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Chen LC, Chiu CC, Chang FM, Wu PY, Yang SL, Huang CG, Huang YC. An outbreak of human Rhinovirus-A21 infection in a psychiatric ward during COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2022; 55:1326-1329. [PMID: 35995670 PMCID: PMC9365704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A cluster of acute respiratory illnesses involving 12 inpatients and 3 healthcare workers occurred in a psychiatric ward. Eight of them were identified as HRV-A21. Fever and cough were the most common symptoms. The study also provides further evidence of the impact of HRV on lower respiratory tract illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Chiung Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, 325, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, 325, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Chiu
- Infection Control Office, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, 325, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, 325, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Mei Chang
- Infection Control Office, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, 325, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yuan Wu
- Centers for Disease Control, Northern Regional Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Guei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Corresponding author. Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, No. 5, Fu-Shin Street, Kweishan, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Fax: +886 3 3288957
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Aronen M, Viikari L, Kohonen I, Vuorinen T, Hämeenaho M, Wuorela M, Sadeghi M, Söderlund-Venermo M, Viitanen M, Jartti T. Respiratory tract virus infections in the elderly with pneumonia. BMC Geriatr 2019; 19:111. [PMID: 30991957 PMCID: PMC6469155 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children suffering from severe lower airway illnesses, respiratory virus detection has given good prognostic information, but such reports in the elderly are scarce. Therefore, our aim was to study whether the detection of nasopharyngeal viral pathogens and conventional inflammatory markers in the frail elderly correlate to the presence, signs and symptoms or prognosis of radiographically-verified pneumonia. METHODS Consecutive episodes of hospital care of patients 65 years and older with respiratory symptoms (N = 382) were prospectively studied as a cohort. Standard clinical questionnaire was filled by the study physician. Laboratory analyses included PCR diagnostics of nasopharyngeal swab samples for 14 respiratory viruses, C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count (WBC). Chest radiographs were systematically analysed by a study radiologist. The length of hospital stay, hospital revisit and death at ward were used as clinical endpoints. RESULTS Median age of the patients was 83 years (range 76-90). Pneumonia was diagnosed in 112/382 (29%) of the studied episodes. One or more respiratory viruses were detected in 141/382 (37%) episodes and in 34/112 (30%) episodes also diagnosed with pneumonia. Pneumonia was associated with a WBC over 15 × 109/L (P = .006) and a CRP value over 80 mg/l (P < .05). A virus was detected in 30% of pneumonia episodes and in 40% of non-pneumonia episodes, but this difference was not significant (P = 0.09). The presence of a respiratory virus was associated with fewer revisits to the hospital (P < .05), whereas a CRP value over 100 mg/l was associated with death during hospital stay (P < .05). Respiratory virus detections did not correlate to WBC or CRP values, signs and symptoms or prognosis of radiographically-verified pneumonia episodes. CONCLUSION Among the elderly with respiratory symptoms, respiratory virus detection was not associated with an increased risk of pneumonia or with a more severe clinical course of the illness. CRP and WBC remain important indicators of pneumonia, and according to our findings, pneumonia should be treated as a bacterial disease regardless of the virus findings. Our data does not support routine virus diagnostics for the elderly patients with pneumonia outside the epidemic seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Aronen
- Department of Geriatrics, Turku City Hospital, Turku, Finland. .,, Pori, Finland.
| | - Laura Viikari
- Department of Geriatrics, Turku City Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ia Kohonen
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mira Hämeenaho
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Wuorela
- Department of Geriatrics, Turku City Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Matti Viitanen
- Department of Geriatrics, Turku City Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, PO Box 52, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Kodama F, Nace DA, Jump RLP. Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Other Noninfluenza Respiratory Viruses in Older Adults. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2018; 31:767-790. [PMID: 29079159 PMCID: PMC5846091 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Kodama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sapporo City General Hospital, 13 Chome 1-1, Kita 11 Jonishi, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8604, Japan
| | - David A Nace
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Kaufmann Building Suite 500, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robin L P Jump
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195-5029, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Specialty Care Center of Innovation, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 111C(W), 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj D Shah
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North St. Clair Street, Arkes 14-045, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Richard G Wunderink
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North St. Clair Street, Arkes 14-045, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) and coronavirus (HCoV) infections are associated with both upper respiratory tract illness (“the common cold”) and lower respiratory tract illness (pneumonia). New species of HRVs and HCoVs have been diagnosed in the past decade. More sensitive diagnostic tests such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction have expanded our understanding of the role these viruses play in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts. Recent identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome viruses causing serious respiratory illnesses has led to renewed efforts for vaccine development. The role these viruses play in patients with chronic lung disease such as asthma makes the search for antiviral agents of increased importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Ben Taub Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Fall A, Dia N, Kébé O, Sarr FD, Kiori DE, Cissé EHAK, Sy S, Goudiaby D, Richard V, Diop OM, Niang MN. Enteroviruses and Rhinoviruses: Molecular Epidemiology of the Most Influenza-Like Illness Associated Viruses in Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:339-47. [PMID: 27246444 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Different viruses have been identified as etiologic agents of respiratory tract infections, including severe cases. Among these, human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and human enteroviruses (HEVs) are recognized as leading causes. The present study describes the molecular epidemiology of HRVs and HEVs in Senegal over a 3-year surveillance period. From January 2012 to December 2014, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs specimen were collected from patients with influenza-like illness (ILI). A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed for HRV and HEV detection using the RV16 kit. Two regions were targeted for the molecular characterization of RVs: 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) and viral protein 4/viral protein 2 (VP4/VP2) transition region. For enteroviruses (EVs) phylogeny, VP1 gene was targeted. A total of 4,194 samples were collected. Children up to 5 years accounted for 52.9%. Among them, 1,415 (33.7%) were positive for HRV, 857 (20.4%) for HEV, and 437 cases of dual infections HRV/HEV. HRVs and HEVs were identified significantly in children aged 5 years or less. Only cough and vomiting signs were observed with significant association with viral infection. Both viruses co-circulated all year long with a marked increase of activity during rainy and cold period. All HRV types circulate in Senegal. HRV-A and C groups were the most common. HEV serotyping identified coxsackie B viruses (CBV) only. VP1 region revealed different CBV (CBV1, CBV2, CBV3, CBV4, and CBV5), echoviruses, coxsackieviruses A4-like strains and a poliovirus 2. The results suggest strong year-round respiratory picornavirus activity in children up to 5 years of age. Molecular studies identified a wide variety of RVs along with diverse EVs in samples from patients with ILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amary Fall
- Unité de Virologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ndongo Dia
- Unité de Virologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ousmane Kébé
- Unité de Virologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Fatoumata Diene Sarr
- Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Davy E Kiori
- Unité de Virologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Sara Sy
- Unité de Virologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Deborah Goudiaby
- Unité de Virologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Vincent Richard
- Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
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Parker LC, Stokes CA, Sabroe I. Rhinoviral infection and asthma: the detection and management of rhinoviruses by airway epithelial cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:20-8. [PMID: 24355017 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) have been linked to the development of childhood asthma and recurrent acute asthma exacerbations throughout life, and contribute considerably to the healthcare and economic burden of this disease. However, the ability of HRV infections to trigger exacerbations, and the link between allergic status and HRV responsiveness, remains incompletely understood. Whilst the receptors on human airway cells that detect and are utilized by most HRV group A and B, but not C serotypes are known, how endosomal pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect HRV replication products that are generated within the cytoplasm remains somewhat of an enigma. In this article, we explore a role for autophagy, a cellular homeostatic process that allows the cell to encapsulate its own cytosolic constituents, as the crucial mechanism controlling this process and regulating the innate immune response of airway epithelial cells to viral infection. We will also briefly describe some of the recent insights into the immune responses of the airway to HRV, focusing on neutrophilic inflammation that is a potentially unwanted feature of the acute response to viral infection, and the roles of IL-1 and Pellinos in the regulation of responses to HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Parker
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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8
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Minodier L, Arena C, Heuze G, Ruello M, Amoros JP, Souty C, Varesi L, Falchi A. Epidemiology and viral etiology of the influenza-like illness in corsica during the 2012-2013 Winter: an analysis of several sentinel surveillance systems. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100388. [PMID: 24959929 PMCID: PMC4069071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance is important to identify circulating and emerging/reemerging strains and unusual epidemiological trends. The present study aimed to give an accurate picture of the 2012-2013 ILI outbreak in Corsica by combining data from several surveillance systems: general practice, emergency general practice, hospital emergency units, intensive care units, and nursing homes. Twenty-eight respiratory viruses were retrospectively investigated from patients in general practice with ILI. Sequence analysis of the genetic changes in the hemagglutinin gene of influenza viruses (A(H1N1)pdm2009, A(H3N2) and B) was performed. The trends in ILI/influenza consultation rates and the relative illness ratios (RIRs) of having an ILI consultation were estimated by age group for the different surveillance systems analyzed. Of the 182 ILI patients enrolled by general practitioners, 57.7% tested positive for influenza viruses. Phylogenetic analyses suggested a genetic drift for influenza B and A(H3N2) viruses. The ILI/influenza surveillance systems showed similar trends and were well correlated. In accordance with virological data, the RIRs of having an ILI consultation were highest among the young (<15 years old) and decreased with age. No clusters of acute respiratory illness were declared by the sentinel nursing homes. This study is noteworthy in that it is the first extensive description of the 2012-2013 ILI outbreak in Corsica as monitored through several surveillance systems. To improve ILI surveillance in Corsica, a consortium that links together the complementary regional surveillance ILI systems described here is being implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Minodier
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse, Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Corte, France
| | - Christophe Arena
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse, Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Corte, France
- Observatoire régional de la Santé de Corse, Ajaccio, France
| | - Guillaume Heuze
- Cellule de l'Institut national de Veille Sanitaire en région, Ajaccio, France
| | - Marc Ruello
- Cellule de l'Institut national de Veille Sanitaire en région, Ajaccio, France
| | - Jean Pierre Amoros
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse, Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Corte, France
| | - Cécile Souty
- Sorbonne Universités Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, UMRS 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
- Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Varesi
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse, Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Corte, France
| | - Alessandra Falchi
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse, Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Corte, France
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Mubareka S, Louie L, Wong H, Granados A, Chong S, Luinstra K, Petrich A, Smieja M, Vearncombe M, Mahony J, Simor A. Co-circulation of multiple genotypes of human rhinovirus during a large outbreak of respiratory illness in a veterans' long-term care home. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:455-60. [PMID: 23910934 PMCID: PMC7185442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a well-recognized cause of long-term care home (LTCH) outbreaks of respiratory illness. However, there are limited data on the molecular epidemiology of the HRV types involved. Objectives To determine whether a large respiratory outbreak in a LTCH was caused by a single type of HRV, and to describe the clinical impact of the outbreak. Study design Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from residents with one or more of the following: fever, cough, rhinitis, or congestion. Specimens were interrogated by multiplex PCR using the ResPlex II assay. Samples positive for HRV were then submitted for genotyping by partial sequence analysis of the 5′ untranslated (UTR) and viral protein (VP) 1 capsid regions. Results Of 71 screened, 56 residents were positive for a HRV during an outbreak that lasted 5.5 weeks; 27 healthcare workers also had respiratory symptoms. Three residents were transferred to hospital and 2 died. Seven units in two wings of the LTCH were affected, resulting in 3152.5 resident unit closure days. Three different HRV genotypes were identified, although HRV-A1 dominated. Conclusions This large outbreak of HRVs among residents and healthcare workers in a LTCH was associated with substantial resident and staff morbidity as well as significant unit closures. Multiple types of HRV were implicated but an HRV-A1 type dominated, warranting further investigation into viral determinants for virulence and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Suite B103, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
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10
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Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), first discovered in the 1950s, are responsible for more than one-half of cold-like illnesses and cost billions of dollars annually in medical visits and missed days of work. Advances in molecular methods have enhanced our understanding of the genomic structure of HRV and have led to the characterization of three genetically distinct HRV groups, designated groups A, B, and C, within the genus Enterovirus and the family Picornaviridae. HRVs are traditionally associated with upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, and sinusitis. In recent years, the increasing implementation of PCR assays for respiratory virus detection in clinical laboratories has facilitated the recognition of HRV as a lower respiratory tract pathogen, particularly in patients with asthma, infants, elderly patients, and immunocompromised hosts. Cultured isolates of HRV remain important for studies of viral characteristics and disease pathogenesis. Indeed, whether the clinical manifestations of HRV are related directly to viral pathogenicity or secondary to the host immune response is the subject of ongoing research. There are currently no approved antiviral therapies for HRVs, and treatment remains primarily supportive. This review provides a comprehensive, up-to-date assessment of the basic virology, pathogenesis, clinical epidemiology, and laboratory features of and treatment and prevention strategies for HRVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Jacobs
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daryl M. Lamson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Thomas J. Walsh
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Granados A, Luinstra K, Chong S, Goodall E, Banh L, Mubareka S, Smieja M, Mahony J. Use of an improved quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to determine differences in human rhinovirus viral loads in different populations. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 74:384-7. [PMID: 23017257 PMCID: PMC7127517 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) frequently cause acute respiratory infections and chronic respiratory disease exacerbations. However, testing is not generally offered. We developed a modified HRV quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay to assess viral loads in the community and hospital patients. The assay had a lower limit of detection of 2 log(10) viral copies/mL and displayed linearity over 5 log(10) viral copies, with a lower limit of quantitation of 4 log(10) viral copies/mL. Mean viral loads (95% confidence interval) for hospitalized children, university students, and institutionalized elderly, were 7.08 log(10) viral copies/mL (6.7-7.5), 6.87 log(10) viral copies/mL (6.5-7.2), and 7.09 log(10) viral copies/mL (6.9-7.3), respectively (P = 0.67). Serial specimens of 14 university students showed a decrease of mean viral loads from 6.36 log(10) viral copies/mL on day 1 to 2.32 log(10) viral copies/mL 7 days past symptom onset (P < 0.001). Using an HRV qPCR, we showed that viral loads did not differ between the community and hospitalized populations and significantly decreased following symptoms onset in healthy individuals.
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Diagnostic performance of two highly multiplexed respiratory virus assays in a pediatric cohort. J Clin Virol 2012; 55:168-72. [PMID: 22832060 PMCID: PMC3586269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Rapid detection of respiratory viruses is important for management and infection control in hospitalized patients. Multiplex nucleic acid tests (NATs) have begun to replace conventional methods as gold standards for respiratory virus detection. Objective To compare the performance of two large multiplex NATS, ResPlex II (RPII) and Respiratory Virus Surveillance kit with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RVS/MS) using nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from hospitalized children who had been tested previously with conventional methods. Study design Stored residual NPAs (N = 306) were tested concomitantly by RPII and RVS/MS. Alternate NATs were used to adjudicate discordant results. Results More viruses were detected with multiplex NATs (RPII, 110; RVS/MS, 109) than conventional assays (86); diagnostic gain was primarily for fastidious viruses (coronaviruses and enteroviruses [EVs]/human rhinoviruses [HRVs]). Total positive and negative agreement between the multiplex NATs for all viruses detected was quite high (86% positive agreement, 99% negative agreement). Most individual viruses were detected with fairly equivalent accuracy by the multiplex NATs, except for adenoviruses (RPII sensitivity 40%) and human metapneumovirus (RVS/MS sensitivity 42%). RPII had the advantage of detecting EVs and HRVs, however, it demonstrated considerable EV/HRV cross-reactivity (29 HRV-positive specimens by real-time PCR were positive for EV by RPII and 21 specimens positive for HRV only by RT-PCR were dual positive for EV/HRV by RPII). RPII also had reduced sensitivity for HRV detection (in 36 specimens, HRV was detected by RT-PCR but not by RPII). Conclusions Both multiplex NATs were promising, but had notable limitations.
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van Asten L, van den Wijngaard C, van Pelt W, van de Kassteele J, Meijer A, van der Hoek W, Kretzschmar M, Koopmans M. Mortality attributable to 9 common infections: significant effect of influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza B, norovirus, and parainfluenza in elderly persons. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:628-39. [PMID: 22723641 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because there may be substantial hidden mortality caused by common seasonal pathogens, we estimated the number of deaths in elderly persons attributable to viruses and bacteria for which robust weekly laboratory surveillance data were available. METHODS On weekly time series (1999-2007) we used regression models to associate total death counts in individuals aged 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years (a population of 2.5 million) with pathogen circulation-influenza A (season-specific), influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza, enterovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, Campylobacter, and Salmonella-adjusted for extreme outdoor temperatures. RESULTS Influenza A and RSV were significantly (P < .05) associated with mortality in all studied age groups; influenza B and parainfluenza were additionally associated in those aged ≥75 years, and norovirus was additionally associated in those aged ≥85 years. The proportions of deaths attributable to seasonal viruses were 6.8% (≥85 years), 4.4% (75-84 years), and 1.4% (65-74 years), but with great variations between years. Influenza occasionally showed lower impact than some of the other viruses. CONCLUSIONS The number of different pathogens associated with mortality in the older population increases with increasing age. Besides influenza A and RSV, influenza B, parainfluenza and norovirus may also contribute substantially to elderly mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselotte van Asten
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Asner S, Peci A, Marchand-Austin A, Winter AL, Olsha R, Kristjanson E, Low DE, Gubbay JB. Respiratory viral infections in institutions from late stage of the first and second waves of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009, Ontario, Canada. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 6:e11-5. [PMID: 22353417 PMCID: PMC4941672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Asner et al. (2012) Respiratory viral infections in institutions from late stage of the first and second waves of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009, Ontario, Canada. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(3), e11–e15. We report the impact of respiratory viruses on various outbreak settings by using surveillance data from the late first and second wave periods of the 2009 pandemic. A total of 278/345(78·5%) outbreaks tested positive for at least one respiratory virus by multiplex PCR. We detected A(H1N1)pdm09 in 20·6% of all reported outbreaks of which 54·9% were reported by camps, schools, and day cares (CSDs) and 29·6% by long‐term care facilities (LCFTs), whereas enterovirus/human rhinovirus (ENT/HRV) accounted for 62% outbreaks of which 83·7% were reported by long‐term care facilities (LCTFs). ENT/HRV was frequently identified in LTCF outbreaks involving elderly residents, whereas in CSDs, A(H1N1)pdm09 was primarily detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Asner
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Severity of human rhinovirus infection in immunocompromised adults is similar to that of 2009 H1N1 influenza. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1061-3. [PMID: 22205807 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06579-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This retrospective chart review of patients at a tertiary referral center compares characteristics and clinical features of patients diagnosed with human rhinovirus (HRV) infection to those of patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza A (pH1N1) during the pandemic respiratory season of 2009 to 2010. Hospital admission rates, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and mortality were not statistically different between the HRV and pH1N1 groups; however, more patients in the HRV group were considered immunocompromised.
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