1
|
Herbst A, Lee CC, Vandiver AR, Aiken JM, McKenzie D, Hoang A, Allison D, Liu N, Wanagat J. Mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations increase exponentially with age in human skeletal muscle. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:1811-1820. [PMID: 32965609 PMCID: PMC7985047 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion mutations lead to electron transport chain-deficient cells and age-induced cell loss in multiple tissues and mammalian species. Accurate quantitation of somatic mtDNA deletion mutations could serve as an index of age-induced cell loss. Quantitation of mtDNA deletion molecules is confounded by their low abundance in tissue homogenates, the diversity of deletion breakpoints, stochastic accumulation in single cells, and mosaic distribution between cells. AIMS Translate a pre-clinical assay to quantitate mtDNA deletions for use in human DNA samples, with technical and biological validation, and test this assay on human subjects of different ages. METHODS We developed and validated a high-throughput droplet digital PCR assay that quantitates human mtDNA deletion frequency. RESULTS Analysis of human quadriceps muscle samples from 14 male subjects demonstrated that mtDNA deletion frequency increases exponentially with age-on average, a 98-fold increase from age 20-80. Sequence analysis of amplification products confirmed the specificity of the assay for human mtDNA deletion breakpoints. Titration of synthetic mutation mixtures found a lower limit of detection of at least 0.6 parts per million. Using muscle DNA from 6-month-old mtDNA mutator mice, we measured a 6.4-fold increase in mtDNA deletion frequency (i.e., compared to wild-type mice), biologically validating the approach. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS The exponential increase in mtDNA deletion frequency is concomitant with the known muscle fiber loss and accelerating mortality that occurs with age. The improved assay permits the accurate and sensitive quantification of deletion mutations from DNA samples and is sufficient to measure changes in mtDNA deletion mutation frequency in healthy individuals across the lifespan and, therefore, patients with suspected mitochondrial diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen Herbst
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cathy C Lee
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy R Vandiver
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, 10945 Le Conte Ave, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Judd M Aiken
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Austin Hoang
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Allison
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Nianjun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan Wanagat
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA.
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Broustas CG, Duval AJ, Amundson SA. Impact of aging on gene expression response to x-ray irradiation using mouse blood. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10177. [PMID: 33986387 PMCID: PMC8119453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a radiation biodosimetry tool, gene expression profiling is being developed using mouse and human peripheral blood models. The impact of dose, dose-rate, and radiation quality has been studied with the goal of predicting radiological tissue injury. In this study, we determined the impact of aging on the gene expression profile of blood from mice exposed to radiation. Young (2 mo) and old (21 mo) male mice were irradiated with 4 Gy x-rays, total RNA was isolated from whole blood 24 h later, and subjected to whole genome microarray analysis. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed young mice responded to x-ray exposure by significantly upregulating pathways involved in apoptosis and phagocytosis, a process that eliminates apoptotic cells and preserves tissue homeostasis. In contrast, the functional annotation of senescence was overrepresented among differentially expressed genes from irradiated old mice without enrichment of phagocytosis pathways. Pathways associated with hematologic malignancies were enriched in irradiated old mice compared with irradiated young mice. The fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway was underrepresented in older mice under basal conditions. Similarly, brain-related functions were underrepresented in unirradiated old mice. Thus, age-dependent gene expression differences should be considered when developing gene signatures for use in radiation biodosimetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Axel J Duval
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sally A Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang K, Basu M, Malin J, Hannenhalli S. A transcription-centric model of SNP-age interaction. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009427. [PMID: 33770080 PMCID: PMC7997000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex age-associated phenotypes are caused, in part, by an interaction between an individual's genotype and age. The mechanisms governing such interactions are however not entirely understood. Here, we provide a novel transcriptional mechanism-based framework-SNiPage, to investigate such interactions, whereby a transcription factor (TF) whose expression changes with age (age-associated TF), binds to a polymorphic regulatory element in an allele-dependent fashion, rendering the target gene's expression dependent on both, the age and the genotype. Applying SNiPage to GTEx, we detected ~637 significant TF-SNP-Gene triplets on average across 25 tissues, where the TF binds to a regulatory SNP in the gene's promoter or putative enhancer and potentially regulates its expression in an age- and allele-dependent fashion. The detected SNPs are enriched for epigenomic marks indicative of regulatory activity, exhibit allele-specific chromatin accessibility, and spatial proximity to their putative gene targets. Furthermore, the TF-SNP interaction-dependent target genes have established links to aging and to age-associated diseases. In six hypertension-implicated tissues, detected interactions significantly inform hypertension state of an individual. Lastly, the age-interacting SNPs exhibit a greater proximity to the reported phenotype/diseases-associated SNPs than eSNPs identified in an interaction-independent fashion. Overall, we present a novel mechanism-based model, and a novel framework SNiPage, to identify functionally relevant SNP-age interactions in transcriptional control and illustrate their potential utility in understanding complex age-associated phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mahashweta Basu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin Malin
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sridhar Hannenhalli
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jeong HC, Jeon SH, Guan Qun Z, Bashraheel F, Choi SW, Kim SJ, Bae WJ, Cho HJ, Ha US, Hong SH, Lee JY, Hong SB, Kim SW. Lycium chinense Mill improves hypogonadism via anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic effect in old aged rat model. Aging Male 2020; 23:287-296. [PMID: 30269620 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1498079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the pharmacological effects of goji berry (Lycium chinense P. Mill) in an animal model of late-onset hypogonadism (LOH).Materials and methods: Thirty 18-month-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used as the LOH aged rat model. Rats were divided into five groups: a control group (n = 6), low concentration goji berry extract group (150 mg/kg/day) (n = 6), high concentration goji berry extract group (300 mg/kg/day) (n = 6), low concentration goji berry complex extract group (150 mg/kg/day) (n = 6), and high goji berry complex concentration extract group (300 mg/kg/day) (n = 6). After six weeks of treatment, sperm counts and motility, serum testosterone level, androgen receptor (AR) expression, oxidative stress marker, and apoptotic factors were examined.Results: Goji berry extracts increased testosterone level to 2.07 ± 0.06 pmol/L in the goji berry 150 mg/kg group, 2.39 ± 0.08 pmol/L in the goji berry 300 mg/kg group, 2.97 ± 0.03 pmol/L in the goji berry complex 150 mg/kg group, and 3.34 ± 0.04 pmol/L in the goji berry complex 300 mg/kg group compared to 1.86 ± 0.03 pmol/L in the control group, respectively (p < .05). AR expressions were increased in testis tissue significantly but were not significant in prostate tissue.Conclusions: Goji berry might improve LOH by reversing testicular dysfunction via an anti-oxidative stress mechanism without inducing prostate disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Cheol Jeong
- Department of Urology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Jeon
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Zhu Guan Qun
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Fahad Bashraheel
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae Woong Choi
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong Jin Bae
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuk Jin Cho
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - U-Syn Ha
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hoo Hong
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Youl Lee
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sae Woong Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tang D, Yan R, Sun Y, Kai G, Chen K, Li J. Material basis, effect, and mechanism of ethanol extract of Pinellia ternata tubers on oxidative stress-induced cell senescence. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 77:153275. [PMID: 32659678 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tuber of Pinellia ternata has been used for a thousand years in China. P. ternata possessed the activities of anti-emetic, sedative-hypnotic, anti-cancer, anti-asthmatic, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammatory. It is the representative of expectorant medicines in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Phlegm is the pathological product and a new pathogenic factor of the metabolite, which is analogous to the damage of oxidative stress. PURPOSE The objectives of the study were to investigate the protective activity and mechanism of ethanol extract of P. ternata tubers (PTE) and its main constituents on oxidative stress-induced cell senescence. METHODS H2O2 and AAPH were used to establish cellular senescence models. The anti-aging effects of PTE and its components were evaluated by SA-β-gal staining, flow cytometry, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and multiple microplate reader, the molecular mechanisms of them were investigated by qRT-PCR and Western Blot. RESULTS We found PTE exhibited the apparent effect on cell senescence, evidenced by inhibiting senescence β-Galactosidase (SA-β-gal) expression, lipofuscin accumulation, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, oxidative damage and apoptosis, and increasing telomerase activity. Their mechanisms were related to increase expressions of SIRT1, forkhead box 3a (Foxo3a), Bcl-2, active regulator of SIRT1, RPS19BP1 (AROS), and Hu antigen R (HuR), but decrease Bax, p53 and deleted in breast cancer 1 (DBC1) levels. Furthermore, adenosine, and succinic acid, as the critical substances in PTE, could also inhibit SA-β-gal expression and cell cycle arrest, down-regulate the expression of Bax, and up-regulate Bcl-2, SirT1, and Foxo3a. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that PTE slows down oxidative stress-induced cell senescence, and adenosine and succinic acid are the key active components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Renyi Yan
- Tianjin Ubasio Biotechnology Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- College of pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Keli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Furlan JC, Liu Y, Dietrich WD, Norenberg MD, Fehlings MG. Age as a determinant of inflammatory response and survival of glia and axons after human traumatic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 332:113401. [PMID: 32673621 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the shift in the demographics of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) with increased proportion of injuries in the elderly, little is known on the potential effects of old age on the pathobiology of SCI. Since there is an assumption that age adversely affects neural response to SCI, this study examines the clinically relevant question on whether age is a key determinant of inflammatory response, oligodendroglial apoptosis and axonal survival after traumatic SCI. This unique study includes post-mortem spinal cord tissue from 64 cases of SCI (at cervical or high-thoracic levels) and 38 control cases without CNS injury. Each group was subdivided into subgroups of younger and elderly individuals (65 years of age or older at the SCI onset). The results of this study indicate that age at the SCI onset does not adversely affect the cellular inflammatory response to, oligodendroglial apoptosis and axonal survival after SCI. These results support the conclusion that elderly individuals have similar neurobiological responses to SCI as younger people and, hence, treatment decisions should be based on an assessment of the individual patient and not an arbitrary assumption that "advanced age" should exclude patients with an acute SCI from access to advanced care and translational therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Furlan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lyndhurst Centre, KITE - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yang Liu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, and Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA; Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michael D Norenberg
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida, USA; Department of Neuropathology, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Synergistic effects of repair, resilience and retention of damage determine the conditions for replicative ageing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1556. [PMID: 32005954 PMCID: PMC6994596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of damaged proteins is a hallmark of ageing, occurring in organisms ranging from bacteria and yeast to mammalian cells. During cell division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, damaged proteins are retained within the mother cell, resulting in an ageing mother while a new daughter cell exhibits full replicative potential. The cell-specific features determining the ageing remain elusive. It has been suggested that the replicative ageing is dependent on the ability of the cell to repair and retain pre-existing damage. To deepen the understanding of how these factors influence the life of individual cells, we developed and experimentally validated a dynamic model of damage accumulation accounting for replicative ageing on the single cell level. The model includes five essential properties: cell growth, damage formation, damage repair, cell division and cell death, represented in a theoretical framework describing the conditions allowing for replicative ageing, starvation, immortality or clonal senescence. We introduce the resilience to damage, which can be interpreted as the difference in volume between an old and a young cell. We show that the capacity to retain damage deteriorates with high age, that asymmetric division allows for retention of damage, and that there is a trade-off between retention and the resilience property. Finally, we derive the maximal degree of asymmetry as a function of resilience, proposing that asymmetric cell division is beneficial with respect to replicative ageing as it increases the lifespan of a given organism. The proposed model contributes to a deeper understanding of the ageing process in eukaryotic organisms.
Collapse
|
8
|
Role of Endogenous Glucocorticoids in Cancer in the Elderly. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123774. [PMID: 30486460 PMCID: PMC6321146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although not a disease itself, aging represents a risk factor for many aging-related illnesses, including cancer. Numerous causes underlie the increased incidence of malignancies in the elderly, for example, genomic instability and epigenetic alterations that occur at cellular level, which also involve the immune cells. The progressive decline of the immune system functions that occurs in aging defines immunosenescence, and includes both innate and adaptive immunity; the latter undergoes major alterations. Aging and chronic stress share the abnormal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation, where altered peripheral glucocorticoids (GC) levels and chronic stress have been associated with accelerated cellular aging, premature immunosenescence, and aging-related diseases. Consequently, changes in GC levels and sensitivity contribute to the signs of immunosenescence, namely fewer naïve T cells, poor immune response to new antigens, decreased cell-mediated immunity, and thymic involution. GC signaling alterations also involve epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation, with transcription modifications that may contribute to immunosenescence. Immune cell aging leads to decreased levels of immunosurveillance, thereby providing tumor cells one more route for immune system escape. Here, the contribution of GC secretion and signaling dysregulation to the increased incidence of tumorigenesis in the elderly is reviewed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dou X, Chen L, Lei M, Zellmer L, Jia Q, Ling P, He Y, Yang W, Liao DJ. Evaluating the Remote Control of Programmed Cell Death, with or without a Compensatory Cell Proliferation. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1800-1812. [PMID: 30443184 PMCID: PMC6231223 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.26962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms and their different component levels, whether organelle, cellular or other, come by birth and go by death, and the deaths are often balanced by new births. Evolution on the one hand has built demise program(s) in cells of organisms but on the other hand has established external controls on the program(s). For instance, evolution has established death program(s) in animal cells so that the cells can, when it is needed, commit apoptosis or senescent death (SD) in physiological situations and stress-induced cell death (SICD) in pathological situations. However, these programmed cell deaths are not predominantly regulated by the cells that do the dying but, instead, are controlled externally and remotely by the cells' superior(s), i.e. their host tissue or organ or even the animal's body. Currently, it is still unclear whether a cell has only one death program or has several programs respectively controlling SD, apoptosis and SICD. In animals, apoptosis exterminates, in a physiological manner, healthy but no-longer needed cells to avoid cell redundancy, whereas suicidal SD and SICD, like homicidal necrosis, terminate ill but useful cells, which may be followed by regeneration of the live cells and by scar formation to heal the damaged organ or tissue. Therefore, “who dies” clearly differentiates apoptosis from SD, SICD and necrosis. In animals, apoptosis can occur only in those cell types that retain a lifelong ability of proliferation and never occurs in those cell types that can no longer replicate in adulthood. In cancer cells, SICD is strengthened, apoptosis is dramatically weakened while SD has been lost. Most published studies professed to be about apoptosis are actually about SICD, which has four basic and well-articulated pathways involving caspases or involving pathological alterations in the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, or lysosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Dou
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China.,Technology Center, Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group, Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Lichan Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Mingjuan Lei
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Lucas Zellmer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 435 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Qingwen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Peixue Ling
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China.,Technology Center, Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group, Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Yan He
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou province, P.R. China
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou province, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Antioxidant and Antifibrotic Effect of a Herbal Formulation In Vitro and in the Experimental Andropause via Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6024839. [PMID: 29075365 PMCID: PMC5623782 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6024839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Korean herbal formulation Ojayeonjonghwan is used for improving late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) symptoms such as erectile dysfunction (ED). A previous research suggested that a modified Ojayeonjonghwan (KH-204) could be used as an alternative to the treatment for ED. The pharmacological effects were examined in different conditions, including in vitro and in vivo. We measured the survival rate of TM3 Leydig cells under the oxidative stress condition. The s.c. injection of leuprorelin was used to induce androgen deprivation. We measured serum testosterone levels, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The results of the treatment by KH-204 (1) preserved TM3 cells from oxidative stress by improving the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1); (2) lowered the expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) 1/SMAD; (3) increased the average of serum testosterone in androgen-deprived male rats; (4) kept the activation of spermatogenesis; (5) upgraded the contents of 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and degraded the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD); and (6) reduced apoptosis. We studied that KH-204 improved testicular dysfunction in LOH. It is likely, at least in part, to degrade oxidative stress through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. These findings may offer credible evidences for the use of new alternative therapies to treat LOH.
Collapse
|
11
|
唐 艳, 阳 学. 肝星状细胞衰老与增殖、凋亡的关系. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:1469-1474. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i16.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cells, HSCs)活化、细胞外基质大量形成是肝纤维化发生发展的关键环节. 许多研究发现, 抑制HSCs增殖、促进HSCs凋亡可阻断肝纤维化进程; 同时研究发现, 促进活化HSCs衰老也可为肝纤维化的防治提供新的策略. 本文就HSCs衰老与增殖、凋亡的关系以及在肝纤维化中的作用相关研究进展予以综述.
Collapse
|
12
|
Babizhayev MA, Yegorov YE. Tissue formation and tissue engineering through host cell recruitment or a potential injectable cell-based biocomposite with replicative potential: Molecular mechanisms controlling cellular senescence and the involvement of controlled transient telomerase activation therapies. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3993-4023. [PMID: 26034007 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated data indicate that wound-care products should have a composition equivalent to that of the skin: a combination of particular growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins endogenous to the skin, together with viable epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Strategies consisting of bioengineered dressings and cell-based products have emerged for widespread clinical use; however, their performance is not optimal because chronic wounds persist as a serious unmet medical need. Telomerase, the ribonucleoprotein complex that adds telomeric repeats to the ends of chromosomes, is responsible for telomere maintenance, and its expression is associated with cell immortalization and, in certain cases, cancerogenesis. Telomerase contains a catalytic subunit, the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Introduction of TERT into human cells extends both their lifespan and their telomeres to lengths typical of young cells. The regulation of TERT involves transcriptional and posttranscriptional molecular biology mechanisms. The manipulation, regulation of telomerase is multifactorial in mammalian cells, involving overall telomerase gene expression, post-translational protein-protein interactions, and protein phosphorylation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in aging, apoptosis, and necrosis of cells in numerous diseases. Upon production of high levels of ROS from exogenous or endogenous generators, the redox balance is perturbed and cells are shifted into a state of oxidative stress, which subsequently leads to modifications of intracellular proteins and membrane lipid peroxidation and to direct DNA damage. When the oxidative stress is severe, survival of the cell is dependent on the repair or replacement of damaged molecules, which can result in induction of apoptosis in the injured with ROS cells. ROS-mediated oxidative stress induces the depletion of hTERT from the nucleus via export through the nuclear pores. Nuclear export is initiated by ROS-induced phosphorylation of tyrosine 707 within hTERT by the Src kinase family. It might be presumed that protection of mitochondria against oxidative stress is an important telomere length-independent function for telomerase in cell survival. Biotechnology companies are focused on development of therapeutic telomerase vaccines, telomerase inhibitors, and telomerase promoter-driven cell killing in oncology, have a telomerase antagonist in late preclinical studies. Anti-aging medicine-oriented groups have intervened on the market with products working on telomerase activation for a broad range of degenerative diseases in which replicative senescence or telomere dysfunction may play an important role. Since oxidative damage has been shown to shorten telomeres in tissue culture models, the adequate topical, transdermal, or systemic administration of antioxidants (such as, patented ocular administration of 1% N-acetylcarnosine lubricant eye drops in the treatment of cataracts) may be beneficial at preserving telomere lengths and delaying the onset or in treatment of disease in susceptible individuals. Therapeutic strategies toward controlled transient activation of telomerase are targeted to cells and replicative potential in cell-based therapies, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Babizhayev
- Innovative Vision Products, Inc., 3511 Silverside Road, Suite 105, County of New Castle, Delaware, 19810
| | - Yegor E Yegorov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Baig UI, Bhadbhade BJ, Watve MG. Evolution of aging and death: what insights bacteria can provide. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2014; 89:209-23. [PMID: 25195317 DOI: 10.1086/677572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Several unresolved issues, paradoxes, and information voids characterize the field of evolution of aging. The recent discovery of aging-like phenomenon in Escherichia coli, marked by asymmetric segregation of damaged components, particularly protein aggregates, has created a number of new possibilities that remain underexplored. Bacterial systems can potentially throw light on issues such as: whether evolution of aging and evolution of death are different phenomena; whether aging is inevitable for life or is an evolved strategy; whether there could be selection for aging or aging is a pleiotropic effect of some other selection; what are the possible mechanisms of antagonistic pleiotropy, if any; and whether there are mechanisms of aging that are conserved throughout the hierarchy of life. Bacterial aging itself is underexplored and least understood as of now, but even scratching the surface appears to reveal things that may compel us to revise some of the classical concepts about evolution of aging. This warrants more focused and innovative inquiry into aging-like processes in bacteria.
Collapse
|
14
|
Narasimhan M, Hong J, Atieno N, Muthusamy VR, Davidson CJ, Abu-Rmaileh N, Richardson RS, Gomes AV, Hoidal JR, Rajasekaran NS. Nrf2 deficiency promotes apoptosis and impairs PAX7/MyoD expression in aging skeletal muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:402-414. [PMID: 24613379 PMCID: PMC4493911 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle redox homeostasis is transcriptionally regulated by nuclear erythroid-2-p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2). We recently demonstrated that age-associated stress impairs Nrf2-ARE (antioxidant-response element) transcriptional signaling. Here, we hypothesize that age-dependent decline or genetic ablation of Nrf2 leads to accelerated apoptosis and skeletal muscle degeneration. Under basal-physiological conditions, disruption of Nrf2 significantly downregulates antioxidants and causes oxidative stress. Surprisingly, Nrf2-null mice had enhanced antioxidant capacity identical to wild-type (WT) upon acute endurance exercise stress (AEES), suggesting activation of Nrf2-independent mechanisms (i.e., PGC1α) against oxidative stress. Analysis of prosurvival pathways in the basal state reveals decreased AKT levels, whereas p-p53, a repressor of AKT, was increased in Nrf2-null vs WT mice. Upon AEES, AKT and p-AKT levels were significantly (p < 0.001) increased (>10-fold) along with profound downregulation of p-p53 (p < 0.01) in Nrf2-null vs WT skeletal muscle, indicating the onset of prosurvival mechanisms to compensate for the loss of Nrf2 signaling. However, we found a decreased stem cell population (PAX7) and MyoD expression (differentiation) along with profound activation of ubiquitin and apoptotic pathways in Nrf2-null vs WT mice upon AEES, suggesting that compensatory prosurvival mechanisms failed to overcome the programmed cell death and degeneration in skeletal muscle. Further, the impaired regeneration was sustained in Nrf2-null vs WT mice after 1 week of post-AEES recovery. In an age-associated oxidative stress condition, ablation of Nrf2 results in induction of apoptosis and impaired muscle regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudhanan Narasimhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Cardiac Aging and Redox Signaling Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jennifer Hong
- Cardiac Aging and Redox Signaling Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Nancy Atieno
- Cardiac Aging and Redox Signaling Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Vasanthi R Muthusamy
- Cardiac Aging and Redox Signaling Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Christopher J Davidson
- Cardiac Aging and Redox Signaling Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Naser Abu-Rmaileh
- Cardiac Aging and Redox Signaling Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Division of Geriatrics, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Department of Exercise & Sports Sciences, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City Veteran's Medical Center
| | | | - John R Hoidal
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Namakkal S Rajasekaran
- Cardiac Aging and Redox Signaling Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Department of Exercise & Sports Sciences, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Numerous studies have established a link between autophagy and aging; however, the relationship has not been clearly defined. Aging is a very complex process caused by the accumulation of various factors due to the gradual failure of cellular maintenance. Recent studies have shown that autophagy reduces the stress responses induced by starvation, reactive oxygen species, and the accumulation of intracellular proteins and organelles through cytoprotection, clearance of damaged mitochondria, and lysosomal degradation. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the relationship between autophagy and the aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ok Pyo
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University School of Biological Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yoo
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University School of Biological Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Keun Jung
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University School of Biological Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kovačević LM, Puizina-Ivić N, Ljutić D, Brakus SM, Govorko DK, Jeličić I, Mirić D, Rešić J, Saraga-Babić M. Differences in epidermal thickness and expression of apoptosis regulatory proteins in the skin of patients with chronic renal failure and pruritus. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:144-50. [PMID: 22748563 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal failure is often associated with skin itching (pruritus) in dialysis patients. In order to investigate the possible causes of pruritus, the epidermis of the thigh of 12 dialysis patients and 4 controls from patients without renal disease were examined. The sections of the epidermis were measured and immunohistochemically analyzed using antibodies to Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3 proteins and TUNEL method. While the mean thickness of normal epidermis was 53 μm, in dialysis patients it ranged between 23 and 34 μm during the 3-5 year period on dialysis. Compared to normal skin, the fine balance between the Bcl-2 and Bax proteins did not greatly change in the epidermis of dialysis patients during the three years of dialysis. Following five-year dialysis, the epidermis displayed increased Bax and decreased Bcl-2 expression in the basal and intermediate epidermal layers, as well as the presence of apoptotic cells (TUNEL and caspase-3 positive) both in the superficial and intermediate epidermal layers. Our study demonstrated the predominant expression of cell death Bax proteins over cell survival Bcl-2 proteins, and apoptotic cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis in patients on long-term dialysis. We speculate that the thinning of the epidermis might be associated with the appearance of dead cells in the deeper epidermal layers, while the changed internal milieu of epidermal cells could possibly affect the intra-epidermal nerve endings thus leading to the sensation of pruritus.
Collapse
|
17
|
Fartes G, Lorenzetti F, Salvador LB, Ortiz V, Dambros M. Antioxidant supplementation decreases the cell death rate in the prostatic stromal tissue of long-term castrated rats. Int Braz J Urol 2012; 38:419-25. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382012000300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
18
|
El-Domyati M, Abo-Elenin M, El-Din WH, Abdel-Wahab H, Abdel-Raouf H, El-Amawy T, Barakat M, Hamdy M. Expression of apoptosis regulatory markers in the skin of advanced hepatitis-C virus liver patients. Indian J Dermatol 2012; 57:187-93. [PMID: 22707768 PMCID: PMC3371520 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.96189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis-C virus (HCV) infection is considered a major worldwide public health problem with a global prevalence. Maintenance of skin homeostasis requires a delicate balance between proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Meanwhile, it is unclear if there is an altered keratinocyte proliferation/apoptosis balance in advanced liver disease with HCV infection. AIM This work aimed to evaluate the epidermal thickness and changes in the expression of apoptosis regulatory markers as well as apoptotic index in skin samples of advanced HCV liver patients compared to normal controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty biopsies were taken from apparently normal skin of advanced HCV liver disease patients, as well as five healthy control subjects. These specimens were used for histometric epidermal measurement, immunohistochemical staining of apoptosis regulatory proteins (Bax, Fas, p53, Caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL) as well as the TUNEL technique for detection of apoptotic cells. RESULTS The mean epidermal thickness was significantly lower than the control group (P=0.000). There were significant overexpression of pro-apoptotic markers (Bax, Fas, P53, and Caspase-3) in patients (P=0.03, 0.03, 0.003, 0.003 respectively), with increased apoptotic index in HCV liver patients (P=0.002) when compared to normal controls. On the other hand, no statistically significant difference were encountered in the expression of antiapoptotic markers (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL) in HCV patients when compared to normal controls (P=0.5, 0.9, respectively). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that an alteration in the proliferation/apoptosis balance is present in the skin of HCV liver patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moetaz El-Domyati
- From the Department of Dermatology, STD and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Minya University, Al-Minya, Egypt
- Address for correspondence: Prof. Moetaz El-Domyati, Dermatology department, Al-Minya University, 2 Obour Buildings, Salah Salem St., Apt. 53, Nasr City 11371, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail:
| | - Mahmoud Abo-Elenin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Minya University, Al-Minya, Egypt
| | - Wael Hosam El-Din
- From the Department of Dermatology, STD and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Minya University, Al-Minya, Egypt
| | - Hossam Abdel-Wahab
- From the Department of Dermatology, STD and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Minya University, Al-Minya, Egypt
| | - Hamza Abdel-Raouf
- From the Department of Dermatology, STD and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Minya University, Al-Minya, Egypt
| | - Tarek El-Amawy
- From the Department of Dermatology, STD and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Minya University, Al-Minya, Egypt
| | - Manal Barakat
- From the Department of Dermatology, STD and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Minya University, Al-Minya, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Hamdy
- From the Department of Dermatology, STD and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Minya University, Al-Minya, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
New and old mechanisms associated with hypertension in the elderly. Int J Hypertens 2011; 2012:150107. [PMID: 22046504 PMCID: PMC3199182 DOI: 10.1155/2012/150107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a widely prevalent and important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases that increase with aging. The hallmark of hypertension in the elderly is increased vascular dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanisms by which increased blood pressure leads to vascular injury and impaired endothelial function are not well defined. In the present paper, we will analyze several mechanisms described in the scientific literature involved in hypertension in the elderly as endothelial dysfunction, increased oxygen delivery to tissues, inflammation, cellular apoptosis, and increased concentration of active metabolites. Also, we will focus on new molecular mechanisms involved in hypertension such as telomeres shortening, progenitor cells, circulating microparticles, and epigenetic factors that have appeared as possible causes of hypertension in the elderly. These molecular mechanisms may elucidate different origin for hypertension in the elderly and provide us with new targets for hypertension treatment.
Collapse
|
20
|
Teixeira INDO, Guariento ME. [Biology of aging: theories, mechanisms, and perspectives]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2011; 15:2845-57. [PMID: 20922293 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232010000600022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The article reviews the major biological theories of aging, and discusses the most relevant mechanisms to explain the aging process. It begins with the evolutionary theories, explores the molecular-cellular mechanisms, and presents the perspective of the systemic theories. The complex etiology of aging is a challenge to the researchers. The knowledge on that phenomenon develops towards an integrative approach.
Collapse
|
21
|
Dekker P, de Lange MJ, Dirks RW, van Heemst D, Tanke HJ, Westendorp RGJ, Maier AB. Relation between maximum replicative capacity and oxidative stress-induced responses in human skin fibroblasts in vitro. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 66:45-50. [PMID: 20937674 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence, an important factor in ageing phenotypes, can be induced by replicative exhaustion or by stress. We investigated the relation between maximum replicative capacity, telomere length, stress-induced cellular senescence, and apoptosis/cell death in human primary fibroblast strains obtained from nonagenarians of the Leiden 85-plus Study. Fibroblast strains were cultured until replicative senescence and stressed with rotenone at low passage. Telomere length, senescence-associated-β-galactosidase activity, sub-G1 content, and Annexin-V/PI positivity were measured in nonstressed and stressed conditions. Fibroblast strains with a higher replicative capacity had longer telomeres (p = .054). In nonstressed conditions, replicative capacity was not associated with β-gal activity (p = .07) and negatively with sub-G1 (p = .008). In rotenone-stressed conditions, replicative capacity was negatively associated with β-gal activity (p = .034) and positively with sub-G1 (p = .07). Summarizing, fibroblast strains with a higher maximum replicative capacity have longer telomeres, are less prone to go into stress-induced cellular senescence, and more prone to die after stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pim Dekker
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Diener T, Neuhaus M, Koziel R, Micutkova L, Jansen-Dürr P. Role of endonuclease G in senescence-associated cell death of human endothelial cells. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:638-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
23
|
Thakkar NV, Jain SM. A comparative study of DNA damage in patients suffering from diabetes and thyroid dysfunction and complications. Clin Pharmacol 2010; 2:199-205. [PMID: 22291505 PMCID: PMC3262371 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s11366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The apoptotic DNA levels in blood leukocytes of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and thyroid dysfunctionism were evaluated. Materials and methods Single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) detects migration of DNA from individual cell nuclei following alkaline treatment. Comet assay pattern was studied in individuals with T2D, hypothyroid (HT), hyperthyroid (HeT), and patients suffering from both diabetes mellitus and HT (HT + DM). Results were compared with the normal subjects (n = 9 in each group). The percentage apoptotic cell populations were calculated from the tail length. Results T2D patients showed 92.24% of cell damage compared to HT or HeT patients (51.04% or 54.64%, respectively). Further, increase in cell damage was also observed in HT + DM subjects (P < 0.05). Pharmacologic therapy significantly influenced cell damage. However, age and duration of disease did not show any definite influence on apoptosis. Conclusion Dependence of disease seems to be the major contributor of the cell damage. However, thyroid dysfunction did not show any deleterious effects on individual cells under the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nima V Thakkar
- Department of Pharmacology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Eşrefoğlu M, Gül M, Ateş B, Yilmaz I. The ultrastructural and biochemical evidences of the beneficial effects of chronic caffeic acid phenethyl ester and melatonin administration on brain and cerebellum of aged rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009; 24:305-15. [PMID: 19817869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nervous system is highly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of age-related oxidative stress. A large body of researches has consistently confirmed the implication of free radicals both in normal cerebral ageing and ageing-related pathologies. In the present study, in addition to the light and electron microscopic pictures of brain and cerebellum of young, old and antioxidant administered old Sprague-Dawley rats, pro-oxidant status was evaluated in terms of measurements of total glutathione, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Taking the results together, we suggest that supplemental administration of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and melatonin is beneficial in delaying age-related cellular damage in nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukaddes Eşrefoğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, 44280 Malatya, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dekker P, Maier AB, van Heemst D, de Koning-Treurniet C, Blom J, Dirks RW, Tanke HJ, Westendorp RGJ. Stress-induced responses of human skin fibroblasts in vitro reflect human longevity. Aging Cell 2009; 8:595-603. [PMID: 19681808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike various model organisms, cellular responses to stress have not been related to human longevity. We investigated cellular responses to stress in skin fibroblasts that were isolated from young and very old subjects, and from offspring of nonagenarian siblings and their partners, representatives of the general population. Fibroblasts were exposed to rotenone and hyperglycemia and assessed for senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) activity by flow cytometry. Apoptosis/cell death was measured with the Annexin-V/PI assay and cell-cycle analysis (Sub-G1 content) and growth potential was determined by the colony formation assay. Compared with fibroblasts from young subjects, baseline SA-beta-gal activity was higher in fibroblasts from old subjects (P = 0.004) as were stress-induced increases (rotenone: P < 0.001, hyperglycemia: P = 0.027). For measures of apoptosis/cell death, fibroblasts from old subjects showed higher baseline levels (Annexin V+/PI+ cells: P = 0.040, Sub-G1: P = 0.014) and lower stress-induced increases (Sub-G1: P = 0.018) than fibroblasts from young subjects. Numbers and total size of colonies under nonstressed conditions were higher for fibroblasts from young subjects (P = 0.017 and 0.006, respectively). Baseline levels of SA-beta-gal activity and apoptosis/cell death were not different between fibroblasts from offspring and partner. Stress-induced increases were lower for SA-beta-gal activity (rotenone: P = 0.064, hyperglycemia: P < 0.001) and higher for apoptosis/cell death (Annexin V+/PI- cells: P = 0.041, Annexin V+/PI+ cells: P = 0.008). Numbers and total size of colonies under nonstressed conditions were higher for fibroblasts from offspring (P = 0.001 and 0.024, respectively) whereas rotenone-induced decreases were lower (P = 0.008 and 0.004, respectively). These data provide strong support for the hypothesis that in vitro cellular responses to stress reflect the propensity for human longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pim Dekker
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
c-myb has a character of oxidative stress resistance in aged human diploid fibroblasts: regulates SAPK/JNK and Hsp60 pathway consequently. Biogerontology 2009; 11:267-74. [PMID: 19707884 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-009-9244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether c-myb acts as a survival molecule in aged cells. A previous in vitro ageing model suggested that aged cells have a higher cell capacity for survival after exposure to oxidative stress, which involves blockage of the translocation of Hsp60 from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm followed by SAPK/JNK inactivation, than young cells. In human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs), c-myb expression increased gradually with ageing, and this increase had a significant influence on the cell survival capacity after exposure to oxidative stress. To clarify the role of c-myb in oxidative stress, young cells under 21 passages, which lacked c-myb expression, were transfected with adenovirus-mediated c-myb for express c-myb. These c-myb-over-expressed young cells showed increased cell viability upon exposure to oxidative stress to a similar extent to that of the aged cells. In addition, these c-myb-over-expressed young cells did not exhibit SAPK/JNK activation, Hsp60 displacement and cytochrome C release, as was observed in aged cells. The aged cells that had c-myb suppressed using siRNA c-myb showed reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis in a manner to that observed in young cells. From this study, c-myb blocked SAPK/JNK and Hsp60 translocation upon exposure to oxidative stress. This result suggests that c-myb might act as a modulator of cell survival in the ageing process by suppressing apoptosis in aged cells.
Collapse
|
28
|
Malaguarnera L, Cristaldi E, Malaguarnera M. The role of immunity in elderly cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 74:40-60. [PMID: 19577481 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence of malignancies in elderly patients living in industrialized countries has led to both identify the causes that alter the normal homeostatic balance in elderly and designate the specific treatments. The progressive decline of the immune system (immunosenescence) involving cellular and molecular alterations impact both innate and adaptive immunity. The immunosenescence leads to increased incidence of infectious diseases morbidity and mortality as well as heightened rates of other immune disorders such as autoimmunity, cancer, and inflammatory conditions. Here, we summarize the knowledge on the major changes in the immune system associated with aging in primary lymphoid organs as well as a description of molecular mechanisms, and the impact on cancer development.
Collapse
|
29
|
Warner HR. 2006 Kent award lecture: is cell death and replacement a factor in aging? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62:1228-32. [PMID: 18000142 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/62.11.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article briefly summarizes the Kent Award Lecture I gave at the annual meeting of The Gerontological Society of America held in Dallas, Texas, in November 2006. Cell death is a normal response of cells to cytotoxic damage due to both internal and external threats, and this cell loss is normally countered by proliferation of neighboring cells and/or replacement of these cells from progenitor cell pools. Maintaining tissue homeostasis is a critical challenge during aging, and this article describes a few aspects of the dynamic cell turnover that occurs continuously in vivo, with particular reference to the adverse effects of mutations that accelerate cell death through dysfunctional DNA metabolism, and how these events might contribute to aging in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huber R Warner
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Desquilbet L, Jacobson LP, Fried LP, Phair JP, Jamieson BD, Holloway M, Margolick JB. HIV-1 Infection Is Associated With an Earlier Occurrence of a Phenotype Related to Frailty. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62:1279-86. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/62.11.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
|
31
|
Chinnathambi S, Tomanek-Chalkley A, Bickenbach JR. HSP70 and EndoG modulate cell death by heat in human skin keratinocytes in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 187:131-40. [PMID: 17938562 DOI: 10.1159/000109941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined how young and old keratinocytes died from heat stress in vitro. We found that keratinocyte cell death was not due to oxidative stress as neither Mn-SOD nor Cu-Zn-SOD was produced in either young or old heated keratinocytes. Instead, analysis of the anti-apoptotic factors, Bcl2 and HSP70, and the pro-apoptotic factors, caspase 3, caspase 8, Apaf-1, cytochrome c, AIF, and EndoG, indicated that keratinocyte cell death occurred via the caspase-independent EndoG apoptotic pathway. We found that both young and old keratinocytes died via the same pathway, and that we could specifically reduce both young and old keratinocyte death by addition of the EndoG inhibitor NEM. Further analysis suggested that the difference between young and old keratinocyte death was due to the synthesis of HSP70 protein, with the increase in response to heat more pronounced in young keratinocytes than in old keratinocytes. When we inhibited HSP70 by adding quercetin, death was increased in both young and old keratinocytes, but more so in old keratinocytes. These data suggest that old keratinocytes may die more readily than young keratinocytes when heated because they synthesize HSP70 at a lower efficiency. Such findings suggest that HSP70 production may be age-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathivel Chinnathambi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
El-Domyati MM, Ahmad HM, Nagy I, Zahran A. Expression of apoptosis regulatory proteins p53 and Bcl-2 in skin of patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:795-801. [PMID: 17567310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.02090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic renal failure results in multi-organ system derangement including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurological, endocrinal, blood and dermatological abnormalities. Maintenance of skin homeostasis requires a delicate balance between proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. p53 and Bcl-2 proteins play a central role in the regulation of apoptosis. OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the expression of apoptosis regulatory proteins p53 and Bcl-2 in apparently normal skin of patients, with chronic renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis, with respect to their role in the apoptotic process. METHODS Biopsy specimens were obtained from 10 patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis, as well as seven age-matched control subjects. Computer-assisted image analysis was employed to measure epidermal thickness in H&E-stained sections. Immunoperoxidase technique was also used to demonstrate p53 and Bcl-2 proteins and the TUNEL technique for detection of apoptotic cells in these specimens. RESULTS The mean epidermal thickness was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in patients than controls. Meanwhile, no apoptotic cells were detected in the epidermis of patients. On the other hand, a statistically significant difference was observed in both p53 (P = 0.0001) and Bcl-2 expression (P = 0.0003) when comparing patients and controls. Expression of p53 (2.74 +/- 0.84) and Bcl-2 (3.45 +/- 1.35) proteins was higher in skin samples obtained from patients with chronic renal failure and on maintenance haemodialysis than those from control cases (0.5 +/- 0.96 and 0.8 +/- 0.6, respectively). Moreover, Bcl-2 expression in patients was observed in basal as well as squamous cell layers of skin, whereas in control subjects it was confined to the basal cell layer only. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that an alteration in the proliferation/apoptosis balance may be present in the skin of such patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M El-Domyati
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Minya University, Al-Minya, Egypt.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
El-Domyati MM, Attia SK, Esmat AM, Ahmad HM, Abdel Wahab HM, Badr BM. Effect of laser resurfacing on p53 expression in photoaged facial skin. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33:668-75. [PMID: 17550442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.33141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND p53 overexpression has been reported in photoaged skin. Meanwhile, p53 gene mutations have been implicated as an important factor in the pathogenesis of ultraviolet (UV) light-induced skin cancer. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effect of laser resurfacing on the epidermal thickness and expression of p53 in photoaged skin. METHODS Specimens were obtained from the facial skin of 10 patients before and after 3 months and 1 year of treatment using CO(2) (five cases) and erbium (Er):YAG (five cases) lasers. Specimens were also obtained from six age-matched controls. These biopsies were used for routine histopathology, histometry, and p53 immunoperoxidase staining. RESULTS Both CO(2) and Er:YAG lasers were found to induce a significant decrease in p53 expression in biopsies obtained after 3 months (p=.0004 and .002, respectively) followed by gradual increase (p=.01 in both groups). A significant increase (p<.01) in epidermal thickness was also observed after 1 year of resurfacing. This increase, however, is inversely correlated with the level of p53 expression in such patients. CONCLUSION The decrease in epidermal p53 expression after CO(2) and Er:YAG lasers may account for some of the benefits of resurfacing on the epidermis, as well as prevention of actinic neoplasia by adjusting any disturbance in the proliferation/apoptosis balance observed in photoaged facial skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moetaz M El-Domyati
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Minya University Hospital, Al-Minya, Egypt.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Effect of Laser Resurfacing on p53 Expression in Photoaged Facial Skin. Dermatol Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00042728-200706000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
35
|
Abstract
Despite a relatively long history, general knowledge is not widespread that adult neurons can be maintained in cell culture for fairly extended periods of time. Within the central nervous system, this capacity seems to be particularly well developed in the retina, although it is still not clear whether this property is due to physical reasons (spatial configuration, simple connections) or to more fundamental differences (molecular composition, physiological function). Irrespective of the reasons, in vitro model systems are useful for investigating physiological and pathological processes occurring in mature retina. The authors argue that the numerous molecular changes undergone during maturation (modifications in ion channels and receptors, apoptotic pathways and growth factor effects) should be taken into account when using in vitro approaches to study processes involved in photoreceptor and ganglion cell degeneration, and hence that more classical methods relying on embryonic or newborn tissue should be interpreted with caution. A number of examples are given where the use of adult retinal neuronal culture may be especially informative: neurite regeneration, neuroprotection assays and pathogenic mechanisms; and areas of further research that should be explored: cell transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Romano
- Retina Discovery, Alcon Laboratories Inc., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, TX 76134-2099, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Baker DJ, Hepple RT. Elevated caspase and AIF gene expression correlate with progression of sarcopenia during aging in male F344BN rats. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41:1149-56. [PMID: 17029665 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To establish the relationship between the progression of sarcopenia and apoptosis we examined apoptotic gene expression in plantaris muscles (Pl) from 8 mo old (n=8), 30 mo old (n=8) and 35 mo old (n=6) male rats by real-time PCR. Pl mass declined from 368 +/- 7 mg at 8 mo to 333 +/- 7 mg at 30 mo (P<0.05) and 210 +/- 15 mg at 35 mo of age (P<0.05). BAX, Bcl-2, and Apaf-1 expression decreased by 62-74% at 30 mo and by 90-96% at 35 mo of age (all P<0.05 vs 8 mo old). In contrast, the expression of Caspases 3, 8, and 9 and AIF increased 3- to 5-fold at 30 mo (NS) and 7- to 50-fold at 35 mo of age (P<0.05). There were significant (P<0.05) correlations between Pl mass and Caspase 3 (r(2)=-0.60), Caspase 9 (r(2)=-0.58), Caspase 8 (r(2)=-0.50), and AIF (r(2)=-0.48). Thus, our results show that the expression of some genes involved in apoptosis increase with aging in Pl and correlate with progression of sarcopenia (Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Caspase 8, and AIF), whereas others decline with aging (BAX, Bcl-2, and Apaf-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Baker
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada T2N 1N4
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bello RI, Gómez-Díaz C, Burón MI, Navas P, Villalba JM. Differential regulation of hepatic apoptotic pathways by dietary olive and sunflower oils in the aging rat. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41:1174-84. [PMID: 17049786 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work we have studied how dietary fat affects aging-related changes in a number of factors that regulate rat hepatic apoptosis. Animals were fed lifelong with two experimental diets containing either virgin olive oil or sunflower oil as dietary fat. Caspases of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis, Bcl-2 and Bax polypeptide levels, and plasma membrane neutral sphingomyelinase activity were determined at 6, 12, and 24 months of age. Caspase-8/10 activity (a marker of the extrinsic pathway) was not affected by either aging or dietary fat, but activities of both caspase-9 (a marker of the intrinsic pathway) and caspase-3 (an executioner caspase) were significantly depressed in liver from animals fed on a sunflower oil-based diet. These decreases were not observed in animals fed with a diet based on virgin olive oil, which also resulted in significantly lower Bcl-2/Bax ratios. On the other hand, in comparison with sunflower, dietary olive oil decreased oxidative stress in liver from aged rats, resulting in lower levels of membrane hydroperoxides and higher coenzyme Q levels in plasma membrane. Plasma membrane Mg(2+)-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase was strongly activated in aged rats fed on the sunflower oil diet, but no aging-related increase was observed in animals fed on the olive oil diet. Our results support that dietary oil can alter significantly the susceptibility of hepatocytes to different apoptotic stimuli by altering both pro- and anti-apoptotic mediators, which reinforces the importance of the diet in aging studies. Because virgin olive oil may increase susceptibility of hepatocytes to apoptosis induced through the intrinsic pathway under conditions of decreased oxidative stress, our results may have important implications to understand the potential beneficial effects of that edible oil against liver carcinogenesis during aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario I Bello
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Warner HR. Twenty years of progress in biogerontology research. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 27:321-328. [PMID: 23598666 PMCID: PMC3455886 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-005-4556-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The first 10 years of NIA's existence were characterized by funding for descriptive and discovery research, as the field had not yet come of age. As Couzin expressed it in the July 1, 2005 issue of Science, "Just 2 or 3 decades ago, research on aging was a backwater" (Couzin J 2005 How much can human life span be extended. Science 309: 83). With the isolation of long-lived animal mutants and the application of the tools of molecular biology and transgenic technology to biogerontology research, the situation has changed dramatically since then, and aging research has become increasingly mechanistic and respectable. This transition has been aided by some well-thought out research initiatives by the NIA, and the purpose of this article is to provide a brief summary of the progress made in the past 20 years, and describe the part that NIA initiatives and funding have played in this transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huber R. Warner
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, 123 Snyder Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The National Institute on Aging (NIA) began operation in 1975, splitting off from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The first 10 years of NIA's existence were characterized by funding descriptive and discovery research, as the field by then had not come of age. With the isolation of long-lived animal mutants and the application of the tools of molecular biology (including whole-genome sequencing) and transgenic technology to biogerontology research, the situation has changed dramatically since then, and aging-related research has become increasingly mechanistic and respectable. This transition has been aided by research initiatives implemented by NIA staff, and the goal of this article is to describe how NIA develops such research initiatives using research progress made in biogerontology over the past 20 years as the basis for the discussion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huber R Warner
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kitagawa M, Utsuyama M, Kurata M, Yamamoto K, Yuasa Y, Ishikawa Y, Arai T, Hirokawa K. Cancer and aging: symposium of the 27th annual meeting of the Japanese society for biomedical gerontology, Tokyo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:623-34. [PMID: 15578182 PMCID: PMC11032781 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the strong link between aging and cancer, the exact mechanisms responsible for the increased frequency of occurrence of cancer with advancing age have not been fully defined. Recent evidence indicates that malregulation of the apoptotic process may be involved in some aging process as well as in the development of cancer. Although it is still under debate how apoptosis is expressed during aging in vivo, this phenomenon is an important factor in unwinding the complicated mechanisms that link cancer and aging. In this review, we report on the discussion at the symposium of the 27th annual meeting of the Japanese society for biomedical gerontology, regarding recent findings from aging and carcinogenesis studies using animal models, the characteristics of cancer in patients with Werner's syndrome, the epigenetic changes in human cancers and aging, and the characteristics of human cancers in the elderly. It was concluded that apoptosis plays a role in the aging process and carcinogenesis in vivo, likely as an inherent protective mechanism against various kinds of damages to genes/chromosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Kitagawa
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Aging and Developmental Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
In cancer, apoptotic processes occur both spontaneously and induced by antitumor therapies. Qualitative and quantitative changes in cancer cell death along with proliferative alterations are essential determinants in the pathogenesis and progression of malignant disease and its responsiveness to therapy. Besides detecting apoptosis by invasive means in tumor tissue, apoptotic products can be quantified in the circulation. Although circulating apoptotic products usually lack organ and tumor specificity, they contribute in the assessment of disease extent or aggressiveness. The ease of drawing blood facilitates the serial measurement of circulating apoptotic markers to monitor antitumor treatment and predict early response to therapy. This review describes the features of apoptotic and necrotic cell death along with the role the balance between the rates of cell death and cell proliferation plays in the progression of malignancy. The intracellular pathways mediating apoptosis are next summarized. The focus then shifts to the apoptotic markers found in the circulation and their diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and management utility in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Holdenrieder
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Park SY, Choi B, Cheon H, Pak YK, Kulawiec M, Singh KK, Lee MS. Cellular aging of mitochondrial DNA-depleted cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 325:1399-405. [PMID: 15555582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that mitochondrial DNA-depleted rho(0) cells are resistant to cell death. Because aged cells have frequent mitochondrial DNA mutations, the resistance of rho(0) cells against cell death might be related to the apoptosis resistance of aged cells and frequent development of cancers in aged individuals. We studied if rho(0) cells have features simulating aged cells. SK-Hep1 hepatoma rho(0) cells showed typical morphology associated with aging such as increased size and elongated appearance. They had increased senescence-associated beta-Gal activity, lipofuscin pigment, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression. Consistent with their decreased proliferation, the expression of mitotic cyclins was decreased and that of cdk inhibitors was increased. Rb hypophosphorylation and decreased telomerase activity were also noted. Features simulating aged cells were also observed in MDA-MB-435 rho(0) cells. These results support the mitochondrial theory of aging, and suggest that rho(0) cells could serve as an in vitro model for aged cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hampel B, Malisan F, Niederegger H, Testi R, Jansen-Dürr P. Differential regulation of apoptotic cell death in senescent human cells. Exp Gerontol 2004; 39:1713-21. [PMID: 15582287 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging of human cells can be reproduced in monolayer cultures, revealing the phenotype of replicative senescence. It was shown that diploid human fibroblasts enter a stable growth arrest phenotype at the end of their lifespan and, in particular, these cells are resistant to various apoptotic stimuli. In contrast, human endothelial cells from the umbilical vein (HUVEC) acquire a proapoptotic phenotype when reaching senescence and this probably results from reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced damage and associated signaling. Ceramides were shown to accumulate in senescent fibroblasts and are also known as potent regulators of apoptotic cell death. To further study age-associated changes in proneness to apoptosis between fibroblasts and endothelial cells, both cell types were challenged by administration of exogenous ceramide and apoptotic cell death was determined. While ceramide can efficiently induce apoptosis in both young and senescent cells of either histotype, quantitative evaluation of the data show that senescent fibroblasts are more resistant to apoptosis induction when compared to their young counterparts, whereas in the case of endothelial cells proneness for apoptosis is increased in senescent cells. Together, these data suggest significant differences in the regulation of apoptosis associated with senescence in fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hampel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cristofalo VJ, Lorenzini A, Allen RG, Torres C, Tresini M. Replicative senescence: a critical review. Mech Ageing Dev 2004; 125:827-48. [PMID: 15541776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cells in culture have a limited proliferative capacity. After a period of vigorous proliferation, the rate of cell division declines and a number of changes occur in the cells including increases in size, in secondary lysosomes and residual bodies, nuclear changes and a number of changes in gene expression which provide biomarkers for senescence. Although human cells in culture have been used for over 40 years as models for understanding the cellular basis of aging, the relationship of replicative senescence to aging of the organism is still not clear. In this review, we discuss replicative senescence in the light of current information on signal transduction and mitogenesis, cell stress, apoptosis, telomere changes and finally we discuss replicative senescence as a model of aging in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Cristofalo
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Butler RN, Sprott R, Warner H, Bland J, Feuers R, Forster M, Fillit H, Harman SM, Hewitt M, Hyman M, Johnson K, Kligman E, McClearn G, Nelson J, Richardson A, Sonntag W, Weindruch R, Wolf N. Biomarkers of aging: from primitive organisms to humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004; 59:B560-7. [PMID: 15215265 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/59.6.b560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leading biologists and clinicians interested in aging convened to discuss biomarkers of aging. The goals were to come to a consensus, construct an agenda for future research, and make appropriate recommendations to policy makers and the public-at-large. While there was not total agreement on all issues, they addressed a number of questions, among them whether biomarkers can be identified and used to measure the physiological age of any individual within a population, given emerging information about aging and new technological advances. The hurdles to establishing informative biomarkers include the biological variation between individuals that makes generalizations difficult; the overlapping of aging and disease processes; uncertainty regarding benign versus pathogenic age-related changes; the point at which a process begins to do damage to the organism, and, if so, when does it occur; and when to distinguish critical damage from noncritical damage. Finally, and significantly, it is difficult to obtain funding for this research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Butler
- International Longevity Center-USA, 60 E. 86th St., New York, NY 10028, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Butler RN, Warner HR, Williams TF, Austad SN, Brody JA, Campisi J, Cerami A, Cohen G, Cristofalo VJ, Drachman DA, Finch CE, Fridovich I, Harley CB, Havlik RJ, Martin GM, Miller RA, Olshansky SJ, Pereira-Smith OM, Smith JR, Sprott RL, West MD, Wilmoth JR, Wright WE. The aging factor in health and disease: the promise of basic research on aging. Aging Clin Exp Res 2004; 16:104-11; discussion 111-2. [PMID: 15195984 DOI: 10.1007/bf03324538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Butler
- International Longevity Center-USA, Alliance for Health & the Future, and Department of Geriatrics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10028, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jara M, Carballada R, Esponda P. Age-induced apoptosis in the male genital tract of the mouse. Reproduction 2004; 127:359-66. [PMID: 15016955 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the effects of ageing on the increase in apoptotic cells numbers in the male genital tract of the house mouse (Mus musculus). We have found that not all organs have the same response. There is an induction of apoptosis in both the epididymis and ventral prostate. However, seminal vesicles and other prostatic lobes remain unaffected. Apoptosis was assessed by several methods: TUNEL, detection of the active fragment of caspase-3 and the pattern of DNA fragmentation on agarose gels. This increase in apoptosis is related to the fall in testosterone levels, although there is only a partial decrease in androgen receptor (AR). AR is still present in all tissues and only moderately reduced in the epididymis and ventral prostate. A more intense increase of lipofuscin granules, which may be indicative of oxidative stress, occurred in these tissues. Finally, testosterone supplementation reverses the changes (both in apoptosis and lipofuscin content in the tissue), suggesting a role of androgens in these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jara
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Velázquez 144, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li LH, Wu LJ, Zhou B, Wu Z, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Uchiumi F, Ikejima T. Silymarin Prevents UV Irradiation-Induced A375-S2 Cell Apoptosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:1031-6. [PMID: 15256735 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin, a plant flavonoid from milk thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] GAERTNER) was first evaluated for its protective effect against UV irradiation-induced apoptosis in human malignant melanoma cells (A375-S2 cells). Treatment with silymarin 500 microM for 12 h significantly inhibited UV irradiation (2.4 J/cm(2), 5 min)-induced apoptosis in A375-S2 cells. Activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in UV-irradiated A375-S2 cells were effectively reduced by silymarin in a dose-dependent manner, while the expression of the inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD), protein expression of Bcl-x(L) (Bcl-2 family member), and the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) were increased simultaneously. It is suggested that the inhibitory effect of silymarin is exerted by blockage of the caspase/ICAD pathway after increased expression of Bcl-x(L) protein and activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hao Li
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Itzhaki O, Skutelsky E, Kaptzan T, Sinai J, Michowitz M, Huszar M, Leibovici J. Ageing–apoptosis relation in murine spleen. Mech Ageing Dev 2003; 124:999-1012. [PMID: 14659589 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(03)00171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Relatively few studies have been published with regard to modification of apoptosis in normal tissues as a function of ageing. The majority of these studies demonstrated an increase in programmed cell death (PCD) with age. However, opposite results, namely loss of apoptotic control with age, have also been reported. In the present study, we examined proliferation and apoptotic cell death in spleens of C57/BL mice of different ages. A tendency towards decrease in cell proliferative capacity was seen with age. By contrast, apoptosis was increased in spleens from aged animals. Moreover, the proliferative cell/apoptotic cell ratio decreased in function of age. Ladder type DNA degradation was much more pronounced in DNA derived from splenocytes of old mice. These results were supported by a decrease of Bcl-2 and an increase in Fas receptor expression as well as by increased activation of caspases 8, 3 and 9 in splenocytes from aged animals. In addition, cell surface molecular markers recognizable by macrophages in apoptotic cells, namely decreased sialic acid concomitant with increased unmasking of galactose residues, were more pronounced on splenocytes from old mice than on those from young animals. In addition to the experimental evidence which supports a role of apoptotic cell death in ageing, a series of theoretical reasoning, which could also favor this possibility, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orit Itzhaki
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pycroft JM, Hann A, Moxham BJ. Apoptosis in the connective tissues of the periodontal ligament and gingivae of rat incisor and molar teeth at various stages of development. Connect Tissue Res 2003; 43:265-79. [PMID: 12489169 DOI: 10.1080/03008200290000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis in the periodontal connective tissues was studied using the TUNEL technique, supported by electron microscopy. For 16 rats (aged 3, 8, or 104 weeks), nuclear fragmentation was assessed using the TUNEL technique (for 4 of the animals aged 8 weeks, incisor eruption was experimentally increased by trimming of teeth to the gingival margin--unimpeded eruption). A further 8 rats (aged 8 and 104 weeks) were employed for electron microscopy. For the incisor, prior to aging, and regardless of eruptive behavior (i.e., for both impeded and unimpeded incisors), there was little evidence of apoptosis in the periodontal ligament or gingival connective tissues. For the molar, apoptosis was also not usually detected when the teeth were erupting or in the mature, erupted state. In the aged animals, however, there was a marked increase in apoptosis (as assessed by the TUNEL technique) within the periodontal ligament and gingivae of both the molars and incisors (where eruption rates also increased). Nevertheless, electron microscopy indicated that significant numbers of apoptotic cells were only in the incisor periodontium. These findings are not consistent with the view that the periodontal fibroblasts provide a component of the force(s) responsible for eruption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Pycroft
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3US, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|