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Espinoza Chamorro R, Santos LHO, Mori Y, Liu C, Yamamoto G, Kuroda T. Gamification Approach to Provide Support About the Deferral Experience in Blood Donation: Design and Feasibility Study. JMIR Hum Factors 2024; 11:e50086. [PMID: 38875005 DOI: 10.2196/50086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have examined the impact of deferral on the motivation of prospective blood donors, proposing various policies and strategies to support individuals who undergo this experience. However, existing information and communications technology systems focused on blood donation have not yet integrated these ideas or provided options to assist with the deferral experience. OBJECTIVE This study aims to propose an initial gamified design aimed at mitigating the impact of the deferral experience by addressing the drivers of awareness and knowledge, interaction and validation, and motivation. Additionally, the study explores the feasibility of implementing such a system for potential users. METHODS We conducted a literature review focusing on the dynamics of motivation and intention related to blood donation, as well as the deferral situation and its impact on citizens. Through this review, we identified weak donor identity, lack of knowledge, and reduced motivation as key factors requiring support from appropriate interventions. These factors were then defined as our key drivers. Taking these into account, we proposed a gamification approach that incorporates concepts from the MDA framework. The aim is to stimulate the aforementioned drivers and expand the concept of contribution and identity in blood donation. For a preliminary evaluation, we designed a prototype to collect feedback on usability, usefulness, and interest regarding a potential implementation of our proposed gamification approach. RESULTS Among the participants, a total of 11 citizens interacted with the app and provided feedback through our survey. They indicated that interacting with the app was relatively easy, with an average score of 4.13 out of 5 when considering the 11 tasks of interaction. The SUS results yielded a final average score of 70.91 from the participants' answers. Positive responses were received when participants were asked about liking the concept of the app (3.82), being likely to download it (3.55), and being likely to recommend it to others (3.64). Participants expressed positivity about the implementation of the design but also highlighted current shortcomings and suggested possible improvements in both functionality and usability. CONCLUSIONS Although deferral is a common issue in blood donation, there is a missed opportunity in existing ICT services regarding how to effectively handle such experiences. Our proposed design and implementation seem to have captured the interest of prospective users due to its perceived positive usefulness and potential. However, further confirmation is needed. Improving the design of activities that currently rely heavily on extrinsic motivation elements and integrating more social components to create an enhanced activity loop for intrinsic motivation could further increase the value of the proposed project. Future research could involve conducting a more specialized and longitudinal design evaluation with a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chang Liu
- Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Williams LA, Tzelios K, Masser B, Thijsen A, van Dongen A, Davison TE. A virtual reality paradigm simulating blood donation serves as a platform to test interventions to promote donation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10334. [PMID: 38710774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective interventions that support blood donor retention are needed. Yet, integrating an intervention into the time-pressed and operationally sensitive context of a blood donation center requires justification for disruptions to an optimized process. This research provides evidence that virtual reality (VR) paradigms can serve as a research environment in which interventions can be tested prior to being delivered in blood donation centers. Study 1 (N = 48) demonstrated that 360°-video VR blood donation environments elicit a similar profile of emotional experience to a live donor center. Presence and immersion were high, and cybersickness symptoms low. Study 2 (N = 134) was an experiment deploying the 360°-video VR environments to test the impact of an intervention on emotional experience and intentions to donate. Participants in the intervention condition who engaged in a suite of tasks drawn from the process model of emotion regulation (including attentional deployment, positive reappraisal, and response modulation) reported more positive emotion than participants in a control condition, which in turn increased intentions to donate blood. By showing the promise for benefitting donor experience via a relatively low-cost and low-resource methodology, this research supports the use of VR paradigms to trial interventions prior to deployment in operationally-context field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Strategy and Growth, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Australia
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda Thijsen
- Strategy and Growth, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne van Dongen
- Department of Psychology, Health, and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Tanya E Davison
- Monash Art, Design and Architecture, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Research and Innovation, Silverchain, Melbourne, Australia
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Hu Q, Hu W, Pan L, Han W, Zheng Y. Association Between Concerns About COVID-19 Infection and Blood Donation Intention: Cross-Sectional Survey Study Through a Mobile Communication Platform. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e46588. [PMID: 37943597 PMCID: PMC10667984 DOI: 10.2196/46588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on blood transfusion and collection. At the beginning of the pandemic, most blood transfusion services had a tough challenge in maintaining an optimal blood inventory. OBJECTIVE This study aims to understand the public's psychological cognition and intention toward blood donation as well as the factors influencing their worries. We aimed to find a solution for increasing blood donations and provide a scientific reference for policy formulation regarding blood donation during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the future. METHODS A random survey with a 14-item scale on worries related to blood donation was conducted from December 31, 2022, to January 3, 2023, among residents aged 18-60 years in Zhejiang province via SMS text messaging. The results of 8 worry items in this study were compared with the survey results of March 2022, during which COVID-19 was not considered as an epidemic in Zhejiang province. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed to analyze the factors affecting respondents' blood donation intention and concerns. The degree of worry about blood donation was assigned from 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree), and 2-sided t tests were performed to analyze the differences in blood donation intention and worries about blood donation. RESULTS In total, 1254 valid questionnaire responses were obtained. Males accounted for 62.36% (782/1254) of the sample, 78.39% (983/1254) were 18-45 years old, 60.61% (760/1254) had a university education, and 69.06% (866/1254) had no previous blood donation experience. Approximately 36.52% (458/1254) of the public clearly expressed that they had blood donation worries regarding COVID-19. The main concerns of the respondents were temporary physical weakness caused by blood donation, their own physical conditions not meeting the requirements of blood donation, inconvenient location and working hours for blood donation, and family (or friends) worrying about blood donation. Compared with the results in 2022, the results in 2023 regarding the harmful effects of blood donation on health, temporary physical weakness, infection in donated blood, and family (friends) worrying increased significantly (P<.001). The factors influencing blood donation worries regarding COVID-19 were COVID-19 infection status, adverse reactions to the donated blood, family (or friends) worrying, and unsatisfactory blood donation experience. The factors influencing blood donation intention were gender, age, previous blood donation times, blood donation worries regarding COVID-19, harmful effects of blood donation on health, and blood donation anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Blood transfusion services should make full use of the recovery phase of COVID-19 infection as an important time point, publicize the blood donation process and operation standardization, reduce the public's concerns about blood donation, correct negative evaluations, and increase perceived behavioral control and subjective norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Hu
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Blood Safety Research, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Blood Safety Research, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Pan
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Han
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Hughes SD, France CL, West-Mitchell KA, Pina T, McElfresh D, Sayers M, Bryant BJ. Advancing Understandings of Blood Donation Motivation and Behavior. Transfus Med Rev 2023; 37:150780. [PMID: 37996288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2023.150780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we provide critical analysis of social science research into blood donation motivation and behavior. We first share an understanding of the existing literature and recommendations for future research collectively developed by members of the Working Group on Blood Donors and the Supply: Diversifying while Maintaining the Donor Pool, Donor Selection, and Optimizing Blood Availability and Safety, as part of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's 2022 State of the Science in Transfusion Medicine symposium. Then, rather than aim for a comprehensive treatment, we review 4 newer manuscripts that exemplify aspects of the group's recommendations and report results from countries where the blood supply is based on voluntary, nonremunerated donations. From the substantial existing literature, we selected: (1) a study that employed motivational interviewing techniques, thematic analysis, and surveys to link donation motivations and barriers reported by diverse young donors in the United States to actual donation behavior over a year of subsequent eligibility; (2) a survey regarding donation motivations and barriers and monetary amounts associated with willingness to participate in whole blood, plasma, or platelet collection; (3) a survey-based assessment of various emotional states reported by donors at 2 time points during donation and the relationship between emotional experience and subsequent vasovagal reactions; and (4) an interpretive discourse analysis of blood collection agency messaging to donors and the public in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. We close by noting several challenges posed by the structure of the United States blood system and the current funding environment to conducting rigorous research and translating findings into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana D Hughes
- Vitalant Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | - Kamille A West-Mitchell
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theresa Pina
- Gulf Coast Regional Blood Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Duncan McElfresh
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; US Department of Veterans Affairs, Program Evaluation Resource Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Merlyn Sayers
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Carter BloodCare, Bedford, TX, USA
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5
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Li L, Valero M, Keyser R, Ukuku AM, Zheng D. Mobile applications for encouraging blood donation: A systematic review and case study. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231203603. [PMID: 37822963 PMCID: PMC10563464 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231203603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Given the current shortage of blood donors in the USA, researchers have tried to identify different strategies to attract more young people and spread the voice of donors' needs. Methods A systematic literature review is conducted to investigate the current mobile applications used to track, attract, and retain donors. We also provide some preliminary results of a pilot study, based on a cross-sectional survey of 952 participants (aged 18 to 39), about the willingness of donors to use mobile apps as tools for encouraging blood donation. The data is collected using a 20-item questionnaire, which includes four constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior to assess the respondents' willingness to donate blood. A range of statistical techniques, including univariate analysis, multivariate analysis, and structural equation modeling, were utilized to analyze the collected data. Results The 37 research articles, selected after applying several exclusion criteria, are classified into five main categories. The majority of the research (44.1%) is about using mobile apps to find blood donors and blood centers, followed by publications on using mobile apps to encourage blood donation (26.4%) and to recruit blood donors (14.7%). The remaining studies are about retaining blood donors (8.8%) and using mobile apps for scheduling donations (5.8%). Our pilot case study suggests that 73% of participants have favorable perceptions toward a blood donation mobile app. Conclusions Many efforts have been undertaken to employ mobile apps to make blood donations more convenient and create communities around donating blood. The case study findings suggest a high level of readiness of using mobile apps for blood donation among the younger generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Valero
- Department of Information Technology, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Keyser
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA
| | - Afekwo Mary Ukuku
- Department of Health Promotion & Physical Education, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA
| | - Dianhan Zheng
- Department of Psychological Science, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA
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6
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Suessner S, Niklas N, Bodenhofer U, Meier J. Machine learning-based prediction of fainting during blood donations using donor properties and weather data as features. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2022; 22:222. [PMID: 35987636 PMCID: PMC9392313 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-022-01971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Fainting is a well-known side effect of blood donation. Such adverse experiences can diminish the return rate for further blood donations. Identifying factors associated with fainting could help prevent adverse incidents during blood donation. Materials and methods Data of 85,040 blood donations from whole blood and apheresis donors within four consecutive years were included in this retrospective study. Seven different machine learning models (random forests, artificial neural networks, XGradient Boosting, AdaBoost, logistic regression, K nearest neighbors, and support vector machines) for predicting fainting during blood donation were established. The used features derived from the data obtained from the questionnaire every donor has to fill in before the donation and weather data of the day of the donation. Results One thousand seven hundred fifteen fainting reactions were observed in 228 846 blood donations from 88,003 donors over a study period of 48 months. Similar values for all machine learning algorithms investigated for NPV, PPV, AUC, and F1-score were obtained. In general, NPV was above 0.996, whereas PPV was below 0.03. AUC and F1-score were close to 0.9 for all models. Essential features predicting fainting during blood donation were systolic and diastolic blood pressure and ambient temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure. Conclusion Machine-learning algorithms can establish prediction models of fainting in blood donors. These new tools can reduce adverse reactions during blood donation and improve donor safety and minimize negative associations relating to blood donation.
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7
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Sayers M. Donor motivation and psychosocial research. Transfusion 2022; 62:1912-1916. [PMID: 35811303 PMCID: PMC9545312 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merlyn Sayers
- Carter BloodCare, Bedford, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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8
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Saltzmann C, Boenigk S. On consciousness of the decision to discontinue blood donation: Intention to return and effective recovery activities. Transfus Med 2022; 32:193-209. [PMID: 35289005 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to (1) explore the consciousness of blood donors' decision to stop donating blood, (2) analyse the association with the donors' intention to return to blood donation and the various reasons for discontinuation, and (3) identify effective activities for the recovery of donors who are no longer donating blood. MATERIALS/METHODS Survey data of former German blood donors who did not donate blood for >36 months were collected (n = 1263). The data were analysed using multivariate linear regression and mediation analyses. RESULTS This study provides new insights into the consciousness of blood donors' decision to stop donating blood. Former blood donors may be located at distinct stages of consciousness about their decision of discontinuation. The results indicate that 44.9% of the former blood donors did not consciously decide to stop blood donation. Of the lapsed donors, 16.9% decided consciously and 18.2% were in between. Furthermore, 25.2% of the respondents who did not consciously decide to stop donating blood were willing to restart the same. The most effective activities for recovery are more flexible donation hours (29.1%), appointment-scheduling online (24.8%), and sending out reminders (18.1%). CONCLUSION Addressing unconsciously lapsed donors is promising. Blood donation service providers should implement measures that support busy people; such measures may include appointment scheduling or pause-options. The implementation of a systematic recovery management, entailing an analysis of the decision to discontinue blood donation with subsequent segmentation is advisable. This can help to foster individualised communication with blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Saltzmann
- Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Boenigk
- Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Bhuiyea MSH, Faiyaz SR, Jaman N, Uddin MJ. Factors influencing voluntary blood donation practice among university students of Bangladesh. Transfus Apher Sci 2022; 61:103379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2022.103379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Sereti C, Apostolidou I, Baka M, Koutsoubos N, Seretis A, Theodoratou M. Incentives and limitations of Greek blood donors: Application of the Health Belief Model in the design of recruiting strategies. Health Psychol Res 2021; 9:24533. [PMID: 34746483 DOI: 10.52965/001c.24533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of the behavior of blood donors suggest that the examination of their incentives and reported barriers could be utilized in designing targeted recruiting strategies and awareness-raising campaigns. Methodology Data was collected via a questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model (HBM), aimed to examine reported incentives, limitations, benefits, and self-efficacy of 261 blood donors at Thriasio General Hospital from January 1 to March 1, 2020, after required permission provided. The analysis was performed by the use of the SPSS statistical software. In addition, a Greek translation of the K6+ distress scale was provided. Results Our sample consisted of 261 blood donors, the majority of which were men (88.5%), 40-50 years old (36.4%), high school graduates (49.4%), and married (53.3%). Heightened awareness of increased blood needs and blood shortages was mentioned. 92.8% of respondents believe that blood donation is an act of contribution to society or beneficial for their health (86.6%). The limited working hours of blood donation services are the main obstacle mentioned by the participants (32.8%), while 80.7% emphasized the need for public information campaigns. Based on the K6 scale answers score, most participants are classified in the intermediate-risk category for Serious Mental Illness (SMI). Conclusion The study of beliefs and incentives of blood donors is a critical factor in developing an effective recruiting strategy in a volunteering frame. Public information campaigns regarding the blood donation process and reminders aiming at the return of blood donors after the necessary time interval could facilitate this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Baka
- Thriasio General Hospital of Elefsis, Attica, Greece
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11
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Nagurney A, Dutta P. A Multiclass, Multiproduct Covid-19 Convalescent Plasma Donor Equilibrium Model. OPERATIONS RESEARCH FORUM 2021. [PMCID: PMC8270780 DOI: 10.1007/s43069-021-00072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a multiclass, multiproduct equilibrium model for convalescent plasma donations in the Covid-19 pandemic. The potential donors are situated at different locations and the donor population at each location can be separated into different classes based on their motivation and the product for which they provide donations at a collection site. The model captures the competition between nonprofit and for-profit organizations seeking convalescent plasma donations, which is a characteristic of this new market. A variational inequality formulation of the equilibrium conditions and qualitative properties of the model are provided. We also present a capacitated version of the model. Numerical examples of increasing complexity are presented and solved using the modified projection method. The results reveal multiclass, multiproduct donor behavior under different scenarios which can inform policy makers during this pandemic and beyond.
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12
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Thijsen A, Waller D, Masser B, Davison TE. Guiding the development and implementation of interventions in transfusion medicine: The intervention mapping protocol. Transfusion 2021; 61:2809-2812. [PMID: 34423449 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Thijsen
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Waller
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barbara Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tanya E Davison
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Art, Design and Architecture, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Gemelli CN, Thijsen A, Van Dyke N, Kruse SP, Davison TE. Notifying donors when their deferral is ending: An effective donor retention strategy. Transfusion 2021; 61:2930-2940. [PMID: 34352927 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of a temporary deferral often leads to donor lapse. Contributing factors may be donors not knowing when their deferral ends or not being contacted and asked to return. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a reminder message notifying donors that their deferral is coming to an end in increasing donors' postdeferral return rates. We evaluated the optimal time, content, and mode of delivery of the reminder message. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Two studies were conducted with deferred donors. Study 1: donors (n = 1676) were randomized to be sent a reminder message at one of three time points (4 weeks before, 1 week before, and 1 week after their deferral ended) or to a no contact control condition. Study 2: donors (n = 1973) were randomized to three message type conditions (emotive email, nonemotive email, nonemotive SMS). Attempted return behavior was extracted (appointments, attendances) at 1 month. RESULTS In Study 1, being sent the reminder message increased odds of donors attempting to return within 3 months compared with the control group (OR:2.01). Sending the reminder 1 week before the deferral ended was the most effective time point. In Study 2, the nonemotive message increased the odds of attempting to return compared with the emotive message (OR:1.38). No differences were found between email and SMS messages. DISCUSSION Sending a reminder message to donors when their deferral is coming to an end is a simple, effective, and cost-effective method to retain donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carley N Gemelli
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amanda Thijsen
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nina Van Dyke
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah P Kruse
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tanya E Davison
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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France CR, France JL, Himawan LK, Fox KR, Livitz IE, Ankawi B, Slepian PM, Kowalsky JM, Duffy L, Kessler DA, Rebosa M, Rehmani S, Frye V, Shaz BH. Results from the blood donor competence, autonomy, and relatedness enhancement (blood donor CARE) randomized trial. Transfusion 2021; 61:2637-2649. [PMID: 34224590 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to promote competence, autonomy, and relatedness among first-time whole blood donors to enhance intrinsic motivation and increase retention. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Using a full factorial design, first-time donors (N = 2002) were randomly assigned to a no-treatment control condition or to one of seven intervention conditions designed to promote donation competence, autonomy, relatedness, a combination of two (e.g., competence and autonomy), or all three constructs. Participants completed donor motivation measures before the intervention and 6 weeks later, and subsequent donation attempts were assessed for 1 year. RESULTS There was no significant group difference in the frequency of donation attempts or in the number of days to return. Significant effects of group were observed for 10 of the 12 motivation measures, although follow-up analyses revealed significant differences from the control group were restricted to interventions that included an autonomy component. Path analyses confirmed direct associations between interventions involving autonomy and donor motivation, and indirect mediation of donation attempts via stronger donation intentions and lower donation anxiety. CONCLUSION Among young, first-time, whole blood donors, brief interventions that include support for donor autonomy were associated with direct effects on donor motivation and indirect, but small, effects on subsequent donation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis L France
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Lina K Himawan
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristen R Fox
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Irina E Livitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - P Maxwell Slepian
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Mark Rebosa
- New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Victoria Frye
- City University of New York School of Medicine, Community Health and Social Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Beth H Shaz
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Rael CT, Pierre D, Frye V, Kessler D, Duffy L, Malos N, Van Tieu H. Evaluating blood donor experiences and barriers/facilitators to blood donation in the United States using YouTube video content. Transfusion 2021; 61:2650-2657. [PMID: 34196004 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding donor perception of the blood donation experience is central to maintaining an adequate blood supply. Studies that use questionnaires to assess barriers/facilitators to donation may be influenced by response bias. To address this, we conducted an innovative study integrating quantitative informatic techniques with qualitative data analysis of YouTube video content to explore donor experiences and barriers and facilitators to whole blood donation. METHODS Sampling of YouTube videos was conducted using search parameters for identifying relevant videos, based on donors' language used to describe their whole blood donation experiences (e.g., blood donation, blood donor, donated blood, gave/give blood). We eliminated duplicate videos; filtered out non-English videos, those made outside the United States, and those with no transcripts; and restricted the time period during which videos were posted from 2015 to 2019. Search parameters were fed into a Python script, which downloaded video transcripts for all search results. The final sample was 102 noncommercial and 34 commercial transcripts. The subsequent transcriptions were uploaded into qualitative analysis software and coded two coders. A third coder randomly selected transcripts to review to ensure consistency. RESULTS Barriers to whole blood donation include having prior negative experiences with donation and donation-related fear. Facilitators included altruism, having a personal connection to donation, donation center incentives, and positive experiences with blood center staff. CONCLUSION Themes identified in this study were similar to those in the existing literature. This suggests that current questionnaires to address barriers/facilitators to donation are unlikely to be meaningfully impacted by response bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique Pierre
- National Board of Certification and Recertification for Nurse Anesthetists (NBCRNA), New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Victoria Frye
- Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Debra Kessler
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Louisa Duffy
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nick Malos
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hong Van Tieu
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Clement M, Shehu E, Chandler T. The impact of temporary deferrals on future blood donation behavior across the donor life cycle. Transfusion 2021; 61:1799-1808. [PMID: 33780022 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor retention is essential for blood banks because acquiring new donors is more expensive than retaining existing ones. Previous studies show that the temporary deferral of donors negatively impacts future donation likelihood. In this study, we analyze the impact of temporary deferrals on future donation behavior while correcting for potential endogeneity, depending on the level of donor experience and number of previous deferrals. STUDY DESIGN AND METHOD We use data from more than 123,000 whole blood donors of the Austrian Red Cross over a period of 5.5 years. We estimate logit models to analyze how a deferral affects future donation behavior while controlling for potential selection biases because donors are not deferred randomly. We control for gender, blood type, years since first donation, and number of previous donations and deferrals. We analyze the direct deferral effect, its interaction with donor experience, and the number of previous deferrals. RESULTS Our results confirm that temporary deferrals hurt future donation behavior. This effect varies with donor experience and the number of previous deferrals. The effect is weaker with a higher number of previous donations and is stronger with a higher number of previous deferrals. The results suggest that donors learn to cope with deferrals the more they donate. However, the negative effect of deferrals amplifies over time, and each additional deferral decreases donation likelihood. CONCLUSION Blood banks that seek to overcome the negative effect of deferrals should be aware that this effect varies with donor experience and with the number of previous deferrals. Our results suggest that blood banks should focus on early-stage donors who are deferred because the negative deferral effect is stronger for more experienced donors. At the same time, blood banks should be careful with donor groups who have experienced deferrals in the past because every additional deferral demotivates future donation behavior. Overall, researchers should be careful to correct for endogeneity because our results suggest that ignoring these effects could lead to substantial underestimation of the negative deferral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Clement
- Institute for Marketing, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edlira Shehu
- Department of Marketing, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Torsten Chandler
- Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Veseli B, Koch E, Soliman M, Sandner S, Studte S, Clement M. The role of affect, satisfaction and internal drive on personal moral norms during COVID‐19. ISBT SCIENCE SERIES 2021; 16:158-167. [PMID: 34230832 PMCID: PMC8250538 DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Societies require prosocial activities during crises. The COVID‐19 pandemic presents individuals with unique challenges that may affect their emotional state leading to reformed personal moral norms. Crucially, personal moral norms are important predictors of moral behaviour. Given the longevity of the pandemic, studying its impact on affect, satisfaction and internal drive of (non‐)donors during COVID‐19 and if personal moral norms are affected is paramount. Material and Methods This study relies on longitudinal data, consisting of six waves carried out biweekly. Our panel is representative for the German population, capturing changes in affect, satisfaction, internal drive and personal moral norms. We compare the emotional state and personal moral norms of (non‐)donors in the pandemic to pre‐pandemic phase. Moreover, we analyse changes in emotional state and personal moral norms during the pandemic and investigate the role of emotional state on personal moral norms. Results Firstly, our results show that personal moral norms of (non‐)donors drop compared to pre‐pandemic. Within pandemic, personal moral norms of active donors are not further altered. Secondly, we find significant changes of emotional state in the pandemic compared to pre‐pandemic phase, for example individuals feel more optimistic, but less satisfied and less energetic. Thirdly, we find that feeling more grateful increases personal moral norms of non‐donors. Conclusion This study provides insights into how crises shape (non‐)donors’ emotional state and its impact on relevant donor motivations, that is, personal moral norms. Blood banks can use this knowledge to enhance recruiting and retention efforts during crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besarta Veseli
- Institute for Marketing University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Elena Koch
- Institute for Marketing University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Meikel Soliman
- Faculty of Business and Economics Leuphana University Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
| | - Sabrina Sandner
- Institute for Marketing University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Sinika Studte
- Institute for Marketing University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Michel Clement
- Institute for Marketing University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
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18
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Using Digital Platforms to Promote Blood Donation: Motivational and Preliminary Evidence from Latin America and Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084270. [PMID: 33920606 PMCID: PMC8073325 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lack of blood donors is a global problem that prevents the demand for blood prompted by an ageing population and increased life expectancy from being met. The aim of this study was to conduct an initial exploration of the reasons for using digital platforms in blood donation. Using a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework, microdata for 389 participants from Latin American countries and Spain, and Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), the study obtained three main prediction paths. The first two started from feelings of trust in the digital community and a positive mood state associated with a modern lifestyle, and they were linked to attitudes and behavioural control in the explanation of the intention to donate and actual blood donation. The third path started from modern lifestyles, and was linked to the subjective norm in the prediction of intention and actual donation. These paths represent one of the very first attempts to predict intentions of donation and collaborative donation by taking a PLS-SEM approach. By determining the paths underpinning collaborative blood donors' motives, the results of this study provide strong support for the usefulness of the TPB model within the context of digital platform use and blood donation.
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19
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Thijsen A, Masser B, Davison TE, Kruse SP, Williamson A. Examining knowledge translation in blood donor research: A review of vasovagal reaction literature. Transfusion 2021; 61:1772-1779. [PMID: 33797069 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge translation focuses on the transfer of research findings into policy and practice. To provide insight into the state of knowledge translation in blood donor research, we undertook a rapid review of a key research area in the field with high potential for translation, vasovagal reactions (VVRs). We examined the number and nature of VVR-related studies to determine the availability of research evidence, and mapped the included articles along the research-to-practice trajectory using the Knowledge to Action framework. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and EMBASE were searched for peer-reviewed journal articles from inception to October 2019 using the terms blood don* AND vasovagal OR faint* OR syncope. RESULTS A total of 176 articles met our inclusion criteria. Studies relating to VVRs increased substantially from 1942 to 2019, with 84% published in the last 20 years. Articles were predominately observation (non-intervention) studies (117; 66%), followed by intervention (knowledge inquiry) studies (31; 18%) and review (knowledge synthesis) studies (20; 11%). The evidence from intervention research was limited, with 14 strategies tested in 31 studies and often by the same research groups. Only 5 (3%) implementation and evaluation studies were found; all focused on evaluating the effects of a newly introduced intervention on VVR rates through uncontrolled or cross-sectional study designs. DISCUSSION VVR research is in the early stages of knowledge translation. More intervention research is needed to provide a robust evidence base as well as more published implementation research to share knowledge of translating research into policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Thijsen
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barbara Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tanya E Davison
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah P Kruse
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Williamson
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Hong JM, Lee W. The stages‐of‐change approach for prosocial behavior: Message tailoring to encourage blood donation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Mi Hong
- School of Global Convergence Studies INHA University Incheon South Korea
| | - Wei‐Na Lee
- F.J. Heyne Centennial Professor Emerita in Communication Stan Richards School of Advertising & Public Relations Moody College of CommunicationThe University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
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21
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Masser BM, Hyde MK, Ferguson E. Exploring predictors of Australian community members' blood donation intentions and blood donation-related behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Transfusion 2020; 60:2907-2917. [PMID: 32905630 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continuing to accelerate and blood collection agencies (BCAs) warning of shortages, it is critical to identify the current determinants of donor behavior for donors and nondonors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In May and June 2020, Australian residents who believed themselves eligible to donate blood responded to measures assessing constructs from an integrated protection motivation theory, organizational trust, and theory of planned behavior framework, with donor status also assessed. RESULTS A total of 507 residents (47% male, mean age 28.69 years; 272 had donated/attempted to donate) participated. A revised structural equation model was a good fit to these data. In this model, perceived risk, severity, anxiety, and response cost associated with donating during the COVID-19 pandemic underpinned threat appraisals, while response efficacy, self-efficacy, and attitude toward donating during COVID-19 informed coping appraisals. Trust in the BCA predicted lower threat and higher coping appraisals, and higher coping appraisals predicted stronger subjective norms. Intention to donate during the COVID-19 pandemic was positively predicted by subjective norm and self-efficacy. Donation-related behavior was positively predicted by intention, with this relationship stronger for nondonors than donors. CONCLUSION Self-efficacy and approval from others, underpinned by coping appraisals and organizational trust, play a critical role in intentions to donate. BCAs that focus on maintaining trust with (potential) donors, providing clear messaging stating the minimal threat of contracting COVID-19 from donating and the protective measures in place, and showing how donating is achievable, may help to ensure a safe and secure blood supply throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa K Hyde
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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22
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Sayedahmed AMS, Ali KAM, Ali SBS, Ahmed HSM, Shrif FSM, Ali NAA. Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) and decrease in blood donation: A cross‐sectional study from Sudan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Salma Bashir Suliman Ali
- Voluntary Blood Donation Department at National Central Laboratory (Stack) Afhad University Omdurman Sudan
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23
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Ferguson E, Hill A, Lam M, Reynolds C, Davison K, Lawrence C, Brailsford SR. A typology of blood donor motivations. Transfusion 2020; 60:2010-2020. [PMID: 32618010 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the need for whole blood is declining, so too are the number of first-time and repeat blood donors. To develop new recruitment and retention strategies, therefore, we need to draw on as wide a variation in blood donor motivations as possible. The primary aim of this study is to draw on a large survey of donors to develop a broad, theoretically instantiated typology of donor motivations to identify new and less common, yet practically important, motivations that have not been previously reported. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Using data from the UK Blood Donor Survey run by NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit (N = 61 123 donors), we analyze fixed (N = 52 225) and free (N = 8867) responses to develop a more comprehensive typology of blood donor motivations based on theories from the biology, psychology, philosophy, economics, and sociology of altruism. RESULTS We identified 54 motivations, including a number of newly identified motivations, for blood donations which we organized into 12 superordinate categories (eg, "inspiration via moral elevation," "perceived social closeness," and "fungibility of donations"). These are linked to intervention suggestions such as donating blood in memoriam or donating blood as an alternative to other charitable acts. CONCLUSION We present the most comprehensive account of blood donor motivations to-date. This work also offers a structure for coding free-text responses, developing motivational measures, and identifying tangible interventions. Thus, we feel that this is a valuable resource for blood donor researchers, marketers, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexandra Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michael Lam
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claire Reynolds
- NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - Katy Davison
- NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Claire Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Susan R Brailsford
- NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
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24
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Ou-Yang J, Bei CH, Liang HQ, He B, Chen JY, Fu YS. Effective methods for reactivating inactive blood donors: a stratified randomised controlled study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:475. [PMID: 32276613 PMCID: PMC7147048 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recruiting of sufficient numbers of donors of blood products is vital worldwide. In this study we assessed the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of telephone calls and SMS reminders for re-recruitment of inactive blood donors. METHODS This single-centre, non-blinded, parallel randomised controlled trial in Guangzhou, China included 11,880 inactive blood donors whose last donation was between January 1 and June 30, 2014. The donors were randomly assigned to one of two intervention groups (telephone call or short message service [SMS] communications) or to a control group without intervention. SMS messages with altruistic appeal were adopted in the SMS group; in addition to altruistic appeal, reasons for deferral of blood donation were also asked in the telephone group. All participants were followed up for 1 year. The primary outcome was re-donation rate, and rates in different groups were compared by intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis and estimation of the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT). Secondary outcomes were the self-reported deterrents. Other outcomes included the re-donation interval, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of telephone calls and SMS reminders on re-recruitment. RESULTS ITT analysis revealed no significant differences in the re-donation rate among the three groups. ATT estimations indicated that among compliers, telephone calls significantly increased re-donation compared to both SMS reminders and no intervention. Donor return behaviour was positively associated with receiving reminders successfully, being male, older age, and previous donation history. The SMS reminder prompted donors to return sooner than no reminder within 6 months, and according to ICER calculations, SMS reminders were more cost-effective than telephone calls. Donors reported time constraints as the most main causes of self-deferral in the telephone group, and altruistic appeal had a positive effect on these donors. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to reactivate inactive blood donors can be effective, with telephone calls prompting more donors to return but at a greater cost than SMS messages. SMS reminder with altruistic appeal can urge donors to re-donate sooner within 6 months than no reminder. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03366441 (Reactivation of Inactive Blood Donors). Retrospectively registered 4 December 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ou-Yang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, 7th F., 31st Luyuan Rd. Yuexiu Dist, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Hua Bei
- Guangzhou Blood Center, 7th F., 31st Luyuan Rd. Yuexiu Dist, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua-Qin Liang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, 7th F., 31st Luyuan Rd. Yuexiu Dist, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo He
- Guangzhou Blood Center, 7th F., 31st Luyuan Rd. Yuexiu Dist, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Yan Chen
- Guangzhou Blood Center, 7th F., 31st Luyuan Rd. Yuexiu Dist, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Shui Fu
- Guangzhou Blood Center, 7th F., 31st Luyuan Rd. Yuexiu Dist, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,The Key Medical Disciplines and Specialties Program of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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25
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Hossain Parash M, Suki N, Shimmi S, Hossain A, Murthy K. Examining students’ intention to perform voluntary blood donation using a theory of planned behaviour: A structural equation modelling approach. Transfus Clin Biol 2020; 27:70-77. [PMID: 32139133 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine the behavioural intention of students to make voluntary blood donations. Moreover, it uses a theory of planned behaviour as its guiding principle and does so within the context of Malaysia, a developing nation. METHODS Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire from a sample of 500 students at a public higher learning institution in Malaysia. Structural equation modelling approach (SEM) was performed to assess the strength of the hypothesized relationships of the proposed model simultaneously via the two-stage model-building process. RESULTS The SEM approach revealed that knowledge was the most influential predictor of students' intention to make a voluntary blood donation. With the knowledge that the more blood they donate, the more lives will be saved, the inclination to donate blood is intensifying among students. Moreover, all of the TPB constructs applied were also seen to significantly influence students' response to voluntary blood donation. CONCLUSIONS The nexus of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and knowledge about students' intention to perform voluntary blood donation are evidenced in a developing nation. The implications of the study and directions for future research are provided.
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26
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Motivation to Donate, Job Crafting, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Blood Collection Volunteers in Non-Profit Organizations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030934. [PMID: 32028664 PMCID: PMC7037348 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses the levels of and relationships between the Motivation to donate, Job crafting propensity, and the Organizational citizenship behavior of blood collection volunteers in a non-profit association. An Italian sample of AVIS (the Italian Association of Voluntary Blood donors) blood donors (N = 1215) actively involved in organizing blood collection, were asked to complete the Italian version of the Volunteer Function Index, the Job crafting scale, and the Organizational citizenship behavior scale. The tools were verified by Confirmatory factor analysis and their relationships were explored using Structural equation modeling for hidden variables. The three constructs have overall high scores. Motivation to donate and Job crafting show a clear correlation, with the latter influencing volunteer Organizational citizenship behavior. The study highlights the need to take into consideration the Motivation to donate, Job crafting and Organizational citizenship behavior of volunteers, particularly in countries such as Italy, where blood collection is almost exclusively carried out thanks to spontaneous, altruistic, and disinterested commitment.
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27
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Sardi L, Idri A, Carrillo de Gea JM, Toval Á, Fernández-Alemán JL. Applying trans-theoretical model for blood donation among Spanish adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1724. [PMID: 31870328 PMCID: PMC6929449 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relying solely on altruistic appeals may fail to fulfil the increasing demand for blood supplies. Current research has largely been attempted to determine and understand motives that serve as blood donation drivers. The Trans-Theoretical Model of behaviour change (TTM) can be used to conceptualise the process of intentional blood donation behaviour. METHODS A cross sectional survey of Spanish adults was conducted. The final sample consisted of 504 individuals who were administered a self-report questionnaire including the measures of demographic characteristics, Stages of Change, Processes of Change, Self-efficacy and Decisional Balance. Data were analysed by frequency analysis, MANOVA/ANOVA and correlation analysis. RESULTS Findings indicated that most of the behavioural and cognitive processes of change, self-efficacy and physical cons differentiated participants across the stages of change of blood donation. In contrast, eligibility cons and pros were less influential in stage transitions. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between TTM constructs except for the physical cons and the processes of change. CONCLUSIONS The present study extensively supports and replicates the applicability of the TTM to blood donation behaviour change and offers important implications for the development of effective stage-matched interventions to increase blood donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamyae Sardi
- Software Project Management research team, ENSIAS, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Ali Idri
- Software Project Management research team, ENSIAS, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.,Complex Systems Engineering, University Mohamed VI Polytechnic, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | | | - Ángel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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28
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Gilchrist PT, Masser BM, Horsley K, Ditto B. Predicting blood donation intention: the importance of fear. Transfusion 2019; 59:3666-3673. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe T. Gilchrist
- Department of PsychologyMacquarie University North Ryde New South Wales Australia
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research LaboratoryUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Barbara M. Masser
- School of PsychologyUniversity of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- Clinical Services and ResearchAustralian Red Cross Blood Service Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Kristin Horsley
- Behavioural Medicine Lab, Department of PsychologyMcGill University Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Blaine Ditto
- Behavioural Medicine Lab, Department of PsychologyMcGill University Montréal Québec Canada
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29
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Masser B, Ferguson E, Merz EM, Williams L. Beyond Description: The Predictive Role of Affect, Memory, and Context in the Decision to Donate or Not Donate Blood. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 47:175-185. [PMID: 32355478 DOI: 10.1159/000501917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on the recruitment and retention of blood donors has typically drawn on a homogeneous set of descriptive theories, viewing the decision to become and remain a donor as the outcome of affectively cold, planned, and rational decision-making by the individual. While this approach provides insight into how our donors think about blood donation, it is limited and has not translated into a suite of effective interventions. In this review, we set out to explore how a broader consideration of the influences on donor decision-making, in terms of affect, memory, and the context in which donation takes place, may yield benefit in the way we approach donor recruitment and retention. Summary Drawing on emerging research, we argue for the importance of considering the implications of both the positive and the negative emotions that donors experience and we argue for the importance of directly targeting affect in interventions to recruit nondonors. Next, we focus on the reconstructed nature of memory and the factors that influence what we remember about an event. We discuss how these processes may impact the retention of donors and the potential to intervene to enhance donors' recollections of their experiences. Finally, we discuss how our focus on the individual has led us to neglect the influence of the context in which donation takes place on donor behavior. We argue that the amassing of comprehensive large data sets detailing both the characteristics of the individuals and the context of their giving will ultimately allow for the more effective deployment of resources to improve recruitment and retention. Key Messages In suggesting these directions for future research, our want is to move beyond the ways in which we have traditionally described blood donation behavior with the aim of improving our theorizing about donors while improving the translational value of our research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eva-Maria Merz
- Department of Donor Medicine, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Williams
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Beurel A, Terrade F, Lebaudy JP, Danic B. Psychosocial and cognitive engineering contributions to blood transfusion. Transfus Clin Biol 2019; 26:184-187. [PMID: 31253495 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Among the research developed in social psychology, there is a field of study questioning the mechanisms that explain prosocial behaviors. In 1956, the first links between transfusion medicine and social psychology were formed, with the study of underlying motivations to blood donation behavior. Sixty years later, the number of "fundamental" and "applied" research has widely increased, and we now have a theoretical understanding of blood donation engagement's levers, as well as experimental demonstrations of methods to activate these levers. Thus, the literature offers several strategies experimentally verified to improve the recruitment and retaining of blood donors. These methods can go from specific speeches when soliciting donors, to changes in the blood donation environment, etc. They aim either at impacting the donation experience, at obtaining a change in the donor's behavior, or at changing the determinants of blood donation. Yet, it is clear that the knowledge from the research in social psychology is not really deployed on the field by the organizations that could benefit from it. In this article, we will try to develop the difficulty regarding the application of fundamental and experimental knowledge, and to underline the implications for the blood transfusion establishments. We will then present the psychosocial and cognitive engineering method, and argue its relevance to answer this problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beurel
- CS 24307, LP3 C, université Rennes 2, place Recteur Henri Le Moal, 35000 Rennes cedex, France; Établissement français du sang Bretagne, rue Pierre-Jean Gineste, 35000 Rennes cedex, France.
| | - F Terrade
- CS 24307, LP3 C, université Rennes 2, place Recteur Henri Le Moal, 35000 Rennes cedex, France
| | - J-P Lebaudy
- Établissement français du sang Bretagne, rue Pierre-Jean Gineste, 35000 Rennes cedex, France
| | - B Danic
- Établissement français du sang Bretagne, rue Pierre-Jean Gineste, 35000 Rennes cedex, France
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31
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Ferguson E, Murray C, O’Carroll RE. Blood and organ donation: health impact, prevalence, correlates, and interventions. Psychol Health 2019; 34:1073-1104. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1603385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Catherine Murray
- Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
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Studte S, Clement M, Soliman M, Boenigk S. Blood donors and their changing engagement in other prosocial behaviors. Transfusion 2018; 59:1002-1015. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinika Studte
- University of HamburgResearch Group on Health Marketing Hamburg Germany
- Institute for MarketingUniversity of Hamburg Moorweidenstr. 18, Hamburg 20148 Germany
| | - Michel Clement
- University of HamburgResearch Group on Health Marketing Hamburg Germany
- Institute for MarketingUniversity of Hamburg Moorweidenstr. 18, Hamburg 20148 Germany
| | - Meikel Soliman
- University of HamburgResearch Group on Health Marketing Hamburg Germany
- Department of SocioeconomicsUniversity of Hamburg Von‐Melle‐Park 9, Hamburg 20146 Germany
| | - Silke Boenigk
- University of HamburgResearch Group on Health Marketing Hamburg Germany
- Department of SocioeconomicsUniversity of Hamburg Von‐Melle‐Park 9, Hamburg 20146 Germany
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Merz EM, Ferguson E, van Dongen A. Psychosocial characteristics of blood donors influence their voluntary nonmedical lapse. Transfusion 2018; 58:2596-2603. [PMID: 30403415 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 10% of Dutch donors lapse yearly. Common reasons are nonvoluntary medical issues (e.g., low hemoglobin), reaching the upper age limit, and voluntary (e.g., own request, nonresponse). Little is known about predictors of voluntary noncompliance (lapses). Psychosocial characteristics have been linked to various health behaviors, including voluntary noncompliance. Hence, we investigated whether psychosocial characteristics, measured before the first donation, similarly predict subsequent voluntary nonmedical lapse. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS New donors (n = 4861) randomly received a blood donation survey between July 2008 and March 2009, before their first appointment at the blood bank. Voluntary lapses included personal reasons, nonresponse to invitations, donor who could not be reached, and no show. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models of lapse on psychosocial characteristics and confounders (e.g., demographics) were estimated. RESULTS Of 2964 donors who took the questionnaire, more than one-third (36.5%) had voluntarily lapsed due to nonmedical reasons by 2016. Univariate regression showed that lapse negatively associated with norms, attitudes, and intentions toward blood donation; self-efficacy; and more donation experience. Lapse positively associated with anxiety. Multivariate Cox models showed that lapse was primarily driven by anxiety and need for information. CONCLUSION Certain psychosocial characteristics increase risks of voluntary lapse. Especially donors with higher donation anxiety had increased lapsing risks. They might benefit from extra attention during donation. Donors with more information need or wish about procedure and patients were less likely to lapse, indicating that binding with the blood bank might prevent lapse. Generally, this study showed that donor lapse and donor return are determined by different psychosocial factors not just the reverse of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Merz
- Department of Donor Studies, Sanquin Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anne van Dongen
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the views and attitudes of Indians living in England on blood donation. BACKGROUND In light of the predicted shortages in blood supply, it is vital to consider ways in which to maximise donation rates. These include addressing the issue of lower donation rates among ethnic minorities, including Indians. However research specifically among minority ethnicities in UK is sparse. SETTING General practice in North London. PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 12 non-donor Indians living in England. METHODS This is a qualitative investigation involving semistructured interviews. Themes derived were analysed using thematic framework analysis. RESULTS Five key themes emerged from the data, and these concerned participants' perspectives regarding attitudes towards blood, blood donation as a 'good thing', donation disincentives, the recipient matters and the donor matters. CONCLUSION A variety of attitudes were presented, but were generally positive, and blood was conceptualised in a manner previously found to be consistent with donation. However, lack of awareness and accessibility were prominent barriers, indicating the need for improvement in these capacities. In contrast to this, blood was also greatly associated with family and acted as a symbol of kinship: this 'emotional charge' often acted to dissuade participants from separating with their blood through donation. Possibly due to this, there was also a strong preference for donated blood to be distributed within the family, as opposed to strangers. This presents a potential barrier to blood donation for some Indians within the current system in which donations are given to unknown recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaara Joshi
- The Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London Medical School, London, UK
| | - Richard Meakin
- The Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London Medical School, London, UK
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Merz EM, Zijlstra BJH, de Kort WLAM. Blood donor show behaviour after an invitation to donate: The influence of collection site factors. Vox Sang 2017; 112:628-637. [PMID: 28833262 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Show behaviour after invitation to donate varies considerably across donors. More insight into this variation is important for blood banks in achieving stable stocks. This study examined individual factors determining intended show behaviour. Most importantly, however, this study is the first study to account for variation in donor behaviour across different collection sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS We applied a multilevel approach to data from Donor InSight, including 11 889 donors from 257 fixed and mobile collection sites in the Netherlands. The aim of the multilevel models was to account for variance at two levels, that is donors and collection sites. We estimated the likelihood of showing after invitation based on individual predictors, including demographics, donation history and attitude. At the collection site level, we included satisfaction with the blood bank aggregated from individual responses by donors who donate at this site, opening hours and collection site type, that is fixed/mobile. RESULTS Most importantly, show behaviour varied considerably across collection sites and depended on characteristics of these sites. Moreover, women, older and more experienced donors had higher odds of showing after invitation than men, younger and less experienced donors. Donors higher on warm glow, self-efficacy and donor identity more likely showed after an invitation. Higher aggregate satisfaction and donating at fixed collection sites increased the odds of show. CONCLUSION In addition to individual factors, collection site characteristics are important in explaining variation in donor show behaviour, thus presenting clues for blood bank policies and interventions to improve donor show.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-M Merz
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - W L A M de Kort
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sheeran P, Godin G, Conner M, Germain M. Paradoxical Effects of Experience: Past Behavior Both Strengthens and Weakens the Intention-Behavior Relationship. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1086/691216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Charles KS, Chisholm K, Gabourel K, Philip K, Ramdath S, Abdul-Hakeem H, Vaillant A, Pooransingh S, Legall G, Chantry A. A follow-up survey of knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding blood donation in Trinidad and Tobago. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Charles
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences; Faculty of Medical Sciences; The University of the West Indies; Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - K. Chisholm
- Faculty of Medical Sciences; The University of the West Indies; Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - K. Gabourel
- Faculty of Medical Sciences; The University of the West Indies; Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - K. Philip
- Faculty of Medical Sciences; The University of the West Indies; Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - S. Ramdath
- Faculty of Medical Sciences; The University of the West Indies; Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - H. Abdul-Hakeem
- Faculty of Medical Sciences; The University of the West Indies; Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - A. Vaillant
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences; Faculty of Medical Sciences; The University of the West Indies; Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - S. Pooransingh
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences; Faculty of Medical Sciences; The University of the West Indies; Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - G. Legall
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences; Faculty of Medical Sciences; The University of the West Indies; Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - A. Chantry
- Department of Oncology; Western Bank Sheffield; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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Asamoah-Akuoko L, Hassall OW, Bates I, Ullum H. Blood donors' perceptions, motivators and deterrents in Sub-Saharan Africa - a scoping review of evidence. Br J Haematol 2017; 177:864-877. [PMID: 28542841 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Achieving an adequate blood supply in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) through donor mobilization and retention is crucial. Factors that motivate or deter blood donors vary according to beliefs and social norms. Understanding the factors that influence blood donation behaviour in SSA is vital to developing effective strategies to address blood donor motivation and retention. This review of 35 studies from 16 SSA countries collates available evidence concerning the perceptions, motivators and deterrents that influence blood donors in SSA. The review revealed a common understanding that blood and blood donation save lives. The main deterrent to blood donation was fear due to lack of knowledge and discouraging spiritual, religious and cultural perceptions of blood donation. The main motivators for blood donation were altruism, donating blood for family and incentives. The findings support the need for targeted, culturally sensitive education, recruitment and retention strategies to improve the blood supply in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Asamoah-Akuoko
- Research and Development Department, National Blood Service Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver W Hassall
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Imelda Bates
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sundermann LM, de Kort WL, Boenigk S. The ‘Donor of the Future Project’ - first results and further research domains. Vox Sang 2017; 112:191-200. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Sundermann
- University of Hamburg/German Red Cross Blood Service North-East Research Cooperation; Hamburg Germany
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40
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION For many years, family blood donors have been considered less safe than volunteer non-remunerated blood donors and actively discouraged by international organisations and affluent countries support agencies for developing countries. In addition to safety, pressure and coercion was considered unethical. However these assumptions were not supported by evidence. AIMS OF THE STUDY To assemble recently collected evidence to reopen the assessment whether or not the ban of family blood donors is justified. METHODS Review of old and recent literature through Pubmed and references from identified articles. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Viral marker data comparing confirmed seroprevalence in 1(st) time volunteer non-remunerated donors (VNRD) and family/replacement donors (FRD) corrected for gender and age, show no significant difference between the two groups. Evidence has been provided that for both VNRD and FAD benevolence is more appropriate than altruism. The two groups merge for psychological attitude to donation for which knowing someone needing transfusion is a powerful incentive to give blood. Excluding a life or death situation found in areas where severe blood shortage justifies replacement donation, pressures are exerted on both VNRD and FRD. There is no evidence of coercion of FRD. FRDs therefore meet all criteria for VNRD and are willing to become VNRD and to repeat donation. Ostracising FRD is illegitimate and damaging to the blood supply in resource poor areas. In some countries no difference is made between the two groups of donors representing similar populations asked to give blood in different circumstances. CONCLUSIONS FRDs remain a critical source of volunteer, non-remunerated, blood meeting all classical criteria of VNRD that should be considered legitimate and indispensable at this point in time instead of discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cees Th Smit Sibinga
- IQM Consulting for International Development of Quality Management in Transfusion Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
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41
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Masser B, France CR, Foot J, Rozsa A, Hayman J, Waller D, Hunder E. Improving first-time donor attendance rates through the use of enhanced donor preparation materials. Transfusion 2016; 56:1628-35. [PMID: 26830372 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many nondonors are positive about blood donation and this motivates booking an appointment to donate. However, as their appointment approaches barriers to donating-such as anxiety-may become salient and deter attendance. Building on research of France and colleagues demonstrating the positive effect of enhanced preparation materials on donor recruitment, this study sought to determine whether these materials could effectively boost first donation appointment attendance. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A field study comprising a 3 (brochure: none, e-mail, hard copy) × 2 (national call center [NCC] contact: none, call) between-subjects design was conducted with 3646 nondonors who had scheduled their first appointment. Participants in the brochure conditions received either a hard copy or an e-mailed link to electronic materials modeled on the donor preparation research of France and colleagues. Participants in the NCC call condition also received a call scripted in line with these preparation materials. The key outcome was new donor attendance rate. RESULTS Although first-appointment attendance rates were high in the control (no additional contact) condition at 85.07% of those not canceling in advance, dual exposure to the preparation materials through a NCC call and an electronic brochure boosted attendance. The relative risk of attending in the NCC call and electronic brochure condition was 1.0836 (95% confidence interval, 1.0352-1.1343; p = 0.0006), with attendance 8.36% higher than in the control. This gain in attendance came at a relative increase in recruitment costs of 2%. CONCLUSION The use of tailored communication to address new donors' concerns and prepare them for donating bolsters attendance rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Masser
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Research & Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Jayne Foot
- National Marketing, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Rozsa
- National Marketing, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Hayman
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Waller
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Everard Hunder
- National Marketing, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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42
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Assessment of blood donation intention among medical students in Pakistan – An application of theory of planned behavior. Transfus Apher Sci 2015; 53:353-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Balegh S, Marcus N, Dubuc S, Godin G, France CR, Ditto B. Increasing nondonors’ intention to give blood: addressing common barriers. Transfusion 2015; 56:433-9. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gaston Godin
- Faculty of Nursing; Université Laval; Quebec City Quebec Canada
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44
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van Dongen A. Easy come, easy go. Retention of blood donors. Transfus Med 2015; 25:227-33. [DOI: 10.1111/tme.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. van Dongen
- Department of Donor Studies Sanquin Research; Amsterdam the Netherlands
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45
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Ferguson E. Mechanism of altruism approach to blood donor recruitment and retention: a review and future directions. Transfus Med 2015; 25:211-26. [DOI: 10.1111/tme.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Ferguson
- Personality, Social Psychology and Health (PSPH) Group, School of Psychology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
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46
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Motivating first-time, group O blood donors to return: Rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial of a post-donation telephone interview. Contemp Clin Trials 2015; 44:64-69. [PMID: 26247570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
First-time blood donors are essential to the US donor pool, providing nearly a third of all donations. Unfortunately, there are a wide variety of obstacles to repeat donation and new donors are extremely difficult to retain. Because each donor experiences a unique set of deterrents, we developed a post-donation interview based on motivational interview principles in order to flexibly address individual barriers. The primary aim of this randomized clinical trial is to examine retention of first-time, group O blood donors who are randomly assigned to receive either a telephone-delivered interview with motivational and action planning components or a standard-of-care control call approximately six weeks after their donation. Measures of donation attitude, perceived behavioral control, intention, and motivational autonomy will be measured before and after the telephone contact using online surveys, and donation attempts will be tracked for one year using blood center donor databases. We hypothesize that, compared to controls, donors who receive the telephone interview will be more likely to make a donation attempt over the following year. In addition, we will examine possible mechanisms of action of the interview using key predictors of donation behavior as described by Self Determination Theory (i.e., motivational autonomy) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (i.e., attitude, perceived behavioral control, and intention). Results of this intervention may help to support a novel strategy to enhance retention of selected blood donors in an effort to better meet the nation's blood supply needs.
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47
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Spears CR, Sandberg JC, O'Neill JL, Grzywacz JG, Howard TD, Feldman SR, Arcury TA. Recruiting underserved mothers to medical research: findings from North Carolina. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2014; 24:1801-15. [PMID: 24185171 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2013.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Representative samples are required for ethical, valid, and useful health research. Yet, recruiting participants, especially from historically underserved communities, can be challenging. This paper presents findings from in-depth interviews with 40 mothers about factors that might influence their willingness to participate or allow their children to participate in medical research. Saliency analysis organizes the findings. Frequent and important salient themes about research participation included concerns that it might cause participants harm, hope that participants might gain a health benefit, and recognition that time and transportation resources could limit participation. Ultimately, we propose that a theoretical model, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), will facilitate more systematic evaluation of effective methods for recruitment and retention of participants in medical research. Future research should explore the utility of such a model for development of effective recruitment and retention strategies.
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48
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Wevers A, Wigboldus DHJ, van den Hurk K, van Baaren R, Veldhuizen IJT. Increasing first‐time blood donation of newly registered donors using implementation intentions and explicit commitment techniques. Vox Sang 2014; 108:18-26. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Wevers
- Department Donor Studies Sanquin Research Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - D. H. J. Wigboldus
- Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - K. van den Hurk
- Department Donor Studies Sanquin Research Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - R. van Baaren
- Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen the Netherlands
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49
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Masser B, Bagot K. Understanding the current and future contribution of psychology to blood donor recruitment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Masser
- School of Psychology; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - K. Bagot
- School of Psychology; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Qld Australia
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50
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Bart T, Volken T, Fischer Y, Taleghani BM. Giving blood and enrolling on the stem cell donor registry: ranking of obstacles and motives in Switzerland. Transfus Med Hemother 2014; 41:264-72. [PMID: 25254022 PMCID: PMC4164091 DOI: 10.1159/000365457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To obtain a better understanding of factors affecting blood and blood stem cell donation behavior in Switzerland, a series of studies has been performed. In the recent study of this series, which is described here, motivators and barriers in the field of blood and blood stem cell donation were identified. METHODS Web-based survey data from a non-random sample of the Swiss population 2012/2013 (n = 3,153) were used to describe and compare the ranking of motives and obstacles to donate blood and to enroll on the Swiss blood stem cell registry. Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Spearman's rank correlations were used to assess differences and associations between ranks and groups. RESULTS The prospect of saving lives and solidarity were the top two motives to donate blood or to enroll on the blood stem cell registry. The top two obstacles to enroll on the blood stem cell registry were lack of general information on blood stem cell donation and on its risks, whereas the top two obstacles to donate blood were the lack of information where and when to donate and deferral of or exclusion from blood donation. CONCLUSION Classical altruistic motives are top drivers for giving blood as well as registering for blood stem cell donation. Recruitment campaigns should focus on these motivators. Similarities in motivational factors as well as in obstacles regarding blood and blood stem cell donation can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Volken
- School of Health Professions, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | | | - Behrouz Mansouri Taleghani
- Transfusionsmedizin, Department of Haematology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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