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Zaniewska M, Mosienko V, Bader M, Alenina N. Tph2 Gene Expression Defines Ethanol Drinking Behavior in Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050874. [PMID: 35269497 PMCID: PMC8909500 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect evidence supports a link between disrupted serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) signaling in the brain and addictive behaviors. However, the effects of hyposerotonergia on ethanol drinking behavior are contradictory. In this study, mice deficient in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2−/−), the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT synthesis in the brain, were used to assess the role of central 5-HT in alcohol drinking behavior. Life-long 5-HT depletion in these mice led to an increased ethanol consumption in comparison to wild-type animals in a two-bottle choice test. Water consumption was increased in naïve 5-HT-depleted mice. However, exposure of Tph2−/− animals to ethanol resulted in the normalization of water intake to the level of wild-type mice. Tph2 deficiency in mice did not interfere with ethanol-evoked antidepressant response in the forced swim test. Gene expression analysis in wild-type animals revealed no change in Tph2 expression in the brain of mice consuming ethanol compared to control mice drinking water. However, within the alcohol-drinking group, inter-individual differences in chronic ethanol intake correlated with Tph2 transcript levels. Taken together, central 5-HT is an important modulator of drinking behavior in mice but is not required for the antidepressant effects of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zaniewska
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (V.M.); (M.B.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (N.A.); Tel.: +48-1-2662-3289 (M.Z.); +49-30-9406-3576 (N.A.)
| | - Valentina Mosienko
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (V.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (V.M.); (M.B.)
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (V.M.); (M.B.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (N.A.); Tel.: +48-1-2662-3289 (M.Z.); +49-30-9406-3576 (N.A.)
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Moe JS, Bolstad I, Mørland JG, Bramness JG. GABA A subunit single nucleotide polymorphisms show sex-specific association to alcohol consumption and mental distress in a Norwegian population-based sample. Psychiatry Res 2022; 307:114257. [PMID: 34852975 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about genetic influences on the relationship between alcohol consumption and mental distress in the general population, where the majority report consumption and distress far below diagnostic thresholds. This study investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from candidate gene studies on alcohol use disorder and depressive disorders, for association with alcohol consumption and with mental distress in a population-based sample from the Cohort of Norway (n = 1978, 49% women). The relationship between alcohol consumption and mental distress was further examined for genotype modification. There was a positive correlation between mental distress and alcohol consumption in men, as well as an association between SNPs and mental distress in men (GABRG1, GABRA2, DRD2, ANKK1, MTHFR) and women (CHRM2, MTHFR) and between SNPs and alcohol consumption in women (GABRA2, MTHFR). No modification by SNP genotype was found on the relationship between alcohol consumption and mental distress. The association between mental distress and GABRG1 in men remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. The results indicate that alcohol consumption and mental distress are associated in the general population even at levels below clinical thresholds and point to SNPs in genes related to GABAergic signalling for level of mental distress in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Skumsnes Moe
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Ingeborg Bolstad
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Blue Cross East, Norway
| | - Jørg Gustav Mørland
- Division of Health Data and Organization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Gustav Bramness
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Lathen DR, Merrill CB, Rothenfluh A. Flying Together: Drosophila as a Tool to Understand the Genetics of Human Alcoholism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6649. [PMID: 32932795 PMCID: PMC7555299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) exacts an immense toll on individuals, families, and society. Genetic factors determine up to 60% of an individual's risk of developing problematic alcohol habits. Effective AUD prevention and treatment requires knowledge of the genes that predispose people to alcoholism, play a role in alcohol responses, and/or contribute to the development of addiction. As a highly tractable and translatable genetic and behavioral model organism, Drosophila melanogaster has proven valuable to uncover important genes and mechanistic pathways that have obvious orthologs in humans and that help explain the complexities of addiction. Vinegar flies exhibit remarkably strong face and mechanistic validity as a model for AUDs, permitting many advancements in the quest to understand human genetic involvement in this disease. These advancements occur via approaches that essentially fall into one of two categories: (1) discovering candidate genes via human genome-wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptomics on post-mortem tissue from AUD patients, or relevant physiological connections, then using reverse genetics in flies to validate candidate genes' roles and investigate their molecular function in the context of alcohol. (2) Utilizing flies to discover candidate genes through unbiased screens, GWAS, quantitative trait locus analyses, transcriptomics, or single-gene studies, then validating their translational role in human genetic surveys. In this review, we highlight the utility of Drosophila as a model for alcoholism by surveying recent advances in our understanding of human AUDs that resulted from these various approaches. We summarize the genes that are conserved in alcohol-related function between humans and flies. We also provide insight into some advantages and limitations of these approaches. Overall, this review demonstrates how Drosophila have and can be used to answer important genetic questions about alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Lathen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
| | - Collin B. Merrill
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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McDowell YE, Vergés A, Sher KJ. Are Some Alcohol Use Disorder Criteria More (or Less) Externalizing than Others? Distinguishing Alcohol Use Symptomatology from General Externalizing Psychopathology. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:483-496. [PMID: 30620411 PMCID: PMC6397083 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The externalizing spectrum contains a range of disinhibition-related conditions, such as conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and substance use disorders. Comorbidity among externalizing disorders is commonly investigated at the syndromal and trait level precluding insight into the relationship of symptoms across externalizing disorders. It is unknown whether comorbidity across externalizing disorders holds constant across highly varied, individual alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria. AUD criteria range from symptoms reflecting neuroadaptation (e.g., tolerance) to symptoms reflecting behavioral problems (e.g., social problems). The present study aimed to determine the degree to which individual AUD criteria are associated with symptomatology from other externalizing disorders. Characterization of the degree to which AUD criteria reflect neuroadaptation versus behavioral problems can be used to identify symptom profiles, which, in turn, can be used to inform diagnostic and treatment approaches. METHODS Data from 2 large nationally representative samples were used to examine associations between AUD criteria and externalizing behavior. Psychometric inquiries via multivariate and factor analytic approaches estimated relative associations of externalizing behavior and AUD criteria endorsement, as compared to alcohol consumption. RESULTS Our results indicate differential relations of externalizing behavior and AUD criteria endorsement. For example, social problems and role interference criteria were most strongly associated with externalizing behavior across analytic approaches, with general and unique associations with externalizing behavior. Additionally, tolerance was most weakly associated with externalizing behavior across approaches. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight potential etiological heterogeneity among AUD criteria that could guide future diagnostic refinements and aid in the identification of treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoanna E McDowell
- Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Alvaro Vergés
- Escuela de Psicología , Pontificia, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Kenneth J Sher
- Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Edenberg HJ, McClintick JN. Alcohol Dehydrogenases, Aldehyde Dehydrogenases, and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Critical Review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2281-2297. [PMID: 30320893 PMCID: PMC6286250 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are complex traits, meaning that variations in many genes contribute to the risk, as does the environment. Although the total genetic contribution to risk is substantial, most individual variations make only very small contributions. By far the strongest contributors are functional variations in 2 genes involved in alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) metabolism. A functional variant in alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) is protective in people of European and Asian descent, and a different functional variant in the same gene is protective in those of African descent. A strongly protective variant in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is essentially only found in Asians. This highlights the need to study a wide range of populations. The likely mechanism of protection against heavy drinking and AUDs in both cases is alteration in the rate of metabolism of EtOH that at least transiently elevates acetaldehyde. Other ADH and ALDH variants, including functional variations in ADH1C, have also been implicated in affecting drinking behavior and risk for alcoholism. The pattern of linkage disequilibrium in the ADH region and the differences among populations complicate analyses, particularly of regulatory variants. This critical review focuses upon the ADH and ALDH genes as they affect AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jeanette N. McClintick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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TPH2 polymorphisms across the spectrum of psychiatric morbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:29-42. [PMID: 29775696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in brain serotonin synthesis. The TPH2 gene has frequently been investigated in relation to psychiatric morbidity. The aim of the present review is to integrate results from association studies between TPH2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and various psychiatric disorders, which we furthermore quantified with meta-analysis. We reviewed 166 studies investigating 69 TPH2 SNPs in a broad range of psychiatric disorders, including over 30,000 patients. According to our meta-analysis, TPH2 polymorphisms show strongest associations with mood disorders, suicide (attempt) and schizophrenia. Despite small effect sizes, we conclude that TPH2 SNPs in the coding and non-coding areas (rs4570625, rs11178997, rs11178998, rs10748185, rs1843809, rs4290270, rs17110747) are each associated with one or more psychopathological conditions. Our findings highlight the possible common serotonergic mechanisms of the investigated psychiatric disorders. Yet, the functional relevance of most TPH2 polymorphisms is unclear. Characterizing how exactly the different TPH2 variants influence the serotonergic neurotransmission is a next necessary step in understanding the psychiatric disorders where serotonin is implicated.
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7
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Zhang ZB, Xu TY, You DY, Yi S, Liu Q, Li HJ, Gu JY. The interactive effects of ketamine and ethanol on dopamine expression in the ventral tegmental area of rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:2105-2114. [PMID: 30154658 PMCID: PMC6108338 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s163449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies have demonstrated the significant and rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine, which is also known as a neurotoxic and illicit drug. Ketamine and alcohol are increasingly used together in clubs by teenagers and young adults. Previous studies have proven that chronic ketamine consumption induces a delayed and persistent activation of the dopamine (DA) system. However, the rewarding properties of recreational ketamine abuse remain unclear, and the underlying mechanisms of the effects on the DA system after administration of ketamine with ethanol are yet to be explored. METHODS Here, we evaluated the effects of two different doses of ketamine (30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg) with and without ethanol (0.3156 g/kg) on DA concentration in the rat's ventral tegmental area (VTA), a vital region in the reward and motivation system. We explored the effects of the combined drug treatment on the expression profiling of the DA metabolism genes, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopa decarboxylase, vesicular monoamine transporter 2, and synaptosomal-associated protein 25, as well as protein expression level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat's VTA. RESULTS We found that administration of ketamine with ethanol led to a significant increase of DA in the VTA associated with differential regulation of mRNA levels of the four DA metabolism genes and protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Moreover, the rewarding properties of coadministration of ketamine and ethanol were related to dopaminergic neuron activation in the VTA. CONCLUSION These results indicated the possibility that combined drug treatment might positively affect the mesencephalic DA reward system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bi Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yong Xu
- Experiment Center for Medical Science Research, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Yun You
- Department of Science and Technology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Yi
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China,
| | - Huifang-Jie Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jin-Yun Gu
- Zhanyi Branch of Qujing Public Security Bureau, Qujing, People's Republic of China,
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Abstract
Background Alcoholism has a strong genetic component. Twin studies have demonstrated the heritability of a large proportion of phenotypic variance of alcoholism ranging from 50–80%. The search for genetic variants associated with this complex behavior has epitomized sequence-based studies for nearly a decade. The limited success of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), possibly precipitated by the polygenic nature of complex traits and behaviors, however, has demonstrated the need for novel, multivariate models capable of quantitatively capturing interactions between a host of genetic variants and their association with non-genetic factors. In this regard, capturing the network of SNP by SNP or SNP by environment interactions has recently gained much interest. Results Here, we assessed 3,776 individuals to construct a network capable of detecting and quantifying the interactions within and between plausible genetic and environmental factors of alcoholism. In this regard, we propose the use of first-order dependence tree of maximum weight as a potential statistical learning technique to delineate the pattern of dependencies underpinning such a complex trait. Using a predictive based analysis, we further rank the genes, demographic factors, biological pathways, and the interactions represented by our SNP \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \times $$\end{document}×E network. The proposed framework is quite general and can be potentially applied to the study of other complex traits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0403-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Bazovkina DV, Tsybko AS, Filimonova EA, Ilchibaeva TV, Naumenko VS. Influence of chronic alcohol treatment on the expression of the Bdnf, Bax, Bcl-xL, and CASP3 genes in the mouse brain: Role of the C1473G polymorphism in the gene encoding tryptophan hydroxylase 2. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Brückmann C, Di Santo A, Karle KN, Batra A, Nieratschker V. Validation of differential GDAP1 DNA methylation in alcohol dependence and its potential function as a biomarker for disease severity and therapy outcome. Epigenetics 2016; 11:456-63. [PMID: 27128683 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1179411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a severe disorder contributing substantially to the global burden of disease. Despite the detrimental consequences of chronic alcohol abuse and dependence, effective prevention strategies as well as treatment options are largely missing to date. Accumulating evidence suggests that gene-environment interactions, including epigenetic mechanisms, play a role in the etiology of alcohol dependence. A recent epigenome-wide study reported widespread alterations of DNA methylation patterns in alcohol dependent patients compared to control individuals. In the present study, we validate and replicate one of the top findings from this previous investigation in an independent cohort: the hypomethylation of GDAP1 in patients. To our knowledge, this is the first independent replication of an epigenome-wide finding in alcohol dependence. Furthermore, the AUDIT as well as the GSI score were negatively associated with GDAP1 methylation and we found a trend toward a negative association between GDAP1 methylation and the years of alcohol dependency, pointing toward a potential role of GDAP1 hypomethylation as biomarker for disease severity. In addition, we show that the hypomethylation of GDAP1 in patients reverses during a short-term alcohol treatment program, suggesting that GDAP1 DNA methylation could also serve as a potential biomarker for treatment outcome. Our data add to the growing body of knowledge on epigenetic effects in alcohol dependence and support GDAP1 as a novel candidate gene implicated in this disorder. As the role of GDAP1 in alcohol dependence is unknown, this novel candidate gene should be followed up in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Brückmann
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Hospital of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany
| | - Adriana Di Santo
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Hospital of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany
| | - Kathrin Nora Karle
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Hospital of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany
| | - Anil Batra
- b Section for Addiction Medicine and Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany
| | - Vanessa Nieratschker
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Hospital of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany
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Increased ethanol consumption despite taste aversion in mice with a human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 loss of function mutation. Neurosci Lett 2015; 609:194-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Grotewiel M, Bettinger JC. Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans as Discovery Platforms for Genes Involved in Human Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1292-311. [PMID: 26173477 PMCID: PMC4656040 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the profound clinical significance and strong heritability of alcohol use disorder (AUD), we do not yet have a comprehensive understanding of the naturally occurring genetic variance within the human genome that drives its development. This lack of understanding is likely to be due in part to the large phenotypic and genetic heterogeneities that underlie human AUD. As a complement to genetic studies in humans, many laboratories are using the invertebrate model organisms (iMOs) Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) and Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode worm) to identify genetic mechanisms that influence the effects of alcohol (ethanol) on behavior. While these extremely powerful models have identified many genes that influence the behavioral responses to alcohol, in most cases it has remained unclear whether results from behavioral-genetic studies in iMOs are directly applicable to understanding the genetic basis of human AUD. METHODS In this review, we critically evaluate the utility of the fly and worm models for identifying genes that influence AUD in humans. RESULTS Based on results published through early 2015, studies in flies and worms have identified 91 and 50 genes, respectively, that influence 1 or more aspects of behavioral responses to alcohol. Collectively, these fly and worm genes correspond to 293 orthologous genes in humans. Intriguingly, 51 of these 293 human genes have been implicated in AUD by at least 1 study in human populations. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses strongly suggest that the Drosophila and C. elegans models have considerable utility for identifying orthologs of genes that influence human AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Grotewiel
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jill C Bettinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Richmond, Virginia
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Vadnie CA, Park JH, Abdel Gawad N, Ho AMC, Hinton DJ, Choi DS. Gut-brain peptides in corticostriatal-limbic circuitry and alcohol use disorders. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:288. [PMID: 25278825 PMCID: PMC4166902 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides synthesized in endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract and neurons are traditionally considered regulators of metabolism, energy intake, and appetite. However, recent work has demonstrated that many of these peptides act on corticostriatal-limbic circuitry and, in turn, regulate addictive behaviors. Given that alcohol is a source of energy and an addictive substance, it is not surprising that increasing evidence supports a role for gut-brain peptides specifically in alcohol use disorders (AUD). In this review, we discuss the effects of several gut-brain peptides on alcohol-related behaviors and the potential mechanisms by which these gut-brain peptides may interfere with alcohol-induced changes in corticostriatal-limbic circuitry. This review provides a summary of current knowledge on gut-brain peptides focusing on five peptides: neurotensin, glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin, substance P, and neuropeptide Y. Our review will be helpful to develop novel therapeutic targets for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A Vadnie
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA ; Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jun Hyun Park
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, InJe University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Noha Abdel Gawad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ada Man Choi Ho
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David J Hinton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA ; Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA ; Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA
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Abstract
We examined the association between 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HTR2A and characteristics of disordered eating, including weight/shape concerns, binge eating (with or without loss of control), and compensatory behaviors (purging and nonpurging). Whether a lifetime history of major depressive disorder (MDD) moderated or mediated this association was also investigated. A sample of 1533 twin women of White descent that were part of the Missouri Adolescent Female Twin Study was used. Data were collected using self-report responses to a semistructured interview. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between weight/shape concerns, binge eating, and compensatory behaviors and SNPs (where carriers of the minor allele were coded as 1). Two SNPs, rs6561333 and rs2296972, showed a protective influence against binge eating, with rs2296972 being significant at a trend level after application of the false discovery rate. The SNP was not associated with MDD nor did MDD moderate its putative relation with binge eating. Pending replication, our analyses provide preliminary evidence for intronic SNPs in HTR2A and their association with binge eating. Given the well-documented role of serotonergic dysfunction in eating psychopathology, this report warrants considerable further study.
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Bach H, Arango V, Kassir SA, Tsaava T, Dwork AJ, Mann JJ, Underwood MD. Alcoholics have more tryptophan hydroxylase 2 mRNA and protein in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:1894-901. [PMID: 24942188 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol use depletes brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]), yet we previously found more tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme for 5-HT, in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of alcoholics. We sought to determine whether the increase in amount of TPH2 enzyme is associated with more TPH2 mRNA gene expression in the DRN of a new cohort of alcoholics and controls. METHODS TPH2 mRNA and protein were measured by in situ hybridization and immunoautoradiography, respectively, in the DRN and median raphe nucleus (MRN) of age- and sex-matched pairs (n = 16) of alcoholics and nonpsychiatric controls. Alcohol use disorder diagnosis and medical, psychiatric, and family histories were obtained by psychological autopsy. Age and sex were covariates in the analyses. RESULTS TPH2 mRNA in alcoholics was greater in the DRN and MRN compared to controls (DRN: controls: 3.6 ± 1.6, alcoholics: 4.8 ± 1.8 nCi/mg of tissue, F = 4.106, p = 0.02; MRN: controls: 2.6 ± 1.2, alcoholics: 3.5 ± 1.1 nCi/mg of tissue, F = 3.96, p = 0.024). The difference in TPH2 mRNA was present in all DRN subnuclei (dorsal [DRd]: 135%, interfascicular [DRif]: 139%, ventral [DRv]: 135%, ventrolateral [DRvl]: 136% of control p < 0.05) except the caudal subnucleus. Alcoholics also had more TPH2 protein in the DRN and MRN than controls (DRN: controls: 265 ± 47, alcoholics: 318 ± 47 μCi/g, F = 8.72, p = 0.001; MRN: controls: 250 ± 33, alcoholics: 345 ± 39 μCi/g, F = 7.78, p = 0.001). There is a positive correlation between TPH2 protein and mRNA expression in the DRN (r = 0.815, p < 0.001), suggesting that the higher amount of TPH2 protein is due to an increase in TPH2 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that greater TPH2 gene expression is the basis for more TPH2 protein in the DRN and MRN in alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Bach
- Department of Psychiatry , Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology , New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
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16
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The role of serotonin in drug use and addiction. Behav Brain Res 2014; 277:146-92. [PMID: 24769172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated behaviours which need to be learned and controlled. However, controlled drug use may develop into compulsive drug use and addiction, a major psychiatric disorder with severe consequences for the individual and society. Here we review the role of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the establishment of drug use-associated behaviours on the one hand and the transition and maintenance of addiction on the other hand for the drugs: cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), morphine/heroin, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine. Results show a crucial, but distinct involvement of the 5-HT system in both processes with considerable overlap between psychostimulant and opioidergic drugs and alcohol. A new functional model suggests specific adaptations in the 5-HT system, which coincide with the establishment of controlled drug use-associated behaviours. These serotonergic adaptations render the nervous system susceptible to the transition to compulsive drug use behaviours and often overlap with genetic risk factors for addiction. Altogether we suggest a new trajectory by which serotonergic neuroadaptations induced by first drug exposure pave the way for the establishment of addiction.
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Abstract
Alcohol abuse and alcoholism incur a heavy socioeconomic cost in many countries. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to variation in the inebriating effects of alcohol and alcohol addiction among individuals within and across populations. From a genetics perspective, alcohol sensitivity is a quantitative trait determined by the cumulative effects of multiple segregating genes and their interactions with the environment. This review summarizes insights from model organisms as well as human populations that represent our current understanding of the genetic and genomic underpinnings that govern alcohol metabolism and the sedative and addictive effects of alcohol on the nervous system.
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Marschall-Lévesque S, Castellanos-Ryan N, Vitaro F, Séguin JR. Moderators of the association between peer and target adolescent substance use. Addict Behav 2014; 39:48-70. [PMID: 24183303 PMCID: PMC3858300 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Associating with substance using peers is generally considered as one of the most important predictors of adolescent substance use. However, peer association does not affect all adolescents in the same way. To better understand when and under what conditions peer association is most linked with adolescent substance use (SU), this review focuses on the factors that may operate as moderators of this association. The review highlighted several potential moderators reflecting adolescents' individual characteristics (e.g., pubertal status, genes and personality), peer and parental factors (e.g., nature of relationships and parental monitoring), and contextual factors (e.g., peer, school and neighborhood context). As peer association is a broad concept, important methodological aspects were also addressed in order to illustrate how they can potentially bias interpretation. Taking these into account, we suggest that, while the effects of some moderators are clear (e.g., parental monitoring and sensation seeking), others are less straightforward (e.g., neighborhood) and need to be further examined. This review also provides recommendations for addressing different methodological concerns in the study of moderators, including: the use of longitudinal and experimental studies and the use of mediated moderation. These will be key for developing theory and effective prevention.
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Pan Y, Luo X, Liu X, Wu LY, Zhang Q, Wang L, Wang W, Zuo L, Wang KS. Genome-wide association studies of maximum number of drinks. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1717-24. [PMID: 23953852 PMCID: PMC4286179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maximum number of drinks (MaxDrinks) defined as "Maximum number of alcoholic drinks consumed in a 24-h period" is an intermediate phenotype that is closely related to alcohol dependence (AD). Family, twin and adoption studies have shown that the heritability of MaxDrinks is approximately 0.5. We conducted the first genome-wide association (GWA) study and meta-analysis of MaxDrinks as a continuous phenotype. 1059 individuals were from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) sample and 1628 individuals were from the Study of Addiction - Genetics and Environment (SAGE) sample. Family sample with 3137 individuals was from the Australian twin-family study of alcohol use disorder (OZALC). Two population-based Caucasian samples (COGA and SAGE) with 1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used for gene discovery and one family-based Caucasian sample was used for replication. Through meta-analysis we identified 162 SNPs associated with MaxDirnks (p < 10(-4)). The most significant association with MaxDrinks was observed with SNP rs11128951 (p = 4.27 × 10(-8)) near SGOL1 gene at 3p24.3. Furthermore, several SNPs (rs17144687 near DTWD2, rs12108602 near NDST4, and rs2128158 in KCNB2) showed significant associations with MaxDrinks (p < 5 × 10(-7)) in the meta-analysis. Especially, 8 SNPs in DDC gene showed significant associations with MaxDrinks (p < 5 × 10(-7)) in the SAGE sample. Several flanking SNPs in above genes/regions were confirmed in the OZALC family sample. In conclusions, we identified several genes/regions associated with MaxDrinks. These findings can improve the understanding about the pathogenesis of alcohol consumption phenotypes and alcohol-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Long-Yang Wu
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Qunyuan Zhang
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Weize Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ke-Sheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Lawrence AD, Brooks DJ, Whone AL. Ventral striatal dopamine synthesis capacity predicts financial extravagance in Parkinson's disease. Front Psychol 2013; 4:90. [PMID: 23450713 PMCID: PMC3583186 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Impulse control disorders (ICDs), including disordered gambling, can occur in a significant number of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) receiving dopaminergic therapy. The neurobiology underlying susceptibility to such problems is unclear, but risk likely results from an interaction between dopaminergic medication and a pre-existing trait vulnerability. Impulse control and addictive disorders form part of a broader psychopathological spectrum of disorders, which share a common underlying genetic vulnerability, referred to as externalizing. The broad externalizing risk factor is a continuously varying trait reflecting vulnerability to various impulse control problems, manifested at the overt level by disinhibitory symptoms and at the personality level by antecedent traits such as impulsivity and novelty/sensation seeking. Trait “disinhibition” is thus a core endophenotype of ICDs, and a key target for neurobiological investigation. The ventral striatal dopamine system has been hypothesized to underlie individual variation in behavioral disinhibition. Here, we examined whether individual differences in ventral striatal dopamine synthesis capacity predicted individual variation in disinhibitory temperament traits in individuals with PD. Eighteen early-stage male PD patients underwent 6-[18F]Fluoro-l-DOPA (FDOPA) positron emission tomography scanning to measure striatal dopamine synthesis capacity, and completed a measure of disinhibited personality. Consistent with our predictions, we found that levels of ventral, but not dorsal, striatal dopamine synthesis capacity predicted disinhibited personality, particularly a propensity for financial extravagance. Our results are consistent with recent preclinical models of vulnerability to behavioral disinhibition and addiction proneness, and provide novel insights into the neurobiology of potential vulnerability to impulse control problems in PD and other disorders.
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Agrawal A, Nelson EC, Littlefield AK, Bucholz KK, Degenhardt L, Henders AK, Madden PAF, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Pergadia ML, Sher KJ, Heath AC, Lynskey MT. Cannabinoid receptor genotype moderation of the effects of childhood physical abuse on anhedonia and depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 69:732-40. [PMID: 22393204 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in stress adaptation and the regulation of mood in rodent studies, but few human association studies have examined these links and replications are limited. OBJECTIVES To examine whether a synonymous polymorphism, rs1049353, in exon 4 of the gene encoding the human endocannabinoid receptor (CNR1) moderates the effect of self-reported childhood physical abuse on lifetime anhedonia and depression and to replicate this interaction in an independent sample. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Genetic association study in 1041 young US women with replication in an independent Australian sample of 1428 heroin-dependent individuals as cases and 506 participants as neighborhood controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported anhedonia and depression (with anhedonia). RESULTS In both samples, individuals who experienced childhood physical abuse were considerably more likely to report lifetime anhedonia. However, in those with 1 or more copies of the minor allele of rs1049353, this pathogenic effect of childhood physical abuse was attenuated. Thus, in participants reporting childhood physical abuse, although 57.1% of those homozygous for the major allele reported anhedonia, only 28.6% of those who were carriers of the minor allele reported it (P=.01). The rs1049353 polymorphism also buffered the effects of childhood physical abuse on major depressive disorder; however, this influence was largely attributable to anhedonic depression. These effects were also noted in an independent sample, in which minor allele carriers were at decreased risk for anhedonia even when exposed to physical abuse. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with preclinical findings, a synonymous CNR1 polymorphism, rs1049353, is linked to the effects of stress attributable to childhood physical abuse on anhedonia and anhedonic depression. This polymorphism reportedly resides in the neighborhood of an exon splice enhancer; hence, future studies should carefully examine its effect on expression and conformational variation in CNR1, particularly in relation to stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Kristjansson SD, Agrawal A, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Madden PAF, Cooper ML, Bucholz KK, Sher KJ, Lynskey MT, Heath AC. The relationship between rs3779084 in the dopa decarboxylase (DDC) gene and alcohol consumption is mediated by drinking motives in regular smokers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36:162-70. [PMID: 21797889 PMCID: PMC3433798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motivational models of alcohol use propose that the motivation to consume alcohol is the final common pathway to its use. Both alcohol consumption and drinking motives are influenced by latent genetic factors that partially overlap. This study investigated whether drinking motives mediate the associations between alcohol consumption and 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genes involved in serotonin (TPH2; rs1386496) and dopamine synthesis (DDC; rs3779084). Based on earlier work showing that enhancement and coping motives were heritable in regular smokers but not in nonregular smokers, we hypothesized these motives would mediate the relationships between alcohol consumption and these SNPs in regular smokers. METHODS Drinking motives data were available from 830 young adult female twins (n = 344 regular smokers and n = 486 never/nonregular smokers). We used confirmatory factor analyses to model enhancement, coping, and alcohol consumption factors and to conduct mediation analyses in the regular smoker and never/nonregular smoker groups. RESULTS Our hypothesis was partially supported. The relationship between alcohol consumption and rs1386496 was not mediated by drinking motives in either group. However, in the regular smokers, the relationship between alcohol consumption and rs3779084 was mediated by enhancement and coping motives. Carriers of the rs3779084 minor allele who were regular smokers reported more motivation to consume alcohol. Given this pattern of results was absent in the never/nonregular smokers, our results are consistent with a gene × smoking status interaction. CONCLUSIONS In regular smokers, variability at the locus marked by rs3779084 in the DDC gene appears to index biologically based individual differences in the motivation to consume alcohol to attain or improve a positive affective state or to relieve a negative one. These results could be because of increased sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of alcohol among minor allele carriers who smoke, which might be due to structural or functional differences in mesorticolimic dopamine "reward" circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Kristjansson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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