1
|
Wang X, Wei Y, Yang Y, Yang Y, Li H, Li Y, Zhang F, Wang L. Animal models of primary biliary cholangitis: status and challenges. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:214. [PMID: 37993960 PMCID: PMC10664283 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease. The aetiology of PBC remains unclear, and its pathogenesis is complex. Animal models are essential to clarify the pathogenesis of PBC and explore the occurrence of early events. MAIN BODY Herein, we review recent research progress in PBC animal models, including genetically modified, chemically inducible, biologically inducible, and protein-immunised models. Although these animal models exhibit several immunological and pathological features of PBC, they all have limitations that constrain further research and weaken their connection with clinical practice. CONCLUSION The review will benefit efforts to understand and optimise animal models in order to further clarify PBC pathogenesis and molecular targets for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlei Yang
- Clinical Biobank, Department Medical Research Central, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjiao Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haolong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Y, He X, Rojas M, Leung PSC, Gao L. Mechanism-based target therapy in primary biliary cholangitis: opportunities before liver cirrhosis? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184252. [PMID: 37325634 PMCID: PMC10266968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an immune-mediated liver disease characterized by cholestasis, biliary injuries, liver fibrosis, and chronic non-suppurative cholangitis. The pathogenesis of PBC is multifactorial and involves immune dysregulation, abnormal bile metabolism, and progressive fibrosis, ultimately leading to cirrhosis and liver failure. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA) are currently used as first- and second-line treatments, respectively. However, many patients do not respond adequately to UDCA, and the long-term effects of these drugs are limited. Recent research has advanced our understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis in PBC and greatly facilitated development of novel drugs to target mechanistic checkpoints. Animal studies and clinical trials of pipeline drugs have yielded promising results in slowing disease progression. Targeting immune mediated pathogenesis and anti-inflammatory therapies are focused on the early stage, while anti-cholestatic and anti-fibrotic therapies are emphasized in the late stage of disease, which is characterized by fibrosis and cirrhosis development. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that currently, there exists a dearth of therapeutic options that can effectively impede the progression of the disease to its terminal stages. Hence, there is an urgent need for further research aimed at investigating the underlying pathophysiology mechanisms with potential therapeutic effects. This review highlights our current knowledge of the underlying immunological and cellular mechanisms of pathogenesis in PBC. Further, we also address current mechanism-based target therapies for PBC and potential therapeutic strategies to improve the efficacy of existing treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - XiaoSong He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Manuel Rojas
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Patrick S. C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Someya S, Uchiyama A, Arai K, Kon K, Yamashina S, Watanabe S, Ikejima K. Gender-specific development of experimental autoimmune cholangitis induced by double-stranded RNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 588:90-96. [PMID: 34953211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we investigated the gender difference in murine cholangitis resembling human primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) caused by synthetic double-stranded RNA, and underlying hepatic innate immune responses. Female C57Bl/6 mice given repeated injections of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) for 24 weeks developed overt cholangitis with positive serum anti-mitochondria-M2 antibody, whereas male mice showed minimal pathological changes without induction in autoantibody. Poly I:C induced hepatic inflammatory cytokines and type-I interferons predominantly in females. Hepatic expression levels of toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and melanoma differentiation-associated protein (MDA) 5 were equivalent in both genders; however, both mRNA and protein levels of retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I were nearly doubled in female livers. Following 4-week injections of poly I:C, not only hepatic RIG-I, but also TLR3 and MDA5 showed female-predominance. Moreover, hepatic RIG-I levels were 25% lower in ovariectomized mice, whereas supplementation of 17 β-estradiol enhanced hepatic RIG-I expression, as well as cytokine induction. These results clearly indicate that hepatic RIG-I expression is potentiated by estrogen, and triggers gender-dependent hepatic innate immune response against double-stranded RNA, which most likely play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune cholangiopathies including PBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunin Someya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Uchiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunhei Yamashina
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ikejima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Papadopoulos VE, Skarlis C, Evangelopoulos ME, Mavragani CP. Type I interferon detection in autoimmune diseases: challenges and clinical applications. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:883-903. [PMID: 34096436 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1939686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating data highlights that the dysregulation of type I interferon (IFN) pathways plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Advances in understanding the role of type I IFNs in these disorders can lead to targeted drug development as well as establishing potential disease biomarkers. AREAS COVERED Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the role of type I IFNs in the major systemic, as well as organ-specific, autoimmune disorders, including prominent inflammatory CNS disorders like multiple sclerosis. EXPERT OPINION Type I IFN involvement and its clinical associations in a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases represents a promising area for research aiming to unveil common pathogenetic pathways in systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis E Papadopoulos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Skarlis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleftheria Evangelopoulos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Clio P Mavragani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li H, Guan Y, Han C, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Wei W, Ma Y. The pathogenesis, models and therapeutic advances of primary biliary cholangitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111754. [PMID: 34044277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of intrahepatic small bile ducts and the presence of antimitochondrial antibody (AMA), eventually progresses to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors are involved in the occurrence of PBC, and the epitopes exposure and the imbalance of autoimmune tolerance are the last straw. The apoptosis of biliary epithelial cell (BEC) leads to the release of autoantigen epitopes, which activate the immune system, and the disorder of innate and adaptive immunity eventually leads to the start of disease. Animal models have unique advantages in investigating the pathogenesis and drug exploitation of PBC. Multiple models have been reported, and spontaneous model and induced model have been widely used in relevant research of PBC in recent years. Currently, the only drugs licensed for PBC are ursodesoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA). In the last few years, as the learned more about the pathogenesis of PBC, more and more targets have been discovered, and multiple targeted drugs are being in developed. In this review, the pathogenesis, murine models and treatment strategies of PBC were summarized, and the current research status was discussed to provide insights for the further study of PBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yanling Guan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chenchen Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Yang Ma
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao HJ, Han QJ, Wang G, Lin A, Xu DQ, Wang YQ, Zhao LH, Tian ZG, Zhang J. Poly I:C-based rHBVvac therapeutic vaccine eliminates HBV via generation of HBV-specific CD8 + effector memory T cells. Gut 2019; 68:2032-2043. [PMID: 30635406 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection is a global health problem. Finding a cure for CHB remains a challenging task. DESIGN In this study, poly I:C was employed as an adjuvant for HBV therapeutic vaccine (referred to as pHBV-vaccine) and the feasibility and efficiency of pHBV-vaccine in CHB treatment were evaluated in HBV-carrier mice. RESULTS We found that pHBV-vaccine decreased HBsAg and HBV DNA efficiently and safely in HBV-carrier mice. Further investigation showed that pHBV-vaccine promoted maturation and antigen presentation ability of dendritic cells in vivo and in vitro. This vaccine successfully restored the exhaustion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and partly broke the immune tolerance established in HBV-carrier mice. pHBV-vaccine also enhanced the proliferation and polyfunctionality of HBV-specific CD11ahi CD8αlo cells. Importantly, we observed that T cell activation molecule KLRG1 was only expressed on HBV specific CD11ahi CD8αlo cells. Furthermore, pHBV-vaccine reduced the expression of Eomes and increased the serum IL-12 levels, which in turn promoted the generation of effector memory short-lived effector cells (SLECs) to exhibit a critical role in HBV clearance. SLECs induced by pHBV-vaccine might play a crucial role in protecting from HBV reinfection. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study provide a new basis for the development of therapeutic pHBV-vaccine, which might be a potential candidate for clinical CHB therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jun Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiu-Ju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ang Lin
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dong-Qing Xu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Qun Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lian-Hui Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Tian
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sato K, Glaser S, Kennedy L, Liangpunsakul S, Meng F, Francis H, Alpini G. Preclinical insights into cholangiopathies: disease modeling and emerging therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:461-472. [PMID: 30990740 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1608950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The common predominant clinical features of cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and biliary atresia (BA) are biliary damage/senescence and liver fibrosis. Curative therapies are lacking, and liver transplantation is the only option. An understanding of the mechanisms and pathogenesis is needed to develop novel therapies. Previous studies have developed various disease-based research models and have identified candidate therapeutic targets. Areas covered: This review summarizes recent studies performed in preclinical models of cholangiopathies and the current understanding of the pathophysiology representing potential targets for novel therapies. A literature search was conducted in PubMed using the combination of the searched term 'cholangiopathies' with one or two keywords including 'model', 'cholangiocyte', 'animal', or 'fibrosis'. Papers published within five years were obtained. Expert opinion: Access to appropriate research models is a key challenge in cholangiopathy research; establishing more appropriate models for PBC is an important goal. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated promising results and have led to novel therapeutic approaches, especially for PSC. Further studies on the pathophysiology of PBC and BA are necessary to identify candidate targets. Innovative therapeutic approaches such as stem cell transplantation have been introduced, and those therapies could be applied to PSC, PBC, and BA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- c Department of Medical Physiology , Texas A&M University Collage of Medicine , Temple , TX , USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Heather Francis
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lombardi A, Tsomos E, Hammerstad SS, Tomer Y. Interferon alpha: The key trigger of type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2018; 94:7-15. [PMID: 30115527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IFNα is a cytokine essential to a vast array of immunologic processes. Its induction early in the innate immune response provides a priming mechanism that orchestrates numerous subsequent pathways in innate and adaptive immunity. Despite its beneficial effects in viral infections IFNα has been reported to be associated with several autoimmune diseases including autoimmune thyroid disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, primary biliary cholangitis, and recently emerged as a major cytokine that triggers Type 1 Diabetes. In this review, we dissect the role of IFNα in T1D, focusing on the potential pathophysiological mechanisms involved. Evidence from human and mouse studies indicates that IFNα plays a key role in enhancing islet expression of HLA-I in patients with T1D, thereby increasing autoantigen presentation and beta cell activation of autoreactive cytotoxic CD8 T-lymphocytes. The binding of IFNα to its receptor induces the secretion of chemokines, attracting monocytes, T lymphocytes, and NK cells to the infected tissue triggering autoimmunity in susceptible individuals. Furthermore, IFNα impairs insulin production through the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress as well as by impairing mitochondrial function. Due to its central role in the early phases of beta cell death, targeting IFNα and its pathways in genetically predisposed individuals may represent a potential novel therapeutic strategy in the very early stages of T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lombardi
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Effie Tsomos
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sara S Hammerstad
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Ulleval, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yaron Tomer
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang X, Li X, Ito A, Sogo Y, Watanabe Y, Hashimoto K, Yamazaki A, Ohno T, Tsuji NM. Synergistic effects of stellated fibrous mesoporous silica and synthetic dsRNA analogues for cancer immunotherapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1057-1060. [PMID: 29323387 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08222c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stellated fibrous mesoporous silica nanospheres significantly improve the cellular uptake of cancer antigen and the maturation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells in vitro. Moreover, the combination of poly(I:C) with stellated fibrous MS nanospheres markedly decreases the necessary dose of poly(I:C) for anti-tumor immunity, and thus opens new opportunities for the future clinical application of poly(I:C) in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiupeng Wang
- Health Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mesenchymal Stem Cells as New Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2017; 2017:7492836. [PMID: 29410945 PMCID: PMC5749170 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7492836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune cholestatic liver disease characterized by the progressive destruction of small- and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts with resultant cholestasis and progressive fibrosis. Ursodeoxycholic acid and obethicholic acid are the only agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of PBC. However, for patients with advanced, end-stage PBC, liver transplantation is still the most effective treatment. Accordingly, the alternative approaches, such as mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation, have been suggested as an effective alternative therapy for these patients. Due to their immunomodulatory characteristics, MSCs are considered as promising therapeutic agents for the therapy of autoimmune liver diseases, including PBC. In this review, we have summarized the therapeutic potential of MSCs for the treatment of these diseases, emphasizing molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for MSC-based effects in an animal model of PBC and therapeutic potential observed in recently conducted clinical trials. We have also presented several outstanding problems including safety issues regarding unwanted differentiation of transplanted MSCs which limit their therapeutic use. Efficient and safe MSC-based therapy for PBC remains a challenging issue that requires continuous cooperation between clinicians, researchers, and patients.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hafner AM, Corthésy B, Textor M, Merkle HP. Surface-assembled poly(I:C) on PEGylated PLGA microspheres as vaccine adjuvant: APC activation and bystander cell stimulation. Int J Pharm 2017; 514:176-188. [PMID: 27863662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres are potential vehicles to deliver antigens for vaccination. Because they lack the full capacity to activate professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), combination with an immunostimulatory adjuvant may be considered. A candidate is the synthetic TLR3 ligand polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid, poly(I:C), which drives cell-mediated immunity. However, poly(I:C) has also been linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, as affected by widespread stimulation of non-hematopoietic bystander cells. To address this aspect, we propose to minimize the poly(I:C) dose as well as to control the stimulation of non-immune bystander cells by poly(I:C). To facilitate the maturation of APCs with minimal poly(I:C) doses, we surface-assembled poly(I:C) onto PLGA microspheres. The microspheres' surface was further modified by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) coronas with varying PEG-densities. PLGA microspheres loaded with tetanus toxoid (tt) as model antigen were manufactured by microextrusion-based solvent extraction. The negatively charged PLGA(tt) microspheres were coated with polycationic poly(l-lysine) (PLL) polymers, either PLL itself or PEG-grafted PLL (PLL-g-PEG) with varying grafting ratios (g=2.2 and g=10.1). Stable surface assembly of poly(I:C) was achieved by subsequent incubation of polymer-coated PLGA microspheres with aqueous poly(I:C) solutions. We evaluated the immunostimulatory potential of such PLGA(tt) microsphere formulations on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) as well as human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) as model for non-hematopoietic bystander cells. Formulations with surface-assembled poly(I:C) readily activated MoDCs with respect to the expression of maturation-related surface markers, proinflammatory cytokine secretion and directed migration. When surface-assembled, poly(I:C) enhanced its immunostimulatory activity by more than one order of magnitude as compared to free poly(I:C). On fibroblasts, surface-assembled poly(I:C) upregulated class I MHC but not class II MHC. Phagocytosis of PLGA(tt) microsphere formulations by MoDCs and HFFs remained mostly unaffected by PEG-grafted PLL coatings. In contrast, high concentrations of free poly(I:C) led to a marked drop of microsphere phagocytosis by HFFs. Overall, surface assembly on PEGylated PLGA microspheres holds promise to improve both efficacy and safety of poly(I:C) as vaccine adjuvant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annina M Hafner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Blaise Corthésy
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, CHUV, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Textor
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Hans P Merkle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Review on Toll-Like Receptor Activation in Myasthenia Gravis: Application to the Development of New Experimental Models. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 52:133-147. [PMID: 27207173 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal toll-like receptor (TLR) activation and uncontrolled resolution of inflammation are suspected to play a key role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) is an invalidating neuromuscular disease leading to muscle weaknesses. MG is mainly mediated by anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) autoantibodies, and thymic hyperplasia characterized by ectopic germinal centers is a common feature in MG. An abnormal expression of certain TLRs is observed in the thymus of MG patients associated with the overexpression of interferon (IFN)-β, the orchestrator of thymic changes in MG. Experimental models have been developed for numerous autoimmune diseases. These models are induced by animal immunization with a purified antigen solubilized in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) containing heat-inactivated mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Sensitization against the antigen is mainly due to the activation of TLR signaling pathways by the pathogen motifs displayed by MTB, and attempts have been made to substitute the use of CFA by TLR agonists. AChR emulsified in CFA is used to induce the classical experimental autoimmune MG model (EAMG). However, the TLR4 activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has proved to be efficient to replace MTB and induce a sensitization against purified AChR. Poly(I:C), the well-known TLR3 agonist, is also able by itself to induce MG symptoms in mice associated with early thymic changes as observed in human MG. In this review, we discuss the abnormal expression of TLRs in MG patients and we describe the use of TLR agonists to induce EAMG in comparison with other autoimmune experimental models.
Collapse
|
13
|
Chang CH, Chen YC, Zhang W, Leung PSC, Gershwin ME, Chuang YH. Innate immunity drives the initiation of a murine model of primary biliary cirrhosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121320. [PMID: 25807531 PMCID: PMC4373957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells play complex roles in bridging innate and adaptive immunity by engaging with glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d. Our earlier work suggested that iNKT cells were involved in the initiation of the original loss of tolerance in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). To address this issue in more detail and, in particular, to focus on whether iNKT cells activated by a Th2-biasing agonist (2s,3s,4r)-1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tetracosanoyl-2-amino-1,3,4-nonanetriol (OCH), can influence the development of PBC in a xenobiotic-induced PBC murine model. Groups of mice were treated with either OCH or, as a control, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and thence serially followed for cytokine production, markers of T cell activation, liver histopathology and anti-mitochondrial antibody responses. Further, additional groups of CD1d deleted mice were similarly studied. Our data indicate that administration of OCH has a dramatic influence with exacerbation of portal inflammation and hepatic fibrosis similar to mice treated with α-GalCer. Further, iNKT cell deficient CD1d knockout mice have decreased inflammatory portal cell infiltrates and reduced anti-mitochondrial antibody responses. We submit that activation of iNKT cells can occur via overlapping and/or promiscuous pathways and highlight the critical role of innate immunity in the natural history of autoimmune cholangitis. These data have implications for humans with PBC and emphasize that therapeutic strategies must focus not only on suppressing adaptive responses, but also innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Weici Zhang
- Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - Patrick S. C. Leung
- Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - Ya-Hui Chuang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hafner AM, Corthésy B, Merkle HP. Particulate formulations for the delivery of poly(I:C) as vaccine adjuvant. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1386-99. [PMID: 23751781 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current research and development of antigens for vaccination often center on purified recombinant proteins, viral subunits, synthetic oligopeptides or oligosaccharides, most of them suffering from being poorly immunogenic and subject to degradation. Hence, they call for efficient delivery systems and potent immunostimulants, jointly denoted as adjuvants. Particulate delivery systems like emulsions, liposomes, nanoparticles and microspheres may provide protection from degradation and facilitate the co-formulation of both the antigen and the immunostimulant. Synthetic double-stranded (ds) RNA, such as polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid, poly(I:C), is a mimic of viral dsRNA and, as such, a promising immunostimulant candidate for vaccines directed against intracellular pathogens. Poly(I:C) signaling is primarily dependent on Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), and on melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (MDA-5), and strongly drives cell-mediated immunity and a potent type I interferon response. However, stability and toxicity issues so far prevented the clinical application of dsRNAs as they undergo rapid enzymatic degradation and bear the potential to trigger undue immune stimulation as well as autoimmune disorders. This review addresses these concerns and suggests strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of immunostimulatory dsRNA formulations. The focus is on technological means required to lower the necessary dosage of poly(I:C), to target surface-modified microspheres passively or actively to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), to control their interaction with non-professional phagocytes and to modulate the resulting cytokine secretion profile.
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu B, Zhang X, Zhang FC, Zong JB, Zhang W, Zhao Y. Aberrant TGF-β1 signaling contributes to the development of primary biliary cirrhosis in murine model. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:5828-5836. [PMID: 24124327 PMCID: PMC3792337 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i35.5828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).
METHODS: A murine model of PBC was developed by injection of polyinosinic polycytidylic acids (poly I: C) in C57BL/6 mice, and the liver expressions of TGF β1, TGF-β receptor I (TβRI), TGF-β receptor II (TβRII), p-Smad2/3, monoclonal α-smooth muscle actin antibody (α-SMA) and α1 (I) collagen in the mouse model and control mice were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Lymphocyte subsets in liver were analyzed using flow cytometry.
RESULTS: The mouse model had several key phenotypic features of human PBC, including elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, antimitochondrial antibodies, portal bile ducts inflammation, and progressive collagen deposition. Compared with control mice, protein and mRNA levels of TGF β1, TβRI, TβRII, p-Smad2/3, α-SMA and α1 (I) collagen in liver (1.7 ± 0.4 vs 8.9 ± 1.8, 0.8 ± 0.2 vs 5.1 ± 1.5, 0.6 ± 0.01 vs 5.1 ± 0.1, 0.6 ± 0.3 vs 2.0 ± 0.3, 0.9 ± 0.4 vs 3.4 ± 0.6, 0.8 ± 0.4 vs 1.7 ± 0.3, 1.1 ± 1.2 vs 11.8 ± 0.6, P < 0.05), and the total number and percentage of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes (0.01 ± 0.001 vs 0.004 ± 0.00, 0.12 ± 0.04 vs 0.52 ± 0.23, P < 0.01) were higher in the mouse model.
CONCLUSION: TGFβ1 might play a dual role in the development of PBC: it suppresses inflammatory response but operates to enhance fibrogenesis. The aberrant activity of TGF-β1 signaling contributes to the development of PBC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Collagen Type I/metabolism
- Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/chemically induced
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Phosphorylation
- Poly I-C
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Smad2 Protein/metabolism
- Smad3 Protein/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
Collapse
|
16
|
Rodriguez BL, Blando JM, Lansakara-P DSP, Kiguchi Y, DiGiovanni J, Cui Z. Antitumor activity of tumor-targeted RNA replicase-based plasmid that expresses interleukin-2 in a murine melanoma model. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2404-15. [PMID: 23641783 DOI: 10.1021/mp400033m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has multiple antitumor mechanisms that may be used to control tumor growth. Previously we have shown that treatment of solid tumors with a plasmid that encodes Sindbis viral RNA replicase complex, pSIN-β, significantly inhibited the growth of tumors in mice. In the present study, we evaluated the feasibility of further improving the antitumor activity of the pSIN-β plasmid by incorporating interleukin-2 (IL2) gene into the plasmid. The resultant pSIN-IL2 plasmid was delivered to mouse melanoma cells that overexpress the sigma receptor. Here we report that the pSIN-IL2 plasmid was more effective at controlling the growth of B16 melanoma in mice when complexed with sigma receptor-targeted liposomes than with the untargeted liposomes. Importantly, the pSIN-IL2 plasmid was more effective than pSIN-β plasmid at controlling the growth of B16 melanoma in mice, and B16 tumor-bearing mice that were treated with pSIN-IL2 had an elevated number of activated CD4(+), CD8(+), and natural killer cells, as compared to those treated with pSIN-β. The RNA replicase-based, IL2-expressing plasmid may have applications in melanoma gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Leticia Rodriguez
- Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Song G, Hu C, Zhu H, Li X, Zhao L, Zhou R, Zhang X, Zhang F, Wu L, Li Y. Comparative proteomics study on liver mitochondria of primary biliary cirrhosis mouse model. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:64. [PMID: 23586776 PMCID: PMC3637517 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a liver specific chronic disease with unclear pathogenesis, especially for the early stage molecular events. The mitochondrion is a multi-functional organelle associated with various diseases including PBC. The purpose of this study was to discover the alterations in the mitochondria proteome using an early stage PBC mouse model for revealing the possible pathogenesis mechanisms in the early stages of PBC. Methods Mouse model of early stage of PBC was constructed by consecutive administration of poly I:C. Mitochondria of mouse models and controls were purified and comparative proteomics was performed by iTRAQ technology. Then, differentially expressed proteins were validated by western blotting. Results In total 354 proteins that satisfied the criteria for comparative proteomics study were identified. Of them, nine proteins were downregulated and 20 were up-regulated in liver mitochondria of PBC mouse model. Most differentially expressed proteins are associated with oxidation-reduction and lipid metabolism, and some are involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormone and primary bile acid. Interestingly, four proteins (HCDH, CPT I, DECR, ECHDC2) involved in the fatty acid beta-oxidation were all upregulated. Conclusions iTRAQ is a powerful tool for comparative proteomics study of PBC mouse model and differentially expressed proteins in mitochondria proteome of PBC mouse model provide insights for the pathogenesis mechanism at early stage of PBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100032, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Béland K, Lapierre P, Djilali-Saiah I, Alvarez F. Liver restores immune homeostasis after local inflammation despite the presence of autoreactive T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48192. [PMID: 23110209 PMCID: PMC3480501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver must keep equilibrium between immune tolerance and immunity in order to protect itself from pathogens while maintaining tolerance to food antigens. An imbalance between these two states could result in an inflammatory liver disease. The aims of this study were to identify factors responsible for a break of tolerance and characterize the subsequent restoration of liver immune homeostasis. A pro-inflammatory environment was created in the liver by the co-administration of TLR ligands CpG and Poly(I:C) in presence or absence of activated liver-specific autoreactive CD8(+) T cells. Regardless of autoreactive CD8(+) T cells, mice injected with CpG and Poly(I:C) showed elevated serum ALT levels and a transient liver inflammation. Both CpG/Poly(I:C) and autoreactive CD8(+)T cells induced expression of TLR9 and INF-γ by the liver, and an up-regulation of homing and adhesion molecules CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL16, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Transferred CFSE-labeled autoreactive CD8(+) T cells, in presence of TLR3 and 9 ligands, were recruited by the liver and spleen and proliferated. This population then contracted by apoptosis through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Up-regulation of FasL and PD-L1 in the liver was observed. In conclusion, TLR-mediated activation of the innate immune system results in a pro-inflammatory environment that promotes the recruitment of lymphocytes resulting in bystander hepatitis. Despite this pro-inflammatory environment, the presence of autoreactive CD8(+) T cells is not sufficient to sustain an autoimmune response against the liver and immune homeostasis is rapidly restored through the apoptosis of T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathie Béland
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascal Lapierre
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Idriss Djilali-Saiah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Microbiology and Immunology department, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Microbiology and Immunology department, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Substantial advancements in the field of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) research have broadened our understanding of this enigmatic disease. Genome-wide studies have identified several new candidate genes involved in the immunoregulatory process, particularly those responsible for antigen presentation and lymphocyte signaling. Examples include the HLA class-II region and genes implicated in IL12-JAK/STAT signaling, and the NF-κB and TNF signaling pathways. Environmental triggers appear to disrupt the pre-existing, unstable immune tolerance in genetically susceptible individuals, and molecular mimics of the PBC-specific autoantigen (PDC) may be derived from microbes or xenobiotic compounds, which modify native proteins, making them immunogenic. Although the vast majority of patients with PBC are AMA-positive, a variety of disease-specific antinuclear antibodies have been recognized in conferring a worse clinical outcome. There has also been a revived interest in the role of antibody-secreting B cells in murine models suggesting that depletion of these cells paradoxically exacerbates cholangiopathy. Biliary specificity in PBC is most likely driven by the uniqueness of cholangiocyte apoptosis in which the PDC-E2 autoantigen undergoes differential glutathiolation. Cholangiocytes also possess the ability to phagocytose neighboring apoptotic cells, present intact immunoreactive antigen, and undergo attack from autoantibodies, the innate immune system, and autoreactive lymphocytes. Cellular senescence and a lack of functioning T-regulatory cells are proposed mechanisms by which this multi-lineage process is thought to be enhanced. This review summarizes these key advances as the true complexities of the disease process begin to be unraveled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palak J Trivedi
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, 5th Floor, Institute for Biomedical Research, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Sue Cullen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wycombe General Hospital, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Surface assembly of poly(I:C) on PEGylated microspheres to shield from adverse interactions with fibroblasts. J Control Release 2012; 159:204-14. [PMID: 22349184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
By expressing an array of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), fibroblasts play an important role in stimulating and modulating the response of the innate immune system. The TLR3 ligand polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid, poly(I:C), a mimic of viral dsRNA, is a vaccine adjuvant candidate to activate professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). However, owing to its ligation with extracellular TLR3 on fibroblasts, subcutaneously administered poly(I:C) bears danger towards autoimmunity. It is thus in the interest of its clinical safety to deliver poly(I:C) in such a way that its activation of professional APCs is as efficacious as possible, whereas its interference with non-immune cells such as fibroblasts is controlled or even avoided. Complementary to our previous work with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), here we sought to control the delivery of poly(I:C) surface-assembled on microspheres to human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs). Negatively charged polystyrene (PS) microspheres were equipped with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) corona through electrostatically driven coatings with a series of polycationic poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers, PLL-g-PEG, of varying grafting ratios g from 2.2 up to 22.7. Stable surface assembly of poly(I:C) was achieved by incubation of polymer-coated microspheres with aqueous poly(I:C) solutions. Notably, recognition of both surface-assembled and free poly(I:C) by extracellular TLR3 on HFFs halted their phagocytic activity. Ligation of surface-assembled poly(I:C) with extracellular TLR3 on HFFs could be controlled by tuning the grafting ratio g and thus the chain density of the PEG corona. When assembled on PLL-5.7-PEG-coated microspheres, poly(I:C) was blocked from triggering class I MHC molecule expression on HFFs. Secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 by HFFs after exposure to surface-assembled poly(I:C) was distinctly lower as compared to free poly(I:C). Overall, surface assembly of poly(I:C) may have potential to contribute to the clinical safety of this vaccine adjuvant candidate.
Collapse
|
21
|
Rodriguez BL, Li X, Kiguchi K, DiGiovanni J, Unger EC, Cui Z. Control of solid tumor growth in mice using EGF receptor-targeted RNA replicase-based plasmid DNA. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:475-91. [PMID: 22296186 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Previously, it was shown that treatment of tumor-bearing mice with an RNA replicase-based plasmid that produces dsRNA when transfected into tumor cells significantly inhibited the tumor growth. In the present study, the feasibility of further improving the anti-tumor activity of the RNA replicase-based plasmid by targeting it into tumors cells was evaluated. MATERIAL & METHODS An EGF-conjugated, polyethylene glycosylated cationic liposome was developed to deliver the RNA replicase-based plasmid, pSIN-β, into EGF receptor-overexpressing human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-468) in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Delivery of pSIN-β using the EGF receptor-targeted liposome more effectively controlled the growth of MDA-MB-468 tumors (and human epidermoid carcinoma A431 tumors) in mice than using untargeted liposome. The pSIN-β carried by the EGF receptor-targeted liposome caused the complete regression of MDA-MB-468 tumors in mice, probably due to the enhancement of its proapoptotic, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities. DISCUSSION Tumor-targeted RNA replicase-based plasmids hold a strong potential in tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Leticia Rodriguez
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Concepcion AR, Medina JF. Approaches to the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis through animal models. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2012; 36:21-8. [PMID: 21862437 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic and progressive cholestatic liver disease of unknown etiopathogenesis that mainly affects middle-aged women. Patients show non-suppurative cholangitis with damage and destruction of the small- and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts. Characteristically, the disease is strongly associated with autoimmune phenomena such as the appearance of serum antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA) and portal infiltrating T cells against the inner lipoyl domain in the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2). Here we review the major characteristics of a series of inducible and genetically modified animal models of PBC and analyze the similarities and differences to PBC features in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel R Concepcion
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA, Clinic and School of Medicine University of Navarra, and Ciberehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Onji M, Al-Mahtab M, Mohammad Fazle Akbar S, Chen S, Abe M, Yoshida O, Ikeda Y, Hiasa Y. Suppression of Inflammatory Mucosal Milieu by Administration of Regulatory Dendritic Cells in an Animal Model of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 2012. [DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
24
|
Gestational immune activation and Tsc2 haploinsufficiency cooperate to disrupt fetal survival and may perturb social behavior in adult mice. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:62-70. [PMID: 21079609 PMCID: PMC3118259 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 40-50% of individuals affected by tuberous sclerosis (TSC) develop autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). One possible explanation for this partial penetrance is an interaction between TSC gene mutations and other risk factors such as gestational immune activation. In this study, we report the interactive effects of these two ASD risk factors in a mouse model of TSC. Combined, but not single, exposure had adverse effects on intrauterine survival. Additionally, provisional results suggest that these factors synergize to disrupt social approach behavior in adult mice. Moreover, studies in human populations are consistent with an interaction between high seasonal flu activity in late gestation and TSC mutations in ASD. Taken together, our studies raise the possibility of a gene × environment interaction between heterozygous TSC gene mutations and gestational immune activation in the pathogenesis of TSC-related ASD.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ambrosini YM, Yang GX, Zhang W, Tsuda M, Shu S, Tsuneyama K, Leung PSC, Ansari AA, Coppel RL, Gershwin ME. The multi-hit hypothesis of primary biliary cirrhosis: polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and murine autoimmune cholangitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 166:110-20. [PMID: 21910728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A void in understanding primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is the absence of appropriate animal models. Our laboratory has studied a murine model of autoimmune cholangitis induced following immunization with 2-octynoic acid (2OA), an antigen identified following extensive quantitative structural activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, using human autoantibodies and three-dimensional analysis of the mitochondrial autoantigen, the E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2). Mice immunized with 2OA coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) develop anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) of the identical specificity as humans with PBC, and in addition develop inflammatory portal cell infiltrates in liver. However, the natural history of disease is less severe than in humans and does not include fibrosis. Data from human and autoimmune murine models suggest that environmental and/or infectious agents can exacerbate autoimmune reactions, and a model of PBC has been described in which polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a viral RNA mimetic and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) agonist induces low-titre AMAs and in mild portal infiltrates. We took advantage of our established model to determine whether immunization with 2OA-BSA coupled with poly I:C alters the disease process. Indeed, the addition of poly I:C produces a profound exacerbation of autoimmune cholangitis, including a significant increase in CD8(+) infiltrating T cells, as well as a marked increase of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, mice have evidence of fibrosis. These findings lend support to the concept that besides breakdown of self-tolerance, there is a requirement of a second 'hit' during the breakdown process that leads to disease which more faithfully mimics human PBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y M Ambrosini
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kees T, Egeblad M. Innate immune cells in breast cancer--from villains to heroes? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:189-203. [PMID: 21789554 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system ensures effective protection against foreign pathogens and plays important roles in tissue remodeling. There are many types of innate immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. Interestingly, these cells accumulate in most solid tumors, including those of the breast. There, they play a tumor-promoting role through secretion of growth and angiogenic factors, as well as immunosuppressive molecules. This is in strong contrast to the tumor-suppressing effects that innate immune cells exert in vitro upon proper activation. Therapeutic approaches have been developed with the aim of achieving similar suppressive activities in vivo. However, multiple factors in the tumor microenvironment, many of which are immunosuppressive, represent a major obstacle to effective treatment. Here, we discuss the potential of combating breast cancer through activation of the innate immune system, including possible strategies to enhance the success of immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kees
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
The role of CXCR3 in the induction of primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:564062. [PMID: 21647407 PMCID: PMC3102447 DOI: 10.1155/2011/564062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Investigate whether CXCR3 and its ligands were involved in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in an autoimmune cholangitis animal model. Methods. Female C57BL/6 mice were injected with 5 mg/kg of poly I:C intraperitoneally twice a week for 24 weeks. PBC model was confirmed by liver function, serum autoantibodies and liver biopsy. Lymphocytes subsets in liver and spleen and CXCL10 serum level were tested by flow cytometry and ELISA. Liver specimens were collected to evaluate the differences in pathology between WT and CXCR3−/− mice. Results. Antimitochondrial antibody was detected in all PBC model. Numbers of infiltrates were detected in the portal areas 8 weeks after poly I:C injection, which progressed up to 24 weeks. Compared to control mice, CXCL10 serum level increased in PBC mice and the proportion of CXCR3+ cells increased in the intrahepatic infiltrates of PBC mice, chiefly on CD8+ cells, whereas the expression of CXCR3 on CD3+ and CD8+ splenocytes decreased in PBC model. Compared with WT mice, CXCR3−/− mice developed delayed and milder progression of cellular inflammation. Conculsions. CXCR3 might contribute to the development of PBC in murine model. Knockout of CXCR3 might delay and alleviate the PBC disease progression, but could not entirely block the disease development.
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhao J, Zhao S, Zhou G, Liang L, Guo X, Mao P, Zhou X, Wang H, Nan Y, Xu D, Yu J. Altered biliary epithelial cell and monocyte responses to lipopolysaccharide as a TLR ligand in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:485-94. [PMID: 21275501 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.539624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is suspected to trigger primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in susceptible individuals, yet the precise mechanism of its effect in PBC remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate altered responses to LPS ligand for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in pathogenesis of PBC in vivo and in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vivo, we investigated levels of LPS and pro-inflammatory cytokines in sera and expression of LPS receptors in liver tissues from 162 patients with PBC, 325 patients with other liver diseases and 80 healthy controls. In vitro, altered responses to LPS on monocytes and cultured human biliary epithelial cells (BECs) from patients with PBC were determined. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of LPS in patients with PBC were detected, compared with patients with other liver diseases and healthy controls. Immunohistochemically, expression of TLR4, CD14, CD68 and NF-κB was significantly enhanced in liver tissues from patients with PBC. Before LPS stimulation, we found significantly higher serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in patients with PBC than those in healthy controls. After LPS stimulation, TLR4 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in CD14-positive monocytes and cultured BEC from patients with PBC increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that patients with PBC were prone to exhibit higher serum LPS level, hypersensitivity of monocytes and BEC to LPS, and enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LPS altered expression of TLR4, CD14 and NF-κB on monocytes and BEC, which may be implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of PBC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alkaline Phosphatase/blood
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Bilirubin/blood
- Cells, Cultured
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/immunology
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/immunology
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/metabolism
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/immunology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- gamma-Glutamyltransferase/blood
- CD83 Antigen
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rodriguez BL, Yu Z, Chung WG, Weiss R, Cui Z. Replicase-based plasmid DNA shows anti-tumor activity. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:110. [PMID: 21443770 PMCID: PMC3073940 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Double stranded RNA (dsRNA) has multiple anti-tumor mechanisms. Over the past several decades, there have been numerous attempts to utilize synthetic dsRNA to control tumor growth in animal models and clinical trials. Recently, it became clear that intracellular dsRNA is more effective than extracellular dsRNA on promoting apoptosis and orchestrating adaptive immune responses. To overcome the difficulty in delivering a large dose of synthetic dsRNA into tumors, we propose to deliver a RNA replicase-based plasmid DNA, hypothesizing that the dsRNA generated by the replicase-based plasmid in tumor cells will inhibit tumor growth. Methods The anti-tumor activity of a plasmid (pSIN-β) that encodes the sindbis RNA replicase genes (nsp1-4) was evaluated in mice with model tumors (TC-1 lung cancer cells or B16 melanoma cells) and compared to a traditional pCMV-β plasmid. Results In cell culture, transfection of tumor cells with pSIN-β generated dsRNA. In mice with model tumors, pSIN-β more effectively delayed tumor growth than pCMV-β, and in some cases, eradicated the tumors. Conclusion RNA replicase-based plasmid may be exploited to generate intracellular dsRNA to control tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Leticia Rodriguez
- Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family that can recognize double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), playing an important role in antiviral immunity. Recent studies have shown that TLR3 is also expressed on parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells in the liver as well as on several types of immune cells. In this review, we summarize the role of TLR3 in liver injury, inflammation, regeneration, and liver fibrosis, and discuss the implication of TLR3 in the pathogenesis of human liver diseases including viral hepatitis and autoimmune liver disease.
Collapse
|
31
|
Manoussakis MN, Spachidou MP, Maratheftis CI. Salivary epithelial cells from Sjogren's syndrome patients are highly sensitive to anoikis induced by TLR-3 ligation. J Autoimmun 2010; 35:212-8. [PMID: 20685081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In certain types of cells, Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3) ligation by viral dsRNA induces apoptotic death, likely engaged into the elimination of virus-infected cells. We have previously shown that TLR-3 ligation on cultured non-neoplastic salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC) with polyI:C (a synthetic analogue of viral dsRNA) results in the induction of surface immunoactive molecules, however, the pro-apoptotic effect of such signaling has not been addressed. In this study, polyI:C-treated SGEC were found to suffer severe detachment from substratum and subsequent apoptosis, a phenomenon suggestive of anoikis or anoikia (detachment-induced apoptosis). PolyI:C-induced anoikis in SGEC was associated with the upregulation of the pro-apoptotic Bmf, BimEL and Bax and the down-regulation of the pro-survival Bcl-2 (real-time PCR analyses). Finally, the comparative analysis of SGEC lines derived from primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS) patients (SS-SGEC) and non-SS controls had revealed that SS-SGEC are particularly susceptible to TLR-3-induced anoikis, as it was triggered by suboptimally low concentrations of polyI:C. This finding correlated with significantly higher constitutive surface TLR-3 expression by SS-SGEC, a feature indicative of their intrinsic activation status. In conclusion, TLR-3 signaling pathway in the salivary epithelium appears to extend beyond the induction of innate immune responses and to involve the activation of programmed-cell death via anoikis. In the same context, the increased vulnerability of SS-SGEC to the injurious effect of TLR-3 ligation is likely associated with the intrinsic activation processes that apparently operate in the epithelia of SS patients, and a feature of key pathogenetic importance for the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menelaos N Manoussakis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National University of Athens, Greece.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang D, Zhang H, Liang J, Gu Z, Ma X, Huang J, Lin J, Hou Y, Lu L, Sun L. Effect of allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in a polyI:C-induced primary biliary cirrhosis mouse model. Clin Exp Med 2010; 11:25-32. [PMID: 20661620 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-010-0105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a slowly progressive autoimmune disease of unknown mechanism. We established a PBC animal model by injecting C57BL/6 mice with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid sodium (polyI:C) to investigate the therapeutic effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) on this model. After 6 weeks of MSC infusion, serum aminotransferase and autoimmune antibodies declined, and histological examination by hematoxylin and eosin staining showed significant amelioration of monocytes infiltration around bile ducts of mice treated with BM-MSC. Interestingly, allogeneic BM-MSC transplantation markedly increased CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in peripheral blood as well as in lymph nodes when analyzed by flow cytometry. Further examination showed serum TGF-β1 increased but IFN-γ decreased significantly in PBC mice treated with MSC, while with no obvious change in IL-10 expression. Our results for the first time suggested that BM-MSC transplantation could regulate systemic immune response and enhance recovery in liver inflammation of PBC mice, raising the possibility for clinical application of allogeneic MSC in treatment of early-stage PBC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Petrovic V, Piquette-Miller M. Impact of polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid on placental and hepatobiliary drug transporters in pregnant rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1760-6. [PMID: 20610559 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.034470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although inflammation is known to impose changes in the expression and activity of drug transporters, little is known about the impact of inflammatory stimuli on these transporters during pregnancy. Our objective was to study the effect of viral-induced inflammation on key maternal hepatic and placental drug transporters and their endogenous substrates. Acute inflammation was induced in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (gestation day 17-18, n = 5-6/group) by single intraperitoneal doses of polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg) with saline as a control. Tissues were harvested 24 h later. Expression of transporters was measured via real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Maternal plasma levels of cytokines, bile acids, and bilirubin and fetal levels of bile acids were examined. Plasma concentrations of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 were significantly induced in poly(I:C)-treated rats, compared with controls (p < 0.001). Significant down-regulation of placental Abcb1a/b, Abcc1, Abcc3, Abcg2, Slco1a4, and Slco4a1 mRNA and of hepatic Abcc2, Abcg2, Slco1a4, Slc10a1, and Cyp3a2 mRNA was observed in poly(I:C)-treated rats. Hepatic Abcb1b and Abcc3 mRNA levels were significantly induced. Hepatic protein levels of P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, and breast cancer resistance protein were significantly down-regulated relative to those for controls (p < 0.05). Total bile acids in maternal plasma were significantly increased at the higher dose of poly(I:C). In summary, the poly(I:C) model of viral infection imposes significant changes in the expression of key drug transporters in placental and hepatic tissues of pregnant rats. Because many clinically important endogenous and exogenous compounds are substrates of these transporters, inflammation-mediated changes in transporter expression could affect their maternal disposition and fetal exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Petrovic
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jiang T, Han Z, Chen S, Wu C, Tang Y, Qian C, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Gu M, Zhu L, Yao D, Deng A, Zhong R. Resistance to activation-induced cell death and elevated FLIPL expression of CD4+ T cells in a polyI:C-induced primary biliary cirrhosis mouse model. Clin Exp Med 2009; 9:269-76. [PMID: 19418018 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-009-0052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a type of organ-specific autoimmune disease in which immune tolerance is impaired by an unknown mechanism. We established a PBC animal model by injecting C57BL/6 mice with polyI:C to study activation-induced cell death (AICD) in CD4+ T lymphocytes and changes of apoptosis-associated molecules as a first step to understand the immune tolerance of PBC mice. Obvious inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the portal area of the liver tissues in model mice and antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) positive rate was 80%. The AICD level in both splenic and hepatic CD4+ T cells in the model group were all lower than those in controls, and in the model group the level for hepatic CD4+ T cells were significantly lower than that for splenic CD4+ T cells. Quantitative PCR revealed that FasL mRNA and TRAIL expression in CD4+ T cells in the model group decreased significantly compared with that in the control group. Western blots revealed that the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein FLIP(L) in the model group increased significantly with the FLIP(L) expression in hepatic CD4+ T cells significantly higher than that in splenic CD4+ T cells. There was a positive linear correlation between the number of infiltrated portal areas and relative expression of FLIP(L) in splenic CD4+ T cells in model group. There were no obvious changes for caspase-8 in either group. These results show that the anti-apoptotic ability of CD4+ T lymphocytes play an important role in immune tolerance in the PBC mouse model, and elevated FLIP(L) expression may enhance this ability. The inhibition of FasL and TRAIL expression may also help enhance this anti-apoptotic ability in CD4+ T lymphocytes and contribute to the aggravation of portal area inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingwang Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 200003, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Le UM, Kaurin DGL, Sloat BR, Yanasarn N, Cui Z. Localized irradiation of tumors prior to synthetic dsRNA therapy enhanced the resultant anti-tumor activity. Radiother Oncol 2009; 90:273-9. [PMID: 19013656 PMCID: PMC2741318 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite the potent tumoricidal activity of the synthetic dsRNA in culture, its in vivo anti-tumor activity has proven to be limited. We sought to devise and validate a new strategy to improve the in vivo anti-tumor activity by integrating localized irradiation into dsRNA therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a mouse lung cancer model and a mouse melanoma model in immuno-competent mice or athymic nude mice, we evaluated the combined anti-tumor activity using a synthetic dsRNA, polyinosine-cytosine (poly(I:C)). RESULTS Localized irradiation of tumors prior to the poly(I:C) therapy significantly delayed the tumor growth as compared to monotherapies using the radiation or poly(I:C) alone. The poly(I:C) enhanced the tumor response to radiation with a dose modification factor as large as 20. The combined effect was synergistic only in immuno-competent mice with highly immunogenic tumors. The anti-tumor activity of the combination therapy was significantly impaired when the type I interferons in the mice were neutralized. CONCLUSIONS This combination modality may represent a promising approach to exploit synthetic dsRNA in cancer therapy and to enhance tumor response to radiation. T cell-mediated immunity was likely responsible for the combined synergistic effect. Type I interferons contributed significantly to the combined anti-tumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uyen M. Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Darryl G. L. Kaurin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Brian R. Sloat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Nijaporn Yanasarn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wakabayashi K, Lian ZX, Leung PSC, Moritoki Y, Tsuneyama K, Kurth MJ, Lam KS, Yoshida K, Yang GX, Hibi T, Ansari AA, Ridgway WM, Coppel RL, Mackay IR, Gershwin ME. Loss of tolerance in C57BL/6 mice to the autoantigen E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase by a xenobiotic with ensuing biliary ductular disease. Hepatology 2008; 48:531-40. [PMID: 18563844 PMCID: PMC3753011 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There have been important advances in defining effector mechanisms for several human autoimmune diseases. However, for most human autoimmune diseases, the induction stage is less well defined and there are very few clues on etiology. Our laboratory has focused on defining the molecular basis of autoantibody recognition and epitope modification in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Our work has demonstrated that antibodies to mitochondria, the hallmark of disease, are directed against a very conserved site of pyruvate dehydrogenase, the E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC-E2). We have also demonstrated that several chemical xenobiotics, chosen based on quantitative structural activity relationship analysis and rigorous epitope analysis, when coupled to the lysine residue that normally binds the lipoic acid cofactor of PDC-E2, reacts as well or better to PBC sera than native autoantigen. In the present studies, we immunized C57BL/6 mice with one such xenobiotic, 2-octynoic acid, coupled to bovine serum albumin and we followed the mice for 24 weeks. Animals were studied for appearance of histologic lesions as well as appearance of antibodies to PDC-E2, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, and splenic and liver lymphoid phenotyping by flow cytometry. Mice immunized with 2-octynoic acid manifest autoimmune cholangitis, typical mitochondrial autoantibodies, increased liver lymphoid cell numbers, an increase in CD8(+) liver infiltrating cells, particularly CD8(+) T cells that coexpress CD44, and finally an elevation of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. CONCLUSION these data provide a persuasive argument in favor of an environmental origin for human PBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Wakabayashi
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Qian C, Chen S, Yao D, Wu C, Jiang T, Ke J, Zhou Y, Gu M, Chen B, Deng A, Zhong R. Increased granulysin expression in peripheral blood cells of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and its clinical implications. J Clin Immunol 2008; 28:520-7. [PMID: 18584314 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Granulysin is a cytotoxic molecule involved in cellular immune reactions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The levels of granulysin mRNA in the peripheral blood and serum granulysin of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The expression of granulysin mRNA and serum protein in PBC was increased compared to the controls. RESULTS The expression of granulysin mRNA or serum protein showed close associations, respectively, with natural killer cell population in PBC patients. Serum granulysin was down-regulated by steroid and ursodeoxycholic therapy for PBC according to the improvement of severity of PBC. In addition, the expression of serum granulysin were related to serum total bilirubin and Mayo Clinic risk score. The serum granulysin reflected the cellular immune status of patients with PBC, and the expression correlated with the severity of PBC. CONCLUSION Therefore, there is a clinical benefit to monitoring granulysin as a biomarker of the prognosis of patients with PBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qian
- Clinical Immunology Center of PLA, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Road 415, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Spachidou MP, Bourazopoulou E, Maratheftis CI, Kapsogeorgou EK, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG, Manoussakis MN. Expression of functional Toll-like receptors by salivary gland epithelial cells: increased mRNA expression in cells derived from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 147:497-503. [PMID: 17302899 PMCID: PMC1810489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) play an essential role in the activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC) may participate in the development of glandular inflammatory reactions that characterize primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). In this study we sought to assess the expression and function of several TLR molecules in cultured non-neoplastic SGEC obtained from pSS patients and disease controls. Long-term cultured non-neoplastic SGEC derived from pSS patients (SS-SGEC) and disease controls (control-SGEC), as well as the monocytic cell line THP-1 (positive control cell line), were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and quantitative real-time PCR for mRNA expression of TLR1, -2, -3 and -4 molecules. TLR function was assessed by the induction of the expression (flow cytometry) of the immunoregulatory molecules CD54/intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), CD40, CD86/B7 x 2, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II following treatment with the TLR ligands: Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (TLR2), the synthetic dsRNA analogue polyinosinic:cytidylic acid (TLR3) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (TLR4). SGEC were found to express functional TLR2, -3 and -4 molecules, as attested by dose-dependent up-regulation of surface ICAM-1, CD40 and MHC-I expression (as well as of reciprocal TLR mRNA) following treatment with the respective TLR-ligands. SS-SGEC lines displayed significantly higher constitutive expression of TLR1 (P=0 x 0027), TLR2 (P=0 x 01) and TLR4 (P=0 x 03) mRNA compared to control-SGEC. This study demonstrates that cultured SGEC express functional TLR molecules; the high constitutive TLR expression by SS-SGEC is probably suggestive of the intrinsic activation of epithelial cells in pSS and further supports the role of this type of tissue in pathogenesis of the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Spachidou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National University of Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) function as sensors of microbial danger signals enabling the vertebrate host to initiate an immune response. PRRs are present not only in immune cells but also in liver parenchymal cells and the complexity of the cell populations provide unique aspects to pathogen recognition and tissue damage in the liver. This review discusses the role of different PRRs in pathogen recognition in the liver, and focuses on the role of PRRs in hepatic inflammation, cholestasis, ischemia, repair and fibrosis. PRRs as novel therapeutic targets are evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyongyi Szabo
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chuang YH, Lian ZX, Tsuneyama K, Chiang BL, Ansari AA, Coppel RL, Gershwin ME. Increased killing activity and decreased cytokine production in NK cells in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmun 2006; 26:232-40. [PMID: 16730427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) remains enigmatic, the immune system plays a key role in the initiation and subsequent development of pathology. Previous studies have indicated a critical role of the innate immune system. Importantly, natural killer (NK) cells are abundant in liver where they serve as sentinels of the immune system. In addition, NK cells have significant biologic activity based on their production of immunoregulatory cytokines. To address this issue, we have investigated several qualitative and quantitative activities of NK cells in patients with PBC as well as normal and liver diseased controls. We report herein a marked increase in the frequency and absolute number of blood and liver NK cells in PBC patients. Moreover, the cytotoxic activity and perforin expression by isolated NK cells were significantly increased in PBC patients associated with increased levels of plasma IL-8 and the expression of CD128a (IL-8 receptor) on NK cells. In contrast, the levels of IFN-gamma, IL-6 and IL-8 synthesized by NK cells were significantly decreased in PBC patients as compared to controls. In conclusion, data from this study provide compelling evidence supporting a biologic role of NK cells in the immunopathogenesis of PBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chuang
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|