1
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Couto M, Andrade N, Magro F, Martel F. Taurocholate uptake by Caco-2 cells is inhibited by pro-inflammatory cytokines and butyrate. Cytokine 2023; 169:156307. [PMID: 37487380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic and life-threating inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The active intestinal absorption of bile salts is reduced in IBD, resulting in higher luminal concentrations of these agents that contribute to the pathophysiology of IBD-associated diarrhea. Butyrate (BT) is a short-chain fatty acid produced by colonic bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers. BT utilization is impaired in the intestinal inflamed mucosa of IBD patients. Our aim was to investigate the link between IBD and bile acid absorption, by testing the effect of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ and of BT upon 3H-TC uptake by Caco-2 cells. The proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ inhibit Na+-independent, non-ASBT (sodium-dependent bile acid transporter)-mediated 3H-TC uptake by Caco-2 cells. The inhibitory effect of these cytokines on Na+-independent 3H-TC uptake is PI3K- and JAK/STAT1-mediated. These two compounds upregulate ASBT expression levels, but no corresponding increase in Na+-dependent component of 3H-TC is observed. Moreover, BT was also found to inhibit 3H-TC uptake and showed an additive effect with IFN-γ in reducing 3H-TC uptake. We conclude that an interaction between BT and bile acids appears to exist in IBD, which may participate in the link between diet, microbiota and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Couto
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nelson Andrade
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Magro
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Martel
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Alsaeedi A, Welham S, Rose P, Zhu YZ. The Impact of Drugs on Hydrogen Sulfide Homeostasis in Mammals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040908. [PMID: 37107283 PMCID: PMC10135325 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells and tissues have the capacity to generate hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) via catabolic routes involving cysteine metabolism. H2S acts on cell signaling cascades that are necessary in many biochemical and physiological roles important in the heart, brain, liver, kidney, urogenital tract, and cardiovascular and immune systems of mammals. Diminished levels of this molecule are observed in several pathophysiological conditions including heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and immune function. Interestingly, in the last two decades, it has become apparent that some commonly prescribed pharmacological drugs can impact the expression and activities of enzymes responsible for hydrogen sulfide production in cells and tissues. Therefore, the current review provides an overview of the studies that catalogue key drugs and their impact on hydrogen sulfide production in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrar Alsaeedi
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Simon Welham
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter Rose
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yi-Zhun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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3
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Cirino G, Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A. Physiological roles of hydrogen sulfide in mammalian cells, tissues and organs. Physiol Rev 2022; 103:31-276. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
H2S belongs to the class of molecules known as gasotransmitters, which also includes nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Three enzymes are recognized as endogenous sources of H2S in various cells and tissues: cystathionine g-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). The current article reviews the regulation of these enzymes as well as the pathways of their enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation and elimination. The multiple interactions of H2S with other labile endogenous molecules (e.g. NO) and reactive oxygen species are also outlined. The various biological targets and signaling pathways are discussed, with special reference to H2S and oxidative posttranscriptional modification of proteins, the effect of H2S on channels and intracellular second messenger pathways, the regulation of gene transcription and translation and the regulation of cellular bioenergetics and metabolism. The pharmacological and molecular tools currently available to study H2S physiology are also reviewed, including their utility and limitations. In subsequent sections, the role of H2S in the regulation of various physiological and cellular functions is reviewed. The physiological role of H2S in various cell types and organ systems are overviewed. Finally, the role of H2S in the regulation of various organ functions is discussed as well as the characteristic bell-shaped biphasic effects of H2S. In addition, key pathophysiological aspects, debated areas, and future research and translational areas are identified A wide array of significant roles of H2S in the physiological regulation of all organ functions emerges from this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece & Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece
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4
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Zhang M, Xia F, Xia S, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Han X, Zhao K, Feng L, Dong R, Tian D, Yu Y, Liao J. NSAID-Associated Small Intestinal Injury: An Overview From Animal Model Development to Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:818877. [PMID: 35222032 PMCID: PMC8864225 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.818877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the wide application of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), their gastrointestinal side effects are an urgent health burden. There are currently sound preventive measures for upper gastrointestinal injury, however, there is a lack of effective defense against lower gastrointestinal damage. According to a large number of previous animal experiments, a variety of NSAIDs have been demonstrated to induce small intestinal mucosal injury in vivo. This article reviews the descriptive data on the administration dose, administration method, mucosal injury site, and morphological characteristics of inflammatory sites of various NSAIDs. The cells, cytokines, receptors and ligands, pathways, enzyme inhibition, bacteria, enterohepatic circulation, oxidative stress, and other potential pathogenic factors involved in NSAID-associated enteropathy are also reviewed. We point out the limitations of drug modeling at this stage and are also pleased to discover the application prospects of chemically modified NSAIDs, dietary therapy, and many natural products against intestinal mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Xia
- Department of Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suhong Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wangdong Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lina Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruonan Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiazhi Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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5
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Danielak A, Wallace JL, Brzozowski T, Magierowski M. Gaseous Mediators as a Key Molecular Targets for the Development of Gastrointestinal-Safe Anti-Inflammatory Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:657457. [PMID: 33995080 PMCID: PMC8116801 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.657457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent one of the most widely used classes of drugs and play a pivotal role in the therapy of numerous inflammatory diseases. However, the adverse effects of these drugs, especially when applied chronically, frequently affect gastrointestinal (GI) tract, resulting in ulceration and bleeding, which constitutes a significant limitation in clinical practice. On the other hand, it has been recently discovered that gaseous mediators nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon monoxide (CO) contribute to many physiological processes in the GI tract, including the maintenance of GI mucosal barrier integrity. Therefore, based on the possible therapeutic properties of NO, H2S and CO, a novel NSAIDs with ability to release one or more of those gaseous messengers have been synthesized. Until now, both preclinical and clinical studies have shown promising effects with respect to the anti-inflammatory potency as well as GI-safety of these novel NSAIDs. This review provides an overview of the gaseous mediators-based NSAIDs along with their mechanisms of action, with special emphasis on possible implications for GI mucosal defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Danielak
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - John L Wallace
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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6
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Hunt JE, Billeschou A, Windeløv JA, Hartmann B, Ullmer C, Holst JJ, Kissow H. Pharmacological activation of TGR5 promotes intestinal growth via a GLP-2-dependent pathway in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G980-G987. [PMID: 32308039 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00062.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and -2-secreting L cells have been shown to express the bile acid receptor Takeda G protein-receptor-5 (TGR5) and increase secretion upon receptor activation. Previous studies have explored GLP-1 secretion following acute TGR5 activation, but chronic activation and GLP-2 responses have not been characterized. In this study, we aimed to investigate the consequences of pharmacological TGR5 receptor activation on L cell hormone production in vivo using the specific TGR5 agonist RO5527239 and the GLP-2 receptor knockout mouse. Here, we show that 1) TGR5 receptor activation led to increased GLP-1 and GLP-2 content in the colon, which 2) was associated with an increased small intestinal weight that 3) was GLP-2 dependent. Additionally, we report that TGR5-mediated gallbladder filling occurred independently of GLP-2 signaling. In conclusion, we demonstrate that pharmacological TGR5 receptor activation stimulates L cells, triggering GLP-2-dependent intestinal adaption in mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using the specific Takeda G protein-receptor-5 (TGR5) agonist RO5527239 and GLP-2 receptor knockout mice, we show that activation of TGR5 led to the increase in colonic GLP-1 and GLP-2 concomitant with a GLP-2 dependent growth response in the proximal portion of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Elizabeth Hunt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Billeschou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanne Agerlin Windeløv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Limited, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordic Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Ticho AL, Malhotra P, Dudeja PK, Gill RK, Alrefai WA. Bile Acid Receptors and Gastrointestinal Functions. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:31-39. [PMID: 32368358 PMCID: PMC7197881 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids modulate several gastrointestinal functions including electrolyte secretion and absorption, gastric emptying, and small intestinal and colonic motility. High concentrations of bile acids lead to diarrhea and are implicated in the development of esophageal, gastric and colonic cancer. Alterations in bile acid homeostasis are also implicated in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these effects of bile acids on gut functions has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of bile acid receptors, including the nuclear receptors: farnesoid X receptor (FXR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR); and the G protein-coupled receptors: Takeda G protein-coupled receptor (TGR5), sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 (M3R).. For example, various studies provided evidence demonstrating the anti-inflammatory effects FXR and TGR5 activation in models of intestinal inflammation. In addition, TGR5 activation in enteric neurons was recently shown to increase colonic motility, which may lead to bile acid-induced diarrhea. Interestingly, TGR5 induces the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from L-cells to enhance insulin secretion and modulate glucose metabolism. Because of the importance of these receptors, agonists of TGR5 and intestine-specific FXR agonists are currently being tested as an option for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and primary bile acid diarrhea, respectively. This review summarizes current knowledge of the functional roles of bile acid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Ticho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Pooja Malhotra
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Waddah A. Alrefai, MD: Research Career Scientist, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612; ; Tel. (312) 569-7429; Fax. (312) 569-8114
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8
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Cooper A, Singh S, Hook S, Tyndall JDA, Vernall AJ. Chemical Tools for Studying Lipid-Binding Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:316-353. [PMID: 28655732 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid, free fatty acid, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, prostanoid, leukotriene, bile acid, and platelet-activating factor receptor families are class A G protein-coupled receptors with endogenous lipid ligands. Pharmacological tools are crucial for studying these receptors and addressing the many unanswered questions surrounding expression of these receptors in normal and diseased tissues. An inherent challenge for developing tools for these lipid receptors is balancing the often lipophilic requirements of the receptor-binding pharmacophore with favorable physicochemical properties to optimize highly specific binding. In this study, we review the radioligands, fluorescent ligands, covalent ligands, and antibodies that have been used to study these lipid-binding receptors. For each tool type, the characteristics and design rationale along with in vitro and in vivo applications are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cooper
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sameek Singh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Hook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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9
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Oh-oka K, Kojima Y, Uchida K, Yoda K, Ishimaru K, Nakajima S, Hemmi J, Kano H, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Katoh R, Ito H, Nakao A. Induction of Colonic Regulatory T Cells by Mesalamine by Activating the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:135-151. [PMID: 28593185 PMCID: PMC5453907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mesalamine is a first-line drug for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, its mechanisms are not fully understood. CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a potential role in suppressing IBD. This study determined whether the anti-inflammatory activity of mesalamine is related to Treg induction in the colon. METHODS We examined the frequencies of Tregs in the colons of wild-type mice, mice deficient for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR-/- mice), and bone marrow-chimeric mice lacking AhR in hematopoietic cells (BM-AhR-/- mice), following oral treatment with mesalamine. We also examined the effects of mesalamine on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression in the colon. RESULTS Treatment of wild-type mice with mesalamine increased the accumulation of Tregs in the colon and up-regulated the AhR target gene Cyp1A1, but this effect was not observed in AhR-/- or BM-AhR-/- mice. In addition, mesalamine promoted in vitro differentiation of naive T cells to Tregs, concomitant with AhR activation. Mice treated with mesalamine exhibited increased levels of the active form of TGF-β in the colon in an AhR-dependent manner and blockade of TGF-β signaling suppressed induction of Tregs by mesalamine in the colon. Furthermore, mice pretreated with mesalamine acquired resistance to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS We propose a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of mesalamine for colitis: induction of Tregs in the colon via the AhR pathway, followed by TGF-β activation.
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Key Words
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
- BM, bone marrow
- DSS, dextran sodium sulfate
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LPL, lamina propria lymphocytes
- MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes
- Mesalamine
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- Q-PCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- Regulatory T Cells
- TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TGF-β
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- WT, wild-type
- XRE, xenobiotic responsive element
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Oh-oka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuko Kojima
- The Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Uchida
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yoda
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ishimaru
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nakajima
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Jun Hemmi
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Division of Research and Development, Meiji Co, Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kano
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Division of Research and Development, Meiji Co, Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Ryohei Katoh
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ito
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Division of Research and Development, Meiji Co, Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Nakao
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan,Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Atsuhito Nakao, MD, PhD, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan. fax: 81-55-273-9542.Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Yamanashi1110, ShimokatoChuoYamanashi 409-3898Japan
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10
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Pereira PAT, Bini D, Bovo F, Faccioli LH, Monteiro MC. Neutrophils influx and proinflammatory cytokines inhibition by sodium salicylate, unlike aspirin, in Candida albicans-induced peritonitis model. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 61:337-46. [PMID: 26762336 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sodium salicylate (NaS) and aspirin (ASA) are known to have a variety of effects on microorganisms, such as fungus (C. albicans and C. neoformans), moreover, it have effects in leukocyte adhesion and migration in vitro. In this report, we investigated the effect of ASA and NaS in neutrophil migration and cytokine production in C. albicans-induced peritonitis murine model. For this, mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p) or orally (po) with NaS or ASA; after they were stimulated i.p. with C. albicans, the cellular migration was evaluated 24 h after stimulation. NaS, in mice treated i.p., unlike ASA, was able to inhibit the neutrophil migration and proinflammatory cytokine production induced by C. albicans, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-10, but did not alter the IL-4 levels in these animals. However, the po treatment with same the dose of NaS or ASA did not affect the influx of this cell for inflammatory site. These results suggest that the NaS inhibits cellular migration and proinflammatory cytokine by different anti-inflammatory mechanism compared to ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Aparecida Tártari Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP-SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP-SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel Bini
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste/UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bovo
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Universidade Federal do Paraná/PR, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucia Helena Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP-SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marta Chagas Monteiro
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Pós-graduação em Neurociências e Biologia celular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará/UFPA, Rua Augusto Correia, Belém, PA, Brazil. .,Endereço: Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará/UFPA, Rua Augusto Correia, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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Pavlidis P, Powell N, Vincent RP, Ehrlich D, Bjarnason I, Hayee B. Systematic review: bile acids and intestinal inflammation-luminal aggressors or regulators of mucosal defence? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015. [PMID: 26223936 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic conditions attributed to an aberrant immune response to luminal triggers. Recently, published work suggests a pathogenic role for bile acids in this context. AIM To perform a systematic review of studies investigating the role of bile acids in intestinal inflammation and present potentially relevant clinical implications. METHODS Pubmed search for English language articles published up to May 2015. Terms used were: 'bile', 'bile acid', 'barrier', 'small bowel injury', 'Crohn's' and 'colitis'. RESULTS Experimental studies support a variable role for bile acids in intestinal barrier homoeostasis. This may be attributed to different physicochemical properties, variable effects on epithelia and immune cells via bile acids-specific receptors, or through a cross-talk with the gut microbiome. A reduction in the bile acids pool, with lower concentrations of secondary forms, has been recognised for some time in Crohn's disease and associated to ileal dysfunction and bile acids malabsorption. Recent work suggests that these changes, including an increase in sulphated forms, are related to inflammatory activity in both Crohn's disease and UC. The detrimental effects of 'western diet' elements such as emulsifiers and fat, which have been implicated in the development of the current IBD and obesity epidemics, may also be bile acid-mediated. CONCLUSIONS Although there are only a few observational clinical studies to support an interaction, in vivo human and animal studies support an association between bile acids metabolism, the gut microbiome and intestinal inflammation. This may well prove to have significant diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pavlidis
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - N Powell
- Division of Transplantation and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R P Vincent
- Department of Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - D Ehrlich
- Centre of Host-Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, UK
| | - I Bjarnason
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - B Hayee
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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12
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Distrutti E, Santucci L, Cipriani S, Renga B, Schiaroli E, Ricci P, Donini A, Fiorucci S. Bile acid activated receptors are targets for regulation of integrity of gastrointestinal mucosa. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:707-19. [PMID: 25708288 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are the end product of cholesterol metabolism. Synthesized in the liver, primary bile acids are secreted by hepatocytes and are transformed by intestinal microbiota into secondary bile acids. In addition to their role in cholesterol and lipid absorption, bile acids act as signaling molecules activating a family of nuclear and G-protein-coupled receptors collectively known as bile acid activated receptors (BARs). These receptors are expressed at high density in enterohepatic tissues, but their expression occurs throughout the body and their activation mediates regulatory functions of bile acids on lipids and glucose metabolism and immunity. In the gastrointestinal tract, BARs maintain intestinal integrity, and their deletion makes the intestine more susceptible to the damage caused by acetylsalicylic acid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Deficiency in farnesoid X receptor and G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 genes alters the expression/activity of cystathione γ-lyase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, two genes involved in the synthesis of hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide, i.e., two gaseous mediators that have been shown to be essential in maintaining the intestinal homeostasis. In addition, farnesoid X receptor regulates the expression of transporters required for secretion of phospholipid by hepatocytes. Because phospholids attenuate intestinal injury caused by acetylsalicylic acid and NSAIDs, BAR agonism could be exploited to protect the intestinal mucosa against injury caused by anti-inflammatory medications. This approach might be useful in the prevention of so-called NSAID enteropathy, a common clinical condition occurring in long-term users of NSAIDs, which is not effectively prevented either by cotreatment with proton pump inhibitors or by the use of coxibs.
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Magierowski M, Magierowska K, Kwiecien S, Brzozowski T. Gaseous mediators nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in the mechanism of gastrointestinal integrity, protection and ulcer healing. Molecules 2015; 20:9099-123. [PMID: 25996214 PMCID: PMC6272495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are known as biological messengers; they play an important role in human organism and contribute to many physiological and pathophysiological processes. NO is produced from l-arginine by constitutive NO synthase (NOS) and inducible NOS enzymatic pathways. This gaseous mediator inhibits platelet aggregation, leukocyte adhesion and contributes to the vessel homeostasis. NO is known as a vasodilatory molecule involved in control of the gastric blood flow (GBF) and the maintenance of gastric mucosal barrier integrity in either healthy gastric mucosa or that damaged by strong irritants. Biosynthesis of H2S in mammals depends upon two enzymes cystathionine-β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase. This gaseous mediator, similarly to NO and carbon monoxide, is involved in neuromodulation, vascular contractility and anti-inflammatory activities. For decades, H2S has been known to inhibit cytochrome c oxidase and reduce cell energy production. Nowadays it is generally considered to act through vascular smooth muscle ATP-dependent K+ channels, interacting with intracellular transcription factors and promote sulfhydration of protein cysteine moieties within the cell, but the mechanism of potential gastroprotective and ulcer healing properties of H2S has not been fully explained. The aim of this review is to compare current results of the studies concerning the role of H2S and NO in gastric mucosa protection and outline areas that may pose new opportunities for further development of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Magierowska
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland.
| | - Slawomir Kwiecien
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland.
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14
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Ullmer C, Alvarez Sanchez R, Sprecher U, Raab S, Mattei P, Dehmlow H, Sewing S, Iglesias A, Beauchamp J, Conde-Knape K. Systemic bile acid sensing by G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) promotes PYY and GLP-1 release. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:671-84. [PMID: 23488746 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nutrient sensing in the gut is believed to be accomplished through activation of GPCRs expressed on enteroendocrine cells. In particular, L-cells located predominantly in distal regions of the gut secrete glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) upon stimulation by nutrients and bile acids (BA). The study was designed to address the mechanism of hormone secretion in L-cells stimulated by the BA receptor G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A novel, selective, orally bioavailable, and potent GPBAR1 agonist, RO5527239, was synthesized in order to investigate L-cell secretion in vitro and in vivo in mice and monkey. In analogy to BA, RO5527239 was conjugated with taurine to reduce p.o. bioavailability yet retaining its potency. Using RO5527239 and tauro-RO5527239, the acute secretion effects on L-cells were addressed via different routes of administration. KEY RESULTS GPBAR1 signalling triggers the co-secretion of PYY and GLP-1, and leads to improved glucose tolerance. The strong correlation of plasma drug exposure and plasma PYY levels suggests activation of GPBAR1 from systemically accessible compartments. In contrast to the orally bioavailable agonist RO5527239, we show that tauro-RO5527239 triggers PYY release only when applied intravenously. Compared to mice, a slower and more sustained PYY secretion was observed in monkeys. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Selective GPBAR1 activation elicits a strong secretagogue effect on L-cells, which primarily requires systemic exposure. We suggest that GPBAR1 is a key player in the intestinal proximal-distal loop that mediates the early phase of nutrient-evoked L-cell secretion effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ullmer
- DTA CV & Metabolic Diseases, DTA CV and Metabolic Diseases, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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Appleby RN, Walters JRF. The role of bile acids in functional GI disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:1057-69. [PMID: 24898156 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acids are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of functional GI disorders. New mechanisms have recently been described in the irritable bowel syndrome, chronic diarrhea and chronic idiopathic constipation. Identification of bile acid signaling through farnesoid X receptor (FXR), transmembrane G-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) has led to the development of new, directly acting therapeutic agents. Despite these advances primary bile acid diarrhea remains under-recognized partly because of the lack of a widely available diagnostic test. PURPOSE In this review we will summarize the effects of bile acids on bowel function throughout the gastrointestinal tract and their roles in the pathogenesis of functional diseases. We will review established diagnostic tests and therapies for functional heartburn, dyspepsia and bile acid diarrhea. There will be a particular emphasis on recent trial data for emerging therapies such as Elobixibat and Obeticholic acid and novel diagnostic tests for bile acid diarrhea such as 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) and FGF19. Finally we will discuss future directions for research in this rapidly evolving field, such as bacterial bile acid modification and identification of genetic anomalies associated with functional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Appleby
- Section of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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D’Amore C, Di Leva FS, Sepe V, Renga B, Del Gaudio C, D’Auria MV, Zampella A, Fiorucci S, Limongelli V. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Potent Dual Agonists of Nuclear and Membrane Bile Acid Receptors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:937-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401873d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D’Amore
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Gambuli, 1-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Sepe
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Barbara Renga
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Gambuli, 1-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Del Gaudio
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria D’Auria
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Gambuli, 1-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Limongelli
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
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