NP, Nascimento CR, Silva-dos-Santos D, Carvalho-Pinto CE, Medei EH, Almeida IC, Scharfstein J. Sheltered in Stromal Tissue Cells, Trypanosoma cruzi Orchestrates Inflammatory Neovascularization via Activation of the Mast Cell Chymase Pathway. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020187. [PMID: 35215131 PMCID: PMC8878313 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Microangiopathy may worsen the clinical outcome of Chagas disease. Given the obstacles to investigating the dynamics of inflammation and angiogenesis in heart tissues parasitized by Trypanosoma cruzi, here we used intravital microscopy (IVM) to investigate microcirculatory alterations in the hamster cheek pouch (HCP) infected by green fluorescent protein-expressing T. cruzi (GFP-T. cruzi). IVM performed 3 days post-infection (3 dpi) consistently showed increased baseline levels of plasma extravasation. Illustrating the reciprocal benefits that microvascular leakage brings to the host-parasite relationship, these findings suggest that intracellular amastigotes, acting from inside out, stimulate angiogenesis while enhancing the delivery of plasma-borne nutrients and prosurvival factors to the infection foci. Using a computer-based analysis of images (3 dpi), we found that proangiogenic indexes were positively correlated with transcriptional levels of proinflammatory cytokines (pro-IL1β and IFN-γ). Intracellular GFP-parasites were targeted by delaying for 24 h the oral administration of the trypanocidal drug benznidazole. A classification algorithm showed that benznidazole (>24 h) blunted angiogenesis (7 dpi) in the HCP. Unbiased proteomics (3 dpi) combined to pharmacological targeting of chymase with two inhibitors (chymostatin and TY-51469) linked T. cruzi-induced neovascularization (7 dpi) to the proangiogenic activity of chymase, a serine protease stored in secretory granules from mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Vellasco
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.V.); (E.S.); (C.R.N.); (D.S.-d.-S.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Erik Svensjö
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.V.); (E.S.); (C.R.N.); (D.S.-d.-S.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Bulant
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Methods, National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis 25651-075, Brazil; (C.A.B.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Pablo Javier Blanco
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Methods, National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis 25651-075, Brazil; (C.A.B.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Fábio Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (F.N.); (G.D.); (N.P.d.A.)
| | - Gilberto Domont
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (F.N.); (G.D.); (N.P.d.A.)
| | - Natália Pinto de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (F.N.); (G.D.); (N.P.d.A.)
| | - Clarissa Rodrigues Nascimento
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.V.); (E.S.); (C.R.N.); (D.S.-d.-S.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Danielle Silva-dos-Santos
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.V.); (E.S.); (C.R.N.); (D.S.-d.-S.); (E.H.M.)
| | | | - Emiliano Horácio Medei
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.V.); (E.S.); (C.R.N.); (D.S.-d.-S.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
| | - Julio Scharfstein
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.V.); (E.S.); (C.R.N.); (D.S.-d.-S.); (E.H.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Santos VC, Oliveira AER, Campos ACB, Reis-Cunha JL, Bartholomeu DC, Teixeira SMR, Lima APCA, Ferreira RS. The gene repertoire of the main cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi, cruzipain, reveals four sub-types with distinct active sites. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18231. [PMID: 34521898 PMCID: PMC8440672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cruzipains are the main papain-like cysteine proteases of Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease. Encoded by a multigenic family, previous studies have estimated the presence of dozens of copies spread over multiple chromosomes in different parasite strains. Here, we describe the complete gene repertoire of cruzipain in three parasite strains, their genomic organization, and expression pattern throughout the parasite life cycle. Furthermore, we have analyzed primary sequence variations among distinct family members as well as structural differences between the main groups of cruzipains. Based on phylogenetic inferences and residue positions crucial for enzyme function and specificity, we propose the classification of cruzipains into two families (I and II), whose genes are distributed in two or three separate clusters in the parasite genome, according with the strain. Family I comprises nearly identical copies to the previously characterized cruzipain 1/cruzain, whereas Family II encompasses three structurally distinct sub-types, named cruzipain 2, cruzipain 3, and cruzipain 4. RNA-seq data derived from the CL Brener strain indicates that Family I genes are mainly expressed by epimastigotes, whereas trypomastigotes mainly express Family II genes. Significant differences in the active sites among the enzyme sub-types were also identified, which may play a role in their substrate selectivity and impact their inhibition by small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Corrêa Santos
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Antonio Edson Rocha Oliveira
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil ,grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto César Broilo Campos
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - João Luís Reis-Cunha
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil ,grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | | | - Santuza Maria Ribeiro Teixeira
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Ana Paula C. A. Lima
- grid.8536.80000 0001 2294 473XInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Rafaela Salgado Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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7
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Rodríguez-Bejarano OH, Avendaño C, Patarroyo MA. Mechanisms Associated with Trypanosoma cruzi Host Target Cell Adhesion, Recognition and Internalization. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:534. [PMID: 34207491 PMCID: PMC8227291 DOI: 10.3390/life11060534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is mainly transmitted by hematophagous insect bites. The parasite's lifecycle has an obligate intracellular phase (amastigotes), while metacyclic and bloodstream-trypomastigotes are its infective forms. Mammalian host cell recognition of the parasite involves the interaction of numerous parasite and host cell plasma membrane molecules and domains (known as lipid rafts), thereby ensuring internalization by activating endocytosis mechanisms triggered by various signaling cascades in both host cells and the parasite. This increases cytoplasmatic Ca2+ and cAMP levels; cytoskeleton remodeling and endosome and lysosome intracellular system association are triggered, leading to parasitophorous vacuole formation. Its membrane becomes modified by containing the parasite's infectious form within it. Once it has become internalized, the parasite seeks parasitophorous vacuole lysis for continuing its intracellular lifecycle, fragmenting such a vacuole's membrane. This review covers the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in T. cruzi adhesion to, recognition of and internalization in host target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernán Rodríguez-Bejarano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Calle 222#55-37, Bogotá 111166, Colombia;
| | - Catalina Avendaño
- Animal Science Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Calle 222#55-37, Bogotá 111166, Colombia;
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Health Sciences Division, Main Campus, Universidad Santo Tomás, Carrera 9#51-11, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
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8
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Pimentel PMDO, de Assis DRR, Gualdrón-Lopez M, Barroso A, Brant F, Leite PG, de Lima Oliveira BC, Esper L, McKinnie SMK, Vederas JC, do Nascimento Cordeiro M, Dos Reis PVM, Teixeira MM, de Castro Pimenta AM, Borges MH, de Lima ME, Machado FS. Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom as a potential drug source for Chagas' disease: Trypanocidal and immunomodulatory activity. Clin Immunol 2021; 226:108713. [PMID: 33711450 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Current chemical therapies for Chagas Disease (CD) lack ability to clear Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) parasites and cause severe side effects, making search for new strategies extremely necessary. We evaluated the action of Tityus serrulatus venom (TsV) components during Tc infection. TsV treatment increased nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by Tc-infected macrophages (MØ), decreased intracellular parasite replication and trypomastigotes release, also triggering ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38 activation. Ts7 demonstrated the highest anti-Tc activity, inducing high levels of TNF and IL-6 in infected MØ. TsV/Ts7 presented synergistic effect on p38 activation when incubated with Tc antigen. KPP-treatment of MØ also decreased trypomastigotes releasing, partially due to p38 activation. TsV/Ts7-pre-incubation of Tc demonstrated a direct effect on parasite decreasing MØ-trypomastigotes releasing. In vivo KPP-treatment of Tc-infected mice resulted in decreased parasitemia. Summarizing, this study opens perspectives for new bioactive molecules as CD-therapeutic treatment, demonstrating the TsV/Ts7/KPP-trypanocidal and immunomodulatory activity during Tc infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Rodney Rodrigues de Assis
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Melisa Gualdrón-Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andréia Barroso
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fátima Brant
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gaio Leite
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cabral de Lima Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lisia Esper
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Shaun M K McKinnie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Pablo Victor Mendes Dos Reis
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adriano Monteiro de Castro Pimenta
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Elena de Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Santa Casa BH: Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Simão Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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9
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Varikuti S, Jha BK, Holcomb EA, McDaniel JC, Karpurapu M, Srivastava N, McGwire BS, Satoskar AR, Parinandi NL. The role of vascular endothelium and exosomes in human protozoan parasitic diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4. [PMID: 33089078 PMCID: PMC7575144 DOI: 10.20517/2574-1209.2020.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is a vital component in maintaining the structure and function of blood vessels. The endothelial cells (ECs) mediate vital regulatory functions such as the proliferation of cells, permeability of various tissue membranes, and exchange of gases, thrombolysis, blood flow, and homeostasis. The vascular endothelium also regulates inflammation and immune cell trafficking, and ECs serve as a replicative niche for many bacterial, viral, and protozoan infectious diseases. Endothelial dysfunction can lead to vasodilation and pro-inflammation, which are the hallmarks of many severe diseases. Exosomes are nanoscale membrane-bound vesicles that emerge from cells and serve as important extracellular components, which facilitate communication between cells and maintain homeostasis during normal and pathophysiological states. Exosomes are also involved in gene transfer, inflammation and antigen presentation, and mediation of the immune response during pathogenic states. Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular organisms that cause many infectious diseases in humans. In this regard, it is becoming increasingly evident that many protozoan parasites (such as Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Toxoplasma) utilize exosomes for the transfer of their virulence factors and effector molecules into the host cells, which manipulate the host gene expression, immune responses, and other biological activities to establish and modulate infection. In this review, we discuss the role of the vascular endothelium and exosomes in and their contribution to pathogenesis in malaria, African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis with an emphasis on their actions on the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA.,Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali 304022, India
| | - Bijay Kumar Jha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Erin A Holcomb
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Jodi C McDaniel
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Manjula Karpurapu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali 304022, India
| | - Bradford S McGwire
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Narasimham L Parinandi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
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10
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Dagnino APA, Campos MM, Silva RBM. Kinins and Their Receptors in Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090215. [PMID: 32867272 PMCID: PMC7558425 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinins and their receptors have been implicated in a series of pathological alterations, representing attractive pharmacological targets for several diseases. The present review article aims to discuss the role of the kinin system in infectious diseases. Literature data provides compelling evidence about the participation of kinins in infections caused by diverse agents, including viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and helminth-related ills. It is tempting to propose that modulation of kinin actions and production might be an adjuvant strategy for management of infection-related complications.
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11
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Sass G, Tsamo AT, Chounda GAM, Nangmo PK, Sayed N, Bozzi A, Wu JC, Nkengfack AE, Stevens DA. Vismione B Interferes with Trypanosoma cruzi Infection of Vero Cells and Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:1359-1368. [PMID: 31571568 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional African medicine is a source of new molecules that might be useful in modern therapeutics. We tested ten limonoids, six quinones, one xanthone, one alkaloid, and one cycloartane, isolated from four Cameroonian medicinal plants, and one plant-associated endophytic fungus, against Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease (CD). Vero cells, or human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) were infected with T. cruzi trypomastigotes (discrete typing unit types I or II). Infection took place in the presence of drugs, or 24 hours before drug treatment. Forty-eight hours after infection, infection rates and parasite multiplication were evaluated by Giemsa stain. Cell metabolism was measured to determine functional integrity. In Vero cells, several individual molecules significantly affected T. cruzi infection and multiplication with no, or minor, effects on cell viability. Reduced infection rates and multiplication by the quinone vismione B was superior to the commonly used therapeutic benznidazole (BNZ). The vismione B concentration inhibiting 50% of T. cruzi infection (IC50) was 1.3 µM. When drug was applied after infection, anti-Trypanosoma effects of vismione B [10 µM) were significantly stronger than effects of BNZ (23 µM). Furthermore, in hiPSC-CM cultures, infection and multiplication rates in the presence of vismione B (10 µM) were significantly lower than in BNZ (11.5 µM), without showing signs of cytotoxicity. Our data indicate that vismione B is more potent against T. cruzi infection and multiplication than BNZ, with stronger effects on established infection. Vismione B, therefore, might become a promising lead molecule for treatment development for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sass
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California
| | - Armelle T Tsamo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gwladys A M Chounda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pamela K Nangmo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nazish Sayed
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Adriana Bozzi
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Institute of Research René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Augustin E Nkengfack
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - David A Stevens
- Institute of Research René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California
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12
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Sass G, Madigan RT, Joubert LM, Bozzi A, Sayed N, Wu JC, Stevens DA. A Combination of Itraconazole and Amiodarone Is Highly Effective against Trypanosoma cruzi Infection of Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:383-391. [PMID: 31219005 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease (CD), which can result in severe cardiomyopathy. Trypanosoma cruzi is endemic to the Americas, and of particular importance in Latin America. In the United States and other non-endemic countries, rising case numbers have also been observed. The currently used drugs are benznidazole (BNZ) and nifurtimox, which have limited efficacy during chronic infection. We repurposed itraconazole (ICZ), originally an antifungal, in combination with amiodarone (AMD), an antiarrhythmic, with the goal of interfering with T. cruzi infection. Human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were differentiated into cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Vero cells or hiPSC-CMs were infected with T. cruzi trypomastigotes of the II or I strain in the presence of ICZ and/or AMD. After 48 hours, cells were Giemsa stained, and infection and multiplication were evaluated microscopically. Trypanosoma cruzi infection and multiplication were evalutated also by electron microscopy. BNZ was used as a reference compound. Cell metabolism in the presence of test substances was assessed. Itraconazole and AMD showed strain- and dose-dependent interference with T. cruzi infection and multiplication in Vero cells or hiPSC-CMs. Combinations of ICZ and AMD were more effective against T. cruzi than the single substances, or BNZ, without affecting host cell metabolism, and better preserving host cell integrity during infection. Our in vitro data in hiPSC-CMs suggest that a combination of ICZ and AMD might serve as a treatment option for CD in patients, but that different responses due to T. cruzi strain differences have to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sass
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California
| | - Roy T Madigan
- Animal Hospital of Smithson Valley, Spring Branch, Texas
| | - Lydia-Marie Joubert
- EM Unit, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Adriana Bozzi
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California.,Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Nazish Sayed
- School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Joseph C Wu
- School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - David A Stevens
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California
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13
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Gonzalez-Ortiz LM, Sanchez-Villamil JP, Celis-Rodriguez MA, Lineros G, Sanabria-Barrera S, Serrano NC, Rincon MY, Bautista-Nino PK. Measuring mitochondrial respiration in adherent cells infected with Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909 using Seahorse extracellular flux analyser. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2019; 66. [PMID: 31631068 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2019.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909 is reported to increase the production of reactive oxygen species in patients with Chagas disease. Mitochondria dysfunction, host inflammatory response and inadequate antioxidant response are described as the main factors leading to oxidative stress during acute and chronic stages of the disease. The Seahorse XFe24 extracellular flux platform allows energy metabolism determination through mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis measurements. XFe24 platform can be used in in vitro models of T. cruzi-infected cells, which allow the assessment and even modulation of endogenous conditions of infected cells, generating readouts of real-time cellular bioenergetics changes. In this protocol, we standardised the use of XFe24 technology in T. cruzi infected AC16 cardiomyocytes and SGHPL-5 trophoblasts. In addition, we provide a list of optimised assay specifications, advantages and critical steps to be considered during the process. Cardiomyocytes and trophoblasts are attractive target cells to evaluate the metabolic environment in acute, chronic and congenital Chagas transmission scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maria Gonzalez-Ortiz
- Traslational Biomedical Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones, Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Santander, Colombia
| | - Juana Patricia Sanchez-Villamil
- Traslational Biomedical Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones, Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Santander, Colombia
| | - Mike A Celis-Rodriguez
- Traslational Biomedical Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones, Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Santander, Colombia
| | - Giovanni Lineros
- Traslational Biomedical Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones, Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Santander, Colombia
| | - Sandra Sanabria-Barrera
- Traslational Biomedical Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones, Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Santander, Colombia
| | - Norma C Serrano
- Traslational Biomedical Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones, Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Santander, Colombia
| | - Melvin Y Rincon
- Traslational Biomedical Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones, Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Santander, Colombia
| | - Paula K Bautista-Nino
- Traslational Biomedical Research Group, Centro de Investigaciones, Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Santander, Colombia
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14
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Subverting bradykinin-evoked inflammation by co-opting the contact system: lessons from survival strategies of Trypanosoma cruzi. Curr Opin Hematol 2019; 25:347-357. [PMID: 30028741 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW During Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi alternates between intracellular and extracellular developmental forms. After presenting an overview about the roles of the contact system in immunity, I will review experimental studies showing that activation of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) translates into mutual benefits to the host/parasite relationship. RECENT FINDINGS T. cruzi trypomastigotes initiate inflammation by activating tissue-resident innate sentinel cells via the TLR2/CXCR2 pathway. Following neutrophil-evoked microvascular leakage, the parasite's major cysteine protease (cruzipain) cleaves plasma-borne kininogens and complement C5. Tightly regulated by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), kinins and C5a in turn further propagate inflammation via iterative cycles of mast cell degranulation, contact system activation, bradykinin release and activation of endothelial bradykinin B2 receptors (B2R). Recently, studies in the intracardiac model of infection revealed a dichotomic role for bradykinin and endothelin-1: generated upon contact activation (mast cell/KKS pathway), these pro-oedematogenic peptides reciprocally stimulate trypomastigote invasion of heart cells that naturally overexpress B2R and endothelin receptors (ETaR/ETbR). SUMMARY Studies focusing on the immunopathogenesis of Chagas disease revealed that the contact system plays a dual role in host/parasite balance: T. cruzi co-opts bradykinin-induced plasma leakage as a strategy to increment heart parasitism and increase immune resistance by upregulating type-1 effector T-cell production in secondary lymphoid tissues.
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15
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Abstract
Infectious myocarditis is the result of an immune response to a microbial infection of the heart. The blood vessels of the heart, both the intramyocardial microvasculature and the large epicardial coronary arteries, play an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious myocarditis. First of all, in addition to cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells of the cardiac (micro)vasculature are direct targets for infection. Moreover, through the expression of adhesion molecules and antigen presenting Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules, the blood vessels assist in shaping the cellular immune response in infectious myocarditis. In addition, damage and dysfunction of the cardiac (micro)vasculature are associated with thrombus formation as well as aberrant regulation of vascular tone including coronary vasospasm. These in turn can cause cardiac perfusion abnormalities and even myocardial infarction. In this review, we will discuss the role of the cardiac (micro)vasculature in the pathogenesis of infectious myocarditis.
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16
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Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: a therapeutic challenge and future strategies. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:579-584. [PMID: 33525838 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the main cause of acquired dilated cardiomyopathy. This group of disorders shares in common inflammatory cell infiltrate and myocardial remodeling. As part of its pathophysiology, there is coronary microvascular dysfunction, distinct from that observed in coronary artery disease. Chagas cardiomyopathy presents several vascular characteristics that are similar to those presented in other acquired cardiomyopathies. There is convincing evidence of the microvascular involvement and the inflammatory processes that lead to endothelial activation and ischemic damage. Current therapy for the Chagas disease is limited, and it is proposed to combine it with other pharmacological strategies that modify critical physiopathological aspects beneficial for the clinical course of the Chagas cardiomyopathy.
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17
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Cortella LRX, Cestari IA, Guenther D, Lasagni AF, Cestari IN. Endothelial cell responses to castor oil-based polyurethane substrates functionalized by direct laser ablation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 12:065010. [PMID: 28762961 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa8353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Surface-induced thrombosis and lack of endothelialization are major drawbacks that hamper the widespread application of polyurethanes for the fabrication of implantable cardiovascular devices. Endothelialization of the blood-contacting surfaces of these devices may avoid thrombus formation and may be implemented by strategies that introduce micro and submicron patterns that favor adhesion and growth of endothelial cells. In this study, we used laser radiation to directly introduce topographical patterns in the low micrometer range on castor oil-based polyurethane, which is currently employed to fabricate cardiovascular devices. We have investigated cell adhesion, proliferation, morphology and alignment in response to these topographies. Reported results show that line-like and pillar-like patterns improved adhesion and proliferation rate of cultured endothelial cells. The line-like pattern with 1 μm groove periodicity was the most efficient to enhance cell adhesion and induced marked polarization and alignment. Our study suggests the viability of using laser radiation to functionalize PU-based implants by the introduction of specific microtopography to facilitate the development of a functional endothelium on target surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R X Cortella
- Bioengineering Department, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 05403-900-São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Scharfstein J, Ramos PIP, Barral-Netto M. G Protein-Coupled Kinin Receptors and Immunity Against Pathogens. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:29-84. [PMID: 28950949 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For decades, immunologists have considered the complement system as a paradigm of a proteolytic cascade that, acting cooperatively with the immune system, enhances host defense against infectious organisms. In recent years, advances made in thrombosis research disclosed a functional link between activated neutrophils, monocytes, and platelet-driven thrombogenesis. Forging a physical barrier, the fibrin scaffolds generated by synergism between the extrinsic and intrinsic (contact) pathways of coagulation entrap microbes within microvessels, limiting the systemic spread of infection while enhancing the clearance of pathogens by activated leukocytes. Insight from mice models of thrombosis linked fibrin formation via the intrinsic pathway to the autoactivation of factor XII (FXII) by negatively charged "contact" substances, such as platelet-derived polyphosphates and DNA from neutrophil extracellular traps. Following cleavage by FXIIa, activated plasma kallikrein (PK) initiates inflammation by liberating the nonapeptide bradykinin (BK) from an internal domain of high molecular weight kininogen (HK). Acting as a paracrine mediator, BK induces vasodilation and increases microvascular permeability via activation of endothelial B2R, a constitutively expressed subtype of kinin receptor. During infection, neutrophil-driven extravasation of plasma fuels inflammation via extravascular activation of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Whether liberated by plasma-borne PK, tissue kallikrein, and/or microbial-derived proteases, the short-lived kinins activate immature dendritic cells via B2R, thus linking the infection-associated innate immunity/inflammation to the adaptive arm of immunity. As inflammation persists, a GPI-linked carboxypeptidase M removes the C-terminal arginine from the primary kinin, converting the B2R agonist into a high-affinity ligand for B1R, a GPCR subtype that is transcriptionally upregulated in injured/inflamed tissues. As reviewed here, lessons taken from studies of kinin receptor function in experimental infections have shed light on the complex proteolytic circuits that, acting at the endothelial interface, reciprocally couple immunity to the proinflammatory KKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Scharfstein
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Center of Health Sciences (CCS), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Pablo I P Ramos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
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19
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Couto NF, Pedersane D, Rezende L, Dias PP, Corbani TL, Bentini LC, Oliveira ACS, Kelles LF, Castro-Gomes T, Andrade LO. LAMP-2 absence interferes with plasma membrane repair and decreases T. cruzi host cell invasion. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005657. [PMID: 28586379 PMCID: PMC5473579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi enters host cells by subverting the mechanism of cell membrane repair. In this process, the parasite induces small injuries in the host cell membrane leading to calcium entry and lysosomal exocytosis, which are followed by compensatory endocytosis events that drive parasites into host cells. We have previously shown that absence of both LAMP-1 and 2, major components of lysosomal membranes, decreases invasion of T. cruzi into host cells, but the mechanism by which they interfere with parasite invasion has not been described. Here we investigated the role of these proteins in parasitophorous vacuole morphology, host cell lysosomal exocytosis, and membrane repair ability. First, we showed that cells lacking only LAMP-2 present the same invasion phenotype as LAMP1/2-/- cells, indicating that LAMP-2 is an important player during T. cruzi invasion process. Second, neither vacuole morphology nor lysosomal exocytosis was altered in LAMP-2 lacking cells (LAMP2-/- and LAMP1/2-/- cells). We then investigated the ability of LAMP-2 deficient cells to perform compensatory endocytosis upon lysosomal secretion, the mechanism by which cells repair their membrane and T. cruzi ultimately enters cells. We observed that these cells perform less endocytosis upon injury when compared to WT cells. This was a consequence of impaired cholesterol traffic in cells lacking LAMP-2 and its influence in the distribution of caveolin-1 at the cell plasma membrane, which is crucial for plasma membrane repair. The results presented here show the major role of LAMP-2 in caveolin traffic and membrane repair and consequently in T. cruzi invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dina Pedersane
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luisa Rezende
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia P. Dias
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tayanne L. Corbani
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lívia C. Bentini
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anny C. S. Oliveira
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ludmila F. Kelles
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana O. Andrade
- Department of Morphology/Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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20
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Nascimento CR, Andrade D, Carvalho-Pinto CE, Serra RR, Vellasco L, Brasil G, Ramos-Junior ES, da Mota JB, Almeida LN, Andrade MV, Correia Soeiro MDN, Juliano L, Alvarenga PH, Oliveira AC, Sicuro FL, de Carvalho ACC, Svensjö E, Scharfstein J. Mast Cell Coupling to the Kallikrein-Kinin System Fuels Intracardiac Parasitism and Worsens Heart Pathology in Experimental Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:840. [PMID: 28824610 PMCID: PMC5539176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of Chagas disease, infectious forms of Trypanosoma cruzi are occasionally liberated from parasitized heart cells. Studies performed with tissue culture trypomastigotes (TCTs, Dm28c strain) demonstrated that these parasites evoke neutrophil/CXCR2-dependent microvascular leakage by activating innate sentinel cells via toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Upon plasma extravasation, proteolytically derived kinins and C5a stimulate immunoprotective Th1 responses via cross-talk between bradykinin B2 receptors (B2Rs) and C5aR. Awareness that TCTs invade cardiovascular cells in vitro via interdependent activation of B2R and endothelin receptors [endothelin A receptor (ETAR)/endothelin B receptor (ETBR)] led us to hypothesize that T. cruzi might reciprocally benefit from the formation of infection-associated edema via activation of kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Using intravital microscopy, here we first examined the functional interplay between mast cells (MCs) and the KKS by topically exposing the hamster cheek pouch (HCP) tissues to dextran sulfate (DXS), a potent "contact" activator of the KKS. Surprisingly, although DXS was inert for at least 30 min, a subtle MC-driven leakage resulted in factor XII (FXII)-dependent activation of the KKS, which then amplified inflammation via generation of bradykinin (BK). Guided by this mechanistic insight, we next exposed TCTs to "leaky" HCP-forged by low dose histamine application-and found that the proinflammatory phenotype of TCTs was boosted by BK generated via the MC/KKS pathway. Measurements of footpad edema in MC-deficient mice linked TCT-evoked inflammation to MC degranulation (upstream) and FXII-mediated generation of BK (downstream). We then inoculated TCTs intracardiacally in mice and found a striking decrease of parasite DNA (quantitative polymerase chain reaction; 3 d.p.i.) in the heart of MC-deficient mutant mice. Moreover, the intracardiac parasite load was significantly reduced in WT mice pretreated with (i) cromoglycate (MC stabilizer) (ii) infestin-4, a specific inhibitor of FXIIa (iii) HOE-140 (specific antagonist of B2R), and (iv) bosentan, a non-selective antagonist of ETAR/ETBR. Notably, histopathology of heart tissues from mice pretreated with these G protein-coupled receptors blockers revealed that myocarditis and heart fibrosis (30 d.p.i.) was markedly and redundantly attenuated. Collectively, our study suggests that inflammatory edema propagated via activation of the MC/KKS pathway fuels intracardiac parasitism by generating infection-stimulatory peptides (BK and endothelins) in the edematous heart tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R. Nascimento
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Andrade
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela Rangel Serra
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Vellasco
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Brasil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erivan Schnaider Ramos-Junior
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Julia Barbalho da Mota
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa Nogueira Almeida
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus V. Andrade
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Clinica Medica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Juliano
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Hessab Alvarenga
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lencastre Sicuro
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Centro Biomédico Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Erik Svensjö
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio Scharfstein
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Julio Scharfstein,
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Doxycycline and Benznidazole Reduce the Profile of Th1, Th2, and Th17 Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Cardiac Tissue from Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected Dogs. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3694714. [PMID: 27688600 PMCID: PMC5023831 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3694714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines (CKs) and chemokine receptors (CKR) promote leukocyte recruitment into cardiac tissue infected by the Trypanosoma cruzi. This study investigated the long-term treatment with subantimicrobial doses of doxycycline (Dox) in association, or not, with benznidazole (Bz) on the expression of CK and CKR in cardiac tissue. Thirty mongrel dogs were infected, or not, with the Berenice-78 strain of T. cruzi and grouped according their treatments: (i) two months after infection, Dox (50 mg/kg) 2x/day for 12 months; (ii) nine months after infection, Bz (3,5 mg/kg) 2x/day for 60 days; (iii) Dox + Bz; and (iv) vehicle. After 14 months of infection, hearts were excised and processed for qPCR analysis of Th1 (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL11), Th2 (CCL1, CCL17, CCL24, and CCL26), Th17 (CCL20) CKs, Th1 (CCR5, CCR6, and CXCR3), and Th2/Th17 (CCR3, CCR4, and CCR8) CKR, as well as IL-17. T. cruzi infection increases CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL17, CXCL10, and CCR5 expression in the heart. Dox, Bz, or Dox + Bz treatments cause a reversal of CK and CKR and reduce the expression of CCL20, IL-17, CCR6, and CXCR3. Our data reveal an immune modulatory effect of Dox with Bz, during the chronic phase of infection suggesting a promising therapy for cardiac protection.
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Costa TF, Lima APC. Natural cysteine protease inhibitors in protozoa: Fifteen years of the chagasin family. Biochimie 2016; 122:197-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Nosanchuk JD, Nosanchuk MD, Rodrigues ML, Nimrichter L, de Carvalho ACC, Weiss LM, Spray DC, Tanowitz HB. The Einstein-Brazil Fogarty: A decade of synergy. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:945-55. [PMID: 26691452 PMCID: PMC4704644 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A rich, collaborative program funded by the US NIH Fogarty program in 2004 has provided for a decade of remarkable opportunities for scientific advancement through the training of Brazilian undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral students from the Federal University and Oswaldo Cruz Foundation systems at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. The focus of the program has been on the development of trainees in the broad field of Infectious Diseases, with a particular focus on diseases of importance to the Brazilian population. Talented trainees from various regions in Brazil came to Einstein to learn techniques and study fungal, parasitic and bacterial pathogens. In total, 43 trainees enthusiastically participated in the program. In addition to laboratory work, these students took a variety of courses at Einstein, presented their results at local, national and international meetings, and productively published their findings. This program has led to a remarkable synergy of scientific discovery for the participants during a time of rapid acceleration of the scientific growth in Brazil. This collaboration between Brazilian and US scientists has benefitted both countries and serves as a model for future training programs between these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, Albert
Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
- Send correspondence to J.D. Nosanchuk. Departments of Medicine,
Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA.
E-mail:
| | - Murphy D. Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, Albert
Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcio L. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo
Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Louis M. Weiss
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
| | - David C. Spray
- Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
| | - Herbert B. Tanowitz
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, NY, EUA
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Assis DM, Juliano L, Paschoalin T, Kouyoumdjian M, Calixto JB, Santos RAS, Pertinhez TA, Gauthier F, Moreau T, Blaber M, Juliano MA. Pharmacological Activities and Hydrolysis by Peptidases of [Phospho-Ser(6)]-Bradykinin (pS(6)-BK). Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 97:203-14. [PMID: 26235942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated kininogen and some of its fragments containing serine phosphorylated bradykinin ([pS(6)]-Bk) were identified in human serum and plasma by a phosphoproteomic approach. We report the kininogenase ability of human tissue and plasma kallikreins and tryptase to generate [pS(6)]-Bk or Lys-[pS(6)]-Bk having as substrate the synthetic human kininogen fluorescent fragment Abz-MISLMKRPPGF[pS(386)]PFRSSRI-NH2. The pharmacological assays of [pS(6)]-Bk showed it as a full B2 bradykinin receptor agonist in smooth muscle, it produces a portal liver hypertensive response in rat and mouse paw edema that lasts longer than Bk. The rat hypotensive response to infusions of Bk is greater than that of [pS(6)]Bk, both if injected through femoral vein or aorta. [pS(6)]-Bk was more resistant than Bk to kininase digestion performed with angiotensin converting enzyme, neprilysin, thimet oligopeptidase, aminopeptidase P and carboxypeptidase M. (1)H-NMR experiments indicated that [pS(6)]-Bk has lower flexibility, with the pS(6)-P(7) bond restricted to the trans conformation, and can explain [pS(6)]-Bk resistance to hydrolysis. In conclusion, [pS(6)]-Bk presenting lower activity than Bk, with longer lasting effects and being slowly released by kininogenases from synthetic Abz-MISLMKRPPGF[pS(386)]PFRSSRI-NH2, suggests that phosphorylation of the kininogens can be an efficient kallikrein-kinin system regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Assis
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
| | - Thaysa Paschoalin
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Kouyoumdjian
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Medicine, São Paulo Federal University, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Joao B Calixto
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis/SC, Brazil
| | - Robson A S Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil
| | - Thelma A Pertinhez
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Michael Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Maria A Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
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Campos-Estrada C, Liempi A, González-Herrera F, Lapier M, Kemmerling U, Pesce B, Ferreira J, López-Muñoz R, Maya JD. Simvastatin and Benznidazole-Mediated Prevention of Trypanosoma cruzi-Induced Endothelial Activation: Role of 15-epi-lipoxin A4 in the Action of Simvastatin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003770. [PMID: 25978361 PMCID: PMC4433340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causal agent of Chagas Disease that is endemic in Latin American, afflicting more than ten million people approximately. This disease has two phases, acute and chronic. The acute phase is often asymptomatic, but with time it progresses to the chronic phase, affecting the heart and gastrointestinal tract and can be lethal. Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy involves an inflammatory vasculopathy. Endothelial activation during Chagas disease entails the expression of cell adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) through a mechanism involving NF-κB activation. Currently, specific trypanocidal therapy remains on benznidazole, although new triazole derivatives are promising. A novel strategy is proposed that aims at some pathophysiological processes to facilitate current antiparasitic therapy, decreasing treatment length or doses and slowing disease progress. Simvastatin has anti-inflammatory actions, including improvement of endothelial function, by inducing a novel pro-resolving lipid, the 5-lypoxygenase derivative 15-epi-lipoxin A4 (15-epi-LXA4), which belongs to aspirin-triggered lipoxins. Herein, we propose modifying endothelial activation with simvastatin or benznidazole and evaluate the pathways involved, including induction of 15-epi-LXA4. The effect of 5 μM simvastatin or 20 μM benznidazole upon endothelial activation was assessed in EA.hy926 or HUVEC cells, by E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. 15-epi-LXA4 production and the relationship of both drugs with the NFκB pathway, as measured by IKK-IKB phosphorylation and nuclear migration of p65 protein was also assayed. Both drugs were administered to cell cultures 16 hours before the infection with T. cruzi parasites. Indeed, 5 μM simvastatin as well as 20 μM benznidazole prevented the increase in E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in T. cruzi-infected endothelial cells by decreasing the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, Simvastatin and benznidazole prevent endothelial activation induced by T. cruzi infection, and the effect of simvastatin is mediated by the inhibition of the NFκB pathway by inducing 15-epi-LXA4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michel Lapier
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara Pesce
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan D. Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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26
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Rodriguez HO, Guerrero NA, Fortes A, Santi-Rocca J, Gironès N, Fresno M. Trypanosoma cruzi strains cause different myocarditis patterns in infected mice. Acta Trop 2014; 139:57-66. [PMID: 25017312 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chagas disease pathology is dependent on the infecting Trypanosoma cruzi strain. However, the relationship between the extent and type of myocarditis caused by different T. cruzi strains in the acute and chronic phases of infection has not been studied in detail. To address this, we infected mice with three genetically distant T. cruzi strains as well as infected in vitro different cell types. METHODS AND RESULTS Parasitemia was detected in mice infected with the Y and VFRA strains, but not with the Sc43 strain; however, only the Y strain was lethal. When infected with VFRA, mice showed higher inflammation and parasitism in the heart than with Sc43 strain. Y and VFRA caused homogeneous pancarditis with inflammatory infiltrates along the epicardium, whereas Sc43 caused inflammation preferentially in the auricles in association with intracellular parasite localization. We observed intramyocardic perivasculitis in mice infected with the VFRA and Y strains, but not with Sc43, during the acute phase, which suggests that endothelial cells may be involved in heart colonization by these more virulent strains. In in vitro infection assays, the Y strain had the highest parasite-cell ratio in epithelial, macrophage and endothelial cell lines, but Y and VFRA strains were higher than Sc43 in cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS This study supports parasite variability as a cause for the diverse cardiac outcomes observed in Chagas disease, and suggests that endothelial cells could be involved in heart infection during the acute phase.
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Ecotin-like ISP of L. major promastigotes fine-tunes macrophage phagocytosis by limiting the pericellular release of bradykinin from surface-bound kininogens: a survival strategy based on the silencing of proinflammatory G-protein coupled kinin B2 and B1 receptors. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:143450. [PMID: 25294952 PMCID: PMC4177093 DOI: 10.1155/2014/143450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of serine peptidases (ISPs) expressed by Leishmania major enhance intracellular parasitism in macrophages by targeting neutrophil elastase (NE), a serine protease that couples phagocytosis to the prooxidative TLR4/PKR pathway. Here we investigated the functional interplay between ISP-expressing L. major and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Enzymatic assays showed that NE inhibitor or recombinant ISP-2 inhibited KKS activation in human plasma activated by dextran sulfate. Intravital microscopy in the hamster cheek pouch showed that topically applied L. major promastigotes (WT and Δisp2/3 mutants) potently induced plasma leakage through the activation of bradykinin B2 receptors (B2R). Next, using mAbs against kininogen domains, we showed that these BK-precursor proteins are sequestered by L. major promastigotes, being expressed at higher % in the Δisp2/3 mutant population. Strikingly, analysis of the role of kinin pathway in the phagocytic uptake of L. major revealed that antagonists of B2R or B1R reversed the upregulated uptake of Δisp2/3 mutants without inhibiting macrophage internalization of WT L. major. Collectively, our results suggest that L. major ISP-2 fine-tunes macrophage phagocytosis by inhibiting the pericellular release of proinflammatory kinins from surface bound kininogens. Ongoing studies should clarify whether L. major ISP-2 subverts TLR4/PKR-dependent prooxidative responses of macrophages by preventing activation of G-protein coupled B2R/B1R.
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Brochu I, Houde M, Desbiens L, Simard E, Gobeil F, Semaan W, Bkaily G, D'Orléans-Juste P. High salt-induced hypertension in B2 knockout mice is corrected by the ETA antagonist, A127722. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:266-77. [PMID: 23713522 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The contribution of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in a B2KO mouse model of a high salt-induced arterial hypertension was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wild-type (WT) or B2KO mice receiving a normal diet (ND) or a high-salt diet (HSD) were monitored by radiotelemetry up to a maximum of 18 weeks. At the 12th week of diet, subgroups under ND or HSD received by gavage the ETA antagonist A127722 during 5 days. In addition, blood samples were collected and, following euthanasia, the lungs, heart and kidneys were extracted, homogenized and assayed for ET-1 by RIA. In a separate series of experiments, the ETA antagonist, BQ123 was tested against the pressor responses to a NOS inhibitor L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in anaesthetized WT and B2KO mice. KEY RESULTS In B2KO, but not WT mice, 12 weeks of HSD triggered a maximal increase of the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 19.1 ± 2.8 mmHg, which was corrected by A127722 to MAP levels found in B2KO mice under ND. Significant increases in immunoreactive ET-1 were detected only in the lungs of B2KO mice under HSD. On the other hand, metabolic studies showed that sodium urinary excretion was markedly reduced in B2KO compared with WT mice under ND. Finally, BQ123 (2 mg·kg(-1)) reduced by 50% the pressor response to L-NAME (2 mg·kg(-1)) in B2KO, but not WT mice under anaesthesia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results support the concept that functional B2 receptors oppose high salt-induced increments in MAP, which are corrected by an ETA receptor antagonist in this mouse model of experimental hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Brochu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Schmitz V, Almeida LN, Svensjö E, Monteiro AC, Köhl J, Scharfstein J. C5a and Bradykinin Receptor Cross-Talk Regulates Innate and Adaptive Immunity inTrypanosoma cruziInfection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3613-23. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Nisimura LM, Estato V, de Souza EM, Reis PA, Lessa MA, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Pereira MCDS, Tibiriçá E, Garzoni LR. Acute Chagas disease induces cerebral microvasculopathy in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2998. [PMID: 25010691 PMCID: PMC4091872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is the main clinical form of Chagas disease (CD); however, cerebral manifestations, such as meningoencephalitis, ischemic stroke and cognitive impairment, can also occur. The aim of the present study was to investigate functional microvascular alterations and oxidative stress in the brain of mice in acute CD. Acute CD was induced in Swiss Webster mice (SWM) with the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). Cerebral functional capillary density (the number of spontaneously perfused capillaries), leukocyte rolling and adhesion and the microvascular endothelial-dependent response were analyzed over a period of fifteen days using intravital video-microscopy. We also evaluated cerebral oxidative stress with the thiobarbituric acid reactive species TBARS method. Compared with the non-infected group, acute CD significantly induced cerebral functional microvascular alterations, including (i) functional capillary rarefaction, (ii) increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion, (iii) the formation of microvascular platelet-leukocyte aggregates, and (iv) alteration of the endothelial response to acetylcholine. Moreover, cerebral oxidative stress increased in infected animals. We concluded that acute CD in mice induced cerebral microvasculopathy, characterized by a reduced incidence of perfused capillaries, a high number of microvascular platelet-leukocyte aggregates, a marked increase in leukocyte-endothelium interactions and brain arteriolar endothelial dysfunction associated with oxidative stress. These results suggest the involvement of cerebral microcirculation alterations in the neurological manifestations of CD. Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected tropical illness caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). It is endemic in Latin America and affects 10 million people worldwide. Meningoencephalitis occurs in children with acute CD and in immunosuppressed patients suffering acute CD reactivation. During the chronic phase, cerebral manifestations, including ischemic stroke and cognitive impairment, can also occur. Although microvascular alterations have been implicated in Chagas cardiomyopathy, the main clinical form of the disease, there is a lack of discussion in some studies regarding alterations of the cerebral microcirculation in CD. In the present study, we evaluated the functionality of the cerebral microcirculation in mice infected by T. cruzi. Utilizing an intravital video-microscope, we observed in the brain of infected mice a reduction in the number of perfused capillaries, an increased interaction between inflammatory cells and venules, the presence of microvascular platelet-leukocyte aggregates and alterations in the dilatation capacity of arterioles. Moreover, cerebral oxidative stress was increased in infected animals. We concluded that acute CD induced cerebral microvasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindice Mitie Nisimura
- Laboratório de Investigação Cardiovascular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Estato
- Laboratório de Investigação Cardiovascular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elen Mello de Souza
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia A. Reis
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Adriano Lessa
- Laboratório de Investigação Cardiovascular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hugo Caire Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mirian Claudia de Souza Pereira
- Laboratório de Ultra-estrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Tibiriçá
- Laboratório de Investigação Cardiovascular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ribeiro Garzoni
- Laboratório de Investigação Cardiovascular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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Endothelin-1 and its role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Life Sci 2014; 118:110-9. [PMID: 24780317 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelins are potent regulators of vascular tone, which also have mitogenic, apoptotic, and immunomodulatory properties (Rubanyi and Polokoff, 1994; Kedzierski and Yanagisawa, 2001; Bagnato et al., 2011). Three isoforms of endothelin have been identified to date, with endothelin-1 (ET-1) being the best studied. ET-1 is classically considered a potent vasoconstrictor. However, in addition to the effects of ET-1 on vascular smooth muscle cells, the peptide is increasingly recognized as a pro-inflammatory cytokine (Teder and Noble, 2000; Sessa et al., 1991). ET-1 causes platelet aggregation and plays a role in the increased expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules, the synthesis of inflammatory mediators contributing to vascular dysfunction. High levels of ET-1 are found in alveolar macrophages, leukocytes (Sessa et al., 1991) and fibroblasts (Gu et al., 1991). Clinical and experimental data indicate that ET-1 is involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis (Tschaikowsky et al., 2000; Goto et al., 2012), viral and bacterial pneumonia (Schuetz et al., 2008; Samransamruajkit et al., 2002), Rickettsia conorii infections (Davi et al., 1995), Chagas disease (Petkova et al., 2000, 2001), and severe malaria (Dai et al., 2012; Machado et al., 2006; Wenisch et al., 1996a; Dietmann et al., 2008). In this minireview, we will discuss the role of endothelin in the pathogenesis of infectious processes.
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Molecular characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi SAP proteins with host-cell lysosome exocytosis-inducing activity required for parasite invasion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83864. [PMID: 24391838 PMCID: PMC3877114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To invade target cells, Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic forms engage distinct sets of surface and secreted molecules that interact with host components. Serine-, alanine-, and proline-rich proteins (SAP) comprise a multigene family constituted of molecules with a high serine, alanine and proline residue content. SAP proteins have a central domain (SAP-CD) responsible for interaction with and invasion of mammalian cells by metacyclic forms. Methods and Findings Using a 513 bp sequence from SAP-CD in blastn analysis, we identified 39 full-length SAP genes in the genome of T. cruzi. Although most of these genes were mapped in the T. cruzi in silico chromosome TcChr41, several SAP sequences were spread out across the genome. The level of SAP transcripts was twice as high in metacyclic forms as in epimastigotes. Monoclonal (MAb-SAP) and polyclonal (anti-SAP) antibodies produced against the recombinant protein SAP-CD were used to investigate the expression and localization of SAP proteins. MAb-SAP reacted with a 55 kDa SAP protein released by epimastigotes and metacyclic forms and with distinct sets of SAP variants expressed in amastigotes and tissue culture-derived trypomastigotes (TCTs). Anti-SAP antibodies reacted with components located in the anterior region of epimastigotes and between the nucleus and the kinetoplast in metacyclic trypomastigotes. In contrast, anti-SAP recognized surface components of amastigotes and TCTs, suggesting that SAP proteins are directed to different cellular compartments. Ten SAP peptides were identified by mass spectrometry in vesicle and soluble-protein fractions obtained from parasite conditioned medium. Using overlapping sequences from SAP-CD, we identified a 54-aa peptide (SAP-CE) that was able to induce host-cell lysosome exocytosis and inhibit parasite internalization by 52%. Conclusions This study provides novel information about the genomic organization, expression and cellular localization of SAP proteins and proposes a triggering role for extracellular SAP proteins in host-cell lysosome exocytosis during metacyclic internalization.
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Reversible cysteine protease inhibitors show promise for a Chagas disease cure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:1167-78. [PMID: 24323474 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01855-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease cruzipain is essential for the viability, infectivity, and virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Thus, inhibitors of cruzipain are considered promising anti-T. cruzi chemotherapeutic agents. Reversible cruzipain inhibitors containing a nitrile "warhead" were prepared and demonstrated 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) as potent as 1 nM in baculovirus-generated cruzipain enzyme assays. In epimastigote and intracellular amastigote in vitro assays, the most potent compounds demonstrated antiparasitic behavior in the 5 to 10 μM IC50 range; however, trypomastigote production from the amastigote form was ∼90 to 95% inhibited at 2 μM. Two key compounds, Cz007 and Cz008, with IC50s of 1.1 and 1.8 nM, respectively, against the recombinant enzyme were tested in a murine model of acute T. cruzi infection, with oral dosing in chow for 28 days at doses from 3 to 50 mg/kg of body weight. At 3 mg/kg of Cz007 and 3 mg/kg of Cz008, the blood parasitemia areas under the concentration-time curves were 16% and 25% of the untreated group, respectively. At sacrifice, 24 days after immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide, parasite presence in blood, heart, and esophagus was evaluated. Based on negative quantitative PCR results in all three tissues, cure rates in surviving animals were 90% for Cz007 at 3 mg/kg, 78% for Cz008 at 3 mg/kg, and 71% for benznidazole, the control compound, at 50 mg/kg.
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Arocena AR, Onofrio LI, Pellegrini AV, Carrera Silva AE, Paroli A, Cano RC, Aoki MP, Gea S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are key players in the resolution of inflammation during a model of acute infection. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:184-94. [PMID: 24166778 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are key players in the immune suppressive network. During acute infection with the causative agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, BALB/c mice show less inflammation and better survival than C57BL/6 (B6) mice. In this comparative study, we found a higher number of MDSCs in the spleens and livers of infected BALB/c mice compared with infected B6 mice. An analysis of the two major MDSCs subsets revealed a greater number of granulocytic cells in the spleens and livers of BALB/c mice when compared with that in B6 mice. Moreover, splenic MDSCs purified from infected BALB/c mice inhibited ConA-induced splenocyte proliferation. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that ROS and nitric oxide were involved in the suppressive activity of MDSCs, with a higher number of infected CD8(+) T cells suffering surface-nitration compared to uninfected controls. An upregulation of NADPH oxidase p47 phox subunit and p-STAT3 occurred in MDSCs and infected IL-6 KO mice showed less recruitment of MDSCs and impaired survival. Remarkably, in vivo depletion of MDSCs led to increased production of IL-6, IFN-γ, and a Th17 response with very high parasitemia and mortality. These findings demonstrate a new facet of MDSCs as crucial regulators of inflammation during T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo R Arocena
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
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Abstract
Chagas heart disease, the leading cause of heart failure in Latin America, results from infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Although T. cruzi disseminates intravascularly, how the parasite contends with the endothelial barrier to escape the bloodstream and infect tissues has not been described. Understanding the interaction between T. cruzi and the vascular endothelium, likely a key step in parasite dissemination, could inform future therapies to interrupt disease pathogenesis. We adapted systems useful in the study of leukocyte transmigration to investigate both the occurrence of parasite transmigration and its determinants in vitro. Here we provide the first evidence that T. cruzi can rapidly migrate across endothelial cells by a mechanism that is distinct from productive infection and does not disrupt monolayer integrity or alter permeability. Our results show that this process is facilitated by a known modulator of cellular infection and vascular permeability, bradykinin, and can be augmented by the chemokine CCL2. These represent novel findings in our understanding of parasite dissemination, and may help identify new therapeutic strategies to limit the dissemination of the parasite.
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Heng BC, Aubel D, Fussenegger M. An overview of the diverse roles of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the pathophysiology of various human diseases. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1676-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Walker DM, Oghumu S, Gupta G, McGwire BS, Drew ME, Satoskar AR. Mechanisms of cellular invasion by intracellular parasites. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1245-63. [PMID: 24221133 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1491-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous disease-causing parasites must invade host cells in order to prosper. Collectively, such pathogens are responsible for a staggering amount of human sickness and death throughout the world. Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, and malaria are neglected diseases and therefore are linked to socio-economical and geographical factors, affecting well-over half the world's population. Such obligate intracellular parasites have co-evolved with humans to establish a complexity of specific molecular parasite-host cell interactions, forming the basis of the parasite's cellular tropism. They make use of such interactions to invade host cells as a means to migrate through various tissues, to evade the host immune system, and to undergo intracellular replication. These cellular migration and invasion events are absolutely essential for the completion of the lifecycles of these parasites and lead to their for disease pathogenesis. This review is an overview of the molecular mechanisms of protozoan parasite invasion of host cells and discussion of therapeutic strategies, which could be developed by targeting these invasion pathways. Specifically, we focus on four species of protozoan parasites Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma, which are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Walker
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Blaes N, Girolami JP. Targeting the 'Janus face' of the B2-bradykinin receptor. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1145-66. [PMID: 23957374 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.827664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kinins are main active mediators of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) via bradykinin type 1 inducible (B1R) and type 2 constitutive (B2R) receptors. B2R mediates most physiological bradykinin (BK) responses, including vasodilation, natriuresis, NO, prostaglandins release. AREAS COVERED The article summarizes knowledge on kinins, B2R signaling and biological functions; highlights crosstalks between B2R and renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The double role (Janus face) in physiopathology, namely the beneficial protection of the endothelium, which forms the basis for the therapeutical utilization of B2 receptor agonists, on the one side, and the involvement of B2R in inflammation or infection diseases and in pain mechanisms, which justifies the use of B2R antagonists, on the other side, is extensively analyzed. EXPERT OPINION For decades, the B2R has been unconsciously activated during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) treatments. Whether direct B2R targeting with stable agonists could bring additional therapeutic benefit to RAS inhibition should be investigated. Efficacy, established in experimental models, should be confirmed by translational studies in cardiovascular pathologies, glaucoma, Duchenne cardiopathy and during brain cancer therapy. The other face of B2R is targeted by antagonists already approved to treat hereditary angioedema. The use of antagonists could be extended to other angioedema and efficacy tested against acute pain and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Blaes
- INSERM, U1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Université Paul Sabatier , F-31432, Toulouse , France
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Barrias ES, de Carvalho TMU, De Souza W. Trypanosoma cruzi: Entry into Mammalian Host Cells and Parasitophorous Vacuole Formation. Front Immunol 2013; 4:186. [PMID: 23914186 PMCID: PMC3730053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking insects. This protozoan is an obligate intracellular parasite. The infective forms of the parasite are the metacyclic trypomastigotes, amastigotes, and bloodstream trypomastigotes. The recognition between the parasite and mammalian host cell, involves numerous molecules present in both cell types, and similar to several intracellular pathogens, T. cruzi is internalized by host cells via multiple endocytic pathways. Morphological studies demonstrated that after the interaction of the infective forms of T. cruzi with phagocytic or non-phagocytic cell types, plasma membrane (PM) protrusions can form, showing similarity with those observed during canonical phagocytosis or macropinocytic events. Additionally, several molecules known to be molecular markers of membrane rafts, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis have been demonstrated to be present at the invasion site. These events may or may not depend on the host cell lysosomes and cytoskeleton. In addition, after penetration, components of the host endosomal-lysosomal system, such as early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes, participate in the formation of the nascent parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Dynamin, a molecule involved in vesicle formation, has been shown to be involved in the PV release from the host cell PM. This review focuses on the multiple pathways that T. cruzi can use to enter the host cells until complete PV formation. We will describe different endocytic processes, such as phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, and endocytosis using membrane microdomains and clathrin-dependent endocytosis and show results that are consistent with their use by this smart parasite. We will also discuss others mechanisms that have been described, such as active penetration and the process that takes advantage of cell membrane wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Santos Barrias
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia – Inmetro Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tecia Maria Ulisses de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanderley De Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia – Inmetro Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Molina-Berríos A, Campos-Estrada C, Lapier M, Duaso J, Kemmerling U, Galanti N, Ferreira J, Morello A, López-Muñoz R, Maya JD. Protection of vascular endothelium by aspirin in a murine model of chronic Chagas' disease. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2731-9. [PMID: 23681190 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Chagas' disease affects 10-30 % of patients infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, and it mainly manifests as cardiomyopathy. Important pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the cardiac lesions include activation of the endothelium and induced microvascular alterations. These processes involve the production of endothelial adhesion molecules and thromboxane A2, which are involved in inflammatory cell recruitment and platelet aggregation, respectively. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as aspirin decrease thromboxane production and alter the course of Chagas' disease, both in the acute and chronic phases. We studied the effects of the administration of low and high doses of aspirin during the early phase of T. cruzi infection, following microvascular damage in the context of a chronic murine model of Chagas' disease. The effects of both schedules were assessed at 24 and 90 days postinfection by evaluating parasitemia, mortality, and cardiac histopathological changes as well as the expression of ICAM, VCAM, and E-selectin in cardiac tissue. Thromboxane A2, soluble ICAM, and E-selectin blood levels were also measured. While aspirin did not affect parasitemia or mortality in the infected mice, it decreased both cardiac inflammatory infiltrates and thromboxane levels. Additionally, at 90 days postinfection, aspirin normalized sICAM and sE-selectin levels. Considering the improved endothelial function induced by aspirin, we propose the possibility of including this drug in clinical therapy to treat chronic Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
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41
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013; 25:275-83. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32835eb755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ponce NE, Carrera-Silva EA, Pellegrini AV, Cazorla SI, Malchiodi EL, Lima AP, Gea S, Aoki MP. Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, modulates interleukin-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation via gp130 cleavage in different host cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:485-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Martins RF, Martinelli PM, Guedes PMM, da Cruz Pádua B, dos Santos FM, Silva ME, Bahia MT, Talvani A. Protein deficiency alters CX3CL1 and endothelin-1 in experimentalTrypanosoma cruzi-induced cardiomyopathy. Trop Med Int Health 2013; 18:466-76. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Régia F. Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto; Brazil
| | - Patrícia M. Martinelli
- Departamento de Morfologia; ICB; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte; Brazil
| | - Paulo M. M. Guedes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; Natal; Brazil
| | - Bruno da Cruz Pádua
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto; Brazil
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Scharfstein J, Andrade D, Svensjö E, Oliveira AC, Nascimento CR. The kallikrein-kinin system in experimental Chagas disease: a paradigm to investigate the impact of inflammatory edema on GPCR-mediated pathways of host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Immunol 2013; 3:396. [PMID: 23355836 PMCID: PMC3555122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic chagasic myocarditis (CCM) depends on Trypanosoma cruzi persistence in the myocardium. Studies of the proteolytic mechanisms governing host/parasite balance in peripheral sites of T. cruzi infection revealed that tissue culture trypomastigotes (TCTs) elicit inflammatory edema and stimulate protective type-1 effector T cells through the activation of the kallikrein-kinin system. Molecular studies linked the proinflammatory phenotype of Dm28c TCTs to the synergistic activities of tGPI, a lipid anchor that functions as a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand, and cruzipain, a kinin-releasing cysteine protease. Analysis of the dynamics of inflammation revealed that TCTs activate innate sentinel cells via TLR2, releasing CXC chemokines, which in turn evoke neutrophil/CXCR2-dependent extravasation of plasma proteins, including high molecular weight kininogen (HK), in parasite-laden tissues. Further downstream, TCTs process surface bound HK, liberating lysyl-BK (LBK), which then propagates inflammatory edema via signaling of endothelial G-protein-coupled bradykinin B2 receptors (BK2R). Dm28 TCTs take advantage of the transient availability of infection-promoting peptides (e.g., bradykinin and endothelins) in inflamed tissues to invade cardiovascular cells via interdependent signaling of BKRs and endothelin receptors (ETRs). Herein we present a space-filling model whereby ceramide-enriched endocytic vesicles generated by the sphingomyelinase pathway might incorporate BK2R and ETRs, which then trigger Ca2+-driven responses that optimize the housekeeping mechanism of plasma membrane repair from cell wounding. The hypothesis predicts that the NF-κB-inducible BKR (BK1R) may integrate the multimolecular signaling platforms forged by ceramide rafts, as the chronic myocarditis progresses. Exploited as gateways for parasite invasion, BK2R, BK1R, ETAR, ETBR, and other G protein-coupled receptor partners may enable persistent myocardial parasitism in the edematous tissues at expense of adverse cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Scharfstein
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Rodríguez-Angulo H, Toro-Mendoza J, Marques J, Bonfante-Cabarcas R, Mijares A. Induction of chagasic-like arrhythmias in the isolated beating hearts of healthy rats perfused with Trypanosoma cruzi-conditioned medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 46:58-64. [PMID: 23314340 PMCID: PMC3854352 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20122409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chagas' myocardiopathy, caused by the intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is characterized by microvascular alterations, heart failure and arrhythmias. Ischemia and arrythmogenesis have been attributed to proteins shed by the parasite, although this has not been fully demonstrated. The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of substances shed by T. cruzi on ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmias. We performed a triple ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) protocol whereby the isolated beating rat hearts were perfused with either Vero-control or Vero T. cruzi-infected conditioned medium during the different stages of ischemia and subsequently reperfused with Tyrode's solution. ECG and heart rate were recorded during the entire experiment. We observed that triple I/R-induced bradycardia was associated with the generation of auricular-ventricular blockade during ischemia and non-sustained nodal and ventricular tachycardia during reperfusion. Interestingly, perfusion with Vero-infected medium produced a delay in the reperfusion-induced recovery of heart rate, increased the frequency of tachycardic events and induced ventricular fibrillation. These results suggest that the presence of parasite-shed substances in conditioned media enhances the arrhythmogenic effects that occur during the I/R protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rodríguez-Angulo
- Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
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Uehara LA, Moreira OC, Oliveira AC, Azambuja P, Lima APCA, Britto C, dos Santos ALS, Branquinha MH, d'Avila-Levy CM. Cruzipain promotes Trypanosoma cruzi adhesion to Rhodnius prolixus midgut. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1958. [PMID: 23272264 PMCID: PMC3521651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. Cysteine peptidases are relevant to several aspects of the T. cruzi life cycle and are implicated in parasite-mammalian host relationships. However, little is known about the factors that contribute to the parasite-insect host interaction. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we have investigated whether cruzipain could be involved in the interaction of T. cruzi with the invertebrate host. We analyzed the effect of treatment of T. cruzi epimastigotes with anti-cruzipain antibodies or with a panel of cysteine peptidase inhibitors (cystatin, antipain, E-64, leupeptin, iodocetamide or CA-074-OMe) on parasite adhesion to Rhodnius prolixus posterior midgut ex vivo. All treatments, with the exception of CA074-OMe, significantly decreased parasite adhesion to R. prolixus midgut. Cystatin presented a dose-dependent reduction on the adhesion. Comparison of the adhesion rate among several T. cruzi isolates revealed that the G isolate, which naturally possesses low levels of active cruzipain, adhered to a lesser extent in comparison to Dm28c, Y and CL Brener isolates. Transgenic epimastigotes overexpressing an endogenous cruzipain inhibitor (pCHAG), chagasin, and that have reduced levels of active cruzipain adhered to the insect gut 73% less than the wild-type parasites. The adhesion of pCHAG parasites was partially restored by the addition of exogenous cruzipain. In vivo colonization experiments revealed low levels of pCHAG parasites in comparison to wild-type. Parasites isolated after passage in the insect presented a drastic enhancement in the expression of surface cruzipain. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data highlight, for the first time, that cruzipain contributes to the interaction of T. cruzi with the insect host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Almeida Uehara
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacílio C. Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Azambuja
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Cabral Araujo Lima
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Constança Britto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luis Souza dos Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Bioquímica Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta Helena Branquinha
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Masini d'Avila-Levy
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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47
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Moreira DRM, Costa SPM, Hernandes MZ, Rabello MM, de Oliveira Filho GB, de Melo CML, da Rocha LF, de Simone CA, Ferreira RS, Fradico JRB, Meira CS, Guimarães ET, Srivastava RM, Pereira VRA, Soares MBP, Leite ACL. Structural Investigation of Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi 2-Iminothiazolidin-4-ones Allows the Identification of Agents with Efficacy in Infected Mice. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10918-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301518v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Rodrigo Magalhaes Moreira
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas and da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife,
PE, Brazil
- Departamento
de Ciências
Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife,
PE, Brazil
| | - Salvana Priscylla Manso Costa
- Departamento
de Ciências
Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife,
PE, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Zaldini Hernandes
- Departamento
de Ciências
Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife,
PE, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Montenegro Rabello
- Departamento
de Ciências
Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife,
PE, Brazil
| | - Gevanio Bezerra de Oliveira Filho
- Departamento
de Ciências
Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife,
PE, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Ferreira da Rocha
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhaes, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz,
CEP, 50670-420, Salvador-PE, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto de Simone
- Departamento de Física
and Informática, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos,
SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Salgado Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica
and
Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Cássio Santana Meira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo
Cruz, CEP 40296-710, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Elisalva Teixeira Guimarães
- Departamento de Ciências da
Vida, Universidade Estadual da Bahia, CEP
41150-000, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo
Cruz, CEP 40296-710, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rajendra Mohan Srivastava
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas and da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife,
PE, Brazil
| | | | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo
Cruz, CEP 40296-710, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia and
Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, CEP 41253-190, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Departamento
de Ciências
Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife,
PE, Brazil
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48
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D'Orléans-Juste P, Bkaily G, Rae GA. Endothelin and bradykinin: 'brothers-in-arms' in Chagas vasculopathies? Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1330-2. [PMID: 21864312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of Chagas disease are increasing in non-endemic populations across the globe. Apart from vector eradication and prevention efforts by public health organizations, current pharmacological interventions are sparse and show important side effects. In this issue of the BJP, Andrade et al. elegantly demonstrate a new pharmacological paradigm whereby Trypanosoma cruzi host cell invasion requires significant cross-talk between receptors for kinins and endothelins. It is shown, for example, that acting via both ET(A) and ET(B) receptors, endothelin-1 (ET-1) cooperates with the (TLR2/CXCR2/B(2) kinin receptor) complex to activate inflammatory processes in response to invading trypomastigotes. This study by Andrade et al. prompts, however, several important questions, summarized in this Commentary, such as the putative role of chymase-dependent production of ET-1, the contentious protective role of ACE inhibitors in Chagasic patients, the unexplored role of de novo formed B(1) receptors for kinins triggered by cytokines and the putative role of compartmentalized calcium pools in host cell invasion by trypomastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro D'Orléans-Juste
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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49
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Nagajyothi F, Machado FS, Burleigh BA, Jelicks LA, Scherer PE, Mukherjee S, Lisanti MP, Weiss LM, Garg NJ, Tanowitz HB. Mechanisms of Trypanosoma cruzi persistence in Chagas disease. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:634-43. [PMID: 22309180 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi infection leads to development of chronic Chagas disease. In this article, we provide an update on the current knowledge of the mechanisms employed by the parasite to gain entry into the host cells and establish persistent infection despite activation of a potent immune response by the host. Recent studies point to a number of T. cruzi molecules that interact with host cell receptors to promote parasite invasion of the diverse host cells. T. cruzi expresses an antioxidant system and thromboxane A(2) to evade phagosomal oxidative assault and suppress the host's ability to clear parasites. Additional studies suggest that besides cardiac and smooth muscle cells that are the major target of T. cruzi infection, adipocytes and adipose tissue serve as reservoirs from where T. cruzi can recrudesce and cause disease decades later. Further, T. cruzi employs at least four strategies to maintain a symbiotic-like relationship with the host, and ensure consistent supply of nutrients for its own survival and long-term persistence. Ongoing and future research will continue to help refining the models of T. cruzi invasion and persistence in diverse tissues and organs in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fnu Nagajyothi
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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