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Ambery P, Greasley PJ, Menzies RI, Brynne L, Kulkarni S, Oscarsson J, Davenport AP. Targeting the endothelium by combining endothelin-1 antagonism and SGLT-2 inhibition: better together? Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:687-697. [PMID: 38835256 DOI: 10.1042/cs20240605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Endothelin A and B receptors, together with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) channels are important targets in improving endothelial function and intervention with inhibitors has been the subject of multiple mechanistic and clinical outcome trials over recent years. Notable successes include the treatment of pulmonary hypertension with endothelin receptor antagonists, and the treatment of heart failure and chronic kidney disease with SGLT-2 inhibitors. With distinct and complementary mechanisms, in this review, we explore the logic of combination therapy for a number of diseases which have endothelial dysfunction at their heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Ambery
- Clinical Late Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter J Greasley
- Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert I Menzies
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Brynne
- Information Practice Late Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Spoorthy Kulkarni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB20QQ, U.K
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Clinical Late Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
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Joshi A, Kaur S, Taneja SK, Mandal R. Review Article on Molecular Mechanism of Regulation of Hypertension by Macro-elements (Na, K, Ca and Mg), Micro-elements/Trace Metals (Zn and Cu) and Toxic Elements (Pb and As). Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1477-1502. [PMID: 37523058 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension (HT) is a medical condition arising due to increase in blood pressure (BP) prevalent worldwide. The balanced dietary intakes of macro-elements and micro-elements including Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu have been described to maintain BP in humans by regulating the osmolarity of blood, cells/tissues, prevention of generation of oxidative and nitrosative stress (OANS), and endothelial damage through their functioning as important components of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), antioxidant enzyme defense system, and maintenance of blood vascular-endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) functions. However, inadequate/excess dietary intakes of Na/K, Ca/Mg, and Zn/Cu along with higher Pb and As exposures recognized to induce HT through common mechanisms including the followings: endothelial dysfunctions due to impairment of vasodilatation, increased vasoconstriction and arterial stiffness, blood clotting, inflammation, modification of sympathetic activity and higher catecholamine release, increased peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output; increased OANS due to reduced and elevated activities of extracellular superoxide dismutase and NAD(P)H oxidase, less nitric oxide bioavailability, decrease in cGMP and guanylate cyclase activity, increase in intracellular Ca2+ ions in VSMCs, and higher pro-inflammatory cytokines; higher parathyroid and calcitriol hormones; activation/suppression of RAAS resulting imbalance in blood Na+, K+, and water regulated by renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone through affecting natriuresis/kaliuresis/diuresis; elevation in serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, decrease in HDL cholesterol due to defect in lipoprotein metabolism. The present study recommends the need to review simple dietary mineral intervention studies/supplementation trials before keeping their individual dietary excess intakes/exposures in consideration because their interactions lead to elevation and fall of their concentrations in body affecting onset of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Joshi
- PG Department of Biotechnology and Microbial Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector-26, Chandigarh, UT, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh, UT, India
| | | | - Reshu Mandal
- PG Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector-26, Chandigarh, UT, India.
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Matsuura T, Yoshimura A, Fukushima R. Effects of Beraprost with or without NOS Inhibition on Plasma Aldosterone and Hemodynamics in Healthy Cats. Vet Sci 2024; 11:155. [PMID: 38668422 PMCID: PMC11054574 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and RA system effects of the oral administration of the clinical dose of beraprost for feline CKD in healthy cats, and also to examine whether NOS inhibition reversed them. METHODS A placebo-controlled pharmacological sequential design study was carried out to assess the plasma aldosterone and renin concentrations (PAC and PRC), blood pressure, heart rate, and exploratorily to estimate renal plasma flow (RPF) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) with simplified methods. RESULTS Beraprost reduced PAC when compared to the placebo (p < 0.05); this was reversed when NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was added to the beraprost treatment (p < 0.01). No differences in the PRC or hemodynamic parameters were detected between beraprost and the placebo. The correlation ratios (η2) showed opposite relationships between beraprost and the added L-NAME effects on PAC, mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate, estimated RPF (p < 0.001), estimated RVR (p < 0.01), and PRC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In healthy cats, the clinical dose of beraprost suppresses PAC, which can be reversed by the inhibition of NOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aritada Yoshimura
- Animal Medical Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryuji Fukushima
- Animal Medical Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Animal Medical Emergency Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Awosika A, Khan A, Adabanya U, Omole AE, Millis RM. Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors and Dietary Interventions: A Combined Novel Approach for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e36184. [PMID: 36937127 PMCID: PMC10016316 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic hypertension (HTN) is the hallmark of cardiovascular disease and the forerunner of heart failure. These associations have been established over decades of research on essential HTN. Advancements in the treatment of patients diagnosed with HTN, consisting of alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, thiazide, or aldosterone receptor blockers known as anti-mineralocorticoids, in the presence or absence of low sodium salt diets, often fail to control blood pressure adequately to prevent morbidity and mortality. Low sodium diets have had limited success in controlling HTN because low sodium intake is associated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system upregulation. Therefore, upregulating aldosterone secretion, sodium, and water retention which, in turn, moves the blood pressure back toward the range of HTN dictated by the baroreceptor reset value, as a compensatory mechanism, especially in resistant HTN. These impediments to blood pressure control in HTN may have been effectively circumvented by the advent of a new class of drugs known as aldosterone synthase inhibitors, represented by baxdrostat. The mechanism of action of baxdrostat as an aldosterone synthase inhibitor demonstrates the inextricable linkage between sodium and blood pressure regulation. Theoretically, combining a low sodium diet with the activity of this aldosterone synthesis inhibitor should alleviate the adverse effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system upregulation. Aldosterone synthesis inhibition should also decrease the oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction associated with HTN, causing more endothelial nitric oxide synthesis, release, and vasorelaxation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to summarize evidence-based articles relevant to the use of a novel drug (aldosterone synthase inhibitor) in the treatment of HTN and cardiovascular disease. Making the current database of relevant information on baxdrostat and other aldosterone synthase inhibitors readily available will, no doubt, aid physicians and other medical practitioners in their decision-making about employing aldosterone synthase inhibitors in the treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoola Awosika
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Anosh Khan
- Internal Medicine, Spartan Health Sciences University School of Medicine, Vieux Fort, LCA
| | | | - Adekunle E Omole
- Anatomical Sciences, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, Coolidge, ATG
| | - Richard M Millis
- Pathophysiology, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, Coolidge, ATG
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Higashide T, Hirooka K, Kometani M, Sugiyama K. Aldosterone as a Possible Contributor to Eye Diseases. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6868238. [PMID: 36461718 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone, an effector molecule of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), has been receiving more attention in the field of ophthalmology because of its possible role in the pathogenesis of various eye diseases or abnormalities; it may even become a target for their treatment. Primary aldosteronism, a typical model of a systemic aldosterone excess, may cause vision loss due to various ocular diseases, such as retinal vein occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy, and, possibly glaucoma. RAAS components are present in various parts and types of cells present in the eye. Investigations of the local RAAS in various animal models of diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, central serous chorioretinopathy, and glaucoma have found evidence that aldosterone or mineralocorticoid receptors may exacerbate the pathology of these disorders. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether the modulation of aldosterone or mineralocorticoid receptors is an effective treatment for preventing vision loss in patients with eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Higashide
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hirooka
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kometani
- Department of Health Promotion and Medicine of the Future, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
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Jain M, Mohan S, van Dijk EHC. Central serous chorioretinopathy: Pathophysiology, systemic associations, and a novel etiological classification. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2022; 12:381-393. [PMID: 36660127 PMCID: PMC9843580 DOI: 10.4103/2211-5056.362601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) has remained an enigmatic disease since its initial description by Von Graefe. Over the years, multiple risk factors have been recognized: these include psychological stress, behavioral traits, and corticosteroids. The basic pathophysiology of CSC involves choroidal thickening, vascular congestion, altered choroidal blood flow (ChBF), and choroidal hyperpermeability, leading to retinal pigment epithelium decompensation and subsequent neurosensory detachment. Multiple organ systems, mainly the nervous, cardiovascular, endocrinal, and renal systems participate in the control of the vascular tone and the ChBF via hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, while others such as the hepatic system regulate the enzymatic degradation of corticosteroids. Many vasoactive and psychotropic drugs also modulate the ocular perfusion. In addition, there are anatomical and genetic predispositions that determine its progression to the chronic or recurrent form, through cellular response and angiogenesis. We herein review the basic pathophysiology and immunogenetics in CSC along with the role of multiple organ systems. With this background, we propose an etiological classification that should provide a framework for customized therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Al Dhannah Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,Address for correspondence: Dr. Manish Jain, Department of Ophthalmology, Al Dhannah Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. E-mail:
| | - Sashwanthi Mohan
- Department of Vitreous and Retina, Rajan Eye Care Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elon H. C. van Dijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mandal R, Kaur S, Gupta VK, Joshi A. Heavy metals controlling cardiovascular diseases risk factors in myocardial infarction patients in critically environmentally heavy metal-polluted steel industrial town Mandi-Gobindgarh (India). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3215-3238. [PMID: 34455537 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) have a very significant clinical role in the pathogenesis, progression and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The prevalence of CVDs was reported to be higher in critically environmentally HM-polluted (EHMP) steel industrial town Mandi-Gobindgarh (India) for the last more than a decade. To ascertain the role of HMs in the onset of CVDs, the present study was chosen to investigate HMs content in myocardial infarction (MI) patients from EHMP steel industrial town Mandi-Gobindgarh. Total of 110 MI patients along with number- and age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited in the present investigation. The CVDs risk factors estimated in MI patients were overweight (higher body mass index), hypertension (higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures), dyslipidaemia (higher serum cholesterol, triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol), inflammation (higher-serum C reactive protein and aldosterone) and elevated oxidative stress (higher urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine). An imbalance of serum electrolyte concentrations including Na (hypernatremia), Ca (hypercalcaemia) and K (hypokalaemia) was also observed in MI patients in which CVDs risk factors were found to correlate positively with serum Na and Ca and negatively with serum K, respectively. Hair HM analysis was used as a bio-indicator for monitoring body HM status from past environmental HM exposure in which CVDs risk factors were observed to correlate positively with higher hair concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mo, Pb, As, Ca and Na and negatively with lower hair concentrations of Cu, Mg, Mn and K in MI patients, respectively. Thus, higher hair concentrations of Zn and Pb indicate their higher environmental exposure and possible cause of higher CVDs risk factors in MI patients from Mandi-Gobindgarh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshu Mandal
- Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector-26, Chandigarh, UT, India.
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, UT, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Gupta
- Civil Hospital, Mandi-Gobindgarh, Fatehgarh Sahib District, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbial Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector-26, Chandigarh, UT, India
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Munkhjargal U, Fukuda D, Ganbaatar B, Suto K, Matsuura T, Ise T, Kusunose K, Yamaguchi K, Yagi S, Yamada H, Soeki T, Wakatsuki T, Sata M. A Selective Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blocker, Esaxerenone, Attenuates Vascular Dysfunction in Diabetic C57BL/6 Mice. J Atheroscler Thromb 2022; 30:326-334. [PMID: 35732424 PMCID: PMC10067342 DOI: 10.5551/jat.63382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Pharmacological blockade of mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) is a potential therapeutic approach to reduce cardiovascular complications since MRs play a crucial role in cardiovascular regulation. Recent studies suggest that MR antagonists affect several extrarenal tissues, including vessel function. We investigated the effect of a novel nonsteroidal selective MR blocker, esaxerenone, on diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction. METHODS Diabetes was induced by a single dose of streptozotocin in 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. Esaxerenone (3 mg/kg/day) or a vehicle was administered by gavage to diabetic mice for 3 weeks. Metabolic parameters, plasma aldosterone levels, and parameters related to renal function were measured. Endothelium-dependent or -independent vascular responses of the aortic segments were analyzed with acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside, respectively. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used for the in vitro study. RESULTS Induction of diabetes elevated plasma aldosterone level (P<0.05) and impaired endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation (P<0.05). The administration of esaxerenone ameliorated the endothelial dysfunction (P<0.01) without the alteration of metabolic parameters, blood pressure, and renal function. Esaxerenone improved the eNOSSer1177 phosphorylation in the aorta obtained from diabetic mice (P<0.05) compared with that in the vehicle-treated group. Furthermore, a major MR agonist, aldosterone, decreased eNOSSer1177 phosphorylation and increased eNOSThr495 phosphorylation in HUVECs, which recovered with esaxerenone. Esaxerenone ameliorated the endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation caused by aldosterone in the aortic segments obtained from C57BL/6 mice (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Esaxerenone attenuates the development of diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction in mice. These results suggest that esaxerenone has potential vascular protective effects in individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uugantsetseg Munkhjargal
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Daiju Fukuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Byambasuren Ganbaatar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Kumiko Suto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tomomi Matsuura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takayuki Ise
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Kenya Kusunose
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Koji Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Shusuke Yagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Hirotsugu Yamada
- Department of Community Medicine for Cardiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takeshi Soeki
- Department of Community Medicine and Medical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tetsuzo Wakatsuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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Hirooka K, Kiuchi Y. The Retinal Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Implications for Glaucoma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040610. [PMID: 35453295 PMCID: PMC9029628 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone is one of the main effectors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) along with having roles in hypertension, and cardiovascular and renal diseases. Recent evidence has also shown the presence of an active local RAAS within the human eye. It has been shown that at 12 h after a retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, there is an upregulation of the protein levels of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) in the retina. Furthermore, at 12 h after reperfusion, there is an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the retina that is mediated via an NADPH oxidase pathway. This ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced increase of retinal ROS levels and NADPH oxidase expression can be prevented by the administration of an AT1-R antagonist. This suggests that one of the main retinal ischemic injury pathways is via the local RAAS. It has also been reported that progressive retinal ganglion cell loss and glaucomatous optic nerve degeneration without elevated intraocular pressure occur after administration of local or systemic aldosterone. Elucidation of glaucoma pathogenesis, especially normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) subtype by our current animal model can be used for identifying potential therapeutic targets. Based on these results, we are further evaluating NTG prevalence among primary aldosteronism patients.
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Wada Y, Higashide T, Sakaguchi K, Nagata A, Hirooka K, Sugiyama K. Compromised blood flow in the optic nerve head after systemic administration of 2 aldosterone in rats: A possible rat model of retinal ganglion cell loss. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:777-785. [PMID: 35179420 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2029907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the optic nerve head (ONH) blood flow, retinal vessel diameters, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss after systemic administration of aldosterone in rats. METHODS Aldosterone (80 μg/kg/day) or vehicle was administered using an osmotic minipump in Brown Norway rats. The mean blur rate in the vessel (MV) and tissue (MT) regions and retinal vessel diameters in the ONH were measured by laser speckle flowgraphy before and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after administration of aldosterone or vehicle. Intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded. The retrogradely labeled RGCs were counted in the retinal flatmounts prepared 5 weeks after treatment. RESULTS The MV and MT in the aldosterone group significantly decreased at 2 and 4 weeks (MV: 2 weeks, P = 0.001, 4 weeks, P < 0.001; MT: 2 weeks, P = 0.02, 4 weeks, P = 0.03). The artery and vein diameters significantly decreased at 1, 2, and 4 weeks in the aldosterone group (all P < 0.001). The MV, MT, and vessel diameters remained unchanged in the vehicle group. Other parameters did not change over time in either group. RGC counts were significantly lower in the aldosterone group than in the vehicle group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS ONH blood flow decreased following retinal vessel constriction without changes in IOP or blood pressure in a possible rat model of RGC loss by systemic administration of aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Wada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.,Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Higashide
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Sakaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nagata
- Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hirooka
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
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11
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Lyngsø KS, Jensen BL, Hansen PBL, Dimke H. Endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor ablation confers protection towards endothelial dysfunction in experimental diabetes in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13731. [PMID: 34519423 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM With diabetes comes a significant risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Circulating aldosterone levels increase in patients with diabetes. Aldosterone can directly affect vascular function via activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). We hypothesized that aldosterone via endothelial MR impairs endothelial function in a murine model of experimental diabetes. METHOD Endothelial cell-specific mineralocorticoid receptor knockout MRflox/flox ; Tie2-Cre mice (ECMR-KO) and wild-type FVB littermates were subjected to an experimental type-1 diabetic model by low dose streptozotocin injections (55mg/kg/day) for five consecutive days. After 10 weeks of diabetes, second-order mesenteric resistance arteries were perfused ex vivo to evaluate vessel contractility and endothelial function. The effect of ex vivo incubation with aldosterone with and without the antagonist, spironolactone was determined. RESULTS Diabetic ECMR-KO and wild-type mice had similar, elevated, plasma aldosterone concentration while only diabetic wild-type mice displayed elevated urine albumin excretion and cardiac and kidney hypertrophy at 10 weeks. There were no differences in contraction (Emax and EC50 ) to thromboxane receptor agonist (U46619) and elevated K+ between groups. Wild-type diabetic mice showed impaired acetylcholine (ACh)-dependent relaxation, while diabetic ECMR-KO mice had intact ACh-mediated relaxation. Aldosterone incubation ex vivo impaired ACh mediated relaxation and rendered responses similar to diabetic WT arteries. Direct, ex vivo aldosterone effects were absent in ECMR-KO animals. Ex vivo inhibitory effects of aldosterone on endothelial relaxation in arteries from WT were abolished by spironolactone. CONCLUSION These findings show that endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor activation accounts for diabetes-induced systemic endothelial dysfunction in experimental diabetes and may explain the cardiovascular protection by MR antagonists in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S. Lyngsø
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Boye L. Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Pernille B. L. Hansen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
- Department of Nephrology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
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12
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The Acute Effects of Different Spironolactone Doses on Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2021-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Increased bioavailability of reactive oxygen species is defined as oxidative stress and is noticed in type 2 DM and reduced antioxidant enzymes expression/ activity. Aldosterone, an adrenal hormone, is secreted due to renin-angiotensin–aldosterone system activation, representing one of the fundamental physiological reactions in CVD. Spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, uses enhanced coronary microvascular function, suggesting a beneficial role of aldosterone in preventing diabetic cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 DM. In this study, we evaluated the influence of spironolactone's acute administration on oxidative stress in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin. The present study was carried out on 40 adult male Wistar albino rats (8 weeks old). Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (10 animals per group): healthy rats treated with 0.1 μM of spironolactone, diabetic rats treated with 0.1 μM of spironolactone, healthy rats treated with 3 μM of spironolactone, and diabetic rats treated with 3 μM of spironolactone. Spironolactone achieved different effects on oxidative stress parameters when given acutely in different doses in diabetic and healthy rats. In lower doses, spironolactone's acute administration reached lowered parameters of oxidative stress in healthy rats better than higher doses of spironolactone. In contrast, in the diabetic group, acute effects of higher doses of spironolactone lowered oxidative stress parameters better than lower spironolactone doses.
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Zhang Q, Han L, Zheng S, Ouyang F, Wu X, Yan J, Zhan M, Ke P, Zhuang J, Huang X. An isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry candidate reference measurement procedure for aldosterone measurement in human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:4471-4481. [PMID: 34018033 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantitation of aldosterone is clinically important in standardized testing for primary aldosteronism. The results are often variable when performed by clinical immunoassays. To standardize and ensure the accuracy of clinical systems, reference measurement procedures (RMPs) with higher metrological order are required. A simple and reliable isotope dilution LC-IDMS/MS-based measurement procedure for human plasma aldosterone has been developed. This method involved plasma spiked with a deuterium-labelled internal standard, equilibrated for 0.5 h, and extracted by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) without derivatization. Aldosterone and its structural analogues were baseline separated with a C18-packed UHPLC column with gradient elution within 7 min. The signal intensity variability and measurement imprecision were reduced by bracketing calibration during plasma aldosterone value assignment. The limit of detection (LoD) was 19.4 pmol/L with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) > 3. The lowest limit of quantification (LLoQ) was 27.7 pmol/L (S/N > 10 and CV < 10.0%). LLE was performed with 1 mL of n-hexane/ethyl acetate (3:2, v/v), and the extraction recovery was determined to be 92.15 ± 3.54%. The imprecisions were ≤ 3.18% for samples at 124.8, 867.0, and 2628.5 pmol/L. The recoveries were 98.11-101.61%. The relative bias between this candidate RMP and the established RMP was 2.76-1.89%. The linearity response ranged from 27.7 to 2774.4 pmol/L with R2 = 0.999. The method performance met the requirements of RMPs (≤ 5% total CV and ≤ 3% bias). Furthermore, the developed method was applied to evaluate immunoassays through 41 patient sample comparisons. The calibration and measurement capability (CMC) of this method were also evaluated by measuring these samples. The candidate RMP can serve as an accurate reference baseline for routine methods and can be used for value assignment for reference materials. Selected ion chromatograms by LC-MS/MS using a C18 column for aldosterone and its structural analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.,Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqiao Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Songbai Zheng
- Fujian Huayin Medical Laboratory Center, Xiamen, 361101, Fujian, China
| | - Fen Ouyang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaobin Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Zhan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Peifeng Ke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Junhua Zhuang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xianzhang Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Finsen SH, Hansen MR, Hansen PBL, Mortensen SP. Aldosterone Induces Vasoconstriction in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: Effect of Acute Antioxidant Administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1262-e1270. [PMID: 33247722 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Individuals with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Plasma aldosterone could contribute by reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanisms by inducing a shift in the balance between a vasoconstrictor and vasodilator response to aldosterone. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the acute vascular effects of aldosterone in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with healthy controls and if infusion of an antioxidant (n-acetylcysteine [NAC]) would alter the vascular response. METHODS In a case-control design, 12 participants with type 2 diabetes and 14 healthy controls, recruited from the general community, were studied. Leg hemodynamics were measured before and during aldosterone infusion (0.2 and 5 ng min-1 [L leg volume]-1) for 10 minutes into the femoral artery with and without coinfusion of NAC (125 mg kg-1 hour-1 followed by 25 mg kg-1 hour-1). Leg blood flow and arterial blood pressure was measured, and femoral arterial and venous blood samples were collected. RESULTS Compared with the control group, leg blood flow and vascular conductance decreased during infusion of aldosterone at the high dose in individuals with type 2 diabetes, whereas coinfusion of NAC attenuated this response. Plasma aldosterone increased in both groups during aldosterone infusion and there was no difference between groups at baseline or during the infusions. CONCLUSION These results suggests that type 2 diabetes is associated with a vasoconstrictor response to physiological levels of infused aldosterone and that the antioxidant NAC diminishes this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Høyer Finsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Mie Rytz Hansen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | | | - Stefan P Mortensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Dragasevic N, Jakovljevic V, Zivkovic V, Draginic N, Andjic M, Bolevich S, Jovic S. The role of aldosterone inhibitors in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 99:18-29. [PMID: 32799671 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a well-known term for exacerbation of cellular destruction and dysfunction after the restoration of blood flow to a previously ischaemic heart. A vast number of studies that have demonstrated that the role of mineralocorticoids in cardiovascular diseases is based on the use of pharmacological mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists. This review paper aimed to summarize current knowledge on the effects of MR antagonists on myocardial I/R injury as well as postinfarction remodeling. Animal models, predominantly the Langendorff technique and left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, have confirmed the potency of MR antagonists as preconditioning and postconditioning agents in limiting infarct size and postinfarction remodeling. Several preclinical studies in rodents have established and proved possible mechanisms of cardioprotection by MR antagonists, such as reduction of oxidative stress, reduction of inflammation, and apoptosis, therefore limiting the infarct zone. However, the results of some clinical trials are inconsistent, since they reported no benefit of MR antagonists in acute myocardial infarction. Due to this, further studies and the results of ongoing clinical trials regarding MR antagonist administration in patients with acute myocardial infarction are being awaited with great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Dragasevic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000 Kragujevac, Serbia.,1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Department of Human Pathology, Trubetskaya street 8, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nevena Draginic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marijana Andjic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34 000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Sergey Bolevich
- 1 Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Department of Human Pathology, Trubetskaya street 8, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Slavoljub Jovic
- University of Belgrade, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, Serbia
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16
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Copes F, Pien N, Van Vlierberghe S, Boccafoschi F, Mantovani D. Collagen-Based Tissue Engineering Strategies for Vascular Medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:166. [PMID: 31355194 PMCID: PMC6639767 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for the 31% of total death per year, making them the first cause of death in the world. Atherosclerosis is at the root of the most life-threatening CVDs. Vascular bypass/replacement surgery is the primary therapy for patients with atherosclerosis. The use of polymeric grafts for this application is still burdened by high-rate failure, mostly caused by thrombosis and neointima hyperplasia at the implantation site. As a solution for these problems, the fast re-establishment of a functional endothelial cell (EC) layer has been proposed, representing a strategy of crucial importance to reduce these adverse outcomes. Implant modifications using molecules and growth factors with the aim of speeding up the re-endothelialization process has been proposed over the last years. Collagen, by virtue of several favorable properties, has been widely studied for its application in vascular graft enrichment, mainly as a coating for vascular graft luminal surface and as a drug delivery system for the release of pro-endothelialization factors. Collagen coatings provide receptor-ligand binding sites for ECs on the graft surface and, at the same time, act as biological sealants, effectively reducing graft porosity. The development of collagen-based drug delivery systems, in which small-molecule and protein-based drugs are immobilized within a collagen scaffold in order to control their release for biomedical applications, has been widely explored. These systems help in protecting the biological activity of the loaded molecules while slowing their diffusion from collagen scaffolds, providing optimal effects on the targeted vascular cells. Moreover, collagen-based vascular tissue engineering substitutes, despite not showing yet optimal mechanical properties for their use in the therapy, have shown a high potential as physiologically relevant models for the study of cardiovascular therapeutic drugs and diseases. In this review, the current state of the art about the use of collagen-based strategies, mainly as a coating material for the functionalization of vascular graft luminal surface, as a drug delivery system for the release of pro-endothelialization factors, and as physiologically relevant in vitro vascular models, and the future trend in this field of research will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Copes
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair Tier I for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Nele Pien
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair Tier I for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francesca Boccafoschi
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair Tier I for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair Tier I for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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17
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Liu J, Han X, Zhu G, Liu S, Lu Q, Tang Z. Analysis of potential functional significance of microRNA‑3613‑3p in human umbilical vein endothelial cells affected by heat stress. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1846-1856. [PMID: 31257536 PMCID: PMC6625459 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of microRNA‑3613‑3p (miR‑3613‑3p) was previously reported in endothelial cells (ECs) during heat stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the precise role of miR‑3613‑3p in heat stress. In the present study, potential gene targets of miR‑3613‑3p in heat‑treated ECs were assessed, and the potential effects of miR‑3613‑3p were determined using Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis was used to identify signaling pathways that may be affected by miR‑3613‑3p in heat‑treated cells. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, western blotting and annexin V‑FITC/propidium iodide staining were performed to detect miRNA expression, protein expression and apoptosis, respectively. Luciferase gene reporter assay was performed to evaluate the association between miR‑3613‑3p and mitogen‑activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2). Bioinformatics analysis revealed 865 potential gene targets for miR‑3613‑3p and a series of functions and pathways in heat‑treated ECs. 'Negative regulation of apoptotic process' was identified as a potential function of miR‑3613‑3p. In addition, functional analysis confirmed the downregulated expression levels of miR‑3613‑3p in ECs during heat stress, which was accompanied by an increase in apoptosis; restoration of miR‑3613‑3p expression inhibited apoptosis. MAP3K2 protein was demonstrated to be upregulated in heat‑treated ECs, and overexpression of miR‑3613‑3p reduced MAP3K2 expression levels. Additionally, MAP3K2 was targeted by miR‑3613‑3p. These results indicated that miR‑3613‑3p may have complicated roles in ECs under heat stress. miR‑3613‑3p may serve an important role in the apoptosis of heat‑treated ECs, and this effect may be partly achieved by targeting MAP3K2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Emergency, Central Theater General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Han
- Department of Emergency, Central Theater General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Guoguo Zhu
- Department of Emergency, Central Theater General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Shixin Liu
- Department of Emergency, Central Theater General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qiping Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Central Theater General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhongzhi Tang
- Department of Emergency, Central Theater General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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18
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Choi HI, Ko HJ, Kim AS, Moon H. The Association between Mineral and Trace Element Concentrations in Hair and the 10-Year Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Healthy Community-Dwelling Elderly Individuals. Nutrients 2019; 11:E637. [PMID: 30884739 PMCID: PMC6471722 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional analysis included 137 Korean subjects aged 60⁻79 years. All subjects underwent anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests. Scalp hair samples were obtained from each individual, the concentrations of 36 minerals and trace elements were analyzed, and 16 ratios of elements were calculated. ASCVD risk was estimated using pooled cohort ASCVD risk assessment equations for 10-year risk profiles. The 137 subjects were divided into three risk groups: low (<5%, n = 28), intermediate (5% to <7.5%, n = 21), and high (≥7.5%, n = 88) risk groups. After adjusting for obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²) and sex, Na concentration (mg%) in hair was significantly lower in the low-risk (13.91 ± 7.02) than in the intermediate-risk (47.18 ± 8.08) and high-risk (36.76 ± 3.95) groups (p for trend = 0.024). The concentration of K (mg%) in hair was also positively associated with the severity of ASCVD risk (10.50 ± 8.37, 23.62 ± 9.63, 33.31 ± 4.71, respectively; p for trend = 0.017), but their differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.059). By contrast, the levels of Co, U, and Hg, and the Ca/P and Ca/Mg ratios, were negatively correlated with the severity of ASCVD risk (p for trend < 0.05). Mean Na concentration in hair was significantly lower in the low-risk than in the other risk groups. By contrast, Co, U, and Hg concentrations showed significant negative associations with risk severity. Further studies are needed to assess whether dietary modification for trace elements could lower the risk of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-In Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea.
| | - Hae-Jin Ko
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea.
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
| | - A-Sol Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea.
| | - Hana Moon
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea.
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Takasago Y, Hirooka K, Nakano Y, Kobayashi M, Ono A. Elevated plasma aldosterone levels are associated with a reduction in retinal ganglion cell survival. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2019; 19:1470320318795001. [PMID: 30129805 PMCID: PMC6104211 DOI: 10.1177/1470320318795001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between the plasma concentration of aldosterone and changes in the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after systemic administration of aldosterone. Methods: An osmotic minipump that was subcutaneously implanted into the midscapular region of rats administered 40, 80 or 160 μg/kg/day aldosterone or vehicle. Enzyme immunoassay kits were used to measure the plasma aldosterone concentrations two weeks after the systemic administration of aldosterone or vehicle. Six weeks after these systemic administrations, the number of RGCs was measured. Results: The plasma aldosterone concentrations at two weeks after systemic administration of vehicle or 160 μg/kg/day aldosterone were 238 ± 17 pg/ml and 1750 ± 151 pg/ml (748.5% ± 183.2%), respectively. There was a significant decrease in the number of RGCs in the central retina of the rats after the administration of either 80 or 160 μg/kg/day aldosterone. In the peripheral retina, however, there was a significant decrease in the number of RGCs in 40, 80 or 160 μg/kg/day aldosterone. There was a significant correlation between the number of RGCs and plasma aldosterone concentration. Conclusions: After systemic administration of aldosterone, there was a negative correlation between the plasma aldosterone concentration and the number of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Takasago
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hirooka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Aoi Ono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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20
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Xie X, Shen Y, Chen J, Huang Z, Ge J. Mineralocorticoid receptor deficiency improves the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells for myocardial infarction via enhanced cell survival. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1246-1256. [PMID: 30549184 PMCID: PMC6349200 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor survival of stem cells seriously limits their therapeutic efficacy for myocardial infarction (MI). Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple cardiovascular diseases. Here, we examined whether MR silencing in bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could improve MSCs’ survival and enhance their cardioprotective effects in MI. MSCs from male Sprague‐Dawley rats were transfected with adenoviral small interfering RNA to silence MR (siRNA‐MR). MR silencing decreased hypoxia‐induced MSCs’ apoptosis, as demonstrated by Annexin V/7‐AAD staining. The mechanisms contributing to the beneficial effects of MR depletion were associated with inhibiting intracellular reactive oxygen species production and increased Bcl‐2/Bax ratio. In vivo study, 1 × 106 of MSCs with or without siRNA‐MR were injected into rat hearts immediately after MI. Depletion of MR could improve the MSCs’ survival significantly in infarcted myocardium, associated with more cardiac function improvement and smaller infarct size. Capillary density were also significantly higher in siRNA group with increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Our study demonstrated that silencing MR promoted MSCs’ survival and repair efficacy in ischaemic hearts. MR might be a potential target for enhancing the efficacy of cell therapy in ischaemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Rizhao Heart Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Yunli Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheyong Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Kurtz TW, DiCarlo SE, Pravenec M, Morris RC. Changing views on the common physiologic abnormality that mediates salt sensitivity and initiation of salt-induced hypertension: Japanese research underpinning the vasodysfunction theory of salt sensitivity. Hypertens Res 2018; 42:6-18. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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The endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor: mediator of the switch from vascular health to disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2018; 26:97-104. [PMID: 27930384 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endothelial dysfunction is an early feature of vascular disease induced by cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). In growing populations with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism improves endothelial function. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the specific role of endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor in vascular function in health and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Using transgenic mice with mineralocorticoid receptor expression specifically modulated in endothelial cells, recent studies support the emerging concept that while endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor may be protective in health, in the presence of CRFs, endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor activity contributes to endothelial dysfunction and progression of vascular disease. Proposed mechanisms include a role for endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor in decreased nitric oxide production and bioavailability, increased vascular oxidative stress, regulation of epithelial sodium channels that enhance vascular stiffness, and increased endothelial cell adhesion molecules promoting inflammation. The role of endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor may also depend on the sex, race, or vascular bed involved. SUMMARY Recent advances support the idea that endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor is a mediator of the switch from vascular health to disease in response to CRFs. Further investigation of the molecular mechanism is underway to identify therapeutic interventions that will limit the detrimental effects of endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor in patients at cardiovascular risk.
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Hermidorff MM, de Assis LVM, Isoldi MC. Genomic and rapid effects of aldosterone: what we know and do not know thus far. Heart Fail Rev 2018; 22:65-89. [PMID: 27942913 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-016-9591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is the most known mineralocorticoid hormone synthesized by the adrenal cortex. The genomic pathway displayed by aldosterone is attributed to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling. Even though the rapid effects displayed by aldosterone are long known, our knowledge regarding the receptor responsible for such event is still poor. It is intense that the debate whether the MR or another receptor-the "unknown receptor"-is the receptor responsible for the rapid effects of aldosterone. Recently, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER-1) was elegantly shown to mediate some aldosterone-induced rapid effects in several tissues, a fact that strongly places GPER-1 as the unknown receptor. It has also been suggested that angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) also participates in the aldosterone-induced rapid effects. Despite this open question, the relevance of the beneficial effects of aldosterone is clear in the kidneys, colon, and CNS as aldosterone controls the important water reabsorption process; on the other hand, detrimental effects displayed by aldosterone have been reported in the cardiovascular system and in the kidneys. In this line, the MR antagonists are well-known drugs that display beneficial effects in patients with heart failure and hypertension; it has been proposed that MR antagonists could also play an important role in vascular disease, obesity, obesity-related hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Taken altogether, our goal here was to (1) bring a historical perspective of both genomic and rapid effects of aldosterone in several tissues, and the receptors and signaling pathways involved in such processes; and (2) critically address the controversial points within the literature as regarding which receptor participates in the rapid pathway display by aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla Marques Hermidorff
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro César Isoldi
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil.
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Manochehri M, Moghadam AJ. Studying the Relation of Postprandial Triglyceride with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Med Arch 2018; 70:261-264. [PMID: 27703285 PMCID: PMC5034993 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2016.70.261-264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of mortality worldwide and determination of contributing factors is essential. Aim: This study was conducted to study the relation of postprandial triglyceride as a risk of coronary artery disease in patients with proven CAD by angiography, referred to 502 Hospital of Army in 2015. Material and Methods: This observational study conducted as a case-control and contained 80 male participants referred to 502 Hospital of Army. Half of these participants had proven CAD by angiography test and the other ones were healthy as a control group. Fasting serum triglyceride was evaluated in all participants and postprandial TG was checked 4 hours after a standard meal. Obtained data were analyzed by SPSS ver. 13. Results: The results indicated that fasting TG and postprandial TG level were significantly higher in CAD patients (P-value=0.001). It was also shown evaluation of postprandial TG is more sensitive test than fasting TG in case of CAD patients. Conclusion: Our obtained results shown, evaluation of high level of postprandial TG is more reliable than fasting TG for patients whom suffer from CAD.
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Liu H, Su WW, Long CF, Zhang WJ, Li PB, Wu Z, Liao YY, Zeng X, Chen TB, Zheng YY, Yan ZH, Bi C, Yao HL. An experimental model for hypertensive crises emergencies: Long-term high-fat diet followed by acute vasoconstriction stress on spontaneously hypertensive rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:481-495. [PMID: 29444597 PMCID: PMC5882032 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218759270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the prevention and treatment of hypertensive crises especially when it occurs with serious adverse outcomes have led to worldwide controversy. Despite of clinical possibilities of multiple agents, clinical failures still occur frequently. Therefore, early evaluations and observations of different therapies on appropriate animals should be emphasized. In the present study, an animal model for hypertensive crises emergencies was firstly established and experimentally testified. Five-month-male spontaneously hypertensive rat was consecutively fed with 60%-Kcal fat diet for four, six, and eight weeks with body weight and blood pressure monitored every two weeks, and then followed by an acute vasoconstriction stress of 5-min ice-bath treatment in the 4-h time interval of two adrenaline injections (0.8 mg/kg). Forty-four biochemical parameters were detected, covering hepatic and renal function, blood glucose and lipid levels, myocardial enzymes and energy metabolisms, blood coagulative and anti-coagulative system, oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory cytokine, blood viscosity, and RAAS system. Six tissues including heart, brain, liver, kidney, coronary arteries, and mesenteries were removed for pathological observations with hematoxylin-eosin staining. As a result, multi-organ dysfunctions in the heart, brain, liver, kidney, vascular endothelium, and blood system were testified in the modeling rats at weeks 6 and 8. In conclusion, severe consequences of this animal model were highly similar to those in hypertensive crises emergencies, which could be further utilized in the early intervention of hypertensive crises emergencies including the possible risk factors control and efficient therapies assessment. Impact statement In the late 90s, numerous reports predicted that 1-2% of hypertensive individuals would undergo hypertensive crises (HPC) and figures reached as high as 7% when no antihypertensive therapies were administrated. Currently, clinical failures appear frequently due to the improper or excessive medication regimen instead of the illness itself. Therefore, early evaluations and observations of HPC on appropriate animal models ahead of patients should be discussed and emphasized more widely. In the present study, an appropriate animal model for HPC emergencies was firstly established, in which the consequences of long-term high-fat diet feeding followed by an acute vasoconstriction stress on the spontaneously hypertensive rats were experimentally testified. The proposed model would have a wide application prospects in early intervention of HPC emergencies including the controls of possible risk factors and assessments of efficient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Su
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Feng Long
- Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523325, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Jian Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Bo Li
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Wu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Yin Liao
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Tao-Bin Chen
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ying Zheng
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Zeng-Hao Yan
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Cong Bi
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Liang Yao
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
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Laursen SB, Finsen S, Marcussen N, Quaggin SE, Hansen PBL, Dimke H. Endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor ablation does not alter blood pressure, kidney function or renal vessel contractility. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193032. [PMID: 29466427 PMCID: PMC5821352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone blockade confers substantial cardiovascular and renal protection. The effects of aldosterone on mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) expressed in endothelial cells (EC) within the renal vasculature have not been delineated. We hypothesized that lack of MR in EC may be protective in renal vasculature and examined this by ablating the Nr3c2 gene in endothelial cells (EC-MR) in mice. Blood pressure, heart rate and PAH clearance were measured using indwelling catheters in conscious mice. The role of the MR in EC on contraction and relaxation was investigated in the renal artery and in perfused afferent arterioles. Urinary sodium excretion was determined by use of metabolic cages. EC-MR transgenics had markedly decreased MR expression in isolated aortic endothelial cells as compared to littermates (WT). Blood pressure and effective renal plasma flow at baseline and following AngII infusion was similar between groups. No differences in contraction and relaxation were observed between WT and EC-MR KO in isolated renal arteries during baseline or following 2 or 4 weeks of AngII infusion. The constriction or dilatations of afferent arterioles between genotypes were not different. No changes were found between the groups with respect to urinary excretion of sodium after 4 weeks of AngII infusion, or in urinary albumin excretion and kidney morphology. In conclusion, deletion of the EC-MR does not confer protection towards the development of hypertension, endothelial dysfunction of renal arteries or renal function following prolonged AngII-infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel B. Laursen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stine Finsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susan E. Quaggin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Pernille B. L. Hansen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Besides the well-known renal effects of aldosterone, the hormone is now known to have direct vascular effects. Clinical observations underline substantial adverse effects of aldosterone on cardiovascular function. The source of systemic circulating aldosterone is the adrenal gland zona glomerulosa cells through stimulus-secretion coupling involving depolarization, opening of L- and T-type calcium channels and aldosterone synthase activation. Local formation and release in peripheral tissues such as perivascular fat is recognized. Where does aldosterone affect the vasculature? Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) are present in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, and MR-independent pathways are also involved. The vascular effects of aldosterone are complex, both concentration and temporal and spatial aspects are relevant. The acute response includes vasodilation through endothelial nitric oxide formation and vasoconstrictor effects through endothelial-contracting cyclooxygenase-derived factors and a changed calcium handling. The response to aldosterone can change within the same blood vessels depending on the exposure time and status of the endothelium. Chronic responses involve changed levels of reactive oxygen radicals, endothelial Na-influx and smooth muscle calcium channel expression. Furthermore, perivascular cells for example mast cells have also been suggested to participate in the chronic response. Moreover, the vascular effect of aldosterone depends on the status of the endothelium which is likely the cause of the very different responses to aldosterone and MR treatment observed in human studies going from increased to decreased flow depending on whether the patient had prior cardiovascular disease with endothelial dysfunction or not. A preponderance of constrictor versus dilator responses to aldosterone could therefore be involved in the detrimental vascular actions of the hormone in the setting of endothelial dysfunction and contribute to explain the beneficial action of MR blockers on blood pressure and target organ injury.
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Liu J, Zhu G, Xu S, Liu S, Lu Q, Tang Z. Analysis of miRNA expression profiling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells affected by heat stress. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1719-1730. [PMID: 29039486 PMCID: PMC5716433 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the regulation of endothelial cell (EC) microRNAs (miRNAs) altered by heat stress, miRNA microarrays and bioinformatics methods were used to determine changes in miRNA profiles and the pathophysiological characteristics of differentially expressed miRNAs. A total of 31 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, including 20 downregulated and 11 upregulated miRNAs. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that the validated targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs were significantly enriched in gene transcription regulation. The pathways were also significantly enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, and most were cancer-related, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, pathways involved in cancer, the Wnt signaling pathway, the Hippo signaling pathway, proteoglycans involved in cancer and axon guidance. The miRNA-gene and miRNA-GO network analyses revealed several hub miRNAs, genes and functions. Notably, miR-3613-3p played a dominant role in both networks. MAP3K2, MGAT4A, TGFBR1, UBE2R2 and SMAD4 were most likely to be controlled by the altered miRNAs in the miRNA-gene network. The miRNA-GO network analysis revealed significantly complicated associations between miRNAs and different functions, and that the significantly enriched functions targeted by the differentially expressed miRNAs were mostly involved in regulating gene transcription. The present study demonstrated that miRNAs are involved in the pathophysiology of heat-treated ECs. Understanding the functions of miRNAs may provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the heat-induced pathophysiology of ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Guoguo Zhu
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Siya Xu
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Shixin Liu
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qiping Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Wuhan General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhongzhi Tang
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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Vranic A, Simovic S, Ristic P, Nikolic T, Stojic I, Srejovic I, Zivkovic V, Jakovljevic V, Djuric D. The acute effects of different spironolactone doses on cardiac function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1343-1350. [PMID: 28746811 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of global mortality, while diabetes mellitus remains an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity. A recent study showed that patients with diabetes mellitus treated with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists have improved coronary microvascular function, leading to improved diastolic dysfunction. In this study, we evaluated the influence of acute administration of spironolactone on myocardial function in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, with special emphasis on cardiodynamic parameters in diabetic rat hearts. The present study was carried out on 40 adult male Wistar albino rats (8 weeks old). Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (10 animals per group): healthy rats treated with 0.1 μmol/L of spironolactone, diabetic rats treated with 0.1 μmol/L of spironolactone, healthy rats treated with 3 μmol/L of spironolactone, and diabetic rats treated with 3 μmol/L of spironolactone. Different, dose-dependent, acute responses of spironolactone treatment on isolated, working diabetic and healthy rat heart were observed in our study. In healthy rats, better systolic function was achieved with higher spironolactone dose, while in diabetic rats, similar effects of low and high spironolactone dose were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Vranic
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Stefan Simovic
- b Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Petar Ristic
- c Clinic of Endocrinology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Nikolic
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Isidora Stojic
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Srejovic
- d Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- d Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- d Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia.,e 1st Moscow State Medical, Department of Human Pathology, University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dusan Djuric
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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30
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Luo X, Dan Wang, Luo X, Zhu X, Wang G, Ning Z, Li Y, Ma X, Yang R, Jin S, Huang Y, Meng Y, Li X. Caveolin 1-related autophagy initiated by aldosterone-induced oxidation promotes liver sinusoidal endothelial cells defenestration. Redox Biol 2017; 13:508-521. [PMID: 28734243 PMCID: PMC5521033 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone, with pro-oxidation and pro-autophagy capabilities, plays a key role in liver fibrosis. However, the mechanisms underlying aldosterone-promoted liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) defenestration remain unknown. Caveolin 1 (Cav1) displays close links with autophagy and fenestration. Hence, we aim to investigate the role of Cav1-related autophagy in LSECs defenestration. We found the increase of aldosterone/MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) level, oxidation, autophagy, and defenestration in LSECs in the human fibrotic liver, BDL or hyperaldosteronism models; while antagonizing aldosterone or inhibiting autophagy relieved LSECs defenestration in BDL-induced fibrosis or hyperaldosteronism models. In vitro, fenestrae of primary LSECs gradually shrank, along with the down-regulation of the NO-dependent pathway and the augment of the AMPK-dependent autophagy; these effects were aggravated by rapamycin (an autophagy activator) or aldosterone treatment. Additionally, aldosterone increased oxidation mediated by Cav1, reduced ATP generation, and subsequently induced the AMPK-dependent autophagy, leading to the down-regulation of the NO-dependent pathway and LSECs defenestration. These effects were reversed by MR antagonist spironolactone, antioxidants or autophagy inhibitors. Besides, aldosterone enhanced the co-immunoprecipitation of Cav1 with p62 and ubiquitin, and induced Cav1 co-immunofluorescence staining with LC3, ubiquitin, and F-actin in the perinuclear area of LSECs. Furthermore, aldosterone treatment increased the membrane protein level of Cav1, whereas decrease the cytoplasmic protein level of Cav1, indicating that aldosterone induced Cav1-related selective autophagy and F-actin remodeling to promote defenestration. Consequently, Cav1-related selective autophagy initiated by aldosterone-induced oxidation promotes LSECs defenestration via activating the AMPK-ULK1 pathway and inhibiting the NO-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 52 Zhongshan East Road Nanming District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xintao Zhu
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guozhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuowei Ning
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxin Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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31
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Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors-Physiology and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051032. [PMID: 28492512 PMCID: PMC5454944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone is a uniquely terrestrial hormone, first appearing in lungfish, which have both gills and lungs. Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), on the other hand, evolved much earlier, and are found in cartilaginous and bony fish, presumptive ligand cortisol. MRs have equivalent high affinity for aldosterone, progesterone, and cortisol; in epithelia, despite much higher cortisol circulating levels, aldosterone selectively activates MRs by co-expression of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Type 11. In tissues in which the enzyme is not expressed, MRs are overwhelmingly occupied but not activated by cortisol, which normally thus acts as an MR antagonist; in tissue damage, however, cortisol mimics aldosterone and acts as an MR agonist. The risk profile for primary aldosteronism (PA) is much higher than that in age-, sex-, and blood pressure-matched essential hypertensives. High levels of aldosterone per se are not the problem: in chronic sodium deficiency, as seen in the monsoon season in the highlands of New Guinea, plasma aldosterone levels are extraordinarily high, but cause neither hypertension nor cardiovascular damage. Such damage occurs when aldosterone levels are out of the normal feedback control, and are inappropriately elevated for the salt status of the individual (or experimental animal). The question thus remains of how excess salt can synergize with elevated aldosterone levels to produce deleterious cardiovascular effects. One possible mechanism is through the agency of the elusive ouabain-like factors (OLFs). Such factors are secreted from the adrenal in response to ACTH (adrenalocortical tropic hormone), to angiotensin via AT2R, and-the polar opposite of aldosterone-to sodium loading. They act on blood vessels to cause vasoconstriction and thus elevate blood pressure to dump excess sodium through pressure natriuresis. Their levels are chronically elevated in PA in response to the continually elevated sodium status, and they thus act to constrict coronary and systemic arteries. In the context of the elevated blood volume and total body sodium in a PA patient, this raises blood pressure and acts as the proximate cause of cardiovascular damage. If this is the case, it would appear to offer new insights into therapy for PA. One would be the use of digibindin, or its more recent successors as antagonists of OLFs acting on Na/K ATPase at the vessel wall. A second would be to routinely combine a low dose MR antagonist, an ENaC inhibitor, and sodium restriction as first-line therapy for bilateral aldosterone overproduction. Finally, for unilateral cases post-surgery, there is good reason to include low-dose MRs in drug therapy if required, given the ability of cortisol in damaged blood vessels to mimic aldosterone vasoconstrictor action.
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Schütten MTJ, Houben AJHM, de Leeuw PW, Stehouwer CDA. The Link Between Adipose Tissue Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Signaling and Obesity-Associated Hypertension. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:197-209. [PMID: 28404736 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00037.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese individuals frequently develop hypertension, which is for an important part attributable to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) overactivity. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence on the involvement of dysfunctional adipose tissue in RAAS activation and on the renal, central, and vascular mechanisms linking RAAS components to obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica T J Schütten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J H M Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W de Leeuw
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H, Feletou M, Tang EHC. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease - a 30th anniversary update. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:22-96. [PMID: 26706498 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium can evoke relaxations of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best-characterized endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO) which activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle cells, with the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) initiating relaxation. The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, EDH-mediated responses). As regards the latter, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) now appears to play a dominant role. Endothelium-dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi (e.g. responses to α2 -adrenergic agonists, serotonin, and thrombin) and pertussis toxin-insensitive Gq (e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. New stimulators (e.g. insulin, adiponectin) of the release of EDRFs have emerged. In recent years, evidence has also accumulated, confirming that the release of NO by the endothelial cell can chronically be upregulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and downregulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking, pollution and oxidized low-density lipoproteins) and that it is reduced with ageing and in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively lose the pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and EDH, in particular those due to H2 O2 ), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factors. Recent evidence confirms that most endothelium-dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells and that prostacyclin plays a key role in such responses. Endothelium-dependent contractions are exacerbated when the production of nitric oxide is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive and diabetic patients. In addition, recent data confirm that the release of endothelin-1 can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and that the peptide appears to be an important contributor to vascular dysfunction. Finally, it has become clear that nitric oxide itself, under certain conditions (e.g. hypoxia), can cause biased activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase leading to the production of cyclic inosine monophosphate (cIMP) rather than cGMP and hence causes contraction rather than relaxation of the underlying vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
| | - H. Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - M. Feletou
- Department of Cardiovascular Research; Institut de Recherches Servier; Suresnes France
| | - E. H. C. Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
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Wang Y, Ren Y, Xing L, Dai X, Liu S, Yu B, Wang Y. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation effects of Panax notoginseng and its main components are mediated by nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase pathways. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3998-4006. [PMID: 28101178 PMCID: PMC5228079 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has been used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The main bioactive components of this species are Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of PNS and five of its main components (ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1 and Rd, and notoginsenoside R1) on rat aorta rings pre-contracted with norepinephrine (NE) and to determine the underlying mechanism of action. Isolated aorta rings (with or without intact endothelium) from adult male Wistar rats were stimulated with NE to induce vasoconstriction, and subsequently treated with different concentrations of PNS and its five main components (Rg1, Re, Rb1, R1 and Rd) separately. This procedure was repeated after pre-incubation with the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), the guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin (INDO), in order to elucidate the mechanism of action of PNS and its components. The results demonstrated that PNS and the components Rg1, Re, Rb1 and R1, but not Rd, induced vessel relaxation in a concentration-dependent manner when the endothelium lining was intact. NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME and guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ attenuated the diastolic effects of PNS, Rg1, Re, Rb1 and R1 in aortic rings with intact endothelium. By contrast, INDO, a known COX inhibitor weakened the vasodilation effects of PNS, Re and Rb1 but demonstrated no effect on Rg1 and R1. In conclusion, PNS and two of its main components (Re and Rb1) exert vasodilating effects through the NO and COX pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Leilei Xing
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Dai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
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Correia-Costa L, Morato M, Sousa T, Cosme D, Guimarães JT, Guerra A, Schaefer F, Afonso AC, Azevedo A, Albino-Teixeira A. Urinary fibrogenic cytokines ET-1 and TGF-β1 are associated with urinary angiotensinogen levels in obese children. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:455-64. [PMID: 26482255 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrogenic cytokines are recognized as putative drivers of disease activity and histopathological deterioration in various kidney diseases. We compared urinary transforming growth factor β1 (U-TGF-β1) and endothelin 1 (U-ET-1) levels across body mass index classes and assessed their association with the level of urinary angiotensinogen (U-AGT), a biomarker of intrarenal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). METHODS The was a cross-sectional evaluation of 302 children aged 8-9 years. Ambulatory blood pressure (BP), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), aldosterone level and renal function were evaluated. U-ET-1, U-TGF-β1 and U-AGT levels were determined by immunoenzymatic methods. RESULTS Obese children presented with the lowest levels of U-ET-1 and U-TGF-β1, but the difference was only significant for U-ET-1. In obese children, the median levels of both U-ET-1 and U-TGF-β1 tended to increase across tertiles (T1-T3) of U-AGT (U-ET-1: T1, 19.9 (14.2-26.3); T2, 32.5 (23.3-141.6); T3, 24.8 (18.7-51.5) ng/g creatinine, p = 0.007; U-TGF-β1: T1, 2.2 (1.8-4.0); T2, 4.3 (2.7-11.7); T3, 4.9 (3.8-10.1) ng/g creatinine, p = 0.004]. In multivariate models, in the obese group, U-ET-1 was associated with HOMA-IR and aldosterone and U-AGT levels, and U-TGF-β1 was associated with U-AGT levels and 24 h-systolic BP. CONCLUSIONS Whereas the initial hypothesis of higher levels of urinary fibrogenic cytokines in obese children was not confirmed in our study, both TGF-β1 and U-ET-1 levels were associated with U-AGT level, which likely reflects an early interplay between tissue remodeling and RAAS in obesity-related kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Correia-Costa
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Integrated Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Manuela Morato
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Sousa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dina Cosme
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Tiago Guimarães
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Division of Pediatric Nutrition, Integrated Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alberto Caldas Afonso
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Integrated Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Azevedo
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Albino-Teixeira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Zhang Y, Pan Y, Bian Z, Chen P, Zhu S, Gu H, Guo L, Hu C. Ceramide Production Mediates Aldosterone-Induced Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) Damages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146944. [PMID: 26788916 PMCID: PMC4720365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we studied the underlying mechanism of aldosterone (Aldo)-induced vascular endothelial cell damages by focusing on ceramide. We confirmed that Aldo (at nmol/L) inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) survival, and induced considerable cell apoptosis. We propose that ceramide (mainly C18) production might be responsible for Aldo-mediated damages in HUVECs. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an anti-ceramide lipid, attenuated Aldo-induced ceramide production and following HUVEC damages. On the other hand, the glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitor PDMP or the ceramide (C6) potentiated Aldo-induced HUVEC apoptosis. Eplerenone, a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist, almost completely blocked Aldo-induced C18 ceramide production and HUVEC damages. Molecularly, ceramide synthase 1 (CerS-1) is required for C18 ceramide production by Aldo. Knockdown of CerS-1 by targeted-shRNA inhibited Aldo-induced C18 ceramide production, and protected HUVECs from Aldo. Reversely, CerS-1 overexpression facilitated Aldo-induced C18 ceramide production, and potentiated HUVEC damages. Together, these results suggest that C18 ceramide production mediates Aldo-mediated HUVEC damages. MR and CerS-1 could be the two signaling molecule regulating C18 ceramide production by Aldo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Zhixiang Bian
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Peihua Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Shijian Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Huiyi Gu
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Chun Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
- * E-mail:
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Hwang MH, Yoo JK, Luttrell M, Kim HK, Meade TH, English M, Talcott S, Jaffe IZ, Christou DD. Acute effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism on vascular function in healthy older adults. Exp Gerontol 2015; 73:86-94. [PMID: 26639352 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation by aldosterone may regulate vascular function in health or contribute to vascular dysfunction in cardiovascular disease. Whether the effects are beneficial or detrimental to vascular function appear to be dependent on the integrity of the vascular endothelium and whether the responses are short-term or chronic. Acute modulation of MR activation has resulted in conflicting outcomes on vascular function in young healthy adults. Little is known about the vascular role of aldosterone and MR activation in healthy human aging. The primary objective of this study was to examine whether acute inhibition of MR by the selective antagonist eplerenone, influences vascular function in healthy older adults. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in 22 adults (61±1 years; mean±SE, 53-79 years) who were free from overt clinical cardiovascular disease. We measured brachial artery flow-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation and endothelium-independent dilation to sublingual nitroglycerin (0.4 mg) following eplerenone (100 mg/dose, 2 doses, 24h between doses) or placebo. In response to acute MR antagonism, flow-mediated dilation decreased by 19% (from 6.9±0.5 to 5.6±0.6%, P=0.02; placebo vs. eplerenone). Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity also decreased following MR antagonism based on the ratio of phosphorylated eNOS(Ser1177) to total eNOS (1.53±0.08 vs. 1.29±0.06, P=0.02). Nitroglycerin-induced dilation and blood pressure were unaffected (nitroglycerin-induced dilation: 21.9±1.9 vs. 21.0±1.5%, P=0.5 and systolic/diastolic blood pressure: 135/77±4/2 vs. 134/77±4/2 mmHg, P≥0.6). In conclusion, acute MR antagonism impairs vascular endothelial function in healthy older adults without influencing vascular smooth muscle responsiveness to exogenous nitric oxide or blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Hyon Hwang
- Dept of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Division of Health and Exercise Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeung-Ki Yoo
- Dept of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Meredith Luttrell
- Dept of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Han-Kyul Kim
- Dept of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas H Meade
- Dept of Cardiology, Baylor Scott & White Health, College Station, TX, United States; Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Mark English
- Dept of Family & Community Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Susanne Talcott
- Dept of Nutrition and Food Science and Dept of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Demetra D Christou
- Dept of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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Silva MAB, Bruder-Nascimento T, Cau SBA, Lopes RAM, Mestriner FLAC, Fais RS, Touyz RM, Tostes RC. Spironolactone treatment attenuates vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice by decreasing oxidative stress and restoring NO/GC signaling. Front Physiol 2015; 6:269. [PMID: 26500555 PMCID: PMC4593519 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (DM2) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Aldosterone, which has pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects in the cardiovascular system, is positively regulated in DM2. We assessed whether blockade of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) with spironolactone decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated vascular dysfunction and improves vascular nitric oxide (NO) signaling in diabetes. Leptin receptor knockout [LepR(db)/LepR(db) (db/db)] mice, a model of DM2, and their counterpart controls [LepR(db)/LepR(+), (db/+) mice] received spironolactone (50 mg/kg body weight/day) or vehicle (ethanol 1%) via oral per gavage for 6 weeks. Spironolactone treatment abolished endothelial dysfunction and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation (Ser(1177)) in arteries from db/db mice, determined by acetylcholine-induced relaxation and Western Blot analysis, respectively. MR antagonist therapy also abrogated augmented ROS-generation in aorta from diabetic mice, determined by lucigenin luminescence assay. Spironolactone treatment increased superoxide dismutase-1 and catalase expression, improved sodium nitroprusside and BAY 41-2272-induced relaxation, and increased soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) β subunit expression in arteries from db/db mice. Our results demonstrate that spironolactone decreases diabetes-associated vascular oxidative stress and prevents vascular dysfunction through processes involving increased expression of antioxidant enzymes and sGC. These findings further elucidate redox-sensitive mechanisms whereby spironolactone protects against vascular injury in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcondes A B Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago Bruder-Nascimento
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Stefany B A Cau
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rheure A M Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fabiola L A C Mestriner
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Fais
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Protein Kinase C Isoforms Distinctly Regulate Propofol-induced Endothelium-dependent and Endothelium-independent Vasodilation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 66:276-84. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Matsumoto T, Goulopoulou S, Taguchi K, Tostes RC, Kobayashi T. Constrictor prostanoids and uridine adenosine tetraphosphate: vascular mediators and therapeutic targets in hypertension and diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3980-4001. [PMID: 26031319 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the development of systemic complications associated with arterial hypertension and diabetes. The endothelium, or more specifically, various factors derived from endothelial cells tightly regulate vascular function, including vascular tone. In physiological conditions, there is a balance between endothelium-derived factors, that is, relaxing factors (endothelium-derived relaxing factors; EDRFs) and contracting factors (endothelium-derived contracting factors; EDCFs), which mediate vascular homeostasis. However, in disease states, such as diabetes and arterial hypertension, there is an imbalance between EDRF and EDCF, with a reduction of EDRF signalling and an increase of EDCF signalling. Among EDCFs, COX-derived vasoconstrictor prostanoids play an important role in the development of vascular dysfunction associated with hypertension and diabetes. Moreover, uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up4 A), identified as an EDCF in 2005, also modulates vascular function. However, the role of Up4 A in hypertension- and diabetes-associated vascular dysfunction is unclear. In the present review, we focused on experimental and clinical evidence that implicate these two EDCFs (vasoconstrictor prostanoids and Up4 A) in vascular dysfunction associated with hypertension and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kumiko Taguchi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tsuneo Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Ferrario CM, Schiffrin EL. Role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 2015; 116:206-13. [PMID: 25552697 PMCID: PMC4283558 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.302706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone exerts its best known sodium homeostasis actions by controlling sodium excretion at the level of the distal tubules via activation of the apical epithelial sodium channel and the basolateral Na(+)/K(+)ATPase pump. Recently, this mineralocorticoid hormone has been demonstrated to act on the heart and blood vessels. Excess release of aldosterone in relation to the salt status induces both genomic and nongenomic effects that by promoting endothelial dysfunction, and vascular and cardiorenal adverse remodeling, contribute to the target organ damage found in hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and chronic renal failure. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockers have been shown to be highly effective in resistant hypertension and to slow down heart failure progression, and in experimental animals, the development of atherosclerosis. Blockade of the action of aldosterone and potentially other mineralocorticoid steroids has been increasingly demonstrated to be an extremely beneficial therapy in different forms of cardiovascular disease. This review provides a summary of the knowledge that exists on aldosterone actions in the cardiovascular system and, in providing the translational impact of this knowledge to the clinical arena, illustrates how much more needs to be achieved in exploring the use of mineralocorticoid receptor blockers in less advanced stages of heart, renal, and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- From the Hypertension Translational Research Laboratory, Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology, and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston Salem, NC (C.M.F.); and Department of Medicine and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada (E.L.S.).
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- From the Hypertension Translational Research Laboratory, Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine-Nephrology, and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Science Center, Winston Salem, NC (C.M.F.); and Department of Medicine and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada (E.L.S.)
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Peng T, Hu Z, Wu L, Li D, Yang X. Correlation between endothelial dysfunction and left ventricular remodeling in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:420-6. [PMID: 25412643 DOI: 10.1159/000368455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To investigate the role of endothelial dysfunction on left ventricular remodeling in patients with chronic kidney disease and to evaluate the correlation between endothelial dysfunction and left ventricular remodeling. METHODS Seventy-three patients with chronic kidney disease as study-group and thirty healthy volunteers as control-group were enrolled in the present study. All patients in both groups had echocardiography examination. The concentration of endothelin-1, nitric oxide, and inducible nitric oxide synthase of serum of all patients and healthy volunteers was measured. The incidence of cardiac structural abnormalities in patients with chronic kidney disease, and the relationship between endothelial dysfunction and cardiac structural abnormalities were analyzed. RESULTS The incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular concentric remodeling, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction was 65%, 8.33%, and 16.67%, respectively. The level of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide increased in study-group, and the concentration of inducible nitric oxide synthase decreased. There was significant positively relationship between plasma endothelin-1 and left ventricular mass index, interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular diastolic diameter. There was negatively relationship between the level of serum nitric oxide and the maximum flow velocity at the mitral in left ventricular diastolic stage. There was not any correlation between inducible nitric oxide synthase with left ventricular remodeling. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that there was a higher incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Endothelin-1 and nitric oxide played an important role on the development of left ventricular hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
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Abstract
The origins of the hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate (H+ISDN) combination therapy are rooted in the first large-scale clinical trial in heart failure: V-HeFT I. Initially utilized for the balanced vasodilatory properties of each drug, we now know there is "more to the story." In fact, the maintenance of the nitroso-redox balance may be the true mechanism of benefit. Since the publication of V-HeFT I 30 years ago, H+ISDN has been the subject of much discussion and debate. Regardless of the many controversies surrounding H+ISDN, one thing is clear: therapy is underutilized and many patients who could benefit never receive the drugs. Ongoing physician and patient education are mandatory to improve the rates of H+ISDN use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Cole
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 1365 Clifton Road Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Divya Gupta
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 1365 Clifton Road Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Javed Butler
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 1365 Clifton Road Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Dorrance AM. Interfering with mineralocorticoid receptor activation: the past, present, and future. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:61. [PMID: 25165560 PMCID: PMC4126546 DOI: 10.12703/p6-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is a potent mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal gland. Aldosterone binds to and activates the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in a plethora of tissues, but the cardiovascular actions of aldosterone are of primary interest clinically. Although MR antagonists were developed as antihypertensive agents, they are now considered to be important therapeutic options for patients with heart failure. Specifically, blocking only the MR has proven to be a difficult task because of its similarity to other steroid receptors, including the androgen and progesterone receptors. This lack of specificity caused the use of the first-generation mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists to be fraught with difficulty because of the side effects produced by drug administration. However, in recent years, several advances have been made that could potentially increase the clinical use of agents that inhibit the actions of aldosterone. These will be discussed here along with some examples of the beneficial effects of these new therapeutic agents.
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Paulus P, Rupprecht K, Baer P, Obermüller N, Penzkofer D, Reissig C, Scheller B, Holfeld J, Zacharowski K, Dimmeler S, Schlammes J, Urbschat A. The early activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 initiates kidney injury after ischemia and reperfusion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94366. [PMID: 24736450 PMCID: PMC3988056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most important complications in hospitalized patients and its pathomechanisms are not completely elucidated. We hypothesize that signaling via toll-like receptor (TLR)-3, a receptor that is activated upon binding of double-stranded nucleotides, might play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AKI following ischemia and reperfusion (IR). Male adult C57Bl6 wild-type (wt) mice and TLR-3 knock-out (-/-) mice were subjected to 30 minutes bilateral selective clamping of the renal artery followed by reperfusion for 30 min 2.5h and 23.5 hours or subjected to sham procedures. TLR-3 down-stream signaling was activated already within 3 h of ischemia and reperfusion in post-ischemic kidneys of wt mice lead to impaired blood perfusion followed by a strong pro-inflammatory response with significant neutrophil invasion. In contrast, this effect was absent in TLR-3-/- mice. Moreover, the quick TLR-3 activation resulted in kidney damage that was histomorphologically associated with significantly increased apoptosis and necrosis rates in renal tubules of wt mice. This finding was confirmed by increased kidney injury marker NGAL in wt mice and a better preserved renal perfusion after IR in TLR-3-/- mice than wt mice. Overall, the absence of TLR-3 is associated with lower cumulative kidney damage and maintained renal blood perfusion within the first 24 hours of reperfusion. Thus, we conclude that TLR-3 seems to participate in the pathogenesis of early acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Paulus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Katrin Rupprecht
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick Baer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicholas Obermüller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniela Penzkofer
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christin Reissig
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bertram Scheller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johannes Holfeld
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joelle Schlammes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Urbschat
- Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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van den Berg TNA, Rongen GA, Fröhlich GM, Deinum J, Hausenloy DJ, Riksen NP. The cardioprotective effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:72-87. [PMID: 24275323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite state-of-the-art reperfusion therapy, morbidity and mortality remain significant in patients with an acute myocardial infarction. Therefore, novel strategies to limit myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury are urgently needed. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists are attractive candidates for this purpose, since several clinical trials in patients with heart failure have reported a survival benefit with MR antagonist treatment. MRs are expressed by several cells of the cardiovascular system, including cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. Experiments in animal models of myocardial infarction have demonstrated that acute administration of MR antagonists, either before ischemia or immediately at the moment of coronary reperfusion, limits infarct size. This action appears to be independent of the presence of aldosterone and cortisol, which are the endogenous ligands for the MR. The cardioprotective effect is mediated by a nongenomic intracellular signaling pathway, including adenosine receptor stimulation, and activation of several components of the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) pathway. In addition to limiting infarct size, MR antagonists can improve scar healing when administered shortly after reperfusion and can reduce cardiac remodeling post myocardial infarction. Clinical trials are currently being performed studying whether early administration of MR antagonists can indeed improve prognosis in patients with an acute myocardial infarction, independent of the presence of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N A van den Berg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Rongen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Georg M Fröhlich
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaap Deinum
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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47
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Toda N, Toda H, Okamura T. Regulation of myometrial circulation and uterine vascular tone by constitutive nitric oxide. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:414-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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