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Stam R. New developments in cosmetic applications of electromagnetic fields: Client and occupational hazard assessment. Bioelectromagnetics 2024; 45:251-259. [PMID: 38533721 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Energy-based devices are used to improve features of appearance for aesthetic reasons while avoiding more invasive methods. Examples of treatment targets are the reduction of wrinkles, sagging, unwanted skin lesions, body hair and excess fatty tissue, and the enhancement of muscle tissue. One treatment modality is the use of electromagnetic fields (EMF, 0‒300 GHz). The present work aims to give an up-to-date survey of cosmetic applications of EMF for professional use with an assessment of client and worker exposure and possible adverse effects. A systematic search was conducted for peer-reviewed articles (2007-2022), patents, premarket notifications, manufacturer data, and adverse effects reports. Five categories of cosmetic EMF device with increasing frequency were identified: sinusoid low frequency magnetic fields for lipolysis; pulsed low frequency magnetic fields for skin rejuvenation; pulsed low frequency magnetic fields for muscle building; radiofrequency EMF for lipolysis or skin rejuvenation; microwaves for hair removal or hyperhidrosis. In the vicinity of the last four device categories, there is a potential for exceeding the occupational exposure limits in the European Union EMF Directive, which could lead to nerve or muscle stimulation, burns or overheating. There are also potential hazards for clients or workers wearing active or passive medical devices. The severity of reported adverse effects increases with EMF frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Stam
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Jiang S, Carpenter LL, Jiang H. Optical neuroimaging: advancing transcranial magnetic stimulation treatments of psychiatric disorders. Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art 2022; 5:22. [PMID: 36071259 PMCID: PMC9452613 DOI: 10.1186/s42492-022-00119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been established as an important and effective treatment for various psychiatric disorders. However, its effectiveness has likely been limited due to the dearth of neuronavigational tools for targeting purposes, unclear ideal stimulation parameters, and a lack of knowledge regarding the physiological response of the brain to TMS in each psychiatric condition. Modern optical imaging modalities, such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse optical tomography, are promising tools for the study of TMS optimization and functional targeting in psychiatric disorders. They possess a unique combination of high spatial and temporal resolutions, portability, real-time capability, and relatively low costs. In this mini-review, we discuss the advent of optical imaging techniques and their innovative use in several psychiatric conditions including depression, panic disorder, phobias, and eating disorders. With further investment and research in the development of these optical imaging approaches, their potential will be paramount for the advancement of TMS treatment protocols in psychiatry.
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Ambrosini E, Ferrante S, van de Ruit M, Biguzzi S, Colombo V, Monticone M, Ferriero G, Pedrocchi A, Ferrigno G, Grey MJ. StimTrack: An open-source software for manual transcranial magnetic stimulation coil positioning. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 293:97-104. [PMID: 28935421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) experiments researchers often use a neuronavigation system to precisely and accurately maintain coil position and orientation. NEW METHOD This study aimed to develop and validate an open-source software for TMS coil navigation. StimTrack uses an optical tracker and an intuitive user interface to facilitate the maintenance of position and orientation of any type of coil within and between sessions. Additionally, online access to navigation data is provided, hereby adding e.g. the ability to start or stop the magnetic stimulator depending on the distance to target or the variation of the orientation angles. RESULTS StimTrack allows repeatable repositioning of the coil within 0.7mm for translation and <1° for rotation. Stimulus-response (SR) curves obtained from 19 healthy volunteers were used to demonstrate that StimTrack can be effectively used in a typical experiment. An excellent intra and inter-session reliability (ICC >0.9) was obtained on all parameters computed on SR curves acquired using StimTrack. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD StimTrack showed a target accuracy similar to that of a commercial neuronavigation system (BrainSight, Rogue Research Inc.). Indeed, small differences both in position (∼0.2mm) and orientation (<1°) were found between the systems. These differences are negligible given the human error involved in landmarks registration. CONCLUSIONS StimTrack, available as supplementary material, is found to be a good alternative for commercial neuronavigation systems facilitating assessment changes in corticospinal excitability using TMS. StimTrack allows researchers to tailor its functionality to their specific needs, providing added value that benefits experimental procedures and improves data quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Ambrosini
- Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy; Department of Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Scientific Institute of Lissone IRCCS, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Lissone MB, Italy.
| | - Simona Ferrante
- Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Mark van de Ruit
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Biguzzi
- Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Vera Colombo
- Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Monticone
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ferriero
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Scientific Institute of Lissone IRCCS, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Lissone MB, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ferrigno
- Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Michael J Grey
- Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation Alliance, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Richter L, Trillenberg P, Schweikard A, Schlaefer A. Stimulus Intensity for Hand Held and Robotic Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:315-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Liu S, Shi L, Wang D, Chen J, Jiang Z, Wang W, Chu WCW, Wang T, Ahuja AT. MRI-GUIDED NAVIGATION AND POSITIONING SOLUTION FOR REPETITIVE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-APPLICATIONS BASIS COMMUNICATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.4015/s1016237213500129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A MRI-guided navigation solution for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)was designed in this study which integrates optical positioning system to perform positioning and tracking of the magnetic stimulation coil in real-time. The system includes the following procedures: segmentation and 3D reconstruction of brain anatomy from T1-weighted (T1W) MRI, coil calibration and localization, spatial registration between the subject's head and the MRI data and 2D/3D navigation. The 2D/3D navigation provides the spatial relationship between actual sites of the coils and the cortical surface quantitively and allows visualization of the location and orientation of the coil over the brain/head. Verified through the experiments using a phantom human skull model and the head MRI data from a healthy human subject, the proposed navigation system was demonstrated to be flexible, safe, accurate and time efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangping Liu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong
| | - Defeng Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong
| | - Ji Chen
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Jiang
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Wang
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Winnie CW Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - A. T. Ahuja
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong
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Hand-assisted positioning and contact pressure control for motion compensated robotized transcranial magnetic stimulation. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2012; 7:845-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11548-012-0677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Richter L, Trillenberg P, Schweikard A, Schlaefer A. Comparison of stimulus intensity in hand held and robotized motion compensated transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurophysiol Clin 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Richter L, Ernst F, Schlaefer A, Schweikard A. Robust real-time robot-world calibration for robotized transcranial magnetic stimulation. Int J Med Robot 2011; 7:414-22. [PMID: 21834131 DOI: 10.1002/rcs.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For robotized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the magnetic coil is placed on the patient's head by a robot. As the robotized TMS system requires tracking of head movements, robot and tracking camera need to be calibrated. However, for robotized TMS in a clinical setting, such calibration is required frequently. Mounting/unmounting a marker to the end effector and moving the robot into different poses is impractical. Moreover, if either system is moved during treatment, recalibration is required. METHODS To overcome this limitation, we propose to directly track a marker at link three of the articulated arm. Using forward kinematics and a constant marker transform to link three, the calibration can be performed instantly. RESULTS Our experimental results indicate an accuracy similar to standard hand-eye calibration approaches. It also outperforms classical hand-held navigated TMS systems. CONCLUSION This robust online calibration greatly enhances the system's user-friendliness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Richter
- Institute for Robotics and Cognitive Systems, University of Lübeck, Germany.
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A triangulation-based magnetic resonance image-guided method for transcranial magnetic stimulation coil positioning. Brain Stimul 2009; 2:123-31. [PMID: 20633411 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is currently used for cognitive studies and investigated as a treatment for psychiatric disorders. Because of the cortex variability, the coil positioning stage is difficult and should be improved by using individual neuroimaging data. Sophisticated and expensive neuronavigation systems have been developed to guide the coil to selected regions on the patient's magnetic resonance images (MRI). Our objective was to develop a triangulation-based MRI-guided method to position manually the TMS coil over the subject's head, using a cortical target derived from individual MR data. We evaluated both the spatial accuracy and the reproducibility of the method using functional MR activations of two different targets in the motor and parietal cortices. The accuracy of the MRI-guided method, assessed from the Euclidean distance (D(m)) between the thumb motor target and the coil position eliciting reproducible thumb motor-evoked potentials with TMS, was D(m) = 10 +/- 3 mm. The reproducibility of the method, evaluated across two different operators, was D(m) = 6.7 +/- 1.4 mm for the repositioning in the motor cortex and D(m) = 6.0 +/- 3.2 mm in the parietal cortex. This novel method could be used clinically to assist positioning of the TMS coil.
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Custers A, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP. Assessing Cortical Excitability in Migraine: Reliability of Magnetic Suppression of Perceptual Accuracy Technique Over Time. Headache 2005; 45:1202-7. [PMID: 16178950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine test-retest reliability of magnetic suppression of perceptual accuracy (MSPA) prior to its use as a marker of cortical excitability in a trial of migraine prophylactic agents. BACKGROUND MSPA is a relatively novel avenue of research in headache, providing an opportunity to study cortical responsiveness objectively and noninvasively. However, little is known about the reliability of magnetic stimulation protocols such as MSPA in longitudinal research designs. METHODS We tested 10 healthy headache-free volunteers who had no family history of migraine. In 54 trials, they were briefly presented different three-letter combinations, flashed on a computer screen for 24 ms (target). After a brief interval, each target was followed by a single magnetic pulse through a 90-mm circular coil centered 7 cm above inion in the midline. The interval between target and magnetic pulse was systematically varied. Volunteers were requested to report as many letters as they had possibly identified. After 2 weeks, all volunteers were retested using identical methods. RESULTS MSPA performance is expressed as a profile of response accuracy (ie, percentage of correctly identified letters) across target-pulse intervals. Profiles were characteristic of normal headache-free subjects at the first test. Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference in profiles between test and retest (F= 2.05; P= .136): the retest profiles are almost coincidental with the test profiles. CONCLUSIONS MSPA is a safe and objective measure of cortical excitability, which is reliable over time. MSPA, therefore, shows excellent promise as a biological marker of cortical response in trials of migraine prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Custers
- Department of Neurology, Atrium Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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