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Lv B, Huang S, Huang H, Niu N, Liu J. Endothelial Glycocalyx Injury in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Targeted Therapy. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:6685251. [PMID: 37674786 PMCID: PMC10480029 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6685251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims at summarizing state-of-the-art knowledge on glycocalyx and SARS-CoV-2. The endothelial glycocalyx is a dynamic grid overlying the surface of the endothelial cell (EC) lumen and consists of membrane-bound proteoglycans and glycoproteins. The role of glycocalyx has been determined in the regulation of EC permeability, adhesion, and coagulation. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to β-coronavirus that causes the outbreak and the pandemic of COVID-19. Through the respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 enters blood circulation and interacts with ECs possessing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Intact glycolyx prevents SARS-CoV-2 invasion of ECs. When the glycocalyx is incomplete, virus spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds with ACE2 and enters ECs for replication. In addition, cytokine storm targets glycocalyx, leading to subsequent coagulation disorder. Therefore, it is intriguing to develop a novel treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection through the maintenance of the integrity of glycocalyx. This review aims to summarize state-of-the-art knowledge of glycocalyx and its potential function in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxuan Lv
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Shengshi Huang
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Na Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China
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Buijsers B, Maciej-Hulme M, Jacobs M, Bebber MBV, de Graaf M, Salmenov R, Parr N, Rabelink TJ, Nijenhuis T, van der Vlag J. Glycosaminoglycans and fucoidan have a protective effect on experimental glomerulonephritis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1223972. [PMID: 37475889 PMCID: PMC10354240 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1223972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is degraded during inflammation. The glycocalyx plays a pivotal role in endothelial function and is involved in many processes including binding of chemokines and cytokines, leukocyte trafficking, and preventing proteinuria. HS-based therapeutics are a promising novel class of anti-inflammatory drugs to restore a compromised endothelial glycocalyx under inflammatory conditions. Recently, we demonstrated that treatment with HS extracted from unstimulated glomerular endothelial glycocalyx (unstimulated HSglx) reduced albuminuria during anti-GBM induced glomerulonephritis. Since endothelial HS domains are distinct in unstimulated versus inflammatory conditions, we hypothesized that 1) unstimulated HSglx, 2) LPS-stimulated HSglx, 3) the HS-mimetic fucoidan and 4) the glycosaminoglycan preparation sulodexide, which is a mixture of low molecular weight heparin and dermatan sulfate, might have different beneficial effects in experimental glomerulonephritis. Methods: The effect of unstimulated HSglx, LPS HSglx, Laminaria japonica fucoidan, or sulodexide on experimental glomerulonephritis was tested in LPS-induced glomerulonephritis in mice. Analyses included urinary albumin creatinine measurement, cytokine expression in plasma and renal cortex, and renal influx of immune cells determined by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, the observed in vivo effects were evaluated in cultured glomerular endothelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells by measuring cytokine and ICAM-1 expression levels. The ability of the compounds to inhibit heparanase activity was assessed in a heparanase activity assay. Results: Treatment of mice with LPS HSglx or sulodexide near-significantly attenuated LPS-induced proteinuria. All treatments reduced plasma MCP-1 levels, whereas only fucoidan reduced IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels. Moreover, all treatments reversed cortical ICAM-1 mRNA expression and both fucoidan and sulodexide reversed cortical IL-6 and nephrin mRNA expression. Sulodexide decreased renal influx of CD45+ immune cells whereas renal influx of macrophages and granulocytes remained unaltered for all treatments. Although all compounds inhibited HPSE activity, fucoidan and sulodexide were the most potent inhibitors. Notably, fucoidan and sulodexide decreased LPS-induced mRNA expression of ICAM-1 and IL-6 by cultured glomerular endothelial cells. Conclusion: Our data show a potentially protective effect of glycosaminoglycans and fucoidan in experimental glomerulonephritis. Future research should be aimed at the further identification of defined HS structures that have therapeutic potential in the treatment of glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baranca Buijsers
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marissa Maciej-Hulme
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maaike Jacobs
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marinka Bakker-van Bebber
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mark de Graaf
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rustem Salmenov
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Naomi Parr
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ton J. Rabelink
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Maciej-Hulme ML, Van Gemst JJ, Sanderson P, Rops ALWMM, Berden JH, Smeets B, Amster IJ, Rabelink TJ, Van Der Vlag J. Glomerular endothelial glycocalyx-derived heparan sulfate inhibits glomerular leukocyte influx and attenuates experimental glomerulonephritis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1177560. [PMID: 37325479 PMCID: PMC10267401 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1177560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative forms of glomerulonephritis are characterized by the influx of leukocytes, albuminuria, and loss of kidney function. The glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is a thick carbohydrate layer that covers the endothelium and is comprised of heparan sulfate (HS), which plays a pivotal role in glomerular inflammation by facilitating endothelial-leukocyte trafficking. We hypothesize that the exogenous glomerular glycocalyx may reduce the glomerular influx of inflammatory cells during glomerulonephritis. Indeed, administration of mouse glomerular endothelial cell (mGEnC)-derived glycocalyx constituents, or the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin, reduced proteinuria in mice with experimental glomerulonephritis. Glomerular influx of granulocytes and macrophages, as well as glomerular fibrin deposition, was reduced by the administration of mGEnC-derived glycocalyx constituents, thereby explaining the improved clinical outcome. HSglx also inhibited granulocyte adhesion to human glomerular endothelial cells in vitro. Notably, a specific HSglx fraction inhibited both CD11b and L-selectin binding to activated mGEnCs. Mass spectrometry analysis of this specific fraction revealed six HS oligosaccharides, ranging from tetra- to hexasaccharides with 2-7 sulfates. In summary, we demonstrate that exogenous HSglx reduces albuminuria during glomerulonephritis, which is possibly mediated via multiple mechanisms. Our results justify the further development of structurally defined HS-based therapeutics for patients with (acute) inflammatory glomerular diseases, which may be applicable to non-renal inflammatory diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Maciej-Hulme
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Van Gemst
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Patience Sanderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Angelique L W M M Rops
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jo H Berden
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bart Smeets
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johan Van Der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Yu H, Song YY, Li XH. Early diabetic kidney disease: Focus on the glycocalyx. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:460-480. [PMID: 37273258 PMCID: PMC10236994 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i5.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is sharply increasing worldwide. Microalbuminuria is the primary clinical marker used to identify DKD, and its initiating step in diabetes is glomerular endothelial cell dysfunction, particularly glycocalyx impairment. The glycocalyx found on the surface of glomerular endothelial cells, is a dynamic hydrated layer structure composed of pro-teoglycans, glycoproteins, and some adsorbed soluble components. It reinforces the negative charge barrier, transduces the shear stress, and mediates the interaction of blood corpuscles and podocytes with endothelial cells. In the high-glucose environment of diabetes, excessive reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines can damage the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) both directly and indirectly, which induces the production of microalbuminuria. Further research is required to elucidate the role of the podocyte glycocalyx, which may, together with endothelial cells, form a line of defense against albumin filtration. Interestingly, recent research has confirmed that the negative charge barrier function of the glycocalyx found in the glomerular basement membrane and its repulsion effect on albumin is limited. Therefore, to improve the early diagnosis and treatment of DKD, the potential mechanisms of EG degradation must be analyzed and more responsive and controllable targets must be explored. The content of this review will provide insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi-Yun Song
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xian-Hua Li
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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Milusev A, Rieben R, Sorvillo N. The Endothelial Glycocalyx: A Possible Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disorders. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:897087. [PMID: 35647072 PMCID: PMC9136230 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.897087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological, anti-inflammatory, and anti-coagulant properties of endothelial cells (ECs) rely on a complex carbohydrate-rich layer covering the luminal surface of ECs, called the glycocalyx. In a range of cardiovascular disorders, glycocalyx shedding causes endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, underscoring the importance of glycocalyx preservation to avoid disease initiation and progression. In this review we discuss the physiological functions of the glycocalyx with particular focus on how loss of endothelial glycocalyx integrity is linked to cardiovascular risk factors, like hypertension, aging, diabetes and obesity, and contributes to the development of thrombo-inflammatory conditions. Finally, we consider the role of glycocalyx components in regulating inflammatory responses and discuss possible therapeutic interventions aiming at preserving or restoring the endothelial glycocalyx and therefore protecting against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Milusev
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Rieben
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicoletta Sorvillo
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicoletta Sorvillo
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Kim JW, Nam SA, Yi J, Kim JY, Lee JY, Park S, Sen T, Choi Y, Lee JY, Kim HL, Kim HW, Park J, Cho D, Kim YK. Kidney Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Enhanced the Vascularization and Maturation of Human Kidney Organoids. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103526. [PMID: 35322595 PMCID: PMC9130892 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have extensive potential for disease modelling and regenerative medicine. However, the limited vascularization and immaturity of kidney organoids have been still remained to overcome. Extracellular matrix (ECM) can provide mechanical support and a biochemical microenvironment for cell growth and differentiation. Here in vitro methods using a kidney decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) hydrogel to culture hPSC-derived kidney organoids, which have extensive vascular network and their own endothelial cells, are reported. Single-cell transcriptomics reveal that the vascularized kidney organoids cultured using the kidney dECM have more mature patterns of glomerular development and higher similarity to human kidney than those cultured without the kidney dECM. Differentiation of α-galactosidase A (GLA)-knock-out hPSCs generated using CRISPR/Cas9 into kidney organoids by the culture method using kidney dECM efficiently recapitulate Fabry nephropathy with vasculopathy. Transplantation of kidney organoids with kidney dECM into kidney of mouse accelerates the recruitment of endothelial cells from the host mouse kidney and maintains vascular integrity with the more organized slit diaphragm-like structures than those without kidney dECM. The kidney dECM methodology for inducing extensive vascularization and maturation of kidney organoids can be applied to studies for kidney development, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Kim
- Cell Death Disease Research CenterCollege of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul06591Korea
| | - Sun Ah Nam
- Cell Death Disease Research CenterCollege of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul06591Korea
| | - Jawoon Yi
- School of Life SciencesGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Korea
| | - Jae Yun Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang790‐784Korea
| | - Jong Young Lee
- Cell Death Disease Research CenterCollege of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul06591Korea
| | - Seo‐Yeon Park
- Cell Death Disease Research CenterCollege of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul06591Korea
| | - Tugce Sen
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangKyungbuk790‐784Korea
| | - Yoo‐mi Choi
- Department of Convergence IT EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang790‐784Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Lee
- Department of Companion Animal HealthDaegu Haany UniversityGyeongsan790‐784Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Lim Kim
- Integrative Research Support CenterCollege of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul06591Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kim
- Department of Internal MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSt. Vincent's HospitalSuwon16247Korea
| | - Jiwhan Park
- School of Life SciencesGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Korea
| | - Dong‐Woo Cho
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang790‐784Korea
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangKyungbuk790‐784Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Kim
- Cell Death Disease Research CenterCollege of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoul06591Korea
- Department of Internal MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSt. Vincent's HospitalSuwon16247Korea
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7
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Blocking of inflammatory heparan sulfate domains by specific antibodies is not protective in experimental glomerulonephritis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261722. [PMID: 34941931 PMCID: PMC8699719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis is an acquired serious glomerular disease, which involves the interplay of many factors such as cytokines, chemokines, inflammatory cells, and heparan sulfate (HS). We previously showed that blocking of inflammatory heparan sulfate domains on cultured glomerular endothelium by specific anti-HS single chain antibodies reduced polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) adhesion and chemokine binding. We hypothesized that injection of anti-HS antibodies in PMN-driven experimental glomerulonephritis should reduce glomerular influx of PMNs and thereby lead to a better renal outcome. In contrast to our hypothesis, co-injection of anti-HS antibodies did not alter the final outcome of anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM)-induced glomerulonephritis. Glomerular PMN influx, normally peaking 2 hours after induction of glomerulonephritis with anti-GBM IgG was not reduced by co-injection of anti-HS antibodies. Four days after induction of glomerulonephritis, albuminuria, renal function, glomerular hyalinosis and fibrin deposition were similar in mice treated and not treated with anti-HS antibodies. Interestingly, we observed transient effects in mice co-injected with anti-HS antibodies compared to mice that did not receive anti-HS antibodies: (i) a decreased renal function 2 hours and 1 day after induction of glomerulonephritis; (ii) an increased albuminuria after 2 hours and 1 day; (iii) an increased glomerular fibrin deposition after 1 day; (iv) a reduced glomerular macrophage influx after 1 day; (v) a sustained glomerular presence of PMNs at day 1 and 4, accompanied by an increased renal expression of IL-6, CXCL1, ICAM-1, L-selectin, CD11b and NF-κB. The mechanism underlying these observations induced by anti-HS antibodies remains unclear, but may be explained by a temporarily altered glycocalyx and/or altered function of PMNs due to the binding of anti-HS antibodies. Nevertheless, the evaluated anti-HS antibodies do not show therapeutic potential in anti-GBM-induced glomerulonephritis. Future research should evaluate other strategies to target HS domains involved in inflammatory processes during glomerulonephritis.
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Shrikanth CB, Jagannath S, Chilkunda ND. AMPK differentially alters sulphated glycosaminoglycans under normal and high glucose milieu in proximal tubular cells. J Biochem 2021; 169:75-86. [PMID: 32785657 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are two critical molecular players involved in cellular homeostasis. Both of them are altered due to hyperglycaemia in the kidney, leading to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Here, we have looked into the effect of AMPK modulation on sulphated GAG (sGAG) levels of tubular cells of proximal and distal origin to understand the mechanism of hyperglycaemia-mediated pathogenesis of the diabetic nephropathy. In MDCK cells (distal tubular cell) and NRK-52E (proximal tubular cell), AMPK inhibition resulted in increased sGAG levels under normal glucose conditions characteristically of heparan sulphate class, whereas AMPK activation did not have any effect. High glucose (HG) condition did not alter sGAG levels in MDCK cell despite a decrease in AMPK phosphorylation. Subjecting NRK-52E cells to HG milieu significantly decreased sGAG levels more so of chondroitin/dermatan sulphate, which is significantly prevented when HG is co-treated with AMPK activator. Interestingly, knockdown of AMPK by AMPKα1/α2 siRNA showed increased sGAG levels in NRK-52E. Our results suggest that changes in sGAG level, in particular, as a result of AMPK modulation is differentially regulated and is dependent on cell type as well as its physiological status. Furthermore, activation of AMPK is beneficial in preventing the HG-mediated decrease in sGAGs in proximal tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Shrikanth
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI Campus, Mysuru 570 020, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjana Jagannath
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI Campus, Mysuru 570 020, Karnataka, India
| | - Nandini D Chilkunda
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI Campus, Mysuru 570 020, Karnataka, India
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Dhounchak S, Popp SK, Brown DJ, Laybutt DR, Biden TJ, Bornstein SR, Parish CR, Simeonovic CJ. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in beta cells provide a critical link between endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress and type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252607. [PMID: 34086738 PMCID: PMC8177513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) consist of a core protein with side chains of the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS). We have previously identified (i) the HSPGs syndecan-1 (SDC1), and collagen type XVIII (COL18) inside mouse and human islet beta cells, and (ii) a critical role for HS in beta cell survival and protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS). The objective of this study was to investigate whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to oxidative stress and type 2 diabetes (T2D) by depleting beta cell HSPGs/HS. A rapid loss of intra-islet/beta cell HSPGs, HS and heparanase (HPSE, an HS-degrading enzyme) accompanied upregulation of islet ER stress gene expression in both young T2D-prone db/db and Akita Ins2WT/C96Y mice. In MIN6 beta cells, HSPGs, HS and HPSE were reduced following treatment with pharmacological inducers of ER stress (thapsigargin or tunicamycin). Treatment of young db/db mice with Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a chemical protein folding chaperone that relieves ER stress, improved glycemic control and increased intra-islet HSPG/HS. In vitro, HS replacement with heparin (a highly sulfated HS analogue) significantly increased the survival of wild-type and db/db beta cells and restored their resistance to hydrogen peroxide-induced death. We conclude that ER stress inhibits the synthesis/maturation of HSPG core proteins which are essential for HS assembly, thereby exacerbating oxidative stress and promoting beta cell failure. Diminished intracellular HSPGs/HS represent a previously unrecognized critical link bridging ER stress, oxidative stress and beta cell failure in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Dhounchak
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Sarah K. Popp
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Debra J. Brown
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - D. Ross Laybutt
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent’s Clinical School, The University of NSW (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trevor J. Biden
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent’s Clinical School, The University of NSW (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christopher R. Parish
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Charmaine J. Simeonovic
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
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‘t Hart DC, van der Vlag J, Nijenhuis T. Laminar flow substantially affects the morphology and functional phenotype of glomerular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251129. [PMID: 33951113 PMCID: PMC8099128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear stress induced by laminar blood flow has a profound effect on the morphology and functional phenotype of macrovascular endothelial cells. The influence of laminar flow on the glomerular microvascular endothelium, however, remains largely elusive. The glomerular endothelium, including its glycocalyx, is a crucial part of the glomerular filtration barrier, which is involved in blood filtration. We therefore investigated the influence of laminar flow-induced shear stress on the glomerular endothelium. Conditionally immortalized mouse glomerular endothelial cells were cultured for 7 days under a laminar flow of 5 dyn/cm2 to mimic the glomerular blood flow. The cells were subsequently analysed for changes in morphology, expression of shear stress-responsive genes, nitric oxide production, glycocalyx composition, expression of anti-oxidant genes and the inflammatory response. Culture under laminar flow resulted in cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell alignment compared to static conditions. Moreover, production of nitric oxide was increased and the expression of the main functional component of the glycocalyx, Heparan Sulfate, was enhanced in response to shear stress. Furthermore, glomerular endothelial cells demonstrated a quiescent phenotype under flow, characterized by a decreased expression of the pro-inflammatory gene ICAM-1 and increased expression of the anti-oxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO1. Upon exposure to the inflammatory stimulus TNFα, however, glomerular endothelial cells cultured under laminar flow showed an enhanced inflammatory response. In conclusion, laminar flow extensively affects the morphology and functional phenotype of glomerular endothelial cells in culture. Furthermore, glomerular endothelial cells respond differently to shear stress compared to macrovascular endothelium. To improve the translation of future in vitro studies with glomerular endothelial cells to the in vivo situation, it appears therefore crucial to culture glomerular endothelial cells under physiological flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan C. ‘t Hart
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Kuropka P, Zwyrzykowska-Wodzińska A, Kupczyński R, Włodarczyk M, Szumny A, Nowaczyk RM. The Effect of Ilex × meserveae S. Y. Hu Extract and Its Fractions on Renal Morphology in Rats Fed with Normal and High-Cholesterol Diet. Foods 2021; 10:foods10040818. [PMID: 33918905 PMCID: PMC8069847 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic properties of Ilex species are widely used in natural medicine. Ilex × meserveae may become a potential substitute for Ilex paraguariensis (Yerba Mate). As a part of the preliminary safety verification of this European Ilex hybrid vs. Yerba Mate, an eight-week study concerning the impact of regular administration of leaves of both species on kidneys was conducted. The standard water infusion and three dominant fractions of Ilex × meserveae leaves’ constituents (polyphenols, saponins and less polar terpenoids) were separately tried on 96 male Wistar rats divided into 8-member groups. Animals were divided into two basic nutritional groups: the first one was rats fed standard feed and the second on was rats fed with high-cholesterol diet (20 g of cholesterol per kg of standard feed). Postmortem morphometric evaluation of stained kidney samples concerned the filtration barrier elements, which are crucial in proper diuresis. The results showed that saponins present in the hydroalcoholic dry extract (administered in a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight/day) as well as in water infusions (1:20) from Ilex × meserveae and Ilex paraguariensis do not demonstrate nephrotoxicity but conversely, have a protective role on kidney status in animals fed with a normal diet and in a high-cholesterol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kuropka
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Zwyrzykowska-Wodzińska
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmońskiego 38C, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.Z.-W.); (R.K.)
| | - Robert Kupczyński
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmońskiego 38C, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.Z.-W.); (R.K.)
| | - Maciej Włodarczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Renata M. Nowaczyk
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Cheudjeu A. Correlation of D-xylose with severity and morbidity-related factors of COVID-19 and possible therapeutic use of D-xylose and antibiotics for COVID-19. Life Sci 2020; 260:118335. [PMID: 32846167 PMCID: PMC7443215 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-Cov-2 pandemic that currently affects the entire world has been shown to be especially dangerous in the elderly (≥65 years) and in smokers, with notably strong comorbidity in patients already suffering from chronic diseases, such as Type 2 diabetes, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, obesity, and hypertension. Inflammation of the lungs is the main factor leading to respiratory distress in patients with chronic respiratory disease and in patients with severe COVID-19. Several studies have shown that inflammation of the lungs in general and Type 2 diabetes are accompanied by the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), especially heparan sulfate (HS). Several studies have also shown the importance of countering the degradation of HS in lung infections and Type 2 diabetes. D-xylose, which is the initiating element for different sulfate GAG chains (especially HS), has shown regeneration properties for GAGs. D-xylose and xylitol have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antiglycemic, antiviral, and antibacterial properties in lung infections, alone or in combination with antibiotics. Considering the existing research on COVID-19 and related to D-xylose/xylitol, this review offers a perspective on why the association between D-xylose and antibiotics may contribute to significantly reducing the duration of treatment of COVID-19 patients and why some anti-inflammatory drugs may increase the severity of COVID-19. A strong correlation with scurvy, based on gender, age, ethnicity, smoking status, and obesity status, is also reviewed. Related to this, the effects of treatment with plants such as Artemisia are also addressed. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS: D-xylose; xylitol; l-ascorbic Acid; D-glucuronic acid; N-acetylglucosamine; D-N-acetylglucosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine; galactose.
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13
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Volokhina EB, Feitz WJC, Elders LM, van der Velden TJAM, van de Kar NCAJ, van den Heuvel LPWJ. Shiga Toxin Selectively Upregulates Expression of Syndecan-4 and Adhesion Molecule ICAM-1 in Human Glomerular Microvascular Endothelium. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E435. [PMID: 32635212 PMCID: PMC7405002 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a severe renal disease that is often preceded by infection with Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). The exact mechanism of Stx-mediated inflammation on human glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (HGMVECs) during HUS is still not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of Stx1 on the gene expression of proteins involved in leucocyte-mediated and complement-mediated inflammation. Our results showed that Stx1 enhances the mRNA and protein expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) syndecan-4 in HGMVECs pre-stimulated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). CD44 was upregulated on mRNA but not on protein level; no effect on the mRNA expression of other tested HSPGs glypican-1 and betaglycan was observed. Furthermore, Stx1 upregulated the mRNA, cell surface expression, and supernatant levels of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in HGMVECs. Interestingly, no effect on the protein levels of alternative pathway (AP) components was observed, although C3 mRNA was upregulated. All observed effects were much stronger in HGMVECs than in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs), a common model cell type used in endothelial studies. Our results provide new insights into the role of Stx1 in the pathogenesis of HUS. Possibilities to target the overexpression of syndecan-4 and ICAM-1 for STEC-HUS therapy should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena B. Volokhina
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. C. Feitz
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Lonneke M. Elders
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Thea J. A. M. van der Velden
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Nicole C. A. J. van de Kar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Lambertus P. W. J. van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Ahn HS, Kim JH, Jeong H, Yu J, Yeom J, Song SH, Kim SS, Kim IJ, Kim K. Differential Urinary Proteome Analysis for Predicting Prognosis in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with and without Renal Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124236. [PMID: 32545899 PMCID: PMC7352871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal dysfunction, a major complication of type 2 diabetes, can be predicted from estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and protein markers such as albumin concentration. Urinary protein biomarkers may be used to monitor or predict patient status. Urine samples were selected from patients enrolled in the retrospective diabetic kidney disease (DKD) study, including 35 with good and 19 with poor prognosis. After removal of albumin and immunoglobulin, the remaining proteins were reduced, alkylated, digested, and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively with a nano LC-MS platform. Each protein was identified, and its concentration normalized to that of creatinine. A prognostic model of DKD was formulated based on the adjusted quantities of each protein in the two groups. Of 1296 proteins identified in the 54 urine samples, 66 were differentially abundant in the two groups (area under the curve (AUC): p-value < 0.05), but none showed significantly better performance than albumin. To improve the predictive power by multivariate analysis, five proteins (ACP2, CTSA, GM2A, MUC1, and SPARCL1) were selected as significant by an AUC-based random forest method. The application of two classifiers—support vector machine and random forest—showed that the multivariate model performed better than univariate analysis of mucin-1 (AUC: 0.935 vs. 0.791) and albumin (AUC: 1.0 vs. 0.722). The urinary proteome can reflect kidney function directly and can predict the prognosis of patients with chronic kidney dysfunction. Classification based on five urinary proteins may better predict the prognosis of DKD patients than urinary albumin concentration or eGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sung Ahn
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.-S.A.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jong Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea; (J.H.K.); (S.H.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Hwangkyo Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Jiyoung Yu
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.-S.A.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jeonghun Yeom
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Sang Heon Song
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea; (J.H.K.); (S.H.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea; (J.H.K.); (S.H.S.); (S.S.K.)
| | - In Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea; (J.H.K.); (S.H.S.); (S.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (I.J.K.); (K.K.); Tel.: +82-51-240-7224 (I.J.K.); +82-2-1688-7575 (K.K.)
| | - Kyunggon Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.-S.A.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
- Clinical Proteomics Core Laboratory, Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.J.K.); (K.K.); Tel.: +82-51-240-7224 (I.J.K.); +82-2-1688-7575 (K.K.)
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15
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Pessentheiner AR, Ducasa GM, Gordts PLSM. Proteoglycans in Obesity-Associated Metabolic Dysfunction and Meta-Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:769. [PMID: 32508807 PMCID: PMC7248225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are a specific subset of glycoproteins found at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where they interact with a plethora of proteins involved in metabolic homeostasis and meta-inflammation. Over the last decade, new insights have emerged on the mechanism and biological significance of these interactions in the context of diet-induced disorders such as obesity and type-2 diabetes. Complications of energy metabolism drive most diet-induced metabolic disorders, which results in low-grade chronic inflammation, thereby affecting proper function of many vital organs involved in energy homeostasis, such as the brain, liver, kidney, heart and adipose tissue. Here, we discuss how heparan, chondroitin and keratan sulfate proteoglycans modulate obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction and low-grade inflammation that impact the initiation and progression of obesity-associated morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane R. Pessentheiner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - G. Michelle Ducasa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Philip L. S. M. Gordts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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16
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Abstract
Recent advances in the field of glycobiology have exposed a multitude of biological processes that are controlled or influenced by proteoglycans, in both physiological and pathological conditions ranging from early embryonic development, inflammation, and fibrosis to tumor invasion and metastasis. The first part of this article reviews the biosynthesis of proteoglycans and their multifunctional roles in health and disease; the second part of this review focuses on their putative roles in peritoneal homeostasis and peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis in the context of chronic peritoneal dialysis and peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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17
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Hejazian SM, Zununi Vahed S, Moghaddas Sani H, Nariman-Saleh-Fam Z, Bastami M, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Ardalan M, Samadi N. Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: pharmacogenetics and epigenetic points and views. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:147-156. [PMID: 31847609 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1702877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the first-line therapy for patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS), a common glomerular disease, that cause complete remission in most of the cases. In response to the treatment, NS patients are divided into glucocorticoid-sensitive and -resistant. This variation is due to the differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GCs in each patient that affect the response to the treatment modality. Since the genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporter proteins significantly impact the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of the applied medications, this review highlights the basic mechanisms of genetic variations involved in GCs metabolism in drug-resistant NS patients.Areas covered: This review explains the pharmacogenetic variations that influence the profile of GCs responses and their pharmacokinetics in NS patients. Moreover, the epigenetic variations including histone modifications and miRNA gene regulation that have an influence on GCs responses will review. A comprehensive literature search was performed using different keywords to the reviewed topics.Expert opinion: The accumulative data suggest the importance of pharmacogenetic studies to develop personalized therapies and increase the GCs responsiveness in these patients. It is imperative to know that genetic testing does not give absolute answers to all existing questions in steroid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyede Mina Hejazian
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hakimeh Moghaddas Sani
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ziba Nariman-Saleh-Fam
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Bastami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Nasser Samadi
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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Genderen AM, Jansen J, Cheng C, Vermonden T, Masereeuw R. Renal Tubular- and Vascular Basement Membranes and their Mimicry in Engineering Vascularized Kidney Tubules. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800529. [PMID: 30091856 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence of chronic kidney disease leads to an increased need for renal replacement therapies. While there are simply not enough donor organs available for transplantation, there is a need to seek other therapeutic avenues as current dialysis modalities are insufficient. The field of regenerative medicine and whole organ engineering is emerging, and researchers are looking for innovative ways to create (part of) a functional new organ. To biofabricate a kidney or its functional units, it is necessary to understand and learn from physiology to be able to mimic the specific tissue properties. Herein is provided an overview of the knowledge on tubular and vascular basement membranes' biochemical components and biophysical properties, and the major differences between the two basement membranes are highlighted. Furthermore, an overview of current trends in membrane technology for developing renal replacement therapies and to stimulate kidney regeneration is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Metje Genderen
- Division of PharmacologyUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Division of PharmacologyUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Regenerative Medicine Center UtrechtUniversity Medical Center Utrecht 3584 CT Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center Utrecht 3508 GA Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental CardiologyErasmus Medical Center 3015 GD Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Division of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of PharmacologyUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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19
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van Gemst JJ, Kouwenberg M, Rops ALWMM, van Kuppevelt TH, Berden JH, Rabelink TJ, Loeven MA, van der Vlag J. Differential binding of chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2 and CCL2 to mouse glomerular endothelial cells reveals specificity for distinct heparan sulfate domains. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201560. [PMID: 30248108 PMCID: PMC6152867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proliferative glomerulonephritis manifests in a range of renal diseases and is characterized by the influx of inflammatory cells into the glomerulus. Heparan sulfate (HS) is an important (co-)receptor for binding of chemokines, cytokines and leukocytes to the endothelial glycocalyx, a thick glycan layer that covers the inside of blood vessels. During glomerulonephritis, HS in the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx plays a central role in chemokine presentation and oligomerization, and in binding of selectins and integrins expressed by leukocytes. We hypothesize that distinct endothelial HS domains determine the binding of different chemokines. In this study we evaluated the interaction of three pro-inflammatory chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2 and CCL2) with mouse glomerular endothelial cells (mGEnC-1) in ELISA in competition with different HS preparations and anti-HS single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies specific for distinct HS domains. RESULTS HS appeared to be the primary ligand mediating chemokine binding to the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx in vitro. We found differential affinities of CXCL1, CXCL2 and CCL2 for HS in isolated mGEnC-1 glycocalyx, heparan sulfate from bovine kidney or low molecular weight heparin in competition ELISAs using mGEnC-1 as a substrate, indicating that chemokine binding is affected by the domain structure of the different HS preparations. Blocking of specific HS domains with anti-HS scFv antibodies revealed a domain-specific interaction of the tested chemokines to HS on mGEnC-1. Furthermore, chemokines did not compete for the same binding sites on mGEnC-1. CONCLUSION CXCL1, CXCL2 and CCL2 binding to the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx appears differentially mediated by specific HS domains. Our findings may therefore contribute to the development of HS-based treatments for renal and possibly other inflammatory diseases specifically targeting chemokine-endothelial cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. van Gemst
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Kouwenberg
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. L. W. M. M. Rops
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T. H. van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. H. Berden
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T. J. Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology and Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. A. Loeven
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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20
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Takahashi I, Yamada S, Nata K. Effects of heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-4 on the insulin secretory response in a mouse pancreatic β-cell line, MIN6. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 470:142-150. [PMID: 29042251 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) comprise a core protein to which extracellular glycosaminoglycan chains are attached. Syndecan-4, one of the major HS-containing core proteins, is distributed on the cell surface, where they interact with various protein ligands and regulate a wide range of biological activities. Here, we propose that the core protein of HSPGs is involved in the insulin secretory response. To investigate the participation of HSPGs in the insulin-secretion mechanism, MIN6 cells, a mouse pancreatic β-cell line, were subcloned. The subcloned MIN6 cells were selected based on their insulin secretory response, the expression of HS and core proteins. The results from these screening experiments indicated that only syndecan-4-expressing subclones are able to secrete insulin in response to glucose. Silencing of syndecan-4 reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion, whereas the overexpression of syndecan-4 increased the insulin secretory response. These data indicate that the HSPG syndecan-4 plays important role(s) in the insulin secretory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Takahashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba 028-3603, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Koji Nata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba 028-3603, Japan.
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21
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Subverting the mechanisms of cell death: flavivirus manipulation of host cell responses to infection. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:609-617. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20170399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viruses exploit host metabolic and defence machinery for their own replication. The flaviviruses, which include Dengue (DENV), Yellow Fever (YFV), Japanese Encephalitis (JEV), West Nile (WNV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses, infect a broad range of hosts, cells and tissues. Flaviviruses are largely transmitted by mosquito bites and humans are usually incidental, dead-end hosts, with the notable exceptions of YFV, DENV and ZIKV. Infection by flaviviruses elicits cellular responses including cell death via necrosis, pyroptosis (involving inflammation) or apoptosis (which avoids inflammation). Flaviviruses exploit these mechanisms and subvert them to prolong viral replication. The different effects induced by DENV, WNV, JEV and ZIKV are reviewed. Host cell surface proteoglycans (PGs) bearing glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharides — heparan/chondroitin sulfate (HS/CS) — are involved in initial flavivirus attachment and during the expression of non-structural viral proteins play a role in disease aetiology. Recent work has shown that ZIKV-infected cells are protected from cell death by exogenous heparin (a GAG structurally similar to host cell surface HS), raising the possibility of further subtle involvement of HS PGs in flavivirus disease processes. The aim of this review is to synthesize information regarding DENV, WNV, JEV and ZIKV from two areas that are usually treated separately: the response of host cells to infection by flaviviruses and the involvement of cell surface GAGs in response to those infections.
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Corradetti B, Taraballi F, Giretti I, Bauza G, Pistillo RS, Banche Niclot F, Pandolfi L, Demarchi D, Tasciotti E. Heparan Sulfate: A Potential Candidate for the Development of Biomimetic Immunomodulatory Membranes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:54. [PMID: 28983481 PMCID: PMC5613095 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials have demonstrated that heparan sulfate (HS) could be used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Its anti-inflammatory effect makes it suitable for the development of biomimetic innovative strategies aiming at modulating stem cells behavior toward a pro-regenerative phenotype in case of injury or inflammation. Here, we propose collagen type I meshes fabricated by solvent casting and further crosslinked with HS (HS-Col) to create a biomimetic environment resembling the extracellular matrix of soft tissue. HS-Col meshes were tested for their capability to provide physical support to stem cells’ growth, maintain their phenotypes and immunosuppressive potential following inflammation. HS-Col effect on stem cells was investigated in standard conditions as well as in an inflammatory environment recapitulated in vitro through a mix of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-gamma; 20 ng/ml). A significant increase in the production of molecules associated with immunosuppression was demonstrated in response to the material and when cells were grown in presence of pro-inflammatory stimuli, compared to bare collagen membranes (Col), leading to a greater inhibitory potential when mesenchymal stem cells were exposed to stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our data suggest that the presence of HS is able to activate the molecular machinery responsible for the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, potentially leading to a faster resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Corradetti
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Taraballi
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ilaria Giretti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Guillermo Bauza
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for NanoHealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University Bay, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Rossella S Pistillo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Banche Niclot
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Laura Pandolfi
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for NanoHealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University Bay, Swansea, United Kingdom
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23
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Heparanase: roles in cell survival, extracellular matrix remodelling and the development of kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:201-212. [PMID: 28163306 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase has regulatory roles in various processes, including cell communication, gene transcription and autophagy. In addition, it is the only known mammalian endoglycosidase that is capable of degrading heparan sulfate (HS). HS chains are important constituents and organizers of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and have a key role in maintaining the integrity and function of the glomerular filtration barrier. In addition, HS chains regulate the activity of numerous bioactive molecules, such as cytokines and growth factors, at the cell surface and in the ECM. Given the functional diversity of HS, its degradation by heparanase profoundly affects important pathophysiological processes, including tumour development, neovascularization and inflammation, as well as progression of kidney disease. Heparanase-mediated degradation and subsequent remodelling of HS in the ECM of the glomerulus is a key mechanism in the development of glomerular disease, as exemplified by the complete resistance of heparanase-deficient animals to diabetes and immune-mediated kidney disease. This Review summarizes the role of heparanase in the development of kidney disease, and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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24
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Kim HJ, Hong YH, Kim YJ, Kim HS, Park JW, Do JY, Kim KJ, Bae SW, Kim CW, Lee CK. Anti-heparan sulfate antibody and functional loss of glomerular heparan sulfate proteoglycans in lupus nephritis. Lupus 2016; 26:815-824. [PMID: 28420046 DOI: 10.1177/0961203316678674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the features of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) as agrins of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and circulating anti-heparan sulfate (HS) antibodies in lupus nephritis, comparing titers among the following groups: lupus nephritis (LN), non-renal lupus, non-lupus nephritis, and healthy controls. Methods The stage of nephritis was determined based on the kidney biopsy. Alcian blue staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for agrin were performed for histological evaluation of GBM HSPGs in normal glomeruli, non-lupus membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN), and lupus MGN. The results were used for measurement of the serum anti-HS antibody titers using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the following groups: 38 healthy controls, 38 non-lupus nephritis, 37 non-renal lupus, and 38 LN. Results Glomerulus HSPGs were stained bluish-green along the GBM with Alcian blue. However, IHC staining against agrin was almost completely negative in the lupus MGN group compared with the normal and non-lupus MGN groups, which showed brown staining of GBM. A higher level of anti-HS IgG was detected in LN compared with other groups, respectively. Higher titers were associated with the presence of SLE and nephritis. A higher degree of proteinuria normalized to glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was observed in association with higher anti-HS antibody titers in LN. Conclusion This study demonstrated a functional loss of GBM HSPGs and higher levels of circulating anti-HS antibodies as a characteristic feature of lupus nephritis, suggesting their involvement in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis and proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Kim
- 1 Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Y-H Hong
- 1 Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Y-J Kim
- 2 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - H-S Kim
- 3 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - J-W Park
- 4 Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - J-Y Do
- 4 Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - K-J Kim
- 5 Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Daekyeung University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - S-W Bae
- 1 Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - C-W Kim
- 1 Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - C-K Lee
- 1 Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
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25
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DeCarlo AA, Whitelock JM. The Role of Heparan Sulfate and Perlecan in Bone-regenerative Procedures. J Dent Res 2016; 85:122-32. [PMID: 16434729 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering, grafting procedures, regeneration, and tissue remodeling are developing therapeutic modalities with great potential medical value, but these regenerative modalities are not as effective or predictable as clinicians and patients would like. Greater understanding of growth factors, cytokines, extracellular matrix molecules, and their roles in cell-mediated healing processes have made these regenerative therapies more clinically viable and will continue advancing the fields of tissue engineering and grafting. However, millions of oral and non-oral bone-grafting procedures are performed annually, and only a small percentage yield the most desirable results. Here we review the heparan-sulfate-decorated extracellular biomolecule named perlecan and the research relating to its potential as an adjunct in bone-regenerative procedures. The review includes an overview of bone graft substitutes and biological adjuncts to bone-regenerative procedures in medicine as they apply to periodontal disease, alveolar ridge augmentation, and barrier membrane therapy. Perlecan is discussed as a potential biological adjunct in terms of growth factor sequestration and delivery, and promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis. Further, we propose delivery and application schemes for perlecan and/or its domains in bone-regenerative procedures, with particular emphasis on its heparan-sulfate-decorated domain I. The perlecan molecule, with its heparan sulfate glycosylation, may provide a multi-faceted approach for the delivery of a more comprehensive stimulus than other single potential adjuncts currently available for bone-regenerative procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A DeCarlo
- Agenta Biotechnologies, Inc., OADI Technology Center, Birmingham, AL 35211, USA.
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26
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van Gemst JJ, Loeven MA, de Graaf MJJ, Berden JHM, Rabelink TJ, Smit CH, van der Vlag J. RNA Contaminates Glycosaminoglycans Extracted from Cells and Tissues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167336. [PMID: 27898729 PMCID: PMC5127559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear negatively charged polysaccharides and important components of extracellular matrices and cell surface glycan layers such as the endothelial glycocalyx. The GAG family includes sulfated heparin, heparan sulfate (HS), dermatan sulfate (DS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), keratan sulfate, and non-sulfated hyaluronan. Because relative expression of GAGs is dependent on cell-type and niche, isolating GAGs from cell cultures and tissues may provide insight into cell- and tissue-specific GAG structure and functions. In our objective to obtain structural information about the GAGs expressed on a specialized mouse glomerular endothelial cell culture (mGEnC-1) we adapted a recently published GAG isolation protocol, based on cell lysis, proteinase K and DNase I digestion. Analysis of the GAGs contributing to the mGEnC-1 glycocalyx indicated a large HS and a minor CS content on barium acetate gel. However, isolated GAGs appeared resistant to enzymatic digestion by heparinases. We found that these GAG extracts were heavily contaminated with RNA, which co-migrated with HS in barium acetate gel electrophoresis and interfered with 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assays, resulting in an overestimation of GAG yields. We hypothesized that RNA may be contaminating GAG extracts from other cell cultures and possibly tissue, and therefore investigated potential RNA contaminations in GAG extracts from two additional cell lines, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and retinal pigmental epithelial cells, and mouse kidney, liver, spleen and heart tissue. GAG extracts from all examined cell lines and tissues contained varying amounts of contaminating RNA, which interfered with GAG quantification using DMMB assays and characterization of GAGs by barium acetate gel electrophoresis. We therefore recommend routinely evaluating the RNA content of GAG extracts and propose a robust protocol for GAG isolation that includes an RNA digestion step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J. van Gemst
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus A. Loeven
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. J. de Graaf
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jo H. M. Berden
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J. Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology and Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H. Smit
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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27
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Tsunenaga M. Heparanase Inhibitors Facilitate the Assembly of the Basement Membrane in Artificial Skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5:113-122. [PMID: 27853671 PMCID: PMC5070419 DOI: 10.2174/2211542005666160725154356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that the basement membrane at the dermal-epidermal junction of the skin plays an important role in maintaining a healthy epidermis and dermis, and repeated damage to the skin can destabilize the skin and accelerate the aging process. Skin-equivalent models are suitable for studying the reconstruction of the basement membrane and its contribution to epidermal homeostasis because they lack the basement membrane and show abnormal expression of epidermal differentiation markers. By using these models, it has been shown that reconstruction of the basement membrane is enhanced not only by supplying basement membrane components, but also by inhibiting proteinases such as urokinase and matrix metalloproteinase. Although matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors assist in the reconstruction of the basement membrane structure, their action is not sufficient to promote its functional recovery. However, heparanase inhibitors stabilize the heparan sulfate chains of perlecan (a heparan sulfate proteoglycan) and promote the regulation of heparan sulfate binding growth factors in the basement membrane. Heparan sulfate promotes effective protein-protein interactions, thereby facilitating the assembly of type VII collagen anchoring fibrils and elastin-associated microfibrils. Using both matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and heparanase inhibitors, the basement membrane in a skin-equivalent model comes close to recapitulating the structure and function of an in vivo basement membrane. Therefore, by using an appropriate dermis model and suitable protease inhibitors, it may be possible to produce skin-equivalent models that are more similar to natural skin
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsunenaga
- Shiseido Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8558, Japan
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28
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Herman-Edelstein M, Chagnac A, Nevo Z, Skutelsky E, Evron Y, Hirsch Y, Ben-Dor L, Schwartz I, Schwartz D, Weinstein T. Angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibition restores glomerular glycosaminoglycans in rat puromycin nephrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:543-552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Cathepsin L is crucial for the development of early experimental diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2016; 90:1012-1022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Borza DB. Glomerular basement membrane heparan sulfate in health and disease: A regulator of local complement activation. Matrix Biol 2016; 57-58:299-310. [PMID: 27609404 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is an essential component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans such as agrin are major components of the GBM, along with α345(IV) collagen, laminin-521 and nidogen. A loss of GBM heparan sulfate chains is associated with proteinuria in several glomerular diseases and may contribute to the underlying pathology. As the major determinants of the anionic charge of the GBM, heparan sulfate chains have been thought to impart charge selectivity to the glomerular filtration, a view challenged by the negligible albuminuria in mice that lack heparan sulfate in the GBM. Recent studies provide increasing evidence that heparan sulfate chains modulate local complement activation by recruiting complement regulatory protein factor H, the major inhibitor of the alternative pathway in plasma. Factor H selectively inactivates C3b bound to surfaces bearing host-specific polyanions such as heparan sulfate, thus limiting complement activation on self surfaces such as the GBM, which are not protected by cell-bound complement regulators. We discuss mechanisms whereby the acquired loss of GBM heparan sulfate can impair the local regulation of the alternative pathway, exacerbating complement activation and glomerular injury in immune-mediated kidney diseases such as membranous nephropathy and lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin-Bogdan Borza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D. B. Todd, Jr., Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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31
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Nagao RJ, Xu J, Luo P, Xue J, Wang Y, Kotha S, Zeng W, Fu X, Himmelfarb J, Zheng Y. Decellularized Human Kidney Cortex Hydrogels Enhance Kidney Microvascular Endothelial Cell Maturation and Quiescence. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:1140-1150. [PMID: 27481445 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney peritubular microvasculature is highly susceptible to injury from drugs and toxins, often resulting in acute kidney injury and progressive chronic kidney disease. Little is known about the process of injury and regeneration of human kidney microvasculature, resulting from the lack of appropriate kidney microvascular models that can incorporate the proper cells, extracellular matrices (ECMs), and architectures needed to understand the response and contribution of individual vascular components in these processes. In this study, we present methods to recreate the human kidney ECM (kECM) microenvironment by fabricating kECM hydrogels derived from decellularized human kidney cortex. The majority of native matrix proteins, such as collagen-IV, laminin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and their isoforms were preserved in similar proportions as found in normal kidneys. Human kidney peritubular microvascular endothelial cells (HKMECs) became more quiescent when cultured on this kECM gel compared with culture on collagen-I-assessed using phenotypic, genotypic, and functional assays; whereas human umbilical vein endothelial cells became stimulated on kECM gels. We demonstrate for the first time that human kidney cortex can form a hydrogel suitable for use in flow-directed microphysiological systems. Our findings strongly suggest that selecting the proper ECM is a critical consideration in the development of vascularized organs on a chip and carries important implications for tissue engineering of all vascularized organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Nagao
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,2 Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Jin Xu
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Ping Luo
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Jun Xue
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Yi Wang
- 3 Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle, Washington
| | - Surya Kotha
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Wen Zeng
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,4 Department of Anatomy, Key Lab of Biomechanics, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Fu
- 3 Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- 2 Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,5 Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Ying Zheng
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,5 Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,6 Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
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32
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Dragovich MA, Genemaras K, Dailey HL, Jedlicka S, Frank Zhang X. Dual Regulation of L-Selectin-Mediated Leukocyte Adhesion by Endothelial Surface Glycocalyx. Cell Mol Bioeng 2016; 10:102-113. [PMID: 31719852 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-016-0463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial surface glycocalyx (ESG) is a carbohydrate-rich, gel-like layer found on vascular endothelium, serving critical functions in mechanotransduction of blood flows, maintenance of the endothelial permeability, and the control of leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. This study aimed to clarify the role of ESG in the adhesion between leukocytes and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) under resting or inflammatory conditions. Using an atomic force microscopy-based single-cell adhesion assay, we directly quantified the detachment force and work perpendicular to the cell membrane. Detachment force and work were measured for every separation event of a leukocyte from a HUVEC with ESG, or with the major ESG glycosaminoglycan components, heparan sulfate (HS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) removed. For the resting HUVECs, when HS and/or HA were removed, the detachment force and work increased dramatically. For the HUVECs activated by inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha, we observed increases in the detachment force and work compared to the resting HUVECs, and removal of HS and/or HA resulted in significant decreases in the detachment force and work. The results demonstrate that the ESG layer serves a dual function: (1) on resting endothelium, it prevents leukocyte adhesion, and (2) under inflammatory conditions, it participates in endothelial-leukocyte interactions with molecules such as selectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dragovich
- 1Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
| | - Kaylynn Genemaras
- 2Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA.,4Present Address: Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University, 6823 Saint Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA
| | - Hannah L Dailey
- 1Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
| | - Sabrina Jedlicka
- 2Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA.,3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
| | - X Frank Zhang
- 1Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA.,2Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
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33
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Mende M, Bednarek C, Wawryszyn M, Sauter P, Biskup MB, Schepers U, Bräse S. Chemical Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycans. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8193-255. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mende
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christin Bednarek
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirella Wawryszyn
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paul Sauter
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz B. Biskup
- Division
2—Informatics, Economics and Society, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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34
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Circulating Fibroblast Growth Factor-2, HIV-Tat, and Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor-A in HIV-Infected Children with Renal Disease Activate Rho-A and Src in Cultured Renal Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153837. [PMID: 27097314 PMCID: PMC4838216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal endothelial cells (REc) are the first target of HIV-1 in the kidney. The integrity of REc is maintained at least partially by heparin binding growth factors that bind to heparan sulfate proteoglycans located on their cell surface. However, previous studies showed that the accumulation of two heparin-binding growth factors, Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2), in combination with the viral protein Tat, can precipitate the progression of HIV-renal diseases. Nonetheless, very little is known about how these factors affect the behavior of REc in HIV+ children. We carried out this study to determine how VEGF-A, FGF-2, and HIV-Tat, modulate the cytoskeletal structure and permeability of cultured REc, identify key signaling pathways involved in this process, and develop a functional REc assay to detect HIV+ children affected by these changes. We found that VEGF-A and FGF-2, acting in synergy with HIV-Tat and heparin, affected the cytoskeletal structure and permeability of REc through changes in Rho-A, Src, and Rac-1 activity. Furthermore, urine samples from HIV+ children with renal diseases, showed high levels of VEGF-A and FGF-2, and induced similar changes in cultured REc and podocytes. These findings suggest that FGF-2, VEGF-A, and HIV-Tat, may affect the glomerular filtration barrier in HIV+ children through the induction of synergistic changes in Rho-A and Src activity. Further studies are needed to define the clinical value of the REc assay described in this study to identify HIV+ children exposed to circulating factors that may induce glomerular injury through similar mechanisms.
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35
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Ye TS, Zhang YW, Zhang XM. Protective effects of Danggui Buxue Tang on renal function, renal glomerular mesangium and heparanase expression in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2477-2483. [PMID: 27284335 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) is a simple combination of Radix Astragali and Radix Angelica sinensis (5:1), with a variety pharmacological activities. In the present study, a single intravenous injection of 30 mg/kg streptozotocin and subsequent six weeks of high glucose diet in Sprague Dawley rats were used to induce diabetic nephropathy. Rats with diabetes mellitus showed increased levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), serum and urine β2-microglobulins (β2-MG), and type IV collagen (all P<0.05). DBT treatment significantly decreased the levels of FBG, BUN, Scr, serum and urine β2-MG, and type IV collagen. Furthermore, DBT treatment significantly and dose-dependently restored the ultrastructural injury, and reduced the expression of heparanase, compared with the vehicle (P<0.05). Therefore, DBT may be a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Sheng Ye
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Wen Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Mei Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Garsen M, Benner M, Dijkman HB, van Kuppevelt TH, Li JP, Rabelink TJ, Vlodavsky I, Berden JHM, Rops ALWMM, Elkin M, van der Vlag J. Heparanase Is Essential for the Development of Acute Experimental Glomerulonephritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:805-15. [PMID: 26873445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase, a heparan sulfate (HS)--specific endoglucuronidase, mediates the onset of proteinuria and renal damage during experimental diabetic nephropathy. Glomerular heparanase expression is increased in most proteinuric diseases. Herein, we evaluated the role of heparanase in two models of experimental glomerulonephritis, being anti-glomerular basement membrane and lipopolysaccharide-induced glomerulonephritis, in wild-type and heparanase-deficient mice. Induction of experimental glomerulonephritis led to an increased heparanase expression in wild-type mice, which was associated with a decreased glomerular expression of a highly sulfated HS domain, and albuminuria. Albuminuria was reduced in the heparanase-deficient mice in both models of experimental glomerulonephritis, which was accompanied by a better renal function and less renal damage. Notably, glomerular HS expression was preserved in the heparanase-deficient mice. Glomerular leukocyte and macrophage influx was reduced in the heparanase-deficient mice, which was accompanied by a reduced expression of both types 1 and 2 helper T-cell cytokines. In vitro, tumor necrosis factor-α and lipopolysaccharide directly induced heparanase expression and increased transendothelial albumin passage. Our study shows that heparanase contributes to proteinuria and renal damage in experimental glomerulonephritis by decreasing glomerular HS expression, enhancing renal leukocyte and macrophage influx, and affecting the local cytokine milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Garsen
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marilen Benner
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henry B Dijkman
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jo H M Berden
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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37
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Loeven MA, Rops AL, Lehtinen MJ, van Kuppevelt TH, Daha MR, Smith RJ, Bakker M, Berden JH, Rabelink TJ, Jokiranta TS, van der Vlag J. Mutations in Complement Factor H Impair Alternative Pathway Regulation on Mouse Glomerular Endothelial Cells in Vitro. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:4974-81. [PMID: 26728463 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.702506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H (FH) inhibits complement activation and interacts with glomerular endothelium via its complement control protein domains 19 and 20, which also recognize heparan sulfate (HS). Abnormalities in FH are associated with the renal diseases atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and dense deposit disease and the ocular disease age-related macular degeneration. Although FH systemically controls complement activation, clinical phenotypes selectively manifest in kidneys and eyes, suggesting the presence of tissue-specific determinants of disease development. Recent results imply the importance of tissue-specifically expressed, sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), like HS, in determining FH binding to and activity on host tissues. Therefore, we investigated which GAGs mediate human FH and recombinant human FH complement control proteins domains 19 and 20 (FH19-20) binding to mouse glomerular endothelial cells (mGEnCs) in ELISA. Furthermore, we evaluated the functional defects of FH19-20 mutants during complement activation by measuring C3b deposition on mGEnCs using flow cytometry. FH and FH19-20 bound dose-dependently to mGEnCs and TNF-α treatment increased binding of both proteins, whereas heparinase digestion and competition with heparin/HS inhibited binding. Furthermore, 2-O-, and 6-O-, but not N-desulfation of heparin, significantly increased the inhibitory effect on FH19-20 binding to mGEnCs. Compared with wild type FH19-20, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome-associated mutants were less able to compete with FH in normal human serum during complement activation on mGEnCs, confirming their potential glomerular pathogenicity. In conclusion, our study shows that FH and FH19-20 binding to glomerular endothelial cells is differentially mediated by HS but not other GAGs. Furthermore, we describe a novel, patient serum-independent competition assay for pathogenicity screening of FH19-20 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus A Loeven
- From the Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Angelique L Rops
- From the Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus J Lehtinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed R Daha
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands, and
| | - Richard J Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine and Otolaryngology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Marinka Bakker
- From the Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jo H Berden
- From the Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands, and
| | - T Sakari Jokiranta
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- From the Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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Kuwabara K, Nishitsuji K, Uchimura K, Hung SC, Mizuguchi M, Nakajima H, Mikawa S, Kobayashi N, Saito H, Sakashita N. Cellular interaction and cytotoxicity of the iowa mutation of apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-IIowa) amyloid mediated by sulfate moieties of heparan sulfate. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24210-21. [PMID: 26292220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.652545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The single amino acid mutation G26R in human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is associated with familial amyloid polyneuropathy III. ApoA-I carrying this mutation (apoA-IIowa) forms amyloid fibrils in vitro. Heparan sulfate (HS) is a glycosaminoglycan that is abundant at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Although HS and its highly sulfated domains are involved in aggregation of amyloid-β and accumulate in cerebral amyloid plaques of patients with Alzheimer disease and mouse models of this disease, the role of HS in familial amyloid polyneuropathy III has never been addressed. Here, we used cell models to investigate the possible role of HS in the cytotoxicity of apoA-IIowa amyloid. Wild-type CHO cells, but not pgsD-677 cells, an HS-deficient CHO mutant, demonstrated uptake of apoA-IIowa amyloid after incubation with the amyloid. Addition of sulfated glycosaminoglycans to culture media prevented interaction with and cytotoxicity of apoA-IIowa amyloid to CHO cells. Elimination of cell surface HS or inhibition of HS sulfation with chemical reagents interfered with interaction of apoA-IIowa amyloid with CHO cells. We also found that cellular interaction and cytotoxicity of apoA-IIowa amyloid were significantly attenuated in CHO cells that stably expressed the human extracellular endoglucosamine 6-sulfatases HSulf-1 and HSulf-2. Our results thus suggest that cell surface HS mediates cytotoxicity of apoA-IIowa amyloid and that enzymatic remodeling of HS mitigates the cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kuwabara
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan, the Department of Molecular Physical Pharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan,
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- the Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- the Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, and
| | - Makoto Mizuguchi
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakajima
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan, the Department of Molecular Physical Pharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Shiho Mikawa
- the Department of Molecular Physical Pharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kobayashi
- the Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- the Department of Molecular Physical Pharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Naomi Sakashita
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Assady S, Alter J, Axelman E, Zohar Y, Sabo E, Litvak M, Kaplan M, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Abassi Z. Nephroprotective effect of heparanase in experimental nephrotic syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119610. [PMID: 25786136 PMCID: PMC4364762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparanase, an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS), is involved in various biologic processes. Recently, an association between heparanase and glomerular injury was suggested. The present study examines the involvement of heparanase in the pathogenesis of Adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome (ADR-NS) in a mouse model. METHODS BALB/c wild-type (wt) mice and heparanase overexpressing transgenic mice (hpa-TG) were tail-vein injected with either Adriamycin (ADR, 10 mg/kg) or vehicle. Albuminuria was investigated at days 0, 7, and 14 thereafter. Mice were sacrificed at day 15, and kidneys were harvested for various analyses: structure and ultrastructure alterations, podocyte proteins expression, and heparanase enzymatic activity. RESULTS ADR-injected wt mice developed severe albuminuria, while ADR-hpa-TG mice showed only a mild elevation in urinary albumin excretion. In parallel, light microscopy of stained cross sections of kidneys from ADR-injected wt mice, but not hpa-TG mice, showed mild to severe glomerular and tubular damage. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses revealed significant reduction in nephrin and podocin protein expression in ADR-wt mice, but not in ADR-hpa-TG mice. These results were substantiated by electron-microscopy findings showing massive foot process effacement in injected ADR-wt mice, in contrast to largely preserved integrity of podocyte architecture in ADR-hpa-TG mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that heparanase may play a nephroprotective role in ADR-NS, most likely independently of HS degradation. Moreover, hpa-TG mice comprise an invaluable in vivo platform to investigate the interplay between heparanase and glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suheir Assady
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joel Alter
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elena Axelman
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaniv Zohar
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Edmond Sabo
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Litvak
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marielle Kaplan
- Clinical Laboratories Division, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Centre, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Centre, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zaid Abassi
- Research Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Department of Physiology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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40
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Dane MJC, van den Berg BM, Lee DH, Boels MGS, Tiemeier GL, Avramut MC, van Zonneveld AJ, van der Vlag J, Vink H, Rabelink TJ. A microscopic view on the renal endothelial glycocalyx. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F956-66. [PMID: 25673809 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00532.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells perform key homeostatic functions such as regulating blood flow, permeability, and aiding immune surveillance for pathogens. While endothelial activation serves normal physiological adaptation, maladaptation of these endothelial functions has been identified as an important effector mechanism in the progression of renal disease as well as the associated development of cardiovascular disease. The primary interface between blood and the endothelium is the glycocalyx. This carbohydrate-rich gel-like structure with its associated proteins mediates most of the regulatory functions of the endothelium. Because the endothelial glycocalyx is a highly dynamic and fragile structure ex vivo, and traditional tissue processing for staining and perfusion-fixation usually results in a partial or complete loss of the glycocalyx, studying its dimensions and function has proven to be challenging. In this review, we will outline the core functions of the glycocalyx and focus on different techniques to study structure-function relationships in kidney and vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J C Dane
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven laboratory for Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M van den Berg
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven laboratory for Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dae Hyun Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven laboratory for Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margien G S Boels
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven laboratory for Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gesa L Tiemeier
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven laboratory for Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Cristina Avramut
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Section Electron Microscopy LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Jan van Zonneveld
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven laboratory for Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Hans Vink
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven laboratory for Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
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41
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Loeven MA, Rops ALWMM, Berden JHM, Daha MR, Rabelink TJ, van der Vlag J. The role of heparan sulfate as determining pathogenic factor in complement factor H-associated diseases. Mol Immunol 2015; 63:203-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Modulation of heparan sulfate in the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx decreases leukocyte influx during experimental glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2014; 86:932-42. [PMID: 24759151 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is postulated to be an important modulator of permeability and inflammation. The glycocalyx consists of complex polysaccharides, the main functional constituent of which, heparan sulfate (HS), is synthesized and modified by multiple enzymes. The N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase (Ndst) enzymes initiate and dictate the modification process. Here we evaluated the effects of modulation of HS in the endothelial glycocalyx on albuminuria and glomerular leukocyte influx using mice deficient in endothelial and leukocyte Ndst1 (TEKCre+/Ndst1flox/flox). In these mice, glomerular expression of a specific HS domain was significantly decreased, whereas the expression of other HS domains was normal. In the endothelial glycocalyx, this specific HS structure was not associated with albuminuria or with changes in renal function. However, glomerular leukocyte influx was significantly reduced during antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis, which was associated with less glomerular injury and better renal function. In vitro decreased adhesion of wild-type and Ndst1-deficient granulocytes to Ndst1-silenced glomerular endothelial cells was found, accompanied by a decreased binding of chemokines and L-selectin. Thus, modulation of HS in the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx significantly reduced the inflammatory response in antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis.
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43
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Pichert A, Schlorke D, Franz S, Arnhold J. Functional aspects of the interaction between interleukin-8 and sulfated glycosaminoglycans. BIOMATTER 2014; 2:142-8. [PMID: 23507865 PMCID: PMC3549867 DOI: 10.4161/biom.21316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the immune response, the cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8, CXCL8) functions as a strong chemoattractant for polymorphonuclear leukocytes helping to direct these cells to infected/injured sites. This review focuses on the interaction of IL-8 with sulfated glycosaminoglycans expressed on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix. This interaction contributes to the recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells from blood, penetration of these cells through the vessel wall, and their directed migration to inflammatory sites. Regulatory aspects of the interplay between IL-8 and heparan sulfate, the most abundant glycosaminoglycan, are highlighted. In this field, the large natural heterogeneity of glycosaminoglycans represents a great challenge that impedes the modeling of IL-8 functions. The interaction of IL-8 with newly developed artificial sulfated hyaluronan derivatives is also considered as these artificial substrates are an important tool for development of new materials in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Pichert
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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44
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Verkaar F, van Offenbeek J, van der Lee MMC, van Lith LHCJ, Watts AO, Rops ALWMM, Aguilar DC, Ziarek JJ, van der Vlag J, Handel TM, Volkman BF, Proudfoot AEI, Vischer HF, Zaman GJR, Smit MJ. Chemokine cooperativity is caused by competitive glycosaminoglycan binding. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3908-3914. [PMID: 24639348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines comprise a family of secreted proteins that activate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and thereby control the migration of leukocytes during inflammation or immune surveillance. The positional information required for such migratory behavior is governed by the binding of chemokines to membrane-tethered glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which establishes a chemokine concentration gradient. An often observed but incompletely understood behavior of chemokines is the ability of unrelated chemokines to enhance the potency with which another chemokine subtype can activate its cognate receptor. This phenomenon has been demonstrated to occur between many chemokine combinations and across several model systems and has been dubbed chemokine cooperativity. In this study, we have used GAG binding-deficient chemokine mutants and cell-based functional (migration) assays to demonstrate that chemokine cooperativity is caused by competitive binding of chemokines to GAGs. This mechanistic explanation of chemokine cooperativity provides insight into chemokine gradient formation in the context of inflammation, in which multiple chemokines are secreted simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folkert Verkaar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Merck Research Laboratories, Molecular Pharmacology & DMPK, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Jody van Offenbeek
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Merck Research Laboratories, Molecular Pharmacology & DMPK, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anne O Watts
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - David C Aguilar
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Henry F Vischer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido J R Zaman
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V. (NTRC), Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Garsen M, Rops AL, Rabelink TJ, Berden JH, van der Vlag J. The role of heparanase and the endothelial glycocalyx in the development of proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 29:49-55. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Boels MGS, Lee DH, van den Berg BM, Dane MJC, van der Vlag J, Rabelink TJ. The endothelial glycocalyx as a potential modifier of the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Eur J Intern Med 2013; 24:503-9. [PMID: 23357408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a renal disease due to complement dysregulation. Many of the known causes of atypical HUS originate from genetic mutations of complement regulatory proteins, such as complement factor H (CFH) and thrombomodulin. However, atypical HUS has only a genetic penetrance of 40-50% of the cases and usually appears in adulthood. We introduce a novel factor that may be involved in the onset and development of atypical HUS, i.e. the endothelial surface glycocalyx. The glycocalyx is a highly interactive matrix covering the luminal side of vascular endothelial cells and consists of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins, which has an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the vasculature. The surface-bound glycocalyx glycosaminoglycan constituent heparan sulfate is crucial for CFH binding and function, both in recognition of host tissue and prevention of spontaneous complement activation via the alternative pathway. Most of the clinically relevant genetic mutations in CFH result in incorrect binding to heparan sulfate. In addition, a role between proper function of thrombomodulin and the endothelial glycocalyx has also been observed. We suggest that not only changes in binding properties of the complement regulatory proteins play a role but also changes in the endothelial glycocalyx are involved in increased risk of clinical manifestation of atypical HUS. Finally, vascular glycocalyx heterogeneity in turn could dictate the specific vulnerability of the glomerular vascular bed in atypical HUS and may provide new therapeutic targets to intervene with endothelial cell activation and local complement pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margien G S Boels
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lemos CCS, Tovar AMF, Guimarães MAM, Bregman R. Effect of castration on renal glycosaminoglycans and their urinary excretion in male and female rats with chronic renal failure. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:567-73. [PMID: 23970064 PMCID: PMC3859331 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20132339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) participate in a variety of processes in the kidney,
and evidence suggests that gender-related hormones participate in renal
function. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of GAGs, gender,
and proteinuria in male and female rats with chronic renal failure (CRF). GAGs
were analyzed in total kidney tissue and 24-h urine of castrated (c), male (M),
and female (F) Wistar control (C) rats (CM, CMc, CF, CFc) and after 30 days of
CRF induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (CRFM, CRFMc, CRFF, CRFFc). Total GAG
quantification and composition were determined using agarose and polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis, respectively. Renal GAGs were higher in CF compared to CM.
CRFM presented an increase in renal GAGs, heparan sulfate (HS), and proteinuria,
while castration reduced these parameters. However, CRFF and CRFFc groups showed
a decrease in renal GAGs concomitant with an increase in proteinuria. Our
results suggest that, in CRFM, sex hormones quantitatively alter GAGs, mainly
HS, and possibly the glomerular filtration barrier, leading to proteinuria. The
lack of this response in CRFMc, where HS did not increase, corroborates this
theory. This pattern was not observed in females. Further studies of CRF are
needed to clarify gender-dependent differences in HS synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C S Lemos
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Disciplina de Nefrologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brasil.
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Kwak-Kim J, Agcaoili MSL, Aleta L, Liao A, Ota K, Dambaeva S, Beaman K, Kim JW, Gilman-Sachs A. Management of women with recurrent pregnancy losses and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 69:596-607. [PMID: 23521391 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) have been associated with recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL) and other obstetrical complications. The diagnostic criteria for the classical antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) have been utilized for the detection of obstetrical APS in women with RPL. However, laboratory findings and immunopathology of obstetrical APS are significantly different from those of classical APS. In addition, many women with RPL who have positive aPL do not have symptoms consistent with the current APS criteria. The induction of a proinflammatory immune response from trophoblasts and complement activation by aPL rather than thromboembolic changes has been reported as a major immunopathological feature of obstetrical APS. Heparin treatment has been reported to be effective in prevention of early pregnancy loss with APS but not for the late pregnancy loss or complications. The complex effects of heparin may explain the limited efficacy of heparin treatment in RPL. New diagnostic criteria for obstetrical APS are needed urgently, and new therapeutic approaches should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Kwak-Kim
- Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, IL 60061, USA.
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Singh A, Ramnath RD, Foster RR, Wylie EC, Fridén V, Dasgupta I, Haraldsson B, Welsh GI, Mathieson PW, Satchell SC. Reactive oxygen species modulate the barrier function of the human glomerular endothelial glycocalyx. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55852. [PMID: 23457483 PMCID: PMC3573029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in the pathogenesis of proteinuria in glomerular diseases like diabetic nephropathy. Glomerular endothelial cell (GEnC) glycocalyx covers the luminal aspect of the glomerular capillary wall and makes an important contribution to the glomerular barrier. ROS are known to depolymerise glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of proteoglycans, which are crucial for the barrier function of GEnC glycocalyx. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct effects of ROS on the structure and function of GEnC glycocalyx using conditionally immortalised human GEnC. ROS were generated by exogenous hydrogen peroxide. Biosynthesis and cleavage of GAG chains was analyzed by radiolabelling (S(35) and (3)H-glucosamine). GAG chains were quantified on GEnC surface and in the cell supernatant using liquid chromatography and immunofluorescence techniques. Barrier properties were estimated by measuring trans-endothelial passage of albumin. ROS caused a significant loss of WGA lectin and heparan sulphate staining from the surface of GEnC. This lead to an increase in trans-endothelial albumin passage. The latter could be inhibited by catalase and superoxide dismutase. The effect of ROS on GEnC was not mediated via the GAG biosynthetic pathway. Quantification of radiolabelled GAG fractions in the supernatant confirmed that ROS directly caused shedding of HS GAG. This finding is clinically relevant and suggests a mechanism by which ROS may cause proteinuria in clinical conditions associated with high oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Singh
- Academic Renal Unit, Clinical Sciences North Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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50
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Shafat I, Agbaria A, Boaz M, Schwartz D, Baruch R, Nakash R, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Weinstein T. Elevated urine heparanase levels are associated with proteinuria and decreased renal allograft function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44076. [PMID: 23028487 PMCID: PMC3441528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate side chains, leading to structural modifications that loosen the extracellular matrix barrier and associated with tumor metastasis, inflammation and angiogenesis. In addition, the highly sulfated heparan sulfate proteoglycans are important constituents of the glomerular basement membrane and its permselective properties. Recent studies suggest a role for heparanase in several experimental and human glomerular diseases associated with proteinuria such as diabetes, minimal change disease, and membranous nephropathy. Here, we quantified blood and urine heparanase levels in renal transplant recipients and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and assessed whether alterations in heparanase levels correlate with proteinuria and renal function. We report that in transplanted patients, urinary heparanase was markedly elevated, inversely associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), suggesting a relationship between heparanase and graft function. In CKD patients, urinary heparanase was markedly elevated and associated with proteinuria, but not with eGFR. In addition, urinary heparanase correlated significantly with plasma heparanase in transplanted patients. Such a systemic spread of heparanase may lead to damage of cells and tissues alongside the kidney.The newly described association between heparanase, proteinuria and decreased renal function is expected to pave the way for new therapeutic options aimed at attenuating chronic renal allograft nephropathy, leading to improved graft survival and patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Shafat
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amir Agbaria
- Department of Nephrology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mona Boaz
- Epidemiology Unit, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Doron Schwartz
- Department of Nephrology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronny Baruch
- Department of Nephrology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Richard Nakash
- Transplant Clinic, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail: (IV); (TW)
| | - Talia Weinstein
- Department of Nephrology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail: (IV); (TW)
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