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Quintana-Hayashi MP, Sharba S, Lindén SK. Differentiation of Pig Gastric Primary Cells into Mucus Producing Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2749:55-63. [PMID: 38133773 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3609-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the development of in vitro models that mimic the intrinsic characteristics of cells in vivo to replace and/or reduce the use of experimental animals. The stomach is lined with mucus secreting epithelial cells, creating a thick mucus layer that protects the underlying epithelial cells from acid, pathogens, and other harmful agents. Mucins are a main component of the mucus layer, and their secretion is an important protective feature of epithelial cells in vivo. Here, we present a method that differentiates pig gastric primary cells into mucin secreting epithelial cells by culturing the cells on polyester membranes under semi-wet interface for 14 days, using differentiation medium containing the N-[(3,5-difluorophenyl)acetyl]-L-alanyl-2-phenyl]glycine-1,1-dimethylethyl ester (DAPT) in the basolateral compartment for the first 7 days and subsequent 7-day culture in non-differentiation medium. The in vitro mucosal surfaces created by these cells are harvested 2 weeks post confluence, and two preservation methods are described to fix the monolayers for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena P Quintana-Hayashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sinan Sharba
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara K Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Sakthivel K, O'Brien A, Kim K, Hoorfar M. Microfluidic analysis of heterotypic cellular interactions: A review of techniques and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B, Desvaux M, De Paepe K, Gresse R, Sauvaitre T, Forano E, de Wiele TV, Schüller S, Juge N, Blanquet-Diot S. Experimental models to study intestinal microbes–mucus interactions in health and disease. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:457-489. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A close symbiotic relationship exists between the intestinal microbiota and its host. A critical component of gut homeostasis is the presence of a mucus layer covering the gastrointestinal tract. Mucus is a viscoelastic gel at the interface between the luminal content and the host tissue that provides a habitat to the gut microbiota and protects the intestinal epithelium. The review starts by setting up the biological context underpinning the need for experimental models to study gut bacteria-mucus interactions in the digestive environment. We provide an overview of the structure and function of intestinal mucus and mucins, their interactions with intestinal bacteria (including commensal, probiotics and pathogenic microorganisms) and their role in modulating health and disease states. We then describe the characteristics and potentials of experimental models currently available to study the mechanisms underpinning the interaction of mucus with gut microbes, including in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. We then discuss the limitations and challenges facing this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 , USA
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303 , USA
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kim De Paepe
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Raphaële Gresse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas Sauvaitre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Schüller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Abstract
Epithelial cells grown in vitro provide opportunities to elucidate cellular mechanisms in response to chemical, viral, or bacterial agents in isolation from the effects of other bodily functions, such as hormonal and immune responses. However, cells that do not form a tight epithelium, polarize or secrete mucins lack some of the important protection mechanisms intrinsic to epithelial cells in vivo, increasing their susceptibility to external agents, and exposing basolateral targets for interactions that may not occur in vivo. Here, we present a method that transforms some epithelial cell lines into mucin secreting polarized epithelial surfaces with high transepithelial resistance: the cells are cultured on semi-permeable membranes in differentiation medium for the first 6 days, followed by culture under semi-wet interface with mechanical stimulation for 22 days. The procedure can be performed using standard laboratory reagents and equipment. A description on how to fix and paraffin embed these in vitro mucosal membranes for histology purposes is also included.
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Lourenço BN, Dos Santos T, Oliveira C, Barrias CC, Granja PL. Bioengineering a novel 3D in vitro model of gastric mucosa for stomach permeability studies. Acta Biomater 2018; 82:68-78. [PMID: 30308252 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The field of stomach-directed therapeutics and diagnosis is still hampered by the lack of reliable in vitro models that closely mimic the gastric mucosa where gastric cancer cells are generally confined. Here we propose a rapid, complex, and innovative 3D in vitro model of the gastric mucosa, by extending a conventional gastric monolayer model to an inner stratum of the mucosa - the lamina propria. The developed model comprises normal stomach fibroblasts embedded in a 3D RGD-modified alginate hydrogel prepared on the basolateral side of a Transwell® insert, mimicking the extracellular matrix and cellular component of the lamina propria, onto which a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma stomach cell line (MKN74) was seeded, reproducing the physiological conditions of the gastric barrier. The integrity and functionality of the in vitro model was evaluated through permeability studies of FITC-dextran and 200 nm fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles at gastric conditions. Nanoparticle transport was pH-dependent and strongly impacted by the biomimetic lamina propria, highlighting that a gastric extracellular matrix (ECM)-like microenvironment should be integrated in an in vitro permeability model to be adopted as a reliable evaluation tool of innovative therapeutics and diagnosis of gastric diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Current in vitro models of the gastric mucosa are limited to simplistic 2D cell culture systems, which ignore the dimensionality of the stomach wall and make it difficult to reliably test new therapeutic approaches to gastric pathologies. By combining stomach fibroblasts embedded within a 3D RGD-modified alginate hydrogel and epithelial gastric cancer cells in a Transwell® system, we established a new biomimetic model of the stomach mucosa. Epithelial cells recreate the gastric epithelium, while the cell-laden 3D hydrogel recapitulates both the cellular composition and dimensionality of the extracellular matrix of gastric lamina propria. This cellularized 3D model stands as a promising evaluation platform to assist the development of new strategies for the treatment and diagnosis of gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Lourenço
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Dos Santos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina C Barrias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro L Granja
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
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Valiente E, Davies C, Mills DC, Getino M, Ritchie JM, Wren BW. Vibrio cholerae accessory colonisation factor AcfC: a chemotactic protein with a role in hyperinfectivity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8390. [PMID: 29849063 PMCID: PMC5976639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor is an aquatic Gram-negative bacterium responsible for the current seventh pandemic of the diarrheal disease, cholera. A previous whole-genome analysis on V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains from the 2010 epidemic in Pakistan showed that all strains contained the V. cholerae pathogenicity island-1 and the accessory colonisation gene acfC (VC_0841). Here we show that acfC possess an open reading frame of 770 bp encoding a protein with a predicted size of 28 kDa, which shares high amino acid similarity with two adhesion proteins found in other enteropathogens, including Paa in serotype O45 porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and PEB3 in Campylobacter jejuni. Using a defined acfC deletion mutant, we studied the specific role of AcfC in V. cholerae O1 El Tor environmental survival, colonisation and virulence in two infection model systems (Galleria mellonella and infant rabbits). Our results indicate that AcfC might be a periplasmic sulfate-binding protein that affects chemotaxis towards mucin and bacterial infectivity in the infant rabbit model of cholera. Overall, our findings suggest that AcfC contributes to the chemotactic response of WT V. cholerae and plays an important role in defining the overall distribution of the organism within the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Valiente
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Cadi Davies
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Dominic C Mills
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK.,Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Maria Getino
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Jennifer M Ritchie
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK.
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Radziejewska I, Borzym-Kluczyk M, Leszczyńska K, Wosek J, Bielawska A. Lotus tetragonolobus and Maackia amurensis lectins influence phospho-IκBα, IL-8, Lewis b and H type 1 glycoforms levels in H. pylori infected CRL-1739 gastric cancer cells. Adv Med Sci 2018; 63:205-211. [PMID: 29197783 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to the mucous epithelial cells and the mucous layer is said to be a crucial step for infection development. Sugar antigens of gastric mucins (MUC5AC, MUC1) can act as receptors for bacterial adhesins. The aim of the study was to investigate if Lotus tetragonolobus and Maackia amurensis lectins influence the level of MUC1, MUC5AC, Lewis b, H type 1, sialyl Lewis x, phospho-IκBα and interleukin 8 in Helicobacter pylori infected gastric cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was performed with one clinical H. pylori strain and CRL-1739 gastric cancer cells. To assess the levels of mentioned factors immunosorbent ELISA assays were used. RESULTS Coculture of cells with bacteria had no clear effect on almost all examined structures. After coculture with H. pylori and lectins, a decrease of the level of both mucins, Lewis b and H type 1 antigens was observed. Lectins addition had no effect on sialyl Lewis x. Maackia amurensis caused slight increase of phospho-IκBα while interleukin 8 level was decreased. CONCLUSIONS Lotus tetragonolobus and Maackia amurensis lectins can mediate in binding of Helicobacter pylori to gastric epithelium.
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Lu X, Ma J, Qiu H, Yang L, Cao L, Shen J. Anti-proliferation effects of trifolirhizin on MKN45 cells and possible mechanism. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2785-2792. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Amini A, Masoumi-Moghaddam S, Ehteda A, Liauw W, Morris DL. Depletion of mucin in mucin-producing human gastrointestinal carcinoma: Results from in vitro and in vivo studies with bromelain and N-acetylcysteine. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33329-44. [PMID: 26436698 PMCID: PMC4741769 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of membrane-associated and secreted mucins, as evident in epithelial tumors, is known to facilitate tumor growth, progression and metastasis, and to provide protection against adverse growth conditions, chemotherapy and immune surveillance. Emerging evidence provides support for the oncogenic role of MUC1 in gastrointestinal carcinomas and relates its expression to an invasive phenotype. Similarly, mucinous differentiation of gastrointestinal tumors, in particular increased or de novo expression of MUC2 and/or MUC5AC, is widely believed to imply an adverse clinicopathological feature. Through formation of viscous gels, too, MUC2 and MUC5AC significantly contribute to the biology and pathogenesis of mucin-secreting gastrointestinal tumors. Here, we investigated the mucin-depleting effects of bromelain (BR) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), in nine different regimens as single or combination therapy, in in vitro (MKN45, KATOIII and LS174T cell lines) and in vivo (female nude mice bearing intraperitoneal MKN45 and LS174T) settings. The inhibitory effects of the treatment on cancer cell growth and proliferation were also evaluated in vivo. Our results suggest that a combination of BR and NAC with dual effects on growth and mucin products of mucin-expressing tumor cells is a promising candidate towards the development of novel approaches to gastrointestinal malignancies with the involvement of mucin pathology. This capability supports the use of this combination formulation in locoregional approaches for reducing the adverse effects of the aberrantly secreted gel-forming mucins, as in pseudomyxoma peritonei and similar pathologies with ectopic production of mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Amini
- Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, The University of New South Wales, Kogarah, Sydney NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Samar Masoumi-Moghaddam
- Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, The University of New South Wales, Kogarah, Sydney NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Anahid Ehteda
- Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, The University of New South Wales, Kogarah, Sydney NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Winston Liauw
- Cancer Care Center, St George Hospital, The University of New South Wales, Kogarah, Sydney NSW 2217, Australia
| | - David L Morris
- Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, The University of New South Wales, Kogarah, Sydney NSW 2217, Australia
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Pellissari CVG, Pavarina AC, Bagnato VS, Mima EGDO, Vergani CE, Jorge JH. Cytotoxicity of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation on epithelial cells when co-cultured with Candida albicans. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:682-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00387c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the cytotoxicity of antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation (aPDI), mediated by curcumin, using human keratinocytes co-cultured withCandida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Claudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics
- Araraquara Dental School
- Univ Estadual Paulista – UNESP
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo Vergani
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics
- Araraquara Dental School
- Univ Estadual Paulista – UNESP
- Brazil
| | - Janaina Habib Jorge
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics
- Araraquara Dental School
- Univ Estadual Paulista – UNESP
- Brazil
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Bergmann S, Steinert M. From Single Cells to Engineered and Explanted Tissues: New Perspectives in Bacterial Infection Biology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 319:1-44. [PMID: 26404465 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture techniques are essential for studying host-pathogen interactions. In addition to the broad range of single cell type-based two-dimensional cell culture models, an enormous amount of coculture systems, combining two or more different cell types, has been developed. These systems enable microscopic visualization and molecular analyses of bacterial adherence and internalization mechanisms and also provide a suitable setup for various biochemical, immunological, and pharmacological applications. The implementation of natural or synthetical scaffolds elevated the model complexity to the level of three-dimensional cell culture. Additionally, several transwell-based cell culture techniques are applied to study bacterial interaction with physiological tissue barriers. For keeping highly differentiated phenotype of eukaryotic cells in ex vivo culture conditions, different kinds of microgravity-simulating rotary-wall vessel systems are employed. Furthermore, the implementation of microfluidic pumps enables constant nutrient and gas exchange during cell cultivation and allows the investigation of long-term infection processes. The highest level of cell culture complexity is reached by engineered and explanted tissues which currently pave the way for a more comprehensive view on microbial pathogenicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bergmann
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Saraiva-Pava K, Navabi N, Skoog EC, Lindén SK, Oleastro M, Roxo-Rosa M. New NCI-N87-derived human gastric epithelial line after human telomerase catalytic subunit over-expression. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:6526-6542. [PMID: 26074691 PMCID: PMC4458763 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i21.6526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish a cellular model correctly mimicking the gastric epithelium to overcome the limitation in the study of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.
METHODS: Aiming to overcome this limitation, clones of the heterogenic cancer-derived NCI-N87 cell line were isolated, by stably-transducing it with the human telomerase reverse-transcriptase (hTERT) catalytic subunit gene. The clones were first characterized regarding their cell growth pattern and phenotype. For that we measured the clones’ adherence properties, expression of cell-cell junctions’ markers (ZO-1 and E-cadherin) and ability to generate a sustained transepithelial electrical resistance. The gastric properties of the clones, concerning expression of mucins, zymogens and glycan contents, were then evaluated by haematoxylin and eosin staining, Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and PAS/Alcian Blue-staining, immunocytochemistry and Western blot. In addition, we assessed the usefulness of the hTERT-expressing gastric cell line for H. pylori research, by performing co-culture assays and measuring the IL-8 secretion, by ELISA, upon infection with two H. pylori strains differing in virulence.
RESULTS: Compared with the parental cell line, the most promising NCI-hTERT-derived clones (CL5 and CL6) were composed of cells with homogenous phenotype, presented higher relative telomerase activities, better adhesion properties, ability to be maintained in culture for longer periods after confluency, and were more efficient in PAS-reactive mucins secretion. Both clones were shown to produce high amounts of MUC1, MUC2 and MUC13. NCI-hTERT-CL5 mucins were shown to be decorated with blood group H type 2 (BG-H), Lewis-x (Lex), Ley and Lea and, in a less extent, with BG-A antigens, but the former two antigens were not detected in the NCI-hTERT-CL6. None of the clones exhibited detectable levels of MUC6 nor sialylated Lex and Lea glycans. Entailing good gastric properties, both NCI-hTERT-clones were found to produce pepsinogen-5 and human gastric lipase. The progenitor-like phenotype of NCI-hTERT-CL6 cells was highlighted by large nuclei and by the apical vesicular-like distribution of mucin 5AC and Pg5, supporting the accumulation of mucus-secreting and zymogens-chief mature cells functions.
CONCLUSION: These traits, in addition to resistance to microaerobic conditions and good responsiveness to H. pylori co-culture, in a strain virulence-dependent manner, make the NCI-hTERT-CL6 a promising model for future in vitro studies.
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Goers L, Freemont P, Polizzi KM. Co-culture systems and technologies: taking synthetic biology to the next level. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:rsif.2014.0065. [PMID: 24829281 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-culture techniques find myriad applications in biology for studying natural or synthetic interactions between cell populations. Such techniques are of great importance in synthetic biology, as multi-species cell consortia and other natural or synthetic ecology systems are widely seen to hold enormous potential for foundational research as well as novel industrial, medical and environmental applications with many proof-of-principle studies in recent years. What is needed for co-cultures to fulfil their potential? Cell-cell interactions in co-cultures are strongly influenced by the extracellular environment, which is determined by the experimental set-up, which therefore needs to be given careful consideration. An overview of existing experimental and theoretical co-culture set-ups in synthetic biology and adjacent fields is given here, and challenges and opportunities involved in such experiments are discussed. Greater focus on foundational technology developments for co-cultures is needed for many synthetic biology systems to realize their potential in both applications and answering biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Goers
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul Freemont
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Karen M Polizzi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Wan M, Jin X, Xia J, Rosenberg JN, Yu G, Nie Z, Oyler GA, Betenbaugh MJ. The effect of iron on growth, lipid accumulation, and gene expression profile of the freshwater microalga Chlorella sorokiniana. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9473-81. [PMID: 25248441 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of iron on the growth, lipid accumulation, and gene expression profiles of the limnetic Chlorella sorokiniana CCTCC M209220 under photoautotrophy were investigated. The addition of iron up to 10(-5) mol l(-l) increased final cell densities by nearly 2-fold at 2.3 × 10(7) cells/ml, growth rate by 2-fold, and the length of the exponential phase by 5 days as compared to unsupplemented controls while 10(-3) mol l(-1) iron was toxic. The lipid content increased from 12 % for unsupplemented cultures to 33 % at 10(-4) mol l(-1) iron while the highest overall lipid yield reached 179 mg l(-1). A genefishing and qPCR comparison between the C. sorokiniana at low and high iron levels indicated increases in the expression of several genes, including carbonic anhydrase involved in microalgal cell growth, as well as acc1 and choline transporter related to lipid synthesis. This study provides insights into changes in gene expression and metabolism that accompany iron supplementation to Chlorella as well as potential metabolic engineering targets for improving growth and lipid synthesis in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
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Gustafsson JK, Lindén SK, Alwan AH, Scholte BJ, Hansson GC, Sjövall H. Carbachol-induced colonic mucus formation requires transport via NKCC1, K⁺ channels and CFTR. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1403-1415. [PMID: 25139191 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The colonic mucosa protects itself from the luminal content by secreting mucus that keeps the bacteria at a distance from the epithelium. For this barrier to be effective, the mucus has to be constantly replenished which involves exocytosis and expansion of the secreted mucins. Mechanisms involved in regulation of mucus exocytosis and expansion are poorly understood, and the aim of this study was to investigate whether epithelial anion secretion regulates mucus formation in the colon. The muscarinic agonist carbachol was used to induce parallel secretion of anions and mucus, and by using established inhibitors of ion transport, we studied how inhibition of epithelial transport affected mucus formation in mouse colon. Anion secretion and mucin exocytosis were measured by changes in membrane current and epithelial capacitance, respectively. Mucus thickness measurements were used to determine the carbachol effect on mucus growth. The results showed that the carbachol-induced increase in membrane current was dependent on NKCC1 co-transport, basolateral K(+) channels and Cftr activity. In contrast, the carbachol-induced increase in capacitance was partially dependent on NKCC1 and K(+) channel activity, but did not require Cftr activity. Carbachol also induced an increase in mucus thickness that was inhibited by the NKCC1 blocker bumetanide. However, mice that lacked a functional Cftr channel did not respond to carbachol with an increase in mucus thickness, suggesting that carbachol-induced mucin expansion requires Cftr channel activity. In conclusion, these findings suggest that colonic epithelial transport regulates mucus formation by affecting both exocytosis and expansion of the mucin molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, Box 440, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden.
| | - Sara K Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, Box 440, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Ala H Alwan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, Box 440, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Bob J Scholte
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gunnar C Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, Box 440, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sjövall
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Patel SR, Smith K, Letley DP, Cook KW, Memon AA, Ingram RJM, Staples E, Backert S, Zaitoun AM, Atherton JC, Robinson K. Helicobacter pylori downregulates expression of human β-defensin 1 in the gastric mucosa in a type IV secretion-dependent fashion. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:2080-92. [PMID: 23870035 PMCID: PMC4028989 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori establishes a chronic lifelong infection in the human gastric mucosa, which may lead to peptic ulcer disease or gastric adenocarcinoma. The human beta-defensins (hβDs) are antimicrobial peptides, hβD1 being constitutively expressed in the human stomach. We hypothesized that H. pylori may persist, in part, by downregulating gastric hβD1 expression. We measured hβD1 and hβD2 expression in vivo in relation to the presence, density and severity of H. pylori infection, investigated differential effects of H. pylori virulence factors, and studied underlying signalling mechanisms in vitro. Significantly lower hβD1 and higher hβD2 mRNA and protein concentrations were present in gastric biopsies from infected patients. Those patients with higher-level bacterial colonization and inflammation had significantly lower hβD1 expression, but there were no differences in hβD2. H. pylori infection of human gastric epithelial cell lines also downregulated hβD1. Using wild-type strains and isogenic mutants, we showed that a functionalcag pathogenicity island-encoded type IV secretion system induced this downregulation. Treatment with chemical inhibitors or siRNA revealed that H. pylori usurped NF-κB signalling to modulate hβD1 expression. These data indicate that H. pylori downregulates hβD1 expression via NF-κB signalling, and suggest that this may promote bacterial survival and persistence in the gastric niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Patel
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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17
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Navabi N, McGuckin MA, Lindén SK. Gastrointestinal cell lines form polarized epithelia with an adherent mucus layer when cultured in semi-wet interfaces with mechanical stimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68761. [PMID: 23869232 PMCID: PMC3712011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin glycoproteins are secreted in large quantities by mucosal epithelia and cell surface mucins are a prominent feature of the glycocalyx of all mucosal epithelia. Currently, studies investigating the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier use either animal experiments or non-in vivo like cell cultures. Many pathogens cause different pathology in mice compared to humans and the in vitro cell cultures used are suboptimal because they are very different from an in vivo mucosal surface, are often not polarized, lack important components of the glycocalyx, and often lack the mucus layer. Although gastrointestinal cell lines exist that produce mucins or polarize, human cell line models that reproducibly create the combination of a polarized epithelial cell layer, functional tight junctions and an adherent mucus layer have been missing until now. We trialed a range of treatments to induce polarization, 3D-organization, tight junctions, mucin production, mucus secretion, and formation of an adherent mucus layer that can be carried out using standard equipment. These treatments were tested on cell lines of intestinal (Caco-2, LS513, HT29, T84, LS174T, HT29 MTX-P8 and HT29 MTX-E12) and gastric (MKN7, MKN45, AGS, NCI-N87 and its hTERT Clone5 and Clone6) origins using Ussing chamber methodology and (immuno)histology. Semi-wet interface culture in combination with mechanical stimulation and DAPT caused HT29 MTX-P8, HT29 MTX-E12 and LS513 cells to polarize, form functional tight junctions, a three-dimensional architecture resembling colonic crypts, and produce an adherent mucus layer. Caco-2 and T84 cells also polarized, formed functional tight junctions and produced a thin adherent mucus layer after this treatment, but with less consistency. In conclusion, culture methods affect cell lines differently, and testing a matrix of methods vs. cell lines may be important to develop better in vitro models. The methods developed herein create in vitro mucosal surfaces suitable for studies of host-pathogen interactions at the mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Navabi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael A. McGuckin
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and the University of Queensland School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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18
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Gagnon M, Zihler Berner A, Chervet N, Chassard C, Lacroix C. Comparison of the Caco-2, HT-29 and the mucus-secreting HT29-MTX intestinal cell models to investigate Salmonella adhesion and invasion. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 94:274-9. [PMID: 23835135 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal cell models are widely used to study host-enteric pathogen interactions, with different cell lines exhibiting specific characteristics and functions in the gut epithelium. In particular, the presence of mucus may play an important role in adhesion and invasion of pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the mucus-secreting HT29-MTX intestinal epithelial cell model to test adhesion and invasion of Salmonella strains and compare with data obtained with the more commonly used Caco-2 and HT-29 models. Adhesion of Salmonella to HT29-MTX cell model was significantly higher, likely due to high adhesiveness to mucins present in the native human mucus layer covering the whole cell surface, compared to the non- and low-mucus producing Caco-2 and HT-29 cell models, respectively. In addition, invasion percentages of some clinical Salmonella strains to HT29-MTX cultures were remarkably higher than to Caco-2 and HT-29 cells suggesting that these Salmonellae have subverted the mucus to enhance pathogenicity. The transepithelial electrical resistances of the infected HT29-MTX cell model decreased broadly and were highly correlated with invasion ability of the strain. Staining of S. Typhimurium-infected cell epithelium confirmed the higher invasion by Salmonella and subsequent disruption of tight junctions of HT29-MTX cell model compared with the Caco-2 and HT-29 cell models. Data from this study suggest that the HT29-MTX cell model, with more physiologically relevant characteristics with the mucus layer formation, could be better suited for studying cells-pathogens interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Gagnon
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Fritz JV, Desai MS, Shah P, Schneider JG, Wilmes P. From meta-omics to causality: experimental models for human microbiome research. MICROBIOME 2013; 1:14. [PMID: 24450613 PMCID: PMC3971605 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale 'meta-omic' projects are greatly advancing our knowledge of the human microbiome and its specific role in governing health and disease states. A myriad of ongoing studies aim at identifying links between microbial community disequilibria (dysbiosis) and human diseases. However, due to the inherent complexity and heterogeneity of the human microbiome, cross-sectional, case-control and longitudinal studies may not have enough statistical power to allow causation to be deduced from patterns of association between variables in high-resolution omic datasets. Therefore, to move beyond reliance on the empirical method, experiments are critical. For these, robust experimental models are required that allow the systematic manipulation of variables to test the multitude of hypotheses, which arise from high-throughput molecular studies. Particularly promising in this respect are microfluidics-based in vitro co-culture systems, which allow high-throughput first-pass experiments aimed at proving cause-and-effect relationships prior to testing of hypotheses in animal models. This review focuses on widely used in vivo, in vitro, ex vivo and in silico approaches to study host-microbial community interactions. Such systems, either used in isolation or in a combinatory experimental approach, will allow systematic investigations of the impact of microbes on the health and disease of the human host. All the currently available models present pros and cons, which are described and discussed. Moreover, suggestions are made on how to develop future experimental models that not only allow the study of host-microbiota interactions but are also amenable to high-throughput experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle V Fritz
- Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Mahesh S Desai
- Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Pranjul Shah
- Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Jochen G Schneider
- Translational & Experimental Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str., Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
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20
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Carius L, Hädicke O, Grammel H. Stepwise reduction of the culture redox potential allows the analysis of microaerobic metabolism and photosynthetic membrane synthesis inRhodospirillum rubrum. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:573-85. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Skoog EC, Sjöling Å, Navabi N, Holgersson J, Lundin SB, Lindén SK. Human gastric mucins differently regulate Helicobacter pylori proliferation, gene expression and interactions with host cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36378. [PMID: 22563496 PMCID: PMC3341350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the mucus niche of the gastric mucosa and is a risk factor for gastritis, ulcers and cancer. The main components of the mucus layer are heavily glycosylated mucins, to which H. pylori can adhere. Mucin glycosylation differs between individuals and changes during disease. Here we have examined the H. pylori response to purified mucins from a range of tumor and normal human gastric tissue samples. Our results demonstrate that mucins from different individuals differ in how they modulate both proliferation and gene expression of H. pylori. The mucin effect on proliferation varied significantly between samples, and ranged from stimulatory to inhibitory, depending on the type of mucins and the ability of the mucins to bind to H. pylori. Tumor-derived mucins and mucins from the surface mucosa had potential to stimulate proliferation, while gland-derived mucins tended to inhibit proliferation and mucins from healthy uninfected individuals showed little effect. Artificial glycoconjugates containing H. pylori ligands also modulated H. pylori proliferation, albeit to a lesser degree than human mucins. Expression of genes important for the pathogenicity of H. pylori (babA, sabA, cagA, flaA and ureA) appeared co-regulated in response to mucins. The addition of mucins to co-cultures of H. pylori and gastric epithelial cells protected the viability of the cells and modulated the cytokine production in a manner that differed between individuals, was partially dependent of adhesion of H. pylori to the gastric cells, but also revealed that other mucin factors in addition to adhesion are important for H. pylori-induced host signaling. The combined data reveal host-specific effects on proliferation, gene expression and virulence of H. pylori due to the gastric mucin environment, demonstrating a dynamic interplay between the bacterium and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Skoog
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Sjöling
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nazanin Navabi
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Holgersson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samuel B. Lundin
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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22
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Sheng YH, Hasnain SZ, Png CW, McGuckin MA, Lindén SK. Techniques for assessment of interactions of mucins with microbes and parasites in vitro and in vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 842:297-312. [PMID: 22259144 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-513-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Most mammalian pathogens and parasites infect their hosts via the mucosal surfaces. The first barrier they encounter in all mucosal tissues is a layer of viscous mucus which can be modulated by immune responses to the pathogen or parasite. The major macromolecular constituents of mucus are secreted mucin glycoproteins which give mucus its viscous properties. Underneath the mucus layer, the mucosal epithelial cells have a cell surface glycocalyx that is rich in transmembrane mucin glycoproteins. Both the cell surface and secreted mucins present a vast array of potential binding sites for pathogens and parasites and both forms of mucins are involved in protecting the host from infection. However, many pathogens and parasites have evolved mechanisms to subvert the mucin barrier. Thus, studying mucin interactions with pathogens and parasites is critical to understanding host-pathogen interactions at the mucosal surfaces. In this chapter, we describe methods for studying the interactions between mucins and pathogens and parasites, methods for studying the degradation of mucins by pathogens and parasites, and in vitro and in vivo methods for exploring the functional significance of the mucins in host defence from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong H Sheng
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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23
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Resta-Lenert S, Das S, Batra SK, Ho SB. Muc17 protects intestinal epithelial cells from enteroinvasive E. coli infection by promoting epithelial barrier integrity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G1144-55. [PMID: 21393431 PMCID: PMC3119115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00138.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-bound mucin MUC17 (mouse homolog Muc3) is highly expressed on the apical surface of intestinal epithelia and is thought to play a role in epithelial restitution and protection. Therefore, we hypothesized that MUC17 has a role in protection of the intestinal mucosa against luminal pathogens. Human intestinal cell lines were transfected by electroporation (Caco-2 and HT 29/19A) and by retroviral expression vector (LS174T, a cell line with high levels of MUC17 expression) using MUC17 siRNA. Transepithelial electrical resistance, permeability, tight-junction protein expression, adhesion, and invasion in response to enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) were measured in all cell lines. In some experiments, the effect of the addition of exogenous purified crude mucin or recombinant Muc3 cysteine-rich domain protein (Muc3 CRD1-L-CRD2) as preventative or protective treatment was tested. Reduction of endogenous MUC17 is associated with increased permeability, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 induction, and enhanced bacterial invasion in response to EIEC exposure. Bacterial adhesion is not affected. Exogenous mucin (Muc3) and recombinant Muc3CRD treatment had a small but significant effect in attenuating the effects of EIEC infection. In conclusion, these data suggest that both native and exogenous MUC17 play a role in attachment and invasion of EIEC in colonic cell lines and in maintaining epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Srustidhar Das
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Samuel B. Ho
- 1Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California;
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24
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McGuckin MA, Lindén SK, Sutton P, Florin TH. Mucin dynamics and enteric pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011. [PMID: 21407243 DOI: 10.1038/nrm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular secreted mucus and the cell surface glycocalyx prevent infection by the vast numbers of microorganisms that live in the healthy gut. Mucin glycoproteins are the major component of these barriers. In this Review, we describe the components of the secreted and cell surface mucosal barriers and the evidence that they form an effective barricade against potential pathogens. However, successful enteric pathogens have evolved strategies to circumvent these barriers. We discuss the interactions between enteric pathogens and mucins, and the mechanisms that these pathogens use to disrupt and avoid mucosal barriers. In addition, we describe dynamic alterations in the mucin barrier that are driven by host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A McGuckin
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland School of Medicine, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
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25
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26
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Lindén SK, Sheng YH, Every AL, Miles KM, Skoog EC, Florin THJ, Sutton P, McGuckin MA. MUC1 limits Helicobacter pylori infection both by steric hindrance and by acting as a releasable decoy. PLoS Pathog 2009. [PMID: 19816567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pp-at.1000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Helicobacter pylori can cause peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma. The cell-surface mucin MUC1 is a large glycoprotein which is highly expressed on the mucosal surface and limits the density of H. pylori in a murine infection model. We now demonstrate that by using the BabA and SabA adhesins, H. pylori bind MUC1 isolated from human gastric cells and MUC1 shed into gastric juice. Both H. pylori carrying these adhesins, and beads coated with MUC1 antibodies, induced shedding of MUC1 from MKN7 human gastric epithelial cells, and shed MUC1 was found bound to H. pylori. Shedding of MUC1 from non-infected cells was not mediated by the known MUC1 sheddases ADAM17 and MMP-14. However, knockdown of MMP-14 partially affected MUC1 release early in infection, whereas ADAM17 had no effect. Thus, it is likely that shedding is mediated both by proteases and by disassociation of the non-covalent interaction between the alpha- and beta-subunits. H. pylori bound more readily to MUC1 depleted cells even when the bacteria lacked the BabA and SabA adhesins, showing that MUC1 inhibits attachment even when bacteria cannot bind to the mucin. Bacteria lacking both the BabA and SabA adhesins caused less apoptosis in MKN7 cells than wild-type bacteria, having a greater effect than deletion of the CagA pathogenicity gene. Deficiency of MUC1/Muc1 resulted in increased epithelial cell apoptosis, both in MKN7 cells in vitro, and in H. pylori infected mice. Thus, MUC1 protects the epithelium from non-MUC1 binding bacteria by inhibiting adhesion to the cell surface by steric hindrance, and from MUC1-binding bacteria by acting as a releasable decoy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Lindén
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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27
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Lindén SK, Sheng YH, Every AL, Miles KM, Skoog EC, Florin THJ, Sutton P, McGuckin MA. MUC1 limits Helicobacter pylori infection both by steric hindrance and by acting as a releasable decoy. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000617. [PMID: 19816567 PMCID: PMC2752161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Helicobacter pylori can cause peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma. The cell-surface mucin MUC1 is a large glycoprotein which is highly expressed on the mucosal surface and limits the density of H. pylori in a murine infection model. We now demonstrate that by using the BabA and SabA adhesins, H. pylori bind MUC1 isolated from human gastric cells and MUC1 shed into gastric juice. Both H. pylori carrying these adhesins, and beads coated with MUC1 antibodies, induced shedding of MUC1 from MKN7 human gastric epithelial cells, and shed MUC1 was found bound to H. pylori. Shedding of MUC1 from non-infected cells was not mediated by the known MUC1 sheddases ADAM17 and MMP-14. However, knockdown of MMP-14 partially affected MUC1 release early in infection, whereas ADAM17 had no effect. Thus, it is likely that shedding is mediated both by proteases and by disassociation of the non-covalent interaction between the alpha- and beta-subunits. H. pylori bound more readily to MUC1 depleted cells even when the bacteria lacked the BabA and SabA adhesins, showing that MUC1 inhibits attachment even when bacteria cannot bind to the mucin. Bacteria lacking both the BabA and SabA adhesins caused less apoptosis in MKN7 cells than wild-type bacteria, having a greater effect than deletion of the CagA pathogenicity gene. Deficiency of MUC1/Muc1 resulted in increased epithelial cell apoptosis, both in MKN7 cells in vitro, and in H. pylori infected mice. Thus, MUC1 protects the epithelium from non-MUC1 binding bacteria by inhibiting adhesion to the cell surface by steric hindrance, and from MUC1-binding bacteria by acting as a releasable decoy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K. Lindén
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail: (SKL); (MAM)
| | - Yong H. Sheng
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alison L. Every
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim M. Miles
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma C. Skoog
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timothy H. J. Florin
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip Sutton
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A. McGuckin
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (SKL); (MAM)
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28
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Salphati L, Plise EG, Li G. Expression and activity of the efflux transporters ABCB1, ABCC2 and ABCG2 in the human colorectal carcinoma cell line LS513. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:463-8. [PMID: 19491037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human colorectal carcinoma cell line LS513 exhibits epithelial morphology, adherent properties and can grow subcutaneously to form tumors in nude mice. Thus, it is a potential model for mouse xenograft efficacy studies. The present study characterized the expression and activity of P-gp, BCRP and MRP2 in LS513 cells. We investigated the expression of these ATP-binding cassette transporters by Western blot and their activity was also examined using cell culture inserts, where the LS513 cells were grown to confluence for 9 days. The transport of model substrates of P-gp (amprenavir, ritonavir and topotecan), BCRP (topotecan) and MRP2 (SN-38) was studied in the apical to basolateral (A-B) and basolateral to apical (B-A) directions. P-gp, BCRP and MRP2 could be detected by western blot. The LS513 cells exhibited markedly higher transport in the B-A direction than in the A-B direction for the probe substrates tested, with efflux ratios (ERs; B-A/A-B) of 10, 21, 40 and 50 for amprenavir, ritonavir, topotecan and SN38, respectively. The ER could be significantly reduced with the addition of inhibitors of P-gp (GF120918), BCRP (FTC), and MRP2 (MK571), confirming the activity of these transporters in the LS513 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Salphati
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
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Differential carbohydrate recognition by Campylobacter jejuni strain 11168: influences of temperature and growth conditions. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4927. [PMID: 19290056 PMCID: PMC2654152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic clinical strain NCTC11168 was the first Campylobacter jejuni strain to be sequenced and has been a widely used laboratory model for studying C. jejuni pathogenesis. However, continuous passaging of C. jejuni NCTC11168 has been shown to dramatically affect its colonisation potential. Glycan array analysis was performed on C. jejuni NCTC11168 using the frequently passaged, non-colonising, genome sequenced (11168-GS) and the infrequently passaged, original, virulent (11168-O) isolates grown or maintained under various conditions. Glycan structures recognised and bound by C. jejuni included terminal mannose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose and fucose. Significantly, it was found that only when challenged with normal oxygen at room temperature did 11168-O consistently bind to sialic acid or terminal mannose structures, while 11168-GS bound these structures regardless of growth/maintenance conditions. Further, binding of un-capped galactose and fucosylated structures was significantly reduced when C. jejuni was maintained at 25°C under atmospheric oxygen conditions. These binding differences identified through glycan array analysis were confirmed by the ability of specific lectins to competitively inhibit the adherence of C. jejuni to a Caco-2 intestinal cell line. Our data suggests that the binding of mannose and/or N-acetylneuraminic acid may provide the initial interactions important for colonisation following environmental exposure.
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McGuckin MA, Eri R, Simms LA, Florin THJ, Radford-Smith G. Intestinal barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:100-13. [PMID: 18623167 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is believed to involve inappropriate host responses to the complex commensal microbial flora in the gut, although an altered commensal flora is not completely excluded. A multifunctional cellular and secreted barrier separates the microbial flora from host tissues. Altered function of this barrier remains a major largely unexplored pathway to IBD. Although there is evidence of barrier dysfunction in IBD, it remains unclear whether this is a primary contributor to disease or a consequence of mucosal inflammation. Recent evidence from animal models demonstrating that genetic defects restricted to the epithelium can initiate intestinal inflammation in the presence of normal underlying immunity has refocused attention on epithelial dysfunction in IBD. We review the components of the secreted and cellular barrier, their regulation, including interactions with underlying innate and adaptive immunity, evidence from animal models of the barrier's role in preventing intestinal inflammation, and evidence of barrier dysfunction in both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A McGuckin
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Linden SK, Sutton P, Karlsson NG, Korolik V, McGuckin MA. Mucins in the mucosal barrier to infection. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:183-97. [PMID: 19079178 PMCID: PMC7100821 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 802] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal tissues of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts, and the surface of the eye present an enormous surface area to the exterior environment. All of these tissues are covered with resident microbial flora, which vary considerably in composition and complexity. Mucosal tissues represent the site of infection or route of access for the majority of viruses, bacteria, yeast, protozoa, and multicellular parasites that cause human disease. Mucin glycoproteins are secreted in large quantities by mucosal epithelia, and cell surface mucins are a prominent feature of the apical glycocalyx of all mucosal epithelia. In this review, we highlight the central role played by mucins in accommodating the resident commensal flora and limiting infectious disease, interplay between underlying innate and adaptive immunity and mucins, and the strategies used by successful mucosal pathogens to subvert or avoid the mucin barrier, with a particular focus on bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Linden
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, Level 3 Aubigny Place, Mater Hospitals, South Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - P Sutton
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - N G Karlsson
- grid.6142.10000 0004 0488 0789Department of Chemistry, Centre for BioAnalytical Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - V Korolik
- grid.1022.10000 0004 0437 5432Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland Australia
| | - M A McGuckin
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, Level 3 Aubigny Place, Mater Hospitals, South Brisbane, Queensland Australia
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McAuley JL, Linden SK, Png CW, King RM, Pennington HL, Gendler SJ, Florin TH, Hill GR, Korolik V, McGuckin MA. MUC1 cell surface mucin is a critical element of the mucosal barrier to infection. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2313-24. [PMID: 17641781 PMCID: PMC1913485 DOI: 10.1172/jci26705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface mucin glycoproteins are highly expressed by all mucosal tissues, yet their physiological role is currently unknown. We hypothesized that cell surface mucins protect mucosal cells from infection. A rapid progressive increase in gastrointestinal expression of mucin 1 (Muc1) cell surface mucin followed infection of mice with the bacterial pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. In the first week following oral infection, C. jejuni was detected in the systemic organs of the vast majority of Muc1(-/-) mice but never in Muc1(+/+) mice. Although C. jejuni entered gastrointestinal epithelial cells of both Muc1(-/-) and Muc1(+/+) mice, small intestinal damage as manifested by increased apoptosis and enucleated and shed villous epithelium was more common in Muc1(-/-) mice. Using radiation chimeras, we determined that prevention of systemic infection in wild-type mice was due exclusively to epithelial Muc1 rather than Muc1 on hematopoietic cells. Expression of MUC1-enhanced resistance to C. jejuni cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) in vitro and CDT null C. jejuni showed lower gastric colonization in Muc1(-/-) mice in vivo. We believe this is the first in vivo experimental study to demonstrate that cell surface mucins are a critical component of mucosal defence and that the study provides the foundation for exploration of their contribution to epithelial infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. McAuley
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sara K. Linden
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chin Wen Png
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca M. King
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen L. Pennington
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandra J. Gendler
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy H. Florin
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoff R. Hill
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victoria Korolik
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael A. McGuckin
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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McGuckin MA, Every AL, Skene CD, Linden SK, Chionh YT, Swierczak A, McAuley J, Harbour S, Kaparakis M, Ferrero R, Sutton P. Muc1 mucin limits both Helicobacter pylori colonization of the murine gastric mucosa and associated gastritis. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:1210-8. [PMID: 17919495 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The MUC1 mucin is expressed on the cell surface of epithelial cells lining the gastric mucosa. Epidemiologic studies suggest that functional allelic variations in the MUC1 gene may play a role in human susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori-associated pathologies, including gastric adenocarcinoma. We have evaluated the impact of Muc1 expression on the colonization and pathogenesis of gastric Helicobacter infections. METHODS Wild-type and Muc1-deficient mice were infected with H pylori and colonization and gastritis levels determined. Primary gastric cells were used to examine the impact of Muc1 expression on bacterial adherence. RESULTS Mice lacking Muc1 were colonized by 5-fold more H pylori within 1 day of infection, and this difference was maintained for at least 2 months postinfection. Mice heterozygous for the null Muc1 allele developed intermediate bacterial colonization. Although wild-type mice developed only a mild gastritis when infected for 2 months with H pylori, Muc1(-/-) mice developed an atrophic gastritis marked by loss of parietal cells. We demonstrate H pylori adhesion to purified MUC1 and significantly increased adhesion to cultured murine Muc1 null gastric epithelial cells, suggesting that Muc1 acts as a decoy limiting binding to the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS Muc1 provides a protective barrier, which limits both acute and chronic colonization by H pylori, as well as playing a major role in limiting the inflammation induced by Helicobacter infection. We propose that Muc1 restricts access of H pylori to the epithelial surface, hence reducing exposure of the host to proinflammatory bacterial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A McGuckin
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and University of Queensland, Mater Misericordiae Hospitals, Brisbane, Australia
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