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Roberts A, Christian M, Dilone LN, Nelson N, Endrino MJ, Kneebone A, Embaby S, Fernandez J, Liu QR, Onaivi ES, Kibret BG. Alcohol induced behavioral and immune perturbations are attenuated by activation of CB2 cannabinoid receptors. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11602. [PMID: 38389814 PMCID: PMC10880753 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoidome (eCBome) is the expanded endocannabinoid system (ECS) and studies show that there is a link between this system and how it modulates alcohol induced neuroinflammation. Using conditional knockout (cKO) mice with selective deletion of cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2Rs) in dopamine neurons (DAT-Cnr2) and in microglia (Cx3Cr1-Cnr2), we investigated how CB2Rs modulate behavioral and neuroinflammation induced by alcohol. Behavioral tests including locomotor and wheel running activity, rotarod performance test, and alcohol preference tests were used to evaluate behavioral changes induced by alcohol. Using ELISA assay, we investigated the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the hippocampus of mice. The findings demonstrated that locomotor activity, wheel running, and rotarod performance activities were significantly affected by cell-type specific deletion of CB2Rs in dopamine neurons and microglia. The non-selective CB2R agonist, WIN 55,212-2, reduced alcohol preference in the wild type and cell-type specific CB2R cKO mice. In addition, the result showed that cell-type specific deletion of CB2Rs per se and administration of alcohol to CB2R cKO mice increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. These findings suggest the involvement of CB2Rs in modulating behavioral and immune alterations induced by alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaliyah Roberts
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Mahli Christian
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Lizbeth Nivar Dilone
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Natania Nelson
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Mark Joseph Endrino
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Adam Kneebone
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Shymaa Embaby
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Emmanuel S. Onaivi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Berhanu Geresu Kibret
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
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Costa BY, Santos LG, Marianno P, Rae M, de Almeida MG, de Brito MC, Eichler R, Camarini R. Carbetocin Inhibits Behavioral Sensitization to Ethanol in Male and Female Mice, Independent of Corticosterone Levels. TOXICS 2023; 11:893. [PMID: 37999545 PMCID: PMC10674331 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT), a pro-social peptide, is increasingly recognized as a potential protective substance against drug addiction. In the context of ethanol, previous research has shown OXT's properties in reducing self-administration, alleviating motor impairment in rodents, and reducing craving in humans. However, its role in behavioral sensitization, a neuroadaptive response resulting from repeated drug exposure linked to an increased drug incentive, remains unexplored. OXT is recognized for its role in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, in which corticosterone is acknowledged as a significant factor in the development of behavioral sensitization. This study aimed to investigate the effects of carbetocin (CBT), an analogue of OXT, on the expression of behavioral sensitization to ethanol and the concurrent alterations in plasma corticosterone levels in male and female Swiss mice. We also aimed to confirm previous studies on OXT's impact on ethanol consumption in male mice, but with a focus on CBT, using the two-bottle choice model and the drinking in the dark (DID) methodology. For the sensitization study, the mice received either ethanol (1.8 g/kg, i.p.) or saline treatments daily for 15 consecutive days, followed by treatment with carbetocin (0.64 mg/kg, i.p.) or a vehicle for 6 days. Subsequently, on day 22, all the animals underwent an ethanol challenge to assess the expression of behavioral sensitization. The plasma corticosterone levels were measured on days 21 and 22. The CBT effectively prevented the expression of ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization in both male and female subjects, with no alterations having been detected in their corticosterone levels. In the ethanol consumption study, following an initial phase of ethanol acquisition, the male mice underwent a 6-day treatment with CBT i.p. or saline before being re-exposed to ethanol. We also found a reduction in their ethanol consumption due to the CBT treatment. In conclusion, carbetocin emerges as a promising and effective intervention for mitigating ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization and reducing ethanol intake, highlighting its potential significance in alcohol addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Yamada Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (B.Y.C.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (M.C.d.B.); (R.E.)
| | - Luana Gasparini Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil;
| | - Priscila Marianno
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (B.Y.C.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (M.C.d.B.); (R.E.)
| | - Mariana Rae
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (B.Y.C.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (M.C.d.B.); (R.E.)
| | - Marina Gomes de Almeida
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (B.Y.C.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (M.C.d.B.); (R.E.)
| | - Malcon Carneiro de Brito
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (B.Y.C.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (M.C.d.B.); (R.E.)
| | - Rosângela Eichler
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (B.Y.C.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (M.C.d.B.); (R.E.)
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (B.Y.C.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (M.C.d.B.); (R.E.)
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Kibret BG, Roberts A, Kneebone A, Embaby S, Fernandez J, Liu QR, Onaivi ES. Cannabinoid CB2 receptors modulate alcohol induced behavior, and neuro-immune dysregulation in mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 448:114439. [PMID: 37061199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The identification of additional lipid mediators, enzymes, and receptors revealed an expanded endocannabinoid system (ECS) called the endocannabinoidome (eCBome). Furthermore, eCBome research using wild type and genetically modified mice indicate the involvement of this system in modulating alcohol induced neuroinflammatory alterations associated with behavioral impairments and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. We investigated the role of cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2Rs) in modulating behavioral and neuro-immune changes induced by alcohol using conditional knockout (cKO) mice with selective deletion of CB2Rs in dopamine neurons (DAT-Cnr2) and in microglia (Cx3Cr1-Cnr2) cKO mice. We used a battery of behavioral tests including locomotor and wheel running activity, rotarod performance test, and alcohol preference tests to evaluate behavioral changes induced by alcohol. ELISA assay was used, to detect alterations in IL-6, IL-1α, and IL-1β in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampal regions of mice to investigate the role of CB2Rs in neuroinflammation induced by alcohol in the brain. The involvement of cannabinoid receptors in alcohol-induced behavior was also evaluated using the non-selective cannabinoid receptor mixed agonist WIN 55,212-2. The results showed that cell-type specific deletion of CB2Rs in dopamine neurons and microglia significantly and differentially altered locomotor activity and rotarod performance activities. The result also revealed that cell-type specific deletion of CB2Rs enhanced alcohol-induced inflammation, and WIN significantly reduced alcohol preference in all genotypes compared to the vehicle controls. These findings suggest that the involvement of CB2Rs in modulating behavioral and neuroinflammatory alterations induced by alcohol may be potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Geresu Kibret
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA.
| | - Aaliyah Roberts
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Adam Kneebone
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Shymaa Embaby
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, national Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Onaivi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA.
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Seemiller LR, Goldberg LR, Garcia-Trevizo P, Gould TJ. Interstrain differences in adolescent fear conditioning after acute alcohol exposure. Brain Res Bull 2023; 194:35-44. [PMID: 36681252 PMCID: PMC10921434 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent sensitivity to alcohol is a predictor of continued alcohol use and misuse later in life. Thus, it is important to understand the many factors that can impact alcohol sensitivity. Data from our laboratory suggested that susceptibility to alcohol-associated contextual fear learning deficits varied among adolescent and adult mice from two mouse strains. To investigate the extent of genetic background's influences on adolescent learning after alcohol exposure, we examined how 9 inbred mouse strains differed in vulnerability to alcohol-induced contextual and cued fear conditioning deficits. We demonstrated significant strain- and sex-dependent effects of acute alcohol exposure on adolescent fear learning, with alcohol having most pronounced effects on contextual fear learning. Female adolescents were more susceptible than males to alcohol-induced impairments in contextual, but not cued, fear learning, independent of genetic background. Heritability for contextual and cued fear learning after alcohol exposure was estimated to be 31 % and 18 %, respectively. Learning data were compared to Blood Ethanol Concentrations (BEC) to assess whether strain differences in alcohol metabolism contributed to strain differences in learning after alcohol exposure. There were no clear relationships between BEC and learning outcomes, suggesting that strains differed in learning outcomes for reasons other than strain differences in alcohol metabolism. Genetic analyses revealed polymorphisms across strains in notable genes, such as Chrna7, a promising genetic candidate for susceptibility to alcohol-induced fear conditioning deficits. These results are the first to demonstrate the impact of genetic background on alcohol-associated fear learning deficits during adolescence and suggest that the mechanisms underlying this sensitivity are distinct from alcohol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel R Seemiller
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lisa R Goldberg
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Seemiller LR, Logue SF, Gould TJ. Inbred mouse strain differences in alcohol and nicotine addiction-related phenotypes from adolescence to adulthood. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 218:173429. [PMID: 35820468 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of a predisposition for nicotine and alcohol use across the lifespan is important for public health efforts because genetic contributions may change with age. However, parsing apart subtle genetic contributions to complex human behaviors is a challenge. Animal models provide the opportunity to study the effects of genetic background and age on drug-related phenotypes, while controlling important experimental variables such as amount and timing of drug exposure. Addiction research in inbred, or isogenic, mouse lines has demonstrated genetic contributions to nicotine and alcohol abuse- and addiction-related behaviors. This review summarizes inbred mouse strain differences in alcohol and nicotine addiction-related phenotypes including voluntary consumption/self-administration, initial sensitivity to the drug as measured by sedative, hypothermic, and ataxic effects, locomotor effects, conditioned place preference or place aversion, drug metabolism, and severity of withdrawal symptoms. This review also discusses how these alcohol and nicotine addiction-related phenotypes change from adolescence to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel R Seemiller
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sheree F Logue
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reduces motivation to drink ethanol and reacquisition of ethanol self-administration in female mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:198. [PMID: 34997004 PMCID: PMC8741977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging noninvasive brain neuromodulation technique aimed at relieving symptoms associated with psychiatric disorders, including addiction. The goal of the present study was to better identify which phase of alcohol-related behavior (hedonic effect, behavioral sensitization, self-administration, or motivation to obtain the drug) might be modulated by repeated anodal tDCS over the frontal cortex (0.2 mA, 20 min, twice a day for 5 consecutive days), using female mice as a model. Our data showed that tDCS did not modulate the hedonic effects of ethanol as assessed by a conditioned place preference test (CPP) or the expression of ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization. Interestingly, tDCS robustly reduced reacquisition of ethanol consumption (50% decrease) following extinction of self-administration in an operant paradigm. Furthermore, tDCS significantly decreased motivation to drink ethanol on a progressive ratio schedule (30% decrease). Taken together, our results show a dissociation between the effects of tDCS on “liking” (hedonic aspect; no effect in the CPP) and “wanting” (motivation; decreased consumption on a progressive ratio schedule). Our tDCS procedure in rodents will allow us to better understand its mechanisms of action in order to accelerate its use as a complementary and innovative tool to help alcohol-dependent patients maintain abstinence or reduce ethanol intake.
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Almeida CAF, Pereira-Junior AA, Rangel JG, Pereira BP, Costa KCM, Bruno V, Silveira GO, Ceron CS, Yonamine M, Camarini R, Garcia RCT, Marcourakis T, Torres LH. Ayahuasca, a psychedelic beverage, modulates neuroplasticity induced by ethanol in mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113546. [PMID: 34437939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder needs more effective treatments because relapse rates remain high. Psychedelics, such as ayahuasca, have been used to treat substance use disorders. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of ayahuasca on ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization (EIBS). Swiss mice received 2.2 g/kg ethanol or saline IP injections every other day across nine days (D1, D3, D5, D7, and D9), and locomotor activity was evaluated 10 min after each injection. Then, animals were treated daily with ayahuasca (corresponding to 1.76 mg/kg of N,N-dimethyltryptamine, DMT) or water by oral gavage for eight consecutive days. On the seventh day, mice were evaluated in the elevated plus maze. Then, mice were challenged with a single dose of ethanol to measure their locomotor activity. Dopamine receptors, serotonin receptors, dynorphin, and prodynorphin levels were quantified in the striatum and hippocampus by blot analysis. Repeated ethanol administration resulted in EIBS. However, those animals treated with ayahuasca had an attenuated EIBS. Moreover, ayahuasca reduced the anxiogenic response to ethanol withdrawal and prevented the ethanol-induced changes on 5-HT1a receptor and prodynorphin levels in the hippocampus and reduced ethanol effects in the dynorphin/prodynorphin ratio levels in the striatum. These results suggest a potential application of ayahuasca to modulate the neuroplastic changes induced by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Aparecida Faria Almeida
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro Da Silva, 700, 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio Alves Pereira-Junior
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro Da Silva, 700, 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Gonçalves Rangel
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro Da Silva, 700, 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Pinheiro Pereira
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro Da Silva, 700, 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Karla Cristinne Mancini Costa
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro Da Silva, 700, 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Vitor Bruno
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Oliveira Silveira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Speroni Ceron
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro Da Silva, 700, 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, Prédio 1, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raphael Caio Tamborelli Garcia
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, 1° Andar, 09913-030, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Helena Torres
- Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro Da Silva, 700, 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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BXD Recombinant Inbred Mice as a Model to Study Neurotoxicity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121762. [PMID: 34944406 PMCID: PMC8698863 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BXD recombinant inbred (RI) lines represent a genetic reference population derived from a cross between C57BL/6J mice (B6) and DBA/2J mice (D2), which through meiotic recombination events possesses recombinant chromosomes containing B6 or D2 haplotype segments. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are the locations of segregating genetic polymorphisms and are fundamental to understanding genetic diversity in human disease susceptibility and severity. QTL mapping represents the typical approach for identifying naturally occurring polymorphisms that influence complex phenotypes. In this process, genotypic values at markers of known genomic locations are associated with phenotypic values measured in a segregating population. Indeed, BXD RI strains provide a powerful tool to study neurotoxicity induced by different substances. In this review, we describe the use of BXD RI lines to understand the underlying mechanisms of neurotoxicity in response to ethanol and cocaine, as well as metals and pesticide exposures.
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González‐Marín MDC, Coune F, Naassila M. Vulnerability to ethanol sensitization predicts higher intake and motivation to self-administer ethanol: Proof of the incentive salience sensitization theory? Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12833. [PMID: 31762127 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization (EIBS) is thought to play a key role in addiction. However, whether EIBS is linked to an increase in the motivation to self-administerethanol in an operant paradigm has never been demonstrated, and thus, the motivational sensitization theory (increase in drug wanting) has not been yet confirmed. We investigated using the operant ethanol self-administrationparadigm if the motivation to self-administerethanol (breakpoint) is increased in female mice prone to develop EIBS. Outbred female Swiss mice were treated once a day with 2.5-g ethanol per kilogram during 10 days and challenged with the same dose of ethanol 7 days later. EIBS-pronegroup was characterized by a significant increase in locomotion between the challenge day and day 1. When the difference was not significant, mice were considered as the "EIBS-resistant"group. Mice were then trained to nose poke for a 20% ethanol solution reinforcer under a FR1 and then a FR-2schedule of reinforcement. Motivation was assessed more directly with a progressive ratio schedule. Our results show that there is a positive correlation between EIBS and both the level of intake and motivation. Interestingly, acquisition of ethanol self-administrationwas faster in sensitized mice that also display a quick and long-lastingincrease in ethanol intake together with a lack of effect of alcohol challenge on c-Fosexpression restricted to the dorsolateral striatum. These results further support that EIBS vulnerability is crucial in the development of addictive behaviors and suggest a potential link with habit learning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabien Coune
- INSERM UMR 1247—Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences (GRAP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens France
| | - Mickaël Naassila
- INSERM UMR 1247—Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences (GRAP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens France
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Parker CC, Lusk R, Saba LM. Alcohol Sensitivity as an Endophenotype of Alcohol Use Disorder: Exploring Its Translational Utility between Rodents and Humans. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E725. [PMID: 33066036 PMCID: PMC7600833 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex, chronic, relapsing disorder with multiple interacting genetic and environmental influences. Numerous studies have verified the influence of genetics on AUD, yet the underlying biological pathways remain unknown. One strategy to interrogate complex diseases is the use of endophenotypes, which deconstruct current diagnostic categories into component traits that may be more amenable to genetic research. In this review, we explore how an endophenotype such as sensitivity to alcohol can be used in conjunction with rodent models to provide mechanistic insights into AUD. We evaluate three alcohol sensitivity endophenotypes (stimulation, intoxication, and aversion) for their translatability across human and rodent research by examining the underlying neurobiology and its relationship to consumption and AUD. We show examples in which results gleaned from rodents are successfully integrated with information from human studies to gain insight in the genetic underpinnings of AUD and AUD-related endophenotypes. Finally, we identify areas for future translational research that could greatly expand our knowledge of the biological and molecular aspects of the transition to AUD with the broad hope of finding better ways to treat this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa C. Parker
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA
| | - Ryan Lusk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Laura M. Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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Carrara-Nascimento PF, Hoffmann LB, Flório JC, Planeta CS, Camarini R. Effects of Ethanol Exposure During Adolescence or Adulthood on Locomotor Sensitization and Dopamine Levels in the Reward System. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:31. [PMID: 32210774 PMCID: PMC7067700 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral sensitization is a process of neuroadaptation characterized by a gradual increase in motor behaviors. The major neural substrates involved in the behavioral sensitization lie on the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic pathway, which is still under development during adolescence. To investigate age-differences in ethanol behavioral sensitization and dopamine levels in distinct brain regions of the reward system, adolescent and adult mice were repeatedly pretreated with saline or ethanol (2.0 g/kg i.p.) during 15 consecutive days and challenged with saline or ethanol 5 days after pretreatment. Dopamine and its metabolites were measured in tissue samples of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and striatum by HPLC analysis. While repeated ethanol administration resulted in the development of locomotor sensitization in both adult and adolescent mice, only the adults expressed sensitization to a subsequent ethanol challenge injection. Neurochemical results showed reduced dopamine levels in adolescents compared to adults. Specifically, mice pretreated with ethanol during adolescence displayed lower dopamine levels in the PFC compared to the respective adult group in response to an ethanol challenge injection, and preadolescent mice exhibited lower dopamine levels in the NAc following an acute ethanol treatment compared to adults. These findings suggest that adolescent mice are not only less sensitive to the expression of ethanol-induced sensitization than adults, but also show lower dopamine content after ethanol exposition in the PFC and NAc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Barbosa Hoffmann
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Camilo Flório
- Departmento de Patologia, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleopatra Silva Planeta
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Zhuang Y, Wade K, Saba LM, Kechris K. Development of a tissue augmented Bayesian model for expression quantitative trait loci analysis. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2019; 17:122-143. [PMID: 31731343 PMCID: PMC7384761 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses detect genetic variants (SNPs) associated with RNA expression levels of genes. The conventional eQTL analysis is to perform individual tests for each gene-SNP pair using simple linear regression and to perform the test on each tissue separately ignoring the extensive information known about RNA expression in other tissue(s). Although Bayesian models have been recently developed to improve eQTL prediction on multiple tissues, they are often based on uninformative priors or treat all tissues equally. In this study, we develop a novel tissue augmented Bayesian model for eQTL analysis (TA-eQTL), which takes prior eQTL information from a different tissue into account to better predict eQTL for another tissue. We demonstrate that our modified Bayesian model has comparable performance to several existing methods in terms of sensitivity and specificity using allele-specific expression (ASE) as the gold standard. Furthermore, the tissue augmented Bayesian model improves the power and accuracy for local-eQTL prediction especially when the sample size is small. In summary, TA-eQTL's performance is comparable to existing methods but has additional flexibility to evaluate data from different platforms, can focus prediction on one tissue using only summary statistics from the secondary tissue(s), and provides a closed form solution for estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Zhuang
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop B119, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, 80045, USA
| | - Kristen Wade
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, Aurora, USA
| | - Laura M. Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, Aurora, USA
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop B119, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, 80045, USA
- Correspondence:, ; Tel: +13037244363, +13037249697
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13
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Hellberg SN, Russell TI, Robinson MJF. Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 19:737-758. [PMID: 30357661 PMCID: PMC6482104 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-00662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gambling disorder is an impairing condition confounded by psychiatric co-morbidity, particularly with substance use and anxiety disorders. Yet, our knowledge of the mechanisms that cause these disorders to coalesce remains limited. The Incentive Sensitization Theory suggests that sensitization of neural "wanting" pathways, which attribute incentive salience to rewards and their cues, is responsible for the excessive desire for drugs and cue-triggered craving. The resulting hyper-reactivity of the "wanting' system is believed to heavily influence compulsive drug use and relapse. Notably, evidence for sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway has been seen across gambling and substance use, as well as anxiety and stress-related pathology, with stress playing a major role in relapse. Together, this evidence highlights a phenomenon known as cross-sensitization, whereby sensitization to stress, drugs, or gambling behaviors enhance the sensitivity and dopaminergic response to any of those stimuli. Here, we review the literature on how cue attraction and reward uncertainty may underlie gambling pathology, and examine how this framework may advance our understanding of co-mordidity with substance-use disorders (e.g., alcohol, nicotine) and anxiety disorders. We argue that reward uncertainty, as seen in slot machines and games of chance, increases dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway and enhances the incentive value of reward cues. We propose that incentive sensitization by reward uncertainty may interact with and predispose individuals to drug abuse and stress, creating a mechanism through which co-mordidity of these disorders may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Hellberg
- Psychology Department and the Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT, 06457, USA
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Trinity I Russell
- Psychology Department and the Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT, 06457, USA
- National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mike J F Robinson
- Psychology Department and the Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT, 06457, USA.
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14
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Nona CN, Hendershot CS, Lê AD. Behavioural sensitization to alcohol: Bridging the gap between preclinical research and human models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 173:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Mulligan MK, Zhao W, Dickerson M, Arends D, Prins P, Cavigelli SA, Terenina E, Mormede P, Lu L, Jones BC. Genetic Contribution to Initial and Progressive Alcohol Intake Among Recombinant Inbred Strains of Mice. Front Genet 2018; 9:370. [PMID: 30319684 PMCID: PMC6167410 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We profiled individual differences in alcohol consumption upon initial exposure and during 5 weeks of voluntary alcohol intake in female mice from 39 BXD recombinant inbred strains and parents using the drinking in the dark (DID) method. In this paradigm, a single bottle of 20% (v/v) alcohol was presented as the sole liquid source for 2 or 4 h starting 3 h into the dark cycle. For 3 consecutive days mice had access to alcohol for 2 h followed by a 4th day of 4 h access and 3 intervening days where alcohol was not offered. We followed this regime for 5 weeks. For most strains, 2 or 4 h alcohol intake increased over the 5-week period, with some strains demonstrating greatly increased intake. There was considerable and heritable genetic variation in alcohol consumption upon initial early and sustained weekly exposure. Two different mapping algorithms were used to identify QTLs associated with alcohol intake and only QTLs detected by both methods were considered further. Multiple suggestive QTLs for alcohol intake on chromosomes (Chrs) 2, 6, and 12 were identified for the first 4 h exposure. Suggestive QTLs for sustained intake during later weeks were identified on Chrs 4 and 8. Thirty high priority candidate genes, including Entpd2, Per3, and Fto were nominated for early and sustained alcohol intake QTLs. In addition, a suggestive QTL on Chr 15 was detected for change in 2 h alcohol intake over the duration of the study and Adcy8 was identified as a strong candidate gene. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that early and sustained alcohol intake is likely driven by genes and pathways involved in signaling, and/or immune and metabolic function, while a combination of epigenetic factors related to alcohol experience and genetic factors likely drives progressive alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Morgan Dickerson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Danny Arends
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institut für Agrar- und Gartenbauwissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pjotr Prins
- Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sonia A Cavigelli
- Department of BioBehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Elena Terenina
- GenPhySE, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Mormede
- GenPhySE, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Byron C Jones
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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16
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Barkley-Levenson AM, Lagarda FA, Palmer AA. Glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) Inhibition or Genetic Overexpression Does Not Alter Ethanol's Locomotor Effects: Implications for GLO1 as a Therapeutic Target in Alcohol Use Disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018. [PMID: 29532486 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) is an enzyme that metabolizes methylglyoxal (MG), which is a competitive partial agonist at GABAA receptors. Inhibition of GLO1 increases concentrations of MG in the brain and decreases binge-like ethanol (EtOH) drinking. This study assessed whether inhibition of GLO1, or genetic overexpression of Glo1, would also alter the locomotor effects of EtOH, which might explain reduced EtOH consumption following GLO1 inhibition. We used the prototypical GABAA receptor agonist muscimol as a positive control. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with either the GLO1 inhibitor S-bromobenzylglutathione cyclopentyl diester (pBBG; 7.5 mg/kg; Experiment 1) or muscimol (0.75 mg/kg; Experiment 2), or their corresponding vehicle. We then determined whether locomotor response to a range of EtOH doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5) was altered by either pBBG or muscimol pretreatment. We also examined the locomotor response to a range of EtOH doses in FVB/NJ wild-type and transgenic Glo1 overexpressing mice (Experiment 3). Anxiety-like behavior (time spent in the center of the open field) was assessed in all 3 experiments. RESULTS The EtOH dose-response curve was not altered by pretreatment with pBBG or by transgenic overexpression of Glo1. In contrast, muscimol blunted locomotor stimulation at low EtOH doses and potentiated locomotor sedation at higher EtOH doses. No drug or genotype differences were seen in anxiety-like behavior after EtOH treatment. CONCLUSIONS The dose of pBBG used in this study is within the effective range shown previously to reduce EtOH drinking. Glo1 overexpression has been previously shown to increase EtOH drinking. However, neither manipulation altered the dose-response curve for EtOH's locomotor effects, whereas muscimol appeared to enhance the locomotor sedative effects of EtOH. The present data demonstrate that reduced EtOH drinking caused by GLO1 inhibition is not due to potentiation of EtOH's stimulant or depressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frances A Lagarda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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17
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Short-Term Genetic Selection for Adolescent Locomotor Sensitivity to Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Behav Genet 2018; 48:224-235. [PMID: 29550900 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-018-9894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use is linked to positive and negative outcomes. Identifying genetic targets of susceptibility to the negative effects of cannabinoid use is of growing importance. The current study sought to complete short-term selective breeding for adolescent sensitivity and resistance to the locomotor effects of a single 10 mg/kg THC dose in the open field. Selection for THC-locomotor sensitivity was moderately heritable, with the greatest estimates of heritability seen in females from the F2 to S3 generations. Selection for locomotor sensitivity also resulted in increased anxiety-like activity in the open field. These results are the first to indicate that adolescent THC-locomotor sensitivity can be influenced via selective breeding. Development of lines with a genetic predisposition for THC-sensitivity or resistance to locomotor effects allow for investigation of risk factors, differences in consequences of THC use, identification of correlated behavioral responses, and detection of genetic targets that may contribute to heightened cannabinoid sensitivity.
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18
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Xu S, Kang UG. Characteristics of ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization in rats: Molecular mediators and cross-sensitization between ethanol and cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 160:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Putman AH, Wolen AR, Harenza JL, Yordanova RK, Webb BT, Chesler EJ, Miles MF. Identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for an anxiolytic-like response to ethanol in BXD recombinant inbred strains. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 15:367-81. [PMID: 26948279 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic differences in acute behavioral responses to ethanol contribute to the susceptibility to alcohol use disorder and the reduction of anxiety is a commonly reported motive underlying ethanol consumption among alcoholics. Therefore, we studied the genetic variance in anxiolytic-like responses to ethanol across the BXD recombinant inbred (RI) mouse panel using the light-dark transition model of anxiety. Strain-mean genetic mapping and a mixed-model quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis replicated several previously published QTL for locomotor activity and identified several novel anxiety-related loci. Significant loci included a chromosome 11 saline anxiety-like QTL (Salanq1) and a chromosome 12 locus (Etanq1) influencing the anxiolytic-like response to ethanol. Etanq1 was successfully validated by studies with BXD advanced intercross strains and fine-mapped to a region comprising less than 3.5 Mb. Through integration of genome-wide mRNA expression profiles of the mesocorticolimbic reward circuit (prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and ventral midbrain) across the BXD RI panel, we identified high priority candidate genes within Etanq1, the strongest of which was Ninein (Nin), a Gsk3β-interacting protein that is highly expressed in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Putman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - A R Wolen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - J L Harenza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - R K Yordanova
- Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - B T Webb
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - M F Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Center for Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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20
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Quadros IMH, Macedo GC, Domingues LP, Favoretto CA. An Update on CRF Mechanisms Underlying Alcohol Use Disorders and Dependence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:134. [PMID: 27818644 PMCID: PMC5073134 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is the most commonly used and abused substance worldwide. The emergence of alcohol use disorders, and alcohol dependence in particular, is accompanied by functional changes in brain reward and stress systems, which contribute to escalated alcohol drinking and seeking. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems have been critically implied in the transition toward problematic alcohol drinking and alcohol dependence. This review will discuss how dysregulation of CRF function contributes to the vulnerability for escalated alcohol drinking and other consequences of alcohol consumption, based on preclinical evidence. CRF signaling, mostly via CRF1 receptors, seems to be particularly important in conditions of excessive alcohol taking and seeking, including during early and protracted withdrawal, relapse, as well as during withdrawal-induced anxiety and escalated aggression promoted by alcohol. Modulation of CRF1 function seems to exert a less prominent role over low to moderate alcohol intake, or to species-typical behaviors. While CRF mechanisms in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis have some contribution to the neurobiology of alcohol abuse and dependence, a pivotal role for extra-hypothalamic CRF pathways, particularly in the extended amygdala, is well characterized. More recent studies further suggest a direct modulation of brain reward function by CRF signaling in the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and the prefrontal cortex, among other structures. This review will further discuss a putative role for other components of the CRF system that contribute for the overall balance of CRF function in reward and stress pathways, including CRF2 receptors, CRF-binding protein, and urocortins, a family of CRF-related peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Marian Hartmann Quadros
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Camila Macedo
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liz Paola Domingues
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Aparecida Favoretto
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Darlington TM, McCarthy RD, Cox RJ, Miyamoto-Ditmon J, Gallego X, Ehringer MA. Voluntary wheel running reduces voluntary consumption of ethanol in mice: identification of candidate genes through striatal gene expression profiling. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:474-90. [PMID: 27063791 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hedonic substitution, where wheel running reduces voluntary ethanol consumption, has been observed in prior studies. Here, we replicate and expand on previous work showing that mice decrease voluntary ethanol consumption and preference when given access to a running wheel. While earlier work has been limited mainly to behavioral studies, here we assess the underlying molecular mechanisms that may account for this interaction. From four groups of female C57BL/6J mice (control, access to two-bottle choice ethanol, access to a running wheel, and access to both two-bottle choice ethanol and a running wheel), mRNA-sequencing of the striatum identified differential gene expression. Many genes in ethanol preference quantitative trait loci were differentially expressed due to running. Furthermore, we conducted Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis and identified gene networks corresponding to each effect behavioral group. Candidate genes for mediating the behavioral interaction between ethanol consumption and wheel running include multiple potassium channel genes, Oprm1, Prkcg, Stxbp1, Crhr1, Gabra3, Slc6a13, Stx1b, Pomc, Rassf5 and Camta2. After observing an overlap of many genes and functional groups previously identified in studies of initial sensitivity to ethanol, we hypothesized that wheel running may induce a change in sensitivity, thereby affecting ethanol consumption. A behavioral study examining Loss of Righting Reflex to ethanol following exercise trended toward supporting this hypothesis. These data provide a rich resource for future studies that may better characterize the observed transcriptional changes in gene networks in response to ethanol consumption and wheel running.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Darlington
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Current address: Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R D McCarthy
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R J Cox
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Miyamoto-Ditmon
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - X Gallego
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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22
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Matchynski-Franks JJ, Susick LL, Schneider BL, Perrine SA, Conti AC. Impaired Ethanol-Induced Sensitization and Decreased Cannabinoid Receptor-1 in a Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155759. [PMID: 27186643 PMCID: PMC4871361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Impaired striatal neuroplasticity may underlie increased alcoholism documented in those with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1) is sensitive to the effects of ethanol (EtOH) and traumatic stress, and is a critical regulator of striatal plasticity. To investigate CB1 involvement in the PTSD-alcohol interaction, this study measured the effects of traumatic stress using a model of PTSD, mouse single-prolonged stress (mSPS), on EtOH-induced locomotor sensitization and striatal CB1 levels. METHODS Mice were exposed to mSPS, which includes: 2-h restraint, 10-min group forced swim, 15-min exposure to rat bedding odor, and diethyl ether exposure until unconsciousness or control conditions. Seven days following mSPS exposure, the locomotor sensitizing effects of EtOH were assessed. CB1, post-synaptic density-95 (PSD95), and dopamine-2 receptor (D2) protein levels were then quantified in the dorsal striatum using standard immunoblotting techniques. RESULTS Mice exposed to mSPS-EtOH demonstrated impaired EtOH-induced locomotor sensitization compared to Control-EtOH mice, which was accompanied by reduced striatal CB1 levels. EtOH increased striatal PSD95 in control and mSPS-exposed mice. Additionally, mSPS-Saline exposure increased striatal PSD95 and decreased D2 protein expression, with mSPS-EtOH exposure alleviating these changes. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the mSPS model of PTSD blunts the behavioral sensitizing effects of EtOH, a response that suggests impaired striatal neuroplasticity. Additionally, this study demonstrates that mice exposed to mSPS and repeated EtOH exposure decreases CB1 in the striatum, providing a mechanism of interest for understanding the effects of EtOH following severe, multimodal stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Matchynski-Franks
- Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Susick
- Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brandy L. Schneider
- Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shane A. Perrine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alana C. Conti
- Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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23
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Guo N, Lin J, Peng X, Chen H, Zhang Y, Liu X, Li Q. Influences of acute ethanol exposure on locomotor activities of zebrafish larvae under different illumination. Alcohol 2015; 49:727-37. [PMID: 26384924 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Larval zebrafish present unique opportunities to study the behavioral responses of a model organism to environmental challenges during early developmental stages. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the locomotor activities of AB strain zebrafish larvae at 5 and 7 days post-fertilization (dpf) in response to light changes under the influence of ethanol, and to explore potential neurological mechanisms that are involved in ethanol intoxication. AB strain zebrafish larvae at both 5 and 7 dpf were treated with ethanol at 0% (control), 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% (v/v%). The locomotor activities of the larvae during alternating light-dark challenges, as well as the locomotor responses immediately following the light transitions, were investigated. The levels of various neurotransmitters were also measured in selected ethanol-treated groups. The larvae at 5 and 7 dpf demonstrated similar patterns of locomotor responses to ethanol treatment. Ethanol treatment at 1% increased the swimming distances of the zebrafish larvae in the dark periods, but had no effect on the swimming distances in the light periods. In contrast, ethanol treatment at 2% increased the swimming distances in the light periods, but did not potentiate the swimming activity in the dark periods, compared to controls. Differences in the levels of neurotransmitters that are involved in norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin pathways were also observed in groups with different ethanol treatments. These results indicated the behavioral studies concerning the ethanol effects on locomotor activities of zebrafish larvae could be carried out as early as 5 dpf. The 1% and 2% ethanol-treated zebrafish larvae modeled ethanol effects at different intoxication states, and the differences in neurotransmitter levels suggested the involvement of various neurotransmitter pathways in different ethanol intoxication states.
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24
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Gubner NR, Phillips TJ. Effects of nicotine on ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization: A model of neuroadaptation. Behav Brain Res 2015; 288:26-32. [PMID: 25857831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Co-morbid use of nicotine-containing tobacco products and alcohol (ethanol) is prevalent in young adults initiating use and in alcohol dependent adults, suggesting that these drugs in combination may increase risk to develop dependence on one or both drugs. Neuroadaptations caused by repeated drug exposure are related to the development of drug dependence and vulnerability to relapse. Locomotor sensitization has been used as a behavioral measure used to detect changes in neural drug sensitivity that are thought to contribute to drug dependence and relapse. Locomotor sensitization was measured in the current studies to examine potential differences in the effects of nicotine and ethanol given alone and in combination. Baseline activity levels of DBA/2J mice were assessed on 2 days, then mice were treated for 10 days with saline, nicotine (1 or 2mg/kg of nicotine tartrate), ethanol (1 or 2g/kg), or nicotine plus ethanol and locomotor activity was assessed every third day. On the following day, all mice were challenged with ethanol to measure the expression of sensitization. Mice treated with both nicotine and ethanol exhibited greater stimulation than predicted from the combined independent effects of these drugs, consistent with our previously published results. The combined effects of nicotine and ethanol on locomotor sensitization were dependent on the dose of ethanol and whether testing was performed after the drugs were given together, or after challenge with ethanol alone. These results suggest that nicotine and ethanol in combination can have neuroadaptive effects that differ from the independent effects of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah R Gubner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
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25
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Kliethermes CL. Conservation of the Ethanol-Induced Locomotor Stimulant Response among Arthropods. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2015; 85:37-46. [DOI: 10.1159/000370099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation has been variously described as reflective of the disinhibitory, euphoric, or reinforcing effects of ethanol and is commonly used as an index of acute ethanol sensitivity in rodents. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster also shows a locomotor stimulant response to ethanol that is believed to occur via conserved, ethanol-sensitive neurobiological mechanisms, but it is currently unknown whether this response is conserved among arthropod species or is idiosyncratic to D. melanogaster. The current experiments surveyed locomotor responses to ethanol in a phylogenetically diverse panel of insects and other arthropod species. A clear ethanol-induced locomotor stimulant response was seen in 9 of 13 Drosophilidae species tested, in 8 of 10 other species of insects, and in an arachnid (wolf spider) and a myriapod (millipede) species. Given the diverse phylogenies of the species that showed the response, these experiments support the hypothesis that locomotor stimulation is a conserved behavioral response to ethanol among arthropod species. Further comparative studies are needed to determine whether the specific neurobiological mechanisms known to underlie the stimulant response in D. melanogaster are conserved among arthropod and vertebrate species.
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Gubner NR, McKinnon CS, Phillips TJ. Effects of varenicline on ethanol-induced conditioned place preference, locomotor stimulation, and sensitization. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:3033-42. [PMID: 25581658 PMCID: PMC4293040 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varenicline, a partial nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist, is a promising new drug for the treatment of alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) dependence. Varenicline has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a smoking cessation therapeutic and has also been found to reduce EtOH consumption in humans and animal models of alcohol use. These studies examined the hypotheses that varenicline attenuates the stimulant and sensitizing effects of EtOH and reduces the motivational effects of EtOH-associated cues. The goal was to determine whether these effects of varenicline contribute to its pharmacotherapeutic effects for alcohol dependence. In addition, effects of varenicline on acute stimulation and/or on the acquisition of sensitization would suggest a role for nAChR involvement in these effects of EtOH. METHODS Dose-dependent effects of varenicline on the expression of EtOH-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), locomotor activation, and behavioral sensitization were examined. These measures model motivational effects of EtOH-associated cues, euphoric or stimulatory effects of EtOH, and EtOH-induced neuroadaptation. All studies used DBA/2J mice, an inbred strain with high sensitivity to these EtOH-related effects. RESULTS Varenicline did not significantly attenuate the expression of EtOH-induced CPP. Varenicline reduced locomotor activity and had the most pronounced effect in the presence of EtOH, with the largest effect on acute EtOH-induced locomotor stimulation and a trend for varenicline to attenuate the expression of EtOH-induced sensitization. CONCLUSIONS Because varenicline did not attenuate the expression of EtOH-induced CPP, it may not be effective at reducing the motivational effects of EtOH-associated cues. This outcome suggests that reductions in the motivational effects of EtOH-associated cues may not be involved in how varenicline reduces EtOH consumption. However, varenicline did have effects on locomotor behavior and significantly attenuated acute EtOH-induced locomotor stimulation. In humans who drink while taking varenicline, it might similarly reduce stimulant responses and have an impact on continued drinking. General sedative effects in such individuals should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah R. Gubner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Portland Alcohol Research Center,
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carrie S. McKinnon
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Portland Alcohol Research Center,
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tamara J. Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Portland Alcohol Research Center,
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
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Stimulant and motivational effects of alcohol: Lessons from rodent and primate models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 122:37-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bryant CD, Guido MA, Kole LA, Cheng R. The heritability of oxycodone reward and concomitant phenotypes in a LG/J × SM/J mouse advanced intercross line. Addict Biol 2014; 19:552-61. [PMID: 23231598 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The rewarding property of opioids likely contributes to their abuse potential. Therefore, determining the genetic basis of opioid reward could aid in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of opioid addiction, provided that it is a heritable trait. Here, we characterized the rewarding property of the widely abused prescription opioid oxycodone (OXY) in the conditioned place preference (CPP) assay using LG/J and SM/J parental inbred mouse strains and 17 parent-offspring families of a LG/J × SM/J F47 /F48 advanced intercross line (AIL). Following OXY training (5 mg/kg, i.p.), SM/J mice and AIL mice, but not LG/J mice, showed an increase in preference for the OXY-paired side, suggesting a genetic basis for OXY-CPP. SM/J mice showed greater locomotor activity than LG/J mice in response to both saline and OXY. LG/J, SM/J, and AIL mice all exhibited robust OXY-induced locomotor sensitization. Narrow-sense heritability (h(2) ) estimates of the phenotypes using linear regression and maximum likelihood estimation showed good agreement (r = 0.91). OXY-CPP was clearly not a heritable trait whereas drug-free- and OXY-induced locomotor activity and sensitization were significantly and sometimes highly heritable (h(2) = 0.30-0.84). Interestingly, the number of transitions between the saline- and OXY-paired sides emerged as a reliably heritable trait following OXY training (h(2) = 0.46-0.66) and could represent a genetic component of drug-seeking behavior. Thus, although OXY-CPP does not appear to be amenable to genome-wide quantitative trait locus mapping, this protocol will be useful for mapping other traits potentially relevant to opioid abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camron D. Bryant
- Department of Human Genetics; The University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - Michael A. Guido
- Department of Human Genetics; The University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - Loren A. Kole
- Department of Human Genetics; The University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - Riyan Cheng
- Department of Human Genetics; The University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
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Cunningham CL. Genetic relationship between ethanol-induced conditioned place preference and other ethanol phenotypes in 15 inbred mouse strains. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:430-45. [PMID: 24841742 DOI: 10.1037/a0036459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The genetic relationships between different behaviors used to index the rewarding or reinforcing effects of alcohol are poorly understood. To address this issue, ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was tested in a genetically diverse panel of inbred mouse strains, and strain means from this study and other inbred strain studies were used to examine the genetic correlation between CPP and several ethanol-related phenotypes, including activity measures recorded during CPP training and testing. Mice from each strain were exposed to a well-characterized unbiased place conditioning procedure using ethanol doses of 2 or 4 g/kg; an additional group from each strain was exposed to saline alone on all trials. Genotype had a significant effect on CPP, basal locomotor activity, ethanol-stimulated activity, and the effect of repeated ethanol exposure on activity. Correlational analyses showed significant negative genetic correlations between CPP and sweetened ethanol intake and between CPP and test session activity, as well as a significant positive genetic correlation between CPP and chronic ethanol withdrawal severity. Moreover, there was a trend toward a positive genetic correlation between CPP and ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion. These genetic correlations suggest overlap in the genetic mechanisms underlying CPP and each of these traits. The patterns of genetic relationships suggest a greater impact of ethanol's aversive effects on drinking and a greater impact of ethanol's rewarding effects on CPP. Overall, these data support the idea that genotype influences ethanol's rewarding effect, a factor that may contribute importantly to addictive vulnerability.
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Eastwood EC, Phillips TJ. Opioid sensitivity in mice selectively bred to consume or not consume methamphetamine. Addict Biol 2014; 19:370-9. [PMID: 23145527 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been little investigation of genetic factors and associated mechanisms that influence risk for development of methamphetamine (MA) dependence. Selectively bred mouse lines that exhibit high (MAHDR) or low (MALDR) levels of MA intake in a two-bottle choice MA drinking (MADR) procedure provide a genetic tool for this purpose. These lines were used to determine whether opioid sensitivity and MA intake are genetically associated, because opioid-mediated pathways influence some effects of MA. Sensitivity to the analgesic effects of the μ-opioid receptor (MOP-r) agonist fentanyl (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg) was examined using two acute thermal tests (hot plate and tail flick) and one chronic pain test (magnesium sulfate abdominal constriction). Locomotor stimulant responses to fentanyl (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg) and morphine (10, 20, 30 mg/kg) were also examined. In addition, MADR was measured in the progenitor strains [(C57BL/6J (B6), DBA/2J (D2)] of the F2 population from which the selected lines were generated. The MADR lines did not differ in sensitivity to the analgesic effects of fentanyl; however, MALDR mice exhibited greater locomotor activation than MAHDR mice to both fentanyl and morphine. D2 mice consumed more MA than B6 mice. The line differences for MA consumption and morphine activation recapitulated B6 and D2 strain differences for these two traits, but not strain differences previously found for opioid analgesic responses. These results support a negative genetic correlation between MA consumption and sensitivity to the stimulant effects of opioids and suggest the involvement of MOP-r regulated systems in MA intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Eastwood
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center; Oregon Health & Science University; Portland OR USA
| | - Tamara J. Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center; Oregon Health & Science University; Portland OR USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Portland OR USA
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Legastelois R, Botia B, Coune F, Jeanblanc J, Naassila M. Deciphering the relationship between vulnerability to ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization and ethanol consumption in outbred mice. Addict Biol 2014; 19:210-24. [PMID: 24164956 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH)-induced behavioral sensitization (EIBS) is proposed to play a role in early and recurring steps of alcohol dependence, but its impact on alcohol abuse is not clear. EIBS development is dependent upon animal species, strain and also individual factors. We proposed here to decipher the co-expression of EIBS and EtOH intake in individual animals among outbred Swiss mice, which exhibit heterogeneity that parallels what may occur in humans. To do so, mice were exposed to a two-bottle choice with free access to water or 10% EtOH for 6 days just before and immediately after chronic intraperitoneal 2.5 g/kg ethanol injections once a day for 10 consecutive days. Based on their sensitization scores, mice were split into resistant and sensitized animals. First, we showed that individual susceptibility to EIBS is inversely correlated with voluntary EtOH consumption. Exposure to repeated EtOH during EIBS development increased subsequent EtOH intake among the entire population. Very interestingly, subsequent analyses suggested that the less the mice are sensitized the more they increase their EtOH intake; however, resistant mice were sensitive to EtOH adulteration with quinine, whereas sensitized ones maintained their EtOH intake levels, therefore exhibiting a compulsive-like drinking pattern. In addition, we showed that resistant mice do not exhibit a weaker sensitivity to the aversive properties of EtOH that may contribute to their higher level of EtOH intake compared to sensitized mice. This study confirms and extends previous data showing a deep relationship between propensity for EtOH consumption and susceptibility to EIBS in Swiss mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Legastelois
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne; UFR Pharmacie; INSERM Unit ERi 24 GRAP France
| | - Béatrice Botia
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne; UFR Pharmacie; INSERM Unit ERi 24 GRAP France
| | - Fabien Coune
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne; UFR Pharmacie; INSERM Unit ERi 24 GRAP France
| | - Jérôme Jeanblanc
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne; UFR Pharmacie; INSERM Unit ERi 24 GRAP France
| | - Mickaël Naassila
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne; UFR Pharmacie; INSERM Unit ERi 24 GRAP France
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Linsenbardt DN, Boehm SL. Determining the heritability of ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization in mice using short-term behavioral selection. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:267-78. [PMID: 23732838 PMCID: PMC3809338 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effects of alcohol (ethanol) is thought to be a heritable risk factor for the development of alcoholism that reflects progressive increases in the positive motivational effects of this substance. However, very little is known about the degree to which genes influence this complex behavioral phenomenon. OBJECTIVES The primary goal of this work was to determine the heritability of ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization in mice using short-term behavioral selection. METHODS Genetically heterogeneous C57BL/6J (B6) × DBA/2J (D2) F2 mice were generated from B6D2F1 progenitors, phenotyped for the expression of locomotor sensitization, and bred for high (HLS) and low (LLS) expression of this behavior. Selective breeding was conducted in two independently generated replicate sets to increase the confidence of our heritability estimates and for future correlated trait analyses. RESULTS Large and significant differences in locomotor sensitization between HLS and LLS lines were evident by the fourth generation. Twenty-two percent of the observed line difference(s) were attributable to genes (h² = .22). Interestingly, locomotor activity in the absence of ethanol was genetically correlated with ethanol sensitization; high activity was associated with high sensitization. CONCLUSIONS That changes in ethanol sensitivity following repeated exposures are genetically regulated highlights the relevance of studies aimed at determining how genes regulate susceptibility to ethanol-induced behavioral and neural adaptations. As alcohol use and abuse disorders develop following many repeated alcohol exposures, these data emphasize the need for future studies determining the genetic basis by which changes in response to alcohol occur.
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Gubner NR, Reed C, McKinnon CS, Phillips TJ. Unique genetic factors influence sensitivity to the rewarding and aversive effects of methamphetamine versus cocaine. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:420-7. [PMID: 23994231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors significantly influence addiction-related phenotypes. This is supported by the successful bidirectional selective breeding of two replicate sets of mouse lines for amount of methamphetamine consumed. Some of the same genetic factors that influence methamphetamine consumption have been previously found also to influence sensitivity to the conditioned rewarding and aversive effects of methamphetamine. The goal of the current studies was to determine if some of the same genetic factors influence sensitivity to the conditioned rewarding and aversive effects of cocaine. Cocaine conditioned reward was examined in methamphetamine high drinking and low drinking line mice using a conditioned place preference procedure and cocaine conditioned aversion was measured using a conditioned taste aversion procedure. In addition, a general sensitivity measure, locomotor stimulant response to cocaine, was assessed in these lines; previous data indicated no difference between the selected lines in sensitivity to methamphetamine-induced stimulation. In contrast to robust differences for methamphetamine, the methamphetamine high and low drinking lines did not differ in sensitivity to either the rewarding or aversive effects of cocaine. They also exhibited comparable sensitivity to cocaine-induced locomotor stimulation. These data suggest that the genetic factors that influence sensitivity to the conditioned rewarding and aversive effects of methamphetamine in these lines of mice do not influence sensitivity to these effects of cocaine. Thus, different genetic factors may influence risk for methamphetamine versus cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah R Gubner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Matson LM, Kasten CR, Boehm SL, Grahame NJ. Selectively bred crossed high-alcohol-preferring mice drink to intoxication and develop functional tolerance, but not locomotor sensitization during free-choice ethanol access. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:267-74. [PMID: 23909817 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crossed high-alcohol-preferring (cHAP) mice were selectively bred from a cross of the HAP1 × HAP2 replicate lines and demonstrate blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) during free-choice drinking reminiscent of those observed in alcohol-dependent humans. In this report, we investigated the relationship between free-choice drinking, intoxication, tolerance, and sensitization in cHAP mice. We hypothesized that initially mice would become ataxic after drinking alcohol, but that increased drinking over days would be accompanied by increasing tolerance to the ataxic effects of ethanol (EtOH). METHODS Male and female cHAP mice had free-choice access to 10% EtOH and water (E), while Water mice (W) had access to water alone. In experiment 1, the first drinking experience was monitored during the dark portion of the cycle. Once E mice reached an average intake rate of ≥1.5 g/kg/h, they, along with W mice, were tested for footslips on a balance beam, and BECs were assessed. In experiments 2, 3, and 4, after varying durations of free-choice 10% EtOH access (0, 3, 14, or 21 days), mice were challenged with 20% EtOH and tested for number of footslips on a balance beam or locomotor stimulant response. Blood was sampled for BEC determination. RESULTS We found that cHAP mice rapidly acquire alcohol intakes that lead to ataxia. Over time, cHAP mice developed behavioral tolerance to the ataxic effects of alcohol, paralleled by escalating alcohol consumption. However, locomotor sensitization did not develop following 14 days of free-choice EtOH access. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we observed increases in free-choice drinking with extended alcohol access paralleled by increases in functional tolerance, but not locomotor sensitization. These data support our hypothesis that escalating free-choice drinking over days in cHAP mice is driven by tolerance to alcohol's behavioral effects. These data are the first to demonstrate that escalating free-choice consumption is accompanied by increasing alcohol tolerance. In addition to buttressing the hypothesized importance of tolerance in drinking, our findings suggest that cHAP mice may be a unique, translational resource for studying tolerance as a contributor to and consequence of chronic, excessive EtOH consumption.
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Gubner NR, McKinnon CS, Reed C, Phillips TJ. Accentuating effects of nicotine on ethanol response in mice with high genetic predisposition to ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 127:108-14. [PMID: 22795175 PMCID: PMC3505243 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-morbid use of nicotine-containing tobacco products and alcohol is prevalent in alcohol dependent individuals. Common genetic factors could influence initial sensitivity to the independent or interactive effects of these drugs and play a role in their co-abuse. METHODS Locomotor sensitivity to nicotine and ethanol, alone and in combination, was assessed in mice bred for high (FAST) and low (SLOW) sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of ethanol and in an inbred strain of mouse (DBA/2J) that has been shown to have extreme sensitivity to ethanol-induced stimulation in comparison to other strains. RESULTS The effects of nicotine and ethanol, alone and in combination, were dependent on genotype. In FAST and DBA/2J mice that show high sensitivity to ethanol-induced stimulation, nicotine accentuated the locomotor stimulant response to ethanol. This effect was not found in SLOW mice that are not stimulated by ethanol alone. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that genes underlying differential sensitivity to the stimulant effects of ethanol alone also influence sensitivity to nicotine in combination with ethanol. Sensitivity to the stimulant effects of nicotine alone does not appear to predict the response to the drug combination, as FAST mice are sensitive to nicotine-induced stimulation, whereas SLOW and DBA/2J mice are not. The combination of nicotine and ethanol may have genotype-dependent effects that could impact co-abuse liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Gubner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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DuBose CS, Chesler EJ, Goldowitz D, Hamre KM. Use of the expanded panel of BXD mice narrow QTL regions in ethanol-induced locomotor activation and motor incoordination. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:170-83. [PMID: 23289978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related responses are under strong genetic regulation. A wealth of alcohol-related data from recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains enables genetic correlation and mapping of these traits. Previous studies using RI strains have identified numerous chromosomal locations that underlie differential alcohol sensitivity, although the regions identified are typically large. One means to improve power and precision for genetic analysis is to use a larger genetic reference population. The expanded panel of BXD RI mice was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with sensitivity to locomotor stimulatory and motor incoordinating effects of alcohol. The goals of this study were to determine whether previously reported QTLs were replicated and refined and to determine whether novel QTLs would be identified. METHODS Following an i.p. dose of 2.25 g/kg of ethanol (EtOH) or saline control, locomotor activation was assessed using an activity chamber and motor incoordination was assessed using the accelerating rotarod. Male and female BXD mice from over 55 strains were tested. Two treatment paradigms were utilized to evaluate the effects of EtOH versus saline treatment-order. RESULTS Activity chamber measures showed significant differences in strain, sex, and treatment-order whereas rotarod measures showed significant differences in strain and treatment-order. Significant QTLs for various measures of EtOH-induced locomotor activation were identified on chromosomes 2 and 5 that narrowed QTL regions previously identified from 19 to < 2 Mb. Further, a novel significant QTL for EtOH-induced motor incoordination on chromosome 7 was identified. CONCLUSIONS Using the expanded RI BXD panel, along with a high precision marker map, several novel QTLs were found and several previously identified QTL regions were confirmed and narrowed. The isogenic nature of the population facilitated detection of treatment-order and sex-specific differences. Smaller QTL regions reduced the number of positional candidates thereby increasing the efficiency with which polymorphisms underlying the QTL will be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candis S DuBose
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Dempsey S, Grisel JE. Locomotor sensitization to EtOH: contribution of β-Endorphin. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:87. [PMID: 22952458 PMCID: PMC3430006 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders, like all drug addictions, involve a constellation of adaptive changes throughout the brain. Neural activity underlying changes in the rewarding properties of alcohol reflect changes in dopamine transmission in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways and these effects are modulated by endogenous opioids such as β-Endorphin. In order to study the role of β-Endorphin in the development of locomotor sensitization to repeated EtOH exposure, we tested transgenic mice that vary in their capacity to synthesize this peptide as a result of constitutive modification of the Pomc gene. Our results indicate that mice deficient in β-Endorphin show attenuated locomotor activation following an acute injection of EtOH (2.0 g/kg) and, in contrast to wildtype mice, fail to demonstrate locomotor sensitization after 12 days of repeated EtOH injections. These data support the idea that β-Endorphin modulates the locomotor effects of EtOH and contributes to the neuroadaptive changes associated with chronic use.
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Kruse LC, Linsenbardt DN, Boehm SL. Positive allosteric modulation of the GABA(B) receptor by GS39783 attenuates the locomotor stimulant actions of ethanol and potentiates the induction of locomotor sensitization. Alcohol 2012; 46:455-62. [PMID: 22560291 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation and ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization are two behavioral assays thought to model the rewarding effects of ethanol. Recent evidence suggests that GS39783, a GABA(B) positive allosteric modulator, may be effective at reducing both the rewarding and reinforcing effects of several drugs of abuse, including ethanol. The goal of this study was to determine if GS39783 was capable of altering acute ethanol-induced stimulation, and the induction and expression of ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization, without effecting basal locomotion levels. Several doses of GS39783 (ranging from 0 to 100 mg/kg, depending on experiment) were tested on adult male DBA/2J mice in four experiments using 3-day basal locomotion and acute ethanol stimulation paradigms, and 14-day induction and expression of ethanol sensitization paradigms. The results of experiment 1 are in agreement with current literature, suggesting that 30 mg/kg doses of GS39783 and lower do not alter basal locomotor activity. In experiment 2, we found that GS39783 significantly decreased acute ethanol stimulation, but only at the 30 mg/kg dose, supporting our hypothesis and other publications suggesting that GABA(B) receptors modulate acute ethanol stimulation. Contrary to our hypothesis, GS39783 did not alter the expression of locomotor sensitization. Additionally, repeated administration of GS39783 in conjunction with ethanol unexpectedly potentiated ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization. Further study of GS39783 is warranted as it may be a more tolerable treatment for alcoholism than full agonists, due to its behavioral efficacy at doses that lack sedative side effects. Our results add to current literature suggesting that the GABA(B) receptor system is indeed involved in the modulation of ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation and sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Kruse
- Department of Psychology, Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Conti AC, Lowing JL, Susick LL, Bowen SE. Investigation of calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclases 1 and 8 on toluene and ethanol neurobehavioral actions. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012; 34:481-8. [PMID: 22789433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The abused inhalant toluene has potent behavioral effects, but only recently has progress been made in understanding the molecular pathways that mediate the action of toluene in the brain. Toluene and ethanol induce similar behavioral effects and share some targets including NMDA and GABA receptors. In studies examining neuronal actions of ethanol, mice lacking the calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclases (ACs), AC1 and AC8 (DKO), show increased sedation durations and impaired protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation following acute ethanol treatment. Therefore, using DKO mice, we compared the neurobehavioral responses following toluene exposure to that of ethanol exposure to determine if these abused substances share molecular mechanisms of action. In the present study, acute sensitivity to toluene- or ethanol-induced changes in locomotor activity was evaluated in DKO and wild type (WT) mice. Mice were exposed to toluene vapor (0, 500, 1000, 2000, 6000, or 8000ppm) for 30min in static exposure chambers equipped with activity monitors. Both WT and DKO mice demonstrated increased ambulatory distance during exposure to a 2000-ppm concentration of toluene compared to respective air-exposed (0ppm) controls. Significant increases in locomotor activity were also observed during an air-only recovery period following toluene exposure in WT and DKO mice that had been exposed to 2000ppm of toluene compared to respective air controls. Sedative effects of toluene were equivalent in WT and DKO mice, both during exposure and afterwards during recovery. Although no significant differences in locomotor activity were detected in DKO compared to WT mice at individual doses tested, a significant main effect of toluene was achieved, with DKO mice demonstrating a generalized reduction in locomotor activity during the post-toluene recovery period compared to WT mice (when analyzing all doses collectively). For comparison to toluene, additional WT and DKO mice were treated with 1.0 or 2.0g/kg ethanol (i.p.) and monitored for locomotor activation. In WT mice, both doses of ethanol increased distance traveled compared to saline controls. Conversely, DKO mice demonstrated no increase in locomotor activation at 1.0g/kg, with significantly reduced distances traveled at both doses compared to ethanol-treated WT mice. These behavioral activity results suggest that acute effects of ethanol and toluene are distinct in the mechanisms by which they induce acute sedating effects with respect to AC1 and AC8 activity, but may be similar in the mechanisms subserving locomotor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana C Conti
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Crabbe JC, Kruse LC, Colville AM, Cameron AJ, Spence SE, Schlumbohm JP, Huang LC, Metten P. Ethanol sensitivity in high drinking in the dark selectively bred mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36:1162-70. [PMID: 22316249 PMCID: PMC3349784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse lines are being selectively bred in replicate for high blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) achieved after a short period of ethanol (EtOH) drinking early in the circadian dark phase. High Drinking in the Dark-1 (HDID-1) mice were in selected generation S18, and the replicate HDID-2 line in generation S11. METHODS To determine other traits genetically correlated with high DID, we compared naïve animals from both lines with the unselected, segregating progenitor stock, HS/Npt. Differences between HDID-1 and HS would imply commonality of genetic influences on DID and these traits. RESULTS HDID-1 mice showed less basal activity, greater EtOH stimulated activity, and greater sensitivity to EtOH-induced foot slips than HS. They showed lesser sensitivity to acute EtOH hypothermia and longer duration loss of righting reflex than HS. HDID-1 and control HS lines did not differ in sensitivity on 2 measures of intoxication, the balance beam and the accelerating rotarod. None of the acute response results could be explained by differences in EtOH metabolism. HDID-2 differed from HS on some, but not all, of the above responses. CONCLUSIONS These results show that some EtOH responses share common genetic control with reaching high BECs after DID, a finding consistent with other data regarding genetic contributions to EtOH responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Crabbe
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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de Wit H, Phillips TJ. Do initial responses to drugs predict future use or abuse? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1565-76. [PMID: 22542906 PMCID: PMC3372699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals vary in their initial reactions to drugs of abuse in ways that may contribute to the likelihood of subsequent drug use. In humans, most drugs of abuse produce positive subjective states such as euphoria and feelings of well-being, which may facilitate repeated use. In nonhumans, many drugs initially increase locomotor activity and produce discriminative stimulus effects, both of which have been considered to be models of human stimulant and subjective states. Both humans and nonhumans vary in their sensitivity to early acute drug effects in ways that may predict future use or self-administration, and some of these variations appear to be genetic in origin. However, it is not known exactly how the initial responses to drugs in either humans or nonhumans relate to subsequent use or abuse. In humans, positive effects of drugs facilitate continued use of a drug while negative effects discourage use, and in nonhumans, greater genetic risk for drug intake is predicted by reduced sensitivity to drug aversive effects; but whether these initial responses affect escalation of drug use, and the development of dependence is currently unknown. Although early use of a drug is a necessary step in the progression to abuse and dependence, other variables may be of greater importance in the transition from use to abuse. Alternatively, the same variables that predict initial acute drug effects and early use may significantly contribute to continued use, escalation and dependence. Here we review the existing evidence for relations between initial direct drug effects, early use, and continued use. Ultimately, these relations can only be determined from systematic longitudinal studies with comprehensive assessments from early drug responses to progression of problem drug use. In parallel, additional investigation of initial responses in animal models as predictors of drug use will shed light on the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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Bhutada P, Mundhada Y, Patil J, Rahigude A, Zambare K, Deshmukh P, Tanwar D, Jain K. Cilnidipine, an L/N-type calcium channel blocker prevents acquisition and expression of ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization in mice. Neurosci Lett 2012; 514:91-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Jellen LC, Unger EL, Lu L, Williams RW, Rousseau S, Wang X, Earley CJ, Allen RP, Miles MF, Jones BC. Systems genetic analysis of the effects of iron deficiency in mouse brain. Neurogenetics 2012; 13:147-57. [PMID: 22457016 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-012-0321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron regulation in the brain is both necessary and highly complex. Too little or too much iron can compromise neurological function, yet we still do not know all of the regulatory processes. In our research, we seek to identify genes and gene networks underlying individual differences in brain iron regulation. To this end, we fed mice from 20+ inbred strains a diet low in iron from weaning to 4 months of age. At sacrifice, we measured iron content in the ventral midbrain (VMB). The VMB contains the substantia nigra, a region particularly vulnerable to iron imbalance. The results showed high, inter-strain variability in dietary iron reduction, from almost no loss to more than 40 % vs. control. When we performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, we observed a significant area on chromosome 2. Within this QTL, we selected glial high-affinity glutamate transporter 1 (Glt1) as the leading candidate. Expression of this gene is both correlated with VMB iron and is also cis-modulated by local sequence variants that segregate in the BXD family. VMB expression differences of Glt1 in six strains covary with differential susceptibility to VMB iron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Jellen
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Neuroscience, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Tarantino LM, Eisener-Dorman AF. Forward genetic approaches to understanding complex behaviors. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012; 12:25-58. [PMID: 22297575 PMCID: PMC6989028 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Assigning function to genes has long been a focus of biomedical research.Even with complete knowledge of the genomic sequences of humans, mice and other experimental organisms, there is still much to be learned about gene function and control. Ablation or overexpression of single genes using knockout or transgenic technologies has provided functional annotation for many genes, but these technologies do not capture the extensive genetic variation present in existing experimental mouse populations. Researchers have only recently begun to truly appreciate naturally occurring genetic variation resulting from single nucleotide substitutions,insertions, deletions, copy number variation, epigenetic changes (DNA methylation,histone modifications, etc.) and gene expression differences and how this variation contributes to complex phenotypes. In this chapter, we will discuss the benefits and limitations of different forward genetic approaches that capture the genetic variation present in inbred mouse strains and present the utility of these approaches for mapping QTL that influence complex behavioral phenotypes.
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Quoilin C, Didone V, Tirelli E, Quertemont E. Chronic ethanol exposure during adolescence alters the behavioral responsiveness to ethanol in adult mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 229:1-9. [PMID: 22227505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol exposure during early adolescence is believed to durably alter the behavioral properties of ethanol, increasing the likelihood of later alcohol-related disorders. The aim of the present experiments was to characterize changes in the behavioral effects of ethanol in adult female Swiss mice after a chronic ethanol exposure during adolescence, extending from postnatal day 28 to postnatal day 42. After a chronic ethanol exposure during adolescence (daily injections of 0, 2.5 or 4 g/kg ethanol for 14 consecutive days), adult mice were tested at postnatal day 63. The locomotor stimulant effects of ethanol, together with ethanol sensitization were tested in experiment 1. In experiment 2, the sedative effects of ethanol were assessed with the loss of righting reflex procedure. Finally, in experiment 3, the anxiolytic effects of ethanol were tested with the light/dark box test. Adult mice chronically exposed to ethanol during adolescence showed a lower basal locomotor activity, but higher locomotor stimulant effects of ethanol than non-exposed mice. Additionally, these adult mice developed higher rates of ethanol sensitization after chronic re-exposure to ethanol in adulthood. Adult mice exposed to ethanol during adolescence also had a stronger tolerance to the sedative effects of high ethanol doses, although they showed no evidence of changes in the anxiolytic effects of ethanol. These results are in agreement with the thesis that chronic alcohol consumption during adolescence, especially in high amounts, increases the risk of later alcohol-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Quoilin
- Département Psychologie, Cognition et Comportement, Université de Liège, Belgium
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Linsenbardt DN, Moore EM, Griffin KD, Gigante ED, Boehm SL. Tolerance to ethanol's ataxic effects and alterations in ethanol-induced locomotion following repeated binge-like ethanol intake using the DID model. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:1246-55. [PMID: 21410484 PMCID: PMC3117122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tolerance to the behavioral and subjective effects of alcohol (ethanol) is thought to be a major predictive factor for the development of alcoholism. Evidence from rodent models has supported this view with those animals most likely to develop tolerance generally drinking and preferring ethanol more so than those resistant to it. Despite this evidence, very little is known about the behavioral relationships between ethanol-induced tolerance and consumption. The goal of this study was to evaluate the development of tolerance to the ataxic effects of ethanol using a mouse model of binge-like intake dubbed "Drinking in the Dark" (DID; Physiol Behav 2005, 84:53-63). We hypothesized that mice would become tolerant to the ataxic effects of ethanol as this behavior is known to be altered at the blood ethanol concentrations reached using this model (≥80 mg/dl). METHODS To evaluate this, we gave daily DID ethanol or water access sessions to male C57BL/6J (B6) mice and monitored ataxia (and in some cases locomotion) at various time points. RESULTS In general, mice given 14 consecutive days of ethanol access displayed tolerance to the ataxic effects of ethanol compared to water-drinking controls. These effects were coupled with alterations in locomotor behavior and in some cases differences in ethanol pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we can conclude that tolerance to the behavioral effects of binge-like ethanol intake might play a key role in the daily maintenance of this behavior and that these effects may be evidence of important neuroadaptations involved in the development of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Linsenbardt
- Psychobiology of Addictions, Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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O'Brien ES, Legastelois R, Houchi H, Vilpoux C, Alaux-Cantin S, Pierrefiche O, André E, Naassila M. Fluoxetine, desipramine, and the dual antidepressant milnacipran reduce alcohol self-administration and/or relapse in dependent rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1518-30. [PMID: 21430652 PMCID: PMC3096819 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A few clinical studies have shown that dual antidepressants (serotonergic (5-HT) and noradrenergic (NE) transporter inhibitors, SNRIs) may be effective in alcoholism treatment. We studied the effect of the dual antidepressant milnacipran on ethanol operant self-administration in acutely withdrawn ethanol-dependent and in -non-dependent Wistar rats, and used fluoxetine and desipramine to dissect both 5-HT and NE components, respectively, in the effect of milnacipran. Milnacipran was also tested for relapse after protracted abstinence and on ethanol-induced (1.0 g/kg) conditioned place preference in control rats and ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization in DBA/2J female mice. Milnacipran dose dependently (5-40 mg/kg) attenuated the increased ethanol self-administration observed during early withdrawal and was more potent in preventing reinstatement in dependent rats after protracted abstinence as compared with non-dependent rats. Desipramine and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) blocked ethanol self-administration during early withdrawal, and recovery was delayed in dependent animals, indicating a potent effect. Ethanol self-administration was also reduced 1 day after treatment with desipramine and fluoxetine but not with milnacipran. Finally, milnacipran prevented ethanol-induced place preference in ethanol-naive rats and reduced the magnitude of ethanol-induced sensitization associated with a delayed induction in mice. Desipramine (20 mg/kg) countered sensitization development and reduced its expression at 1 week after treatment; fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) reduced sensitization expression. Thus, 5-HT and NE transmissions during sensitization expression may mediate the effect of milnacipran on sensitization induction. These results support that SNRIs may have a potential use in alcoholism treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Simon O'Brien
- Equipe Région INSERM ERI 24, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances , Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Amiens, France
| | - Rémi Legastelois
- Equipe Région INSERM ERI 24, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances , Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Amiens, France
| | - Hakim Houchi
- Equipe Région INSERM ERI 24, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances , Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Amiens, France
| | - Catherine Vilpoux
- Equipe Région INSERM ERI 24, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances , Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Amiens, France
| | - Stéphanie Alaux-Cantin
- Equipe Région INSERM ERI 24, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances , Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Pierrefiche
- Equipe Région INSERM ERI 24, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances , Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Amiens, France
| | - Etienne André
- Laboratoires Pierre Fabre, Public Health, Castres, France
| | - Mickaël Naassila
- Equipe Région INSERM ERI 24, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool et les Pharmacodépendances , Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Amiens, France
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Scibelli AC, McKinnon CS, Reed C, Burkhart-Kasch S, Li N, Baba H, Wheeler JM, Phillips TJ. Selective breeding for magnitude of methamphetamine-induced sensitization alters methamphetamine consumption. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 214:791-804. [PMID: 21088960 PMCID: PMC3320759 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Genetically determined differences in susceptibility to drug-induced sensitization could be related to risk for drug consumption. OBJECTIVES Studies were performed to determine whether selective breeding could be used to create lines of mice with different magnitudes of locomotor sensitization to methamphetamine (MA). MA sensitization (MASENS) lines were also examined for genetically correlated responses to MA. METHODS Beginning with the F2 cross of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J strains, mice were tested for locomotor sensitization to repeated injections of 1 mg/kg MA and bred based on magnitude of sensitization. Five selected offspring generations were tested. All generations were also tested for MA consumption, and some were tested for dose-dependent locomotor-stimulant responses to MA, consumption of saccharin, quinine, and potassium chloride as a measure of taste sensitivity, and MA clearance after acute and repeated MA. RESULTS Selective breeding resulted in creation of two lines [MA high sensitization (MAHSENS) and MA low sensitization (MALSENS)] that differed in magnitude of MA-induced sensitization. Initially, greater MA consumption in MAHSENS mice reversed over the course of selection so that MALSENS mice consumed more MA. MAHSENS mice exhibited greater sensitivity to the acute stimulant effects of MA, but there were no significant differences between the lines in MA clearance from blood. CONCLUSIONS Genetic factors influence magnitude of MA-induced locomotor sensitization and some of the genes involved in magnitude of this response also influence MA sensitivity and consumption. Genetic factors leading to greater MA-induced sensitization may serve a protective role against high levels of MA consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C. Scibelli
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carrie S. McKinnon
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cheryl Reed
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sue Burkhart-Kasch
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Harue Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeanna M. Wheeler
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tamara J. Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA. Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., R&D-32, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Camarini R, Marcourakis T, Teodorov E, Yonamine M, Calil HM. Ethanol-induced sensitization depends preferentially on D1 rather than D2 dopamine receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 98:173-80. [PMID: 21184775 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral sensitization, defined as a progressive increase in the locomotor stimulant effects elicited by repeated exposure to drugs of abuse, has been used as an animal model for drug craving in humans. The mesoaccumbens dopaminergic system has been proposed to be critically involved in this phenomenon; however, few studies have been designed to systematically investigate the effects of dopaminergic antagonists on development and expression of behavioral sensitization to ethanol in Swiss mice. We first tested the effects of D(1) antagonist SCH-23390 (0-0.03 mg/kg) or D(2) antagonist Sulpiride (0-30 mg/kg) on the locomotor responses to an acute injection of ethanol (2.0 g/kg). Results showed that all tested doses of the antagonists were effective in blocking ethanol's stimulant effects. In another set of experiments, mice were pretreated intraperitoneally with SCH-23390 (0.01 mg/kg) or Sulpiride (10 mg/kg) 30 min before saline or ethanol injection, for 21 days. Locomotor activity was measured weekly for 20 min. Four days following this pretreatment, all mice were challenged with ethanol. Both antagonists attenuated the development of ethanol sensitization, but only SCH-23390 blocked the expression of ethanol sensitization according to this protocol. When we tested a single dose (30 min before tests) of either antagonist in mice treated chronically with ethanol, both antagonists attenuated ethanol-induced effects. The present findings demonstrate that the concomitant administration of ethanol with D(1) but not D(2) antagonist prevented the expression of ethanol sensitization, suggesting that the neuroadaptations underlying ethanol behavioral sensitization depend preferentially on D(1) receptor actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Camarini
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bhutada PS, Mundhada YR, Bansod KU, Dixit PV, Umathe SN, Mundhada DR. Inhibitory influence of mecamylamine on the development and the expression of ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 96:266-73. [PMID: 20580908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several evidences have indicated the involvement of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in behavioral effects of drugs of abuse, including ethanol. nAChRs are implicated in ethanol-induced behaviors as well as neurochemical responses to ethanol. Recently, it is demonstrated that mecamylamine, a nAChR antagonist blocks cocaine-, d-amphetamine-, ephedrine-, nicotine-, and methylphenidate-induced psychomotor sensitization. However, no reports are available on its role in ethanol-induced psychomotor sensitization. Therefore, an attempt was made to evaluate its effect on ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization using a model previously described by us. The results revealed that acute administration of mecamylamine (1 and 2mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the acute stimulant effect of ethanol (2.0g/kg, i.p.). In addition, treatment with mecamylamine (0.5-2.0mg/kg, i.p.), 30min prior to the challenge dose of ethanol (2.0g/kg, i.p.) dose dependently attenuated expression of sensitization to locomotor stimulant effect of ethanol. Moreover, administration of mecamylamine (1 and 2mg/kg, i.p.) during development (prior to each ethanol injection on days 1, 4, 7, and 10) blocked acquisition as well as expression (day 15) of sensitization to locomotor stimulant effect of ethanol. Mecamylamine per se did not affect locomotor activity. Further, it also did not influence blood ethanol levels and rotarod performance in mice. These results support the hypothesis that neuroadaptive changes in nAChRs may participate in the development and the expression of ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravinkumar S Bhutada
- Agnihotri College of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Division, Bapuji Wadi, Sindhi (Meghe), Wardha-442 001, Maharashtra, India.
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