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Tawfik YMK, Billingsley H, Bhatt AS, Aboelsaad I, Al-Khezi OS, Lutsey PL, Buckley LF. Absolute and Functional Iron Deficiency in the US, 2017-2020. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2433126. [PMID: 39316402 PMCID: PMC11423176 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.33126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance The prevalence of absolute and functional iron deficiency among adults in the US is unknown. Objective To estimate the prevalence of absolute and iron deficiency and iron supplement use in the US across age, sex, and comorbidity categories. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017 to 2020 prepandemic cycle. Participants included noninstitutionalized, civilian women and men aged 18 years or older who had available serum ferritin, iron, and unsaturated iron binding capacity measurements. Data analysis was performed from March 21, 2023, to July 5, 2024. Exposure Absolute iron deficiency and functional iron deficiency. Main Outcomes and Measures Absolute iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin less than 30 ng/mL regardless of transferrin saturation. Functional iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin greater than or equal to 30 ng/mL with transferrin saturation less than 20%. The prevalence of absolute and functional iron deficiency was estimated among all adults in the US and separately among women and men according to age category (>18 years to <50 years, 50-65 years, and ≥65 years) using recommended sample weights and sampling design factors to provide estimates representative of the national, noninstitutionalized civilian population. The 95% CIs were calculated using the Korn-Graubard method. Results A total of 8021 US adults (mean age, 48 years; 95% CI, 47-49 years; 52% [95% CI, 50%-53%] female) were included in this analysis. An estimated 14% (95% CI, 13%-15%) of adults in the US met the criteria for absolute iron deficiency, and an estimated 15% (95% CI, 14%-17%) met the criteria for functional iron deficiency. Among US adults without anemia, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, or current pregnancy, the estimated prevalence of absolute iron deficiency was 11% (95% CI, 10%-11%), and that of functional iron deficiency was 15% (95% CI, 14%-17%). The prevalence of functional iron deficiency exceeded that of absolute iron deficiency in all US adults except women younger than 50 years. Iron supplement use ranged from 22% (95% CI, 12%-37%) to 35% (95% CI, 29%-42%) of women with iron deficiency and 12% (95% CI, 5%-21%) to 18% (95% CI, 8%-32%) of men with iron deficiency depending on age. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that absolute and functional iron deficiency affect a large proportion of American adults even in the absence of anemia, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease. Further research on the role of functional iron deficiency in adverse health outcomes and on iron deficiency screening strategies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya M K Tawfik
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayley Billingsley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Ankeet S Bhatt
- Division of Clinical Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California
| | - Iman Aboelsaad
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Clinical Research, El-Maamourah Chest Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Omar S Al-Khezi
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pamela L Lutsey
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Leo F Buckley
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Odajima T, Tsuno NH, Ishimaru F, Okubo R, Murakami J, Kitsukawa K, Ikuta K, Matsuzaki K, Muroi K, Satake M, Kino S. Iron deficiency among Japanese whole-blood donors measured by serum ferritin. Vox Sang 2024; 119:912-920. [PMID: 38872445 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A more restrictive blood donation criterion has been applied in Japan, with a maximum volume of whole blood (WB) donation of 400 mL, allowing twice a year for female donors and thrice a year for male donors. However, iron deficiency was as high as 20.5% among female donors prior to donation, increasing to 37.7% after blood donation. More than 20 years have passed since then, so we set out to investigate the present situation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2659 (male/female: 1496/1163) donors of 400 mL WB who gave informed consent to join the study were enrolled. Serum ferritin (sFer) of first-time/reactivated (FT/RA) donors were compared with those of repeat donors, according to gender and age; those who returned for subsequent donations during the study period were also followed up. RESULTS About one-third of FT/RA female donors had iron deficiency, possibly reflecting its high incidence among the general population. Interestingly, although sFer levels were low among pre-menopausal FT/RA female donors, these values were not much different in repeat donors, whereas significant differences were observed between FT/RA and repeat donors among post-menopausal females and in most age groups among males. As expected, donors with a normal initial sFer (≥26 ng/mL) recovered faster than those with a low initial sFer. CONCLUSION Female donors, especially, have iron deficiency even before donation, and the rate increased compared to what was found previously. Measures to prevent iron deficiency of blood donors is required, and studies are going on in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelson H Tsuno
- Japanese Red Cross Central Blood Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Japanese Red Cross Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Rie Okubo
- Kanagawa Red Cross Blood Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Kaori Kitsukawa
- Japanese Red Cross Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Koji Matsuzaki
- Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kazuo Muroi
- Japanese Red Cross Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shuichi Kino
- Japanese Red Cross Blood Service Headquarters, Tokyo, Japan
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Fiddler JL, McBurney MI, Haas JD. Using Capillary Whole Blood to Quantitatively Measure Ferritin: A Validation Trial of a Point-of-Care System. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061305. [PMID: 36986035 PMCID: PMC10052100 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is a public health problem with devastating health, developmental and behavioral effects which often exacerbated due to affordability and access to screening and diagnosis. Using IronScan™ a portable, point-of-care diagnostic system capable of quantitatively measuring ferritin in blood, we validated IronScan™ ferritin measurements using whole blood and serum with a lab-based, regulator-approved analytical device for measuring ferritin in venous serum. Capillary (finger stick) and venous whole blood samples were obtained from 44 male and female volunteers. Venous serum (vSer) ferritin concentrations were measured on Immulite 2000 Xpi (gold standard). Capillary whole blood (cWB), venous whole blood (vWB), and vSer ferritin levels were measured by IronScan™. cWB ferritin concentrations from IronScan™ were significantly correlated (R2 = 0.86) with vSer measured with the FDA-approved Immulite system. The results from the multiple regression analysis indicate that 10% of the variability was due to the method of blood collection (venous vs. capillary) and 6% was due to the form of blood analysis (whole blood vs. serum). The sensitivity of diagnosing iron deficiency using the WHO cutoff of <30 ng/mL is 90%, with a specificity of 96%. In conclusion, IronScan™ is a rapid viable option for measuring ferritin as a point-of-care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L. Fiddler
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-864-656-3397
| | - Michael I. McBurney
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Friedman School of Nutrition Policy and Science, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jere D. Haas
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Chin LT, Woon JY, Kuo SW, Lu SC. Decreased levels of ferritin, mild thrombocytosis, and increased erythropoietin are sequential events among frequent plateletpheresis donors: Implication for a ferritin screen. Transfus Apher Sci 2022; 61:103501. [PMID: 35835689 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2022.103501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is generally recognized that repeat apheresis increases the risk for iron deficiency, thus may impact on the blood homeostasis. With regard to donor vigilance, we clarified the mid- to long-term effects of plateletapheresis by comparing the most frequent donors with the first-time ones in hematological and biochemical tests. METHODS Levels of erythropoietin (EPO), hemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin were analyzed in double-unit (500 mL whole blood or 6 × 1011 apheresis platelets) donations in three male cohorts, with identifiers of first-time whole-blood donors (n = 30), first-time platelet donors transited from maximal whole blood to apheresis (n = 30) and frequent donors subjected to extreme plateletpheresis (n = 90), respectively. According to the number of donations, the last earnest cohort, who donate almost 24 times a year, was further subdivided into three groups- casual (76-120 life-time donations in 5 years), mediocre (121-168 within 7 years) and enthusiastic (≥169 within 7 years and a month). RESULTS Regardless of the donation experience in whole blood or plateletpheresis, iron deficiency (serum ferritin concentrations <15 μg/L) was identified in all earnest cohorts. The ferritin means were significantly lower in plateletpheresis groups, with the lowest values in the enthusiastic group. EPO levels showed a significant inverse correlation with ferritin (p = 0.015, r = -0.224). Long-term earnest donors had the lowest iron stores accompanied by a later thrombocytosis and a final increase in EPO was revealed. CONCLUSION Regular ferritin screens are crucial to ensure a high level of donor health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Te Chin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jun Yu Woon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sau-Wei Kuo
- Tainan Blood Center, Taiwan Blood Services Foundation, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Chien Lu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Tainan Branch, Chinese Blood Donation Association, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
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Anju J, Abhishekh B, Debdatta B, Bobby Z, Sharan M. Assessment of iron status in regular blood donors in a tertiary care hospital in Southern India. Asian J Transfus Sci 2022; 16:186-193. [PMID: 36687540 PMCID: PMC9855216 DOI: 10.4103/ajts.ajts_119_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular blood donation depletes iron stores. The assertion is that the vulnerable donor population requires a predictive standard operative procedure for early detection of iron store depletion, preventing them from developing iron-deficiency anemia. AIM This study aims to study the potential effects of blood donation in the regular donor group using hematological and biochemical estimation of iron status parameters. STUDY SETTINGS AND DESIGN This was a prospective cross-sectional study on regular blood donors, defined as those who have donated at least 3 times, the last donation being within the last 12 months and continues to donate at least once a year, at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Southern India. MATERIALS AND METHODS The complete blood count (CBC) was performed on the Sysmex coulter, and the red cell indices were calculated. The ferritin and the soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) assays were performed using Enzyme Immunoassays. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED The comparison of CBC, serum ferritin, and sTfR assay with donation frequency and time since the last donation was carried out using an independent student's t-test for two groups. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows version 20. RESULTS A total of 323 regular blood donors (6 were females) were included in the study of which they were categorized into three, 211 donors with less than or equal to 10 donations, 84 those who had donated between 11 and 20 times and 28 who had donated more than 20 times. The red cell indices were reduced and different in the groups but not statistically significant except for mean corpuscular volume. About 15% of the study population had a transferrin level of <15 ng/ml. The Ferritin levels showed a statistically significant negative correlation with the number of donations, the correlation coefficient being -0.27. Logarithmic ratios of sTfR/ferritin also correlated with a coefficient of 0.156 with the number of donations and were statistically significant. CONCLUSION Our study found that regular blood donors had low iron stores, as shown by ferritin levels and other iron indicators. Using the current guidelines (hemoglobin >12.5 g/dL) for donation, or the red cell indices alone do not reflect the donor's actual iron status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Anju
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Basavarajegowda Abhishekh
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Basu Debdatta
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Zachariah Bobby
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Murali Sharan
- Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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Moazzen S, Sweegers MG, Janssen M, Hogema BM, Hoekstra T, Van den Hurk K. Ferritin Trajectories over Repeated Whole Blood Donations: Results from the FIND+ Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:3581. [PMID: 35806867 PMCID: PMC9267857 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depending on post-donation erythropoiesis, available iron stores, and iron absorption rates, optimal donation intervals may differ between donors. This project aims to define subpopulations of donors with different ferritin trajectories over repeated donations. METHODS Ferritin levels of 300 new whole blood donors were measured from stored (lookback) samples from each donation over two years in an observational cohort study. Latent classes of ferritin level trajectories were investigated separately using growth mixture models for male and female donors. General linear mixed models assessed associations of ferritin levels with subsequent iron deficiency and/or low hemoglobin. RESULTS Two groups of donors were identified using group-based trajectory modeling in both genders. Ferritin levels showed rather linear reductions among 42.9% of male donors and 87.7% of female donors. For the remaining groups of donors, steeper declines in ferritin levels were observed. Ferritin levels at baseline and the end of follow-up varied greatly between groups. CONCLUSIONS Repeated ferritin measurements show depleting iron stores in all-new whole blood donors, the level at which mainly depends on baseline ferritin levels. Tailored, less intensive donation strategies might help to prevent low iron in donors, and could be supported with ferritin monitoring and/or iron supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moazzen
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
- Donor Studies, Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Maike G. Sweegers
- Donor Studies, Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mart Janssen
- Transfusion Technology Assessment, Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Boris M. Hogema
- Blood-Borne Infections, Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Trynke Hoekstra
- Department of Health Sciences or Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1007MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Katja Van den Hurk
- Donor Studies, Department of Donor Medicine Research, Sanquin Research, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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OUP accepted manuscript. Lab Med 2022; 53:530-532. [DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Russell WA, Scheinker D, Custer B. Individualized risk trajectories for iron-related adverse outcomes in repeat blood donors. Transfusion 2021; 62:116-124. [PMID: 34783364 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a fingerstick hemoglobin requirement and 56-day minimum donation interval, repeat blood donation continues to cause and exacerbate iron deficiency. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Using data from the REDS-II Donor Iron Status Evaluation study, we developed multiclass prediction models to estimate the competing risk of hemoglobin deferral and collecting blood from a donor with sufficient hemoglobin but low or absent underlying iron stores. We compared models developed with and without two biomarkers not routinely measured in most blood centers: ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor. We generated and analyzed "individual risk trajectories": estimates of how each donors' risk developed as a function of the time interval until their next donation attempt. RESULTS With standard biomarkers, the top model had a multiclass area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of 77.6% (95% CI [77.3%-77.8%]). With extra biomarkers, multiclass AUC increased to 82.8% (95% CI [82.5%-83.1%]). In the extra biomarkers model, ferritin was the single most important variable, followed by the donation interval. We identified three risk archetypes: "fast recoverers" (<10% risk of any adverse outcome on post-donation day 56), "slow recoverers" (>60% adverse outcome risk on day 56 that declines to <35% by day 250), and "chronic high-risk" (>85% risk of the adverse outcome on day 250). DISCUSSION A longer donation interval reduced the estimated risk of iron-related adverse outcomesfor most donors, but risk remained high for some. Tailoring safeguards to individual risk estimates could reduce blood collections from donors with low or absent iron stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Alton Russell
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Epidemiology and Health Policy Science, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Scheinker
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Systems Design and Collaborative Research, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Pediatric Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Brian Custer
- Epidemiology and Health Policy Science, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Palokangas E, Lobier M, Partanen J, Castrén J, Arvas M. Low ferritin levels appear to be associated with worsened health in male repeat blood donors. Vox Sang 2021; 116:1042-1050. [PMID: 33853204 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Frequent blood donation depletes iron stores of blood donors. Iron depletion may lead to anaemia, but the health effects of iron depletion without anaemia in healthy blood donors are not well understood. We studied in the FinDonor cohort whether worsening of self-rated health of blood donors during the study period was associated with biomarkers for iron levels or other self-reported changes in lifestyle. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 1416 participants from the cohort who answered an 89-item questionnaire on their health and lifestyle during their enrolment visit and again at the end of the study. We performed multivariate logistic regression to test if blood donation-related factors affected the probability of reporting worsened health. To set these findings into a more holistic context of health, we subsequently analysed all other questionnaire items with a data-driven exploratory analysis. RESULTS We found that donation frequency in men and post-menopausal women and ferritin level only in men was associated negatively with worsened health between questionnaires. In the exploratory analysis, stable physical condition was the only questionnaire item that was associated negatively with worsened health in both women and men. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that low ferritin level is associated with worsened health even in non-anaemic repeat donors, although we find that when health is analysed more holistically, ferritin and other factors primarily related to blood donation lose their importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muriel Lobier
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service (FRCBS), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Partanen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service (FRCBS), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mikko Arvas
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service (FRCBS), Helsinki, Finland
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Fillet AM, Martinaud C, Malard L, Le Cam S, Hejl C, Chenus F, Woimant G, Chueca M, Jacquot E, Besiers C, Morel P, Djoudi R, Garrabé E, Gross S. Iron deficiency among French whole-blood donors: first assessment and identification of predictive factors. Vox Sang 2020; 116:42-52. [PMID: 32965040 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study are to estimate the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) among French whole-blood (WB) donors to identify factors associated with ID and to generate decision trees. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective National multicentre study was performed on WB donors from March 11, to April 5th, 2019. Samples were selected randomly to perform serum ferritin. ID was defined as ferritin value under 26 ng/ml. All results were stratified by sex. Factors associated with ID were analysed using multivariate logistic regression model. CART algorithm was used for decision trees. RESULTS Eleven thousand two hundred fifty eight WB donors were included. ID was more frequent in women (39·5%) than in men (18·0%). Among 7200 repeated donors, women below 50 yo had a higher risk (OR = 2·37; [1·97-2·85] IC95) than those above 50 yo. Factors associated with ID were: haemoglobin level under the threshold at donation n-1 except for women and n-2 donation; a low mean corpuscular haemoglobin at n-1 and n-2 donations; a shorter interval since n-1 donation and between n-1 and n-2 donations except for women; and women who had given three or four times in the last year. CART algorithm defined high risk of ID subgroups within three populations of donors, new female donors, repeated male donors and repeated female donors. In these identified subgroups, prevalence of ID was up to 72·1%. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed the high prevalence of ID among French WB donors, identified well-known and new factors associated with ID and defined algorithms predicting ID in three populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucile Malard
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint-Denis, France
| | - Sophie Le Cam
- Etablissent Français du sang, Blood Biological Qualification, Angers, France
| | - Carine Hejl
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Military Medical Center Percy, Clamart, France
| | - Florence Chenus
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint-Denis, France
| | | | - Marine Chueca
- Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées, Clamart, France
| | - Eric Jacquot
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint-Denis, France
| | | | - Pascal Morel
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint-Denis, France
| | - Rachid Djoudi
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint-Denis, France
| | - Eliane Garrabé
- Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées, Clamart, France
| | - Sylvie Gross
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint-Denis, France
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Iron supplementation limits the deleterious effects of repeated blood donation on endurance sport performance but not on iron status. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2020; 18:334-347. [PMID: 32931412 DOI: 10.2450/2020.0087-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Every day, blood banks worldwide face the challenge of ensuring an adequate blood supply. Iron deficiency is by far the most common cause of deferral of blood donors. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of iron supplementation after repeated blood donation on iron status and physiological performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-four moderately trained and iron-replete subjects were randomly divided into a whole blood donation (n=36) and a placebo donation (n=8) group. One third of the donation group received no iron supplementation, whereas one third received 20 mg iron and one third received 80 mg iron daily for 28 days. The subjects were intended to make three donations 3 months apart, and recovery of endurance capacity, assessed by an incremental maximal cycling test, and haematological parameters was monitored up to 28 days after each donation. RESULTS Negative effects of repeated blood donation were found for markers of iron storage, markers of functional iron and/or iron metabolism regulation, and physiological markers. Iron supplementation did not affect iron storage but did limit, at the highest dose of 80 mg, the effect of blood donations on functional iron and/or iron metabolism regulation, and at both 20 and 80 mg the negative effects on maximal power output and peak oxygen consumption. DISCUSSION Iron supplementation limited the deleterious effects of repeated blood donation on endurance sport performance but not on decline in iron status in iron-replete young men. These results underline the importance of iron supplementation to minimise the deleterious effects of blood donation on physiological functions, and the necessity to optimise the supplementation strategy to preserve iron status.
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Lyons J, van der Linden EL, Meeks K, Beune E, Smeeth L, Bahendeka S, Spranger J, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Mockenhaupt FP, Danquah I, Agyemang C. Inverse Association between Iron Deficiency and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in Ghanaian Adults-the RODAM Study. J Nutr 2020; 150:1899-1908. [PMID: 32433726 PMCID: PMC7330469 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is often used to diagnose type 2 diabetes (T2D), but studies show that iron deficiency (ID) is associated with elevated HbA1c in the absence of hyperglycemia. It is unknown whether ID prevalence varies between sub-Saharan African populations living in different locations and whether ID influences HbA1c levels in these populations. OBJECTIVES We assessed the prevalence of ID among Ghanaian migrants in Europe and nonmigrant Ghanaians, and the influence of ID on HbA1c categories among Ghanaians without T2D. METHODS We used the database from the cross-sectional RODAM (Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants) study. This contained data on 3377 Ghanaian men and women aged 25-70 y living in urban and rural Ghana and Ghanaian migrants living in Amsterdam, London, and Berlin. ID was defined as ferritin < 15 ng/mL or, if C-reactive protein was ≥5 mg/mL, as ferritin < 30 ng/mL according to the WHO. We used binary logistic regression to assess differences in ID between sites and its association with clinically defined HbA1c categories (<5.5%, ≥5.5% to <6.5%, ≥6.5%). Men and women were analyzed separately. RESULTS The prevalence of ID was higher in migrant [28.4%; adjusted OR (aOR): 3.08; 95% CI: 2.04, 4.65)] and urban (23.2%; aOR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.56, 3.59) women than in rural women (11.9%). Among women, ID was associated with higher odds of HbA1c ≥ 5.5% to <6.5% in the absence of hyperglycemia (aOR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.87). This association was not found in men. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to identify factors underlying the high prevalence of ID among urban and migrant Ghanaian women, and the association of ID with HbA1c ≥ 5.5% to <6.5% in women. In addition, our study reinforces the need to consider iron concentrations if interpreting HbA1c among African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lyons
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eva L van der Linden
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karlijn Meeks
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erik Beune
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Liam Smeeth
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frank P Mockenhaupt
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Danquah
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Hospital Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Macher S, Herster C, Holter M, Moritz M, Matzhold EM, Stojakovic T, Pieber TR, Schlenke P, Drexler C, Amrein K. The Effect of Parenteral or Oral Iron Supplementation on Fatigue, Sleep, Quality of Life and Restless Legs Syndrome in Iron-Deficient Blood Donors: A Secondary Analysis of the IronWoMan RCT. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051313. [PMID: 32380660 PMCID: PMC7284357 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Besides anemia, iron deficiency may cause more subtle symptoms, including the restless legs syndrome (RLS), the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or sleeping disorders. Objective: The aim of this pre-planned secondary analysis of the IronWoMan randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to compare the frequency and severity of symptoms associated with iron deficiency before and after (intravenous or oral) iron supplementation in iron deficient blood donors. Methods/Design: Prospective, randomized, controlled, single-centre trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01787526). Setting: Tertiary care center in Graz, Austria. Participants: 176 (138 female and 38 male) whole-blood and platelet apheresis donors aged ≥ 18 and ≤ 65 years with iron deficiency (ferritin ≤ 30ng/mL at the time of blood donation). Interventions: Intravenous iron (1 g ferric carboxymaltose, n = 86) or oral iron supplementation (10 g iron fumarate, 100 capsules, n = 90). Measurements: Clinical symptoms were evaluated by a survey before iron therapy (visit 0, V0) and after 8–12 weeks (visit 1, V1), including questions about symptoms of restless legs syndrome (RLS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), sleeping disorders, quality of life and symptoms like headaches, dyspnoea, dizziness, palpitations, pica and trophic changes in fingernails or hair. Results: We found a significant improvement in the severity of symptoms for RLS, fatigue and sleep quality (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant decrease in headaches, dyspnoea, dizziness and palpitations was reported (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the type of iron supplementation (intravenous versus oral) and clinical outcome data. Conclusion: Iron supplementation in iron-deficient blood donors may be an effective strategy to improve symptoms related to iron deficiency and the wellbeing of blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Macher
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (S.M.); (C.H.); (M.M.); (E.M.M.); (P.S.); (C.D.)
- Laboratory of the ÖGK, Friedrichgasse 18, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Cornelia Herster
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (S.M.); (C.H.); (M.M.); (E.M.M.); (P.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Magdalena Holter
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Martina Moritz
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (S.M.); (C.H.); (M.M.); (E.M.M.); (P.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Eva Maria Matzhold
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (S.M.); (C.H.); (M.M.); (E.M.M.); (P.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Thomas R. Pieber
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Peter Schlenke
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (S.M.); (C.H.); (M.M.); (E.M.M.); (P.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Camilla Drexler
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (S.M.); (C.H.); (M.M.); (E.M.M.); (P.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Karin Amrein
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
- Correspondence:
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Spencer BR, Haynes JM, Notari EP, Stramer SL. Prevalence, risk factors, and ferritin testing to mitigate iron depletion in male plateletpheresis donors. Transfusion 2020; 60:759-768. [PMID: 32073674 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most single-donor platelet (SDP) donors transition to plateletpheresis after prior red blood cell (RBC) donation. Recruitment may follow identification of a high platelet count, a marker associated with iron depletion (ID). SDP donors may have underrecognized risk for iron depletion. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS To assess the prevalence of ID, we performed ferritin testing on male plateletpheresis donors with hemoglobin levels less than 13.5 g/dL. Multivariable logistic regression identified risk factors for low ferritin (LF; ferritin ≤26 ng/mL) and absent iron stores (AIS; ferritin <12 ng/mL). To assess the impact of notifying donors of LF results, we compared donation behavior of "Test" subjects before and after sending an LF notification letter to that of "Control" subjects before and after increasing the minimum hemoglobin for male donors. An electronic survey to Test donors inquired about iron supplementation practices. RESULTS Prevalence of LF was 50% and AIS was 23%, with increase in risk associated with more frequent SDP donation, both controlling for RBC donation and in donors with no recent RBC donations. Donation frequency after intervention declined less in 1272 Test donors (19%, from 13.9 to 11.2 annualized donations) than in 878 Control donors (49%, from 12.3 to 6.3 donations). Only 20% of Test donors reported taking supplemental iron when they received the LF letter; 64% of those not taking iron initiated iron supplementation following the letter. CONCLUSIONS Donors were responsive to notification of LF and attendant messaging on iron supplementation. Ferritin testing potentially benefits donor health and a stable platelet supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Spencer
- American Red Cross, Scientific Affairs, Dedham, Massachusetts
| | - James M Haynes
- American Red Cross, Scientific Affairs, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Susan L Stramer
- American Red Cross, Scientific Affairs, Gaithersburg, Maryland
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15
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Zalpuri S, Romeijn B, Allara E, Goldman M, Kamel H, Gorlin J, Vassallo R, Grégoire Y, Goto N, Flanagan P, Speedy J, Buser A, Kutner JM, Magnussen K, Castrén J, Culler L, Sussmann H, Prinsze FJ, Belanger K, Compernolle V, Tiberghien P, Cardenas JM, Gandhi MJ, West KA, Lee C, James S, Wells D, Sutor LJ, Wendel S, Coleman M, Seltsam A, Roden K, Steele WR, Bohonek M, Alcantara R, Di Angelantonio E, den Hurk K. Variations in hemoglobin measurement and eligibility criteria across blood donation services are associated with differing low‐hemoglobin deferral rates: a BEST Collaborative study. Transfusion 2020; 60:544-552. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Zalpuri
- Donor Studies, Department of Donor Medicine ResearchSanquin Research Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bas Romeijn
- Donor Studies, Department of Donor Medicine ResearchSanquin Research Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Elias Allara
- Department of Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Mindy Goldman
- Medical Services and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | | | - Jed Gorlin
- Physician Services, Innovative Blood Centers St. Paul Minnesota
| | | | - Yves Grégoire
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Héma‐Québec Quebec City Canada
| | - Naoko Goto
- Safety Vigilance Department, Technical DepartmentBlood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Joanna Speedy
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Andreas Buser
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Karin Magnussen
- Blood Centre and Laboratory Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Lillehammer Oppland Norway
| | | | - Liz Culler
- Blood Assurance, Inc Chattanooga Tennessee
| | | | - Femmeke J. Prinsze
- Donor Studies, Department of Donor Medicine ResearchSanquin Research Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kamille A. West
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center Bethesda Maryland
| | - Cheuk‐Kwong Lee
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Sian James
- Welsh Blood Service Wales United Kingdom
| | - Deanne Wells
- Community Blood Center of the Carolinas Charlotte North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Milos Bohonek
- Military University Hospital Prague Czech Republic PragueBohemia
| | - Ramir Alcantara
- Health Sciences Authority Blood Services Group Singapore Singapore
| | | | - Katja den Hurk
- Donor Studies, Department of Donor Medicine ResearchSanquin Research Amsterdam The Netherlands
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16
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Baart AM, van den Hurk K, de Kort WLAM, Huis In 't Veld EMJ. Impact of risk-dependent interventions on low haemoglobin deferral rates in whole blood donors. Vox Sang 2020; 115:171-181. [PMID: 31912518 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood donors with a relatively low haemoglobin (Hb) level at their previous donation attempt have an increased risk of Hb deferral at the subsequent donation attempt. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the interventions prolongation of donation interval and/or a dietary advice decrease the Hb deferral rate. METHODS 11 897 whole blood donors with Hb levels from below to 0·2 mmol/l above the cut-off level for donation received either no intervention, a prolongation of the donation interval to six or twelve months, a dietary advice, or both. Deferral rates for low Hb levels at the subsequent donation attempt were compared in the different intervention groups. Additionally, the effects of the interventions on Hb deferral risk and donor return for a subsequent donation attempt were analysed using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS The Hb deferral rate was substantially lower in the group that received a prolongation of the donation interval to six months than in the Control Group (12·9% vs. 6·3% in men and 20·4% vs. 13·4% in women). However, the additional benefit of twelve over 6-month interval prolongation was small, and no benefit of a dietary advice showed up. On the other hand, receiving a dietary advice increased the likelihood of donor return for a subsequent donation attempt. CONCLUSION Implementation of a protocol for the prolongation of donation intervals to six months for donors with Hb levels from below to slightly above the cut-off level for donation may reduce the deferral rate for low Hb levels while keeping donor lapse at a minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mireille Baart
- Donor Medicine Research Group, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katja van den Hurk
- Donor Medicine Research Group, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim L A M de Kort
- Donor Medicine Research Group, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M J Huis In 't Veld
- Donor Medicine Research Group, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Science & Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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17
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Sweegers MG, Kraaij MG, Hurk K. First do no harm: iron loss in whole blood donors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marian G.J. Kraaij
- Centre for Clinical Transfusion Research Sanquin Research Leiden the Netherlands
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Department of Donor Affairs Sanquin Blood Bank Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Katja Hurk
- Donor Studies Sanquin Research Amsterdam the Netherlands
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18
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Zalpuri S, Schotten N, Baart AM, Watering LM, Hurk K, Kraaij MG. Iron deficiency–related symptoms in whole blood donors: a systematic review. Transfusion 2019; 59:3275-3287. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Zalpuri
- Department Donor StudiesSanquin Research Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Schotten
- Department Donor StudiesSanquin Research Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Leo M. Watering
- Sanquin ResearchCentre for Clinical Transfusion Research Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Katja Hurk
- Department Donor StudiesSanquin Research Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marian G.J. Kraaij
- Sanquin Blood BankUnits Donor Affairs and Transfusion Medicine Amsterdam The Netherlands
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19
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Spencer BR. Iron Depletion in Adult and Teenage Blood Donors: Prevalence, Clinical Impact, and Options for Mitigation. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2019; 33:781-796. [PMID: 31466604 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron depletion is a known risk for adult blood donors, but recent studies indicate the prevalence of iron depletion is higher in teenage blood donors. Teenage donors account for more than 10% of the blood collected in the United States and are important for maintaining component availability. Evidence of harm from iron depletion has not been demonstrated, but the area would benefit from further scientific inquiry. Options to protect against iron depletion exist, but each has limitations including cost, logistics, and potential negative impact on blood supply. Blood centers should communicate with donors and make efforts to mitigate these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Spencer
- Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, 180 Rustcraft Road, Dedham, MA 02026, USA.
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20
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Lobier M, Castrén J, Niittymäki P, Palokangas E, Partanen J, Arvas M. The effect of donation activity dwarfs the effect of lifestyle, diet and targeted iron supplementation on blood donor iron stores. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220862. [PMID: 31408501 PMCID: PMC6692066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The iron status of blood donors is a subject of concern for blood establishments. The Finnish Red Cross Blood Service addresses iron loss in blood donors by proposing systematic iron supplementation for demographic at-risk donor groups. We measured blood count, ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and acquired lifestyle and health information from 2200 blood donors of the FinDonor 10000 cohort. We used modern data analysis methods to estimate iron status and factors affecting it with a special focus on the effects of the blood service's iron supplementation policy. Low ferritin (< 15 μg/L), an indicator of low iron stores, was present in 20.6% of pre-menopausal women, 10.6% of post-menopausal women and 6% of men. Anemia co-occurred with iron deficiency more frequently in pre-menopausal women (21 out of 25 cases) than in men (3/6) or post-menopausal women (1/2). In multivariable regression analyses, lifestyle, dietary, and blood donation factors explained up to 38% of the variance in ferritin levels but only ~10% of the variance in sTfR levels. Days since previous donation were positively associated with ferritin levels in all groups while the number of donations during the past 2 years was negatively associated with ferritin levels in pre-menopausal women and men. FRCBS-provided iron supplementation was negatively associated with ferritin levels in men only. Relative importance analyses showed that donation activity accounted for most of the explained variance in ferritin levels while iron supplementation explained less than 1%. Variation in ferritin levels was not significantly associated with variation in self-reported health. Donation activity was the most important factor affecting blood donor iron levels, far ahead of e.g. red-meat consumption or iron supplementation. Importantly, self-reported health of donors with lower iron stores was not lower than self-reported health of donors with higher iron stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Lobier
- Research and Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Castrén
- Research and Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Niittymäki
- Research and Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Palokangas
- Research and Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Partanen
- Research and Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Arvas
- Research and Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
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Lee SJ, Min HK, Jang JS, Lee S, Chung Y, Kim MJ. Donor protection: Iron supplementation for frequent blood donors in Korea. Transfus Apher Sci 2019; 59:102611. [PMID: 31324576 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oral iron supplementation in frequent donors in Korea, based solely on donation history. STUDY DESIGN The hemoglobin (Hb) level, ferritin level, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation of frequent donors at high risk for iron deficiency were compared to those of first donors. The frequent donors took iron supplements for 4 weeks and the same tests were repeated after 2 and 4 weeks to evaluate their effects. RESULT A total of 53 male and 57 female frequent donors were recruited. After 4-week iron supplementation, among the men, the prevalence of a: low Hb level (<13.0 g/dL) decreased from 25% to 2%; low ferritin level (<15.0 ng/mL) decreased from 58% to 4%; iron deficient erythropoiesis (IDE) (log(sTfR/ferritin) ≥ 2.07) decreased from 77% to 33%. Among the women, the percentage of a: low Hb level (<12.0 g/dL) decreased from 44% to 9%; low ferritin level decreased from 79% to 11%; IDE decreased from 95% to 47%. In total, 15 male (28.3%) and 29 female (56.9%) blood donors reported undesirable side effects related to iron supplementation. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION Ferritin level, a reliable indicator of iron status, increased and IDE decreased significantly after four-week iron supplementation in the female, but not in the male, donor group, compared to those of control donors. Four-week oral iron supplement was not enough to restore iron storage level in the male donor group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joon Lee
- College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Ki Min
- Quality Management Team, Korean Red Cross, 50 Hyeoksin-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26465, South Korea
| | - Jin Sung Jang
- Quality Management Team, Korean Red Cross, 50 Hyeoksin-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26465, South Korea
| | - Sangwoon Lee
- Manufacturing Management Department, Korean Red Cross Incheon Blood Center, 220 Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21935, South Korea
| | - Yousun Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, 150 Seongan-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 05355, South Korea
| | - Moon Jung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Myongji-Hospital, 55, Hwasu-ro 14beon-gil, Deogyang-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10475, South Korea.
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Bitan ZC, Zhou A, McMahon DJ, Kessler D, Shaz BH, Caccappolo E, Schwartz J, Francis RO, Brittenham GM, Spitalnik SL, Hod EA. Donor Iron Deficiency Study (DIDS): protocol of a study to test whether iron deficiency in blood donors affects red blood cell recovery after transfusion. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2019; 17:274-280. [PMID: 31385800 PMCID: PMC6683873 DOI: 10.2450/2019.0066-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite fulfilling all requirements for blood donation, a large proportion of regular blood donors are iron deficient. Red blood cells (RBC) from iron-deficient donors may be particularly susceptible to damage induced by standard refrigerated storage. Herein, we present a study protocol for testing whether correcting iron deficiency in donors with iron-deficient erythropoiesis will improve the quality of their refrigerator-stored RBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a randomised, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Sixty healthy regular donors who meet donation standards, while exhibiting iron-deficient erythropoiesis by laboratory testing criteria, will donate a single standard RBC unit that will be leucoreduced and stored in a refrigerator under standard conditions for 40-42 days. A 51Cr-radiolabelled 24-hour RBC recovery study will be performed and then these donors will be randomised to receive, in a double-blinded fashion, either intravenous saline, as a control, or low-molecular weight iron dextran (1 g), to provide total iron repletion. Four to six months later, they will donate a second RBC unit, which will be similarly stored, and autologous 51Cr-labelled 24-hour post-transfusion RBC recovery will again be determined. RESULTS The primary endpoint will be the change in 24-hour post-transfusion recovery from the first to the second donation. The primary outcome will be the group mean difference in the primary endpoints between the group receiving intravenous saline and the group receiving intravenous iron dextran. Secondary outcomes will be quality of life, fatigue, and emotional health, assessed by surveys. CONCLUSION This study will provide definitive evidence as to whether donor iron deficiency affects the quality of the blood supply and will assess the severity of symptoms affecting iron-deficient blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Bitan
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Alice Zhou
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Donald J. McMahon
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Debra Kessler
- New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Beth H. Shaz
- New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Elise Caccappolo
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Joseph Schwartz
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Richard O. Francis
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Gary M. Brittenham
- Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Spitalnik
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Eldad A. Hod
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
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Rigas AS, Pedersen OB, Magnussen K, Erikstrup C, Ullum H. Iron deficiency among blood donors: experience from the Danish Blood Donor Study and from the Copenhagen ferritin monitoring scheme. Transfus Med 2019; 29 Suppl 1:23-27. [PMID: 29024114 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood components collected from blood donors are an invaluable part of modern-day medicine. A healthy blood donor population is therefore of paramount importance. The results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS) indicate that gender, number of previous donations, time since last donation and menopausal status are the strongest predictors of iron deficiency. Only little information on the health effects of iron deficiency in blood donors exits. Possibly, after a standard full blood donation, a temporarily reduced physical performance for women is observed. However, iron deficiency among blood donors is not reflected in a reduced self-perceived mental and physical health. In general, the high proportion of iron-deficient donors can be alleviated either by extending the inter-donation intervals or by guided iron supplementation. The experience from Copenhagen, the Capital Region of Denmark, is that routine ferritin measurements and iron supplementation are feasible and effective ways of reducing the proportion of donors with low haemoglobin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Rigas
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - K Magnussen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - C Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - H Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Goldman M, Yi Q, Steed T, O'Brien SF. Changes in minimum hemoglobin and interdonation interval: impact on donor hemoglobin and donation frequency. Transfusion 2019; 59:1734-1741. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Goldman
- Donor & Clinical ServicesCanadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Qi‐Long Yi
- Donor & Clinical ServicesCanadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Tony Steed
- Donor RelationsCanadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Sheila F O'Brien
- Donor & Clinical ServicesCanadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada
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Abstract
Turmeric is increasingly studied as an anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic agent. It binds to ferric iron in the gut and causes iron deficiency in mice. We report here a possible case of iron deficiency anemia in a human taking turmeric. A 66-year-old physician treated himself for an osteoarthritis flare after steroids with six turmeric extract capsules (538 mg) daily, to help with inflammation. During this time, his hemoglobin never rose above 12 and his iron and ferritin levels were consistent with iron deficiency. Upper and lower endoscopy and Hemoccult™ studies were negative. Two weeks after stopping the turmeric and continuing his usual iron supplement, his hemoglobin had returned to normal, with normalizing iron studies. Turmeric was associated with significant iron deficiency anemia, consistent with the binding of available iron in the gut and the prevention of absorption. This resolved after the turmeric was stopped, consistent with animal studies. This may be the first case of documented iron deficiency anemia in people due to turmeric supplements. Given the widespread use of turmeric and curcumin supplements across many illnesses, further attention is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Smith
- Oncology, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Bimal H Ashar
- Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, USA
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26
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van den Berg K, Swanevelder R, Ingram C, Lawrie D, Glencross DK, Hilton C, Nieuwoudt M. The iron status of South African blood donors: balancing donor safety and blood demand. Transfusion 2018; 59:232-241. [PMID: 30383295 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies in developed countries have demonstrated high levels of iron deficiency (ID) among blood donors. There is a paucity of data for developing countries where blood shortages remain a major concern. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 4412 donors were enrolled in the study. Specimens were collected for full blood count, iron, transferrin saturation, and ferritin assessment. Donor demographics were recorded. ID was indicated by a ferritin level of less than 20 ng/mL for men and less than 12 ng/mL for women. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin levels less than 12.5 g/dL. Regression models for predictors of ID were developed. RESULTS A total of 17.5% of all donors had ID, with 16.3% prevalence in women and 18.6% in men. Low hemoglobin had the highest association with ID (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 11.078; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.915-15.505); male donors had twice the odds of ID compared to female donors (AOR, 2.501; 95% CI, 1.964-3.185), while increasing age was associated with lower odds (AOD, 0.965; 95% CI, 0.956-0.975). Among male donors, an interdonation interval of less than 3 months (AOR, 2.679; 95% CI, 1.929-3.720) was associated with ID. Compared to other females combined, colored female donors (AOR, 2.335; 95% CI, 1.310-4.160) had higher odds and black female donors (AOR, 0.559; 95% CI, 0.369-0.845) lower odds of ID. CONCLUSION ID is common among South African donors; low hemoglobin, gender, ethnicity, and past donation history is independently associated with ID. Recommendations aimed at protecting donor health may increase blood shortages in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin van den Berg
- Medical Department, South African National Blood Service, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Ronel Swanevelder
- Business Intelligence Department, South African National Blood Service, Roodepoort, South Africa
| | - Charlotte Ingram
- South African Bone Marrow Registry (SABMR), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Denise Lawrie
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, National Health Laboratory Services and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Deborah Kim Glencross
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, National Health Laboratory Services and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline Hilton
- Medical Department, Western Province Blood Transfusion Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Nieuwoudt
- South African Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBE), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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27
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Gammon RR, Kozel T, Morel P, Kendrick C. Evaluation of Iron Stores by Zinc Protoporphyrin Analysis in Blood Donors. Lab Med 2018; 49:311-315. [PMID: 29757413 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) testing has been studied previously as a substitute for ferritin (fer) testing of blood donors in determining iron stores. Objective To determine whether ZPP testing could be performed using specimens collected via the capillary (cap) finger-stick (FS) method, similar to predonation hemoglobin (HB) testing. Also, we evaluated the correlation among FS HB, venous (ven) ZZP, FS ZPP, and ven fer levels as predictors of iron depletion. Methods Blood donations from 328 study participants were evaluated using FS HB assay; we also performed ven ZPP, cap ZPP, and ven fer testing. We assessed the donors for subclinical iron deficiency (fer levels <26 ng/mL and ZPP levels >100 μmol/mol heme). Results Subclinical iron deficiency was present among first-time and repeat blood donors at all HB levels. Variation among test results (FS HB, ven fer, ven ZPP, and FS ZPP) was statistically significant (P <.001). Conclusion Insufficient correlation existed regarding FS HB and ven fer test results to support use of ZPP to determine iron stores in blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Gammon
- Scientific Medical and Technical Administration, Orlando, Florida
| | - Tania Kozel
- Immunohematology Laboratory, OneBlood, Inc., Orlando, Florida
- College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Morel
- College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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28
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Gunnarsdottir MG, Jonsson T, Halldorsdottir AM. Circulating plasma microRNAs as biomarkers for iron status in blood donors. Transfus Med 2018; 29 Suppl 1:52-58. [PMID: 30209836 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether microRNAs can serve as biomarkers for iron status in blood donors. BACKGROUND Serum ferritin is a widely used biochemical test for detecting iron deficiency, but it has its limitations. Certain microRNAs (miRNAs) reportedly have a role in regulating iron homeostasis. Circulating miRNAs have been reported as potential biomarkers for various conditions but have not yet been studied in iron deficiency. METHODS Participating blood donors were divided into two groups: high ferritin (HF) (>150 µg L-1 ) and low ferritin (LF) (<15 µg L-1 ). MiRNA analysis was performed by an miRNA profiling service (Exiqon) using commercial qPCR assays. The study had two phases: (i) a pilot study (20 participants) where 179 miRNAs were analysed and (ii) a confirmation study (50 participants) of 13 selected miRNAs. RESULTS Mean serum ferritin was 13·8 µg L-1 in the LF arm compared to 231 µg L-1 in the HF group (P < 0·001). Hepcidin plasma levels were higher in the HF arm (P < 0·001), whereas soluble transferrin receptor 1 was higher in the LF group (P < 0·001). In the pilot study, samples did not separate according to study group on unsupervised analysis. When directly comparing HF vs LF groups, 17 miRNAs were differentially expressed (P < 0·05, t-test) but did not pass correction for multiple testing. The confirmation study of 13 selected miRNAs verified these findings as no miRNA was significantly different between the study groups. CONCLUSION In this study, circulating plasma miRNAs did not emerge as promising biomarkers for iron status in healthy individuals. However, in the future, alternative detection methods such as next-generation sequencing might indicate miRNAs that correlate with iron stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Gunnarsdottir
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T Jonsson
- Blood Bank, Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - A M Halldorsdottir
- Blood Bank, Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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29
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Castrén J, Arvas M, Valkeajärvi A, Korkalainen P, Syrjälä M. The impact of analytical variation of hemoglobin measurement on blood donors' hemoglobin and deferral rates. Transfusion 2018; 58:2157-2165. [PMID: 30179256 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donors' hemoglobin (Hb) level must be tested before blood donation. Low Hb is the leading reason for donor deferral. Many donor-related and external factors associated with low Hb are known, but no studies have been conducted concerning the effects of analytical variation on donor Hb measurements and deferrals. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The effects of donors' age, the seasonal and daily distribution of donations, and batch-to-batch variation in HemoCue Hb 201+ cuvettes on donors' capillary Hb (cHb) measurements and deferrals were analyzed for more than 1.7 million donor visits in 2010 to 2016 at a national blood establishment. Furthermore, approximately 3.1 million cHb measurements from the years 2000 to 2009 were included in analyses to correlate measured cHb value and Hb deferral rate. RESULTS A significant correlation between the mean annual cHb and Hb deferral rate was observed in both women and men. The season of the donation was the strongest explanatory factor for the monthly variation of predonation cHb (explaining 25 and 31% of the variation in women and men, respectively). Batch-to-batch variation in HemoCue cuvettes explained 6.8% of monthly variation in women and 7.4% in men. Monthly changes in donors' age distribution explained 2.5% of monthly variation in women and 2.4% in men. CONCLUSION Small and, in most clinical settings, negligible analytical variation in Hb measurement methods can have significant consequences when used for Hb screening of blood donors. This should be minimized by using methods in which analytical variation is under control and kept as low as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikko Arvas
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Kiss JE, Vassallo RR. How do we manage iron deficiency after blood donation? Br J Haematol 2018; 181:590-603. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Kiss
- Hemapheresis and Blood Services; The institute for Transfusion Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Ralph R. Vassallo
- Chief Medical and Scientific Officer; Blood Systems, Inc.; Scottsdale AZ USA
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31
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Bialkowski W, Kiss JE, Wright DJ, Cable R, Birch R, D'Andrea P, Bryant BJ, Spencer BR, Mast AE. Estimates of total body iron indicate 19 mg and 38 mg oral iron are equivalent for the mitigation of iron deficiency in individuals experiencing repeated phlebotomy. Am J Hematol 2017; 92:851-857. [PMID: 28494509 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia is a common clinical condition often treated with tablets containing 65 mg of elemental iron. Such doses can elicit gastrointestinal side effects lowering patient compliance. Oral iron supplements also increase hepcidin production causing decreased fractional absorption of subsequent doses. Frequent blood donors often become iron deficient. Therefore, they were enrolled in a two-year study involving continued blood donations and randomization to receive no pill, placebo, 19, or 38 mg ferrous gluconate for 60 days. Total body iron (TBI) did not change for the subset of donors in the no pill and placebo groups who completed both enrollment and final visits (P = .21 and P = .28, respectively). However, repeated measures regression analysis on the complete dataset estimated a significant decrease in TBI of 52 mg/year for the placebo and no pill groups (P = .001). The effects of 19 and 38 mg iron supplementation on TBI were indistinguishable (P = .54). TBI increased by 229 mg after the initial 60 days of iron supplementation (P < .0001) and was maintained at this higher level with continued iron supplementation following each subsequent donation. The TBI increase was apportioned 51 mg to red cell iron (P < .0001) and 174 mg to storage iron (P < .0001). Changes in storage iron were negatively impacted by 57 mg due to concurrent antacid use (P = .04). These findings in blood donors suggest that much lower doses of iron than are currently used will be effective for clinical treatment of iron deficiency anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Bialkowski
- Blood Research and Medical Sciences Institutes, Blood Center of Wisconsin; Milwaukee Wisconsin
| | - Joseph E. Kiss
- The Institute for Transfusion Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ritchard Cable
- New England Region, American Red Cross Blood Services; Dedham Massachusetts
| | | | - Pam D'Andrea
- The Institute for Transfusion Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Barbara J. Bryant
- Department of Pathology; University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston Texas
| | - Bryan R. Spencer
- New England Region, American Red Cross Blood Services; Dedham Massachusetts
| | - Alan E. Mast
- Blood Research and Medical Sciences Institutes, Blood Center of Wisconsin; Milwaukee Wisconsin
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee Wisconsin
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32
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Thomas L, Thomas C. Detection of iron restriction in anaemic and non-anaemic patients: New diagnostic approaches. Eur J Haematol 2017; 99:262-268. [PMID: 28618058 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to detect iron restriction in non-anaemic patients and iron-restricted erythropoiesis (IRE) in patients with anaemia. METHOD Haematologic indices and biochemical markers of iron deficiency (ID) were determined using the clinically accepted cut-off level for serum ferritin of ≤30 μg/L as reference of ID. To evaluate the prevalence of iron restriction and IRE in patients with higher ferritin levels, we used the thresholds of the markers of ID as reference. RESULTS In the anaemic group, 17.1% of patients with ferritin levels >30 μg/L had IRE. The number of patients with IRE declined with increasing ferritin concentration. Approximately 14% of patients without anaemia and ferritin levels >30 μg/L had iron restriction because of iron-sequestration syndromes. About 30% of the anaemic patients with IRE had ferritin concentrations in the range >300 μg/L, but no patient of the non-anaemic group. CONCLUSIONS Detection of iron restriction and IRE in patients with ferritin levels >30 μg/L is not possible with a single test used in isolation. Based on the results, we have developed a scoring system to provide optimal guidance for the evaluation of iron restriction in non-anaemic patients and iron-restricted erythropoiesis (IRE) in patients with anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Thomas
- Central laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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33
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Kiss JE, Birch RJ, Steele WR, Wright DJ, Cable RG. Quantification of body iron and iron absorption in the REDS-IIDonor Iron Status Evaluation (RISE) study. Transfusion 2017; 57:1656-1664. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Kiss
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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Bandyopadhyay S, Brittenham GM, Francis RO, Zimring JC, Hod EA, Spitalnik SL. Iron-deficient erythropoiesis in blood donors and red blood cell recovery after transfusion: initial studies with a mouse model. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2017; 15:158-164. [PMID: 28263174 PMCID: PMC5336338 DOI: 10.2450/2017.0349-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most frequent red cell (RBC) donors and many first-time donors are iron deficient, but meet haemoglobin standards. However, the effects of donation-induced iron deficiency on RBC storage quality are unknown. Thus, we used a mouse model to determine if donor iron deficiency reduced post-transfusion RBC recovery. METHODS Weanling mice received a control diet or an iron-deficient diet. A third group receiving the iron-deficient diet was also phlebotomised weekly. This provided 3 groups of mice with different iron status: (1) iron replete, (2) mild iron deficiency with iron-deficient erythropoiesis, and (3) iron-deficiency anaemia. At ten weeks of age, blood was collected, leucoreduced, and stored at 4 ºC. After 12 days of storage, 24-hour (h) post-transfusion RBC recovery was quantified in recipients by flow cytometry. RESULTS Before blood collection, mean haemoglobin concentrations in the iron-replete, iron-deficient, and iron-deficiency anaemia donor mice were 16.5±0.4, 11.5±0.4, and 7.0±1.4 [g/dL± 1 standard deviation (SD)], respectively (p<0.01 for all comparisons between groups). The 24-h post-transfusion RBC recoveries in recipients receiving transfusions from these three cohorts were 77.1±13.2, 66.5±10.9, and 46.7±15.9 (% ±1 SD), respectively (p<0.05 for all comparisons between groups). DISCUSSION In summary, donor iron deficiency significantly reduced 24-h post-transfusion RBC recovery in recipient mice. RBCs from mice with mild iron deficiency and iron-deficient erythropoiesis, with haemoglobin levels similar to those used for human autologous blood donation, had intermediate post-transfusion RBC recovery, as compared to iron-replete donors and those with iron-deficiency anaemia. This suggests that, in addition to the effects of iron deficiency on donor health, frequent blood donation, leading to iron-deficient erythropoiesis, may also have adverse effects for transfusion recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Gary M. Brittenham
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Richard O. Francis
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - James C. Zimring
- BloodWorksNW and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Eldad A. Hod
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
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35
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Goldman M, Uzicanin S, Osmond L, Scalia V, O'Brien SF. A large national study of ferritin testing in Canadian blood donors. Transfusion 2016; 57:564-570. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lori Osmond
- Canadian Blood Services; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Vito Scalia
- Canadian Blood Services; Ottawa Ontario Canada
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36
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O'Brien SF, Goldman M. Understanding iron depletion and overload in blood donors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. F. O'Brien
- Canadian Blood Services; Ottawa ON Canada
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - M. Goldman
- Canadian Blood Services; Ottawa ON Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
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37
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Rigas AS, Pedersen OB, Erikstrup C, Hjalgrim H, Ullum H. Blood donation and iron deficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Rigas
- Department of clinical immunologi; University Hospital Copenhagen; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - O. B. Pedersen
- Department of clinical immunology; Naestved Hospital; Naestved Denmark
| | - C. Erikstrup
- Department of clinical immunology; University Hospital Aarhus; Aarhus Denmark
| | - H. Hjalgrim
- Department of Epidemiology Research; Statens Serum Institut; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - H. Ullum
- Department of clinical immunologi; University Hospital Copenhagen; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
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38
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Macher S, Drexler C, Lindenau I, Sareban N, Schlenke P, Amrein K. High-dose intravenously administered iron versus orally administered iron in blood donors with iron deficiency: study protocol for a randomised, controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17:527. [PMID: 27793204 PMCID: PMC5084417 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background About 2–3 % of the population participates in blood donation programmes. Each whole blood donation or ten apheresis donations cause a loss of 200–250 mg of iron. As a result, one of the most common risks of regular blood donors is iron deficiency. Although this has been known for decades, in most countries, iron status is currently not assessed or treated in this population. Premenopausal women are particularly affected, as they have lower iron reserves and higher daily requirements. Besides anaemia, iron deficiency may lead to fatigue and impaired cognitive and physical performance. Current iron preparations for intravenous administration are well tolerated and allow for application of large doses up to 1 g in one visit. Our hypothesis is that in blood donors with iron deficiency, intravenously administered iron is more efficient and as safe as oral iron supplementation. Since anaemia is one of the most frequent reasons for permanent or intermittent donor deferral, maintaining an iron-replete donor pool may help to prevent shortages in blood supply and to avoid iron deficiency-related comorbidities. Methods/design In this randomised clinical trial we include male and female blood donors aged ≥18 and ≤65 years with a ferritin value of ≤30 ng/ml. Stratified by gender, participants are randomized with a web-based randomisation tool in a 1:1 ratio to either 1 g of intravenously administered ferric carboxymaltose or 10 g of iron fumarate supplements at one to two daily doses of 100 mg each. Eight to 12 weeks after the first visit, iron status, blood count and symptoms are assessed in both groups. The primary endpoint is the difference in transferrin saturation (%) following the intervention between both groups. Secondary endpoints include other parameters of iron metabolism and red blood cell count, the number of patients with drug-related adverse events, and subjective symptoms including those of the restless legs syndrome, quality of life, and fatigue. Discussion Iron supplementation administered intravenously in non-anaemic but iron-deficient blood donors could represent an effective strategy to protect blood donors from comorbidities related with iron deficiency and therefore improve blood donor wellbeing. Furthermore, iron supplementation will help to maintain an iron-replete blood donor pool. Trial registration EudraCT: 2013-000327-14, Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT01787526. Registered on 6 February 2013. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1648-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Macher
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Camilla Drexler
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ines Lindenau
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Nazanin Sareban
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Schlenke
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Amrein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria.
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39
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Blood donors' physical characteristics are associated with pre- and post-donation symptoms - Donor InSight. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2016; 15:405-412. [PMID: 27416579 DOI: 10.2450/2016.0023-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational data suggest that some donors might benefit from donating while others may be harmed. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and potential, routinely measured, determinants of pre- and post-donation symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS In Donor InSight, questionnaire data from 23,064 whole blood donors (53% female) were linked to routinely measured data on donors' physical characteristics (haemoglobin, blood pressure, body mass index and estimated blood volume) from the Dutch donor database. Absolute and relative associations between donors' physical donor and the presence of pre- and post-donation symptoms were studied using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Pre-donation symptoms (lack of energy, headaches) were reported by 3% of men and 3% of women. Five percent of men and 4% of women reported positive post-donation symptoms (feeling fit, fewer headaches). Negative symptoms (fatigue, dizziness) were more common, occurring in 8% of men and 19% of women. All the studied donors' physical characteristics were positively associated with pre- and positive post-donation symptoms and negatively associated with negative symptoms. Body mass index was most consistently and independently associated with symptoms. DISCUSSION Donors' physical characteristics, in particular body mass index, were consistently associated with pre- and post-donation symptoms. This indicates that subgroups of donors more and less tolerant to donation might be identifiable using routinely measured data. Further research is warranted to study underlying mechanisms and potential strategies to predict and prevent donor reactions.
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Lotfi R, Kroll C, Plonné D, Jahrsdörfer B, Schrezenmeier H. Hepcidin/Ferritin Quotient Helps to Predict Spontaneous Recovery from Iron Loss following Blood Donation. Transfus Med Hemother 2015; 42:390-5. [PMID: 26733771 DOI: 10.1159/000440825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron supplementation is generally recommended for blood donors even though there are inter-individual differences in iron homeostasis. METHODS Ferritin levels of repeat donors were compared with first-time donors, retrospectively. Prospectively, we tested 27 male repeat donors for the following parameters at the day of blood donation as well as 1, 3, 7, 10, and 56 days thereafter: ferritin, hepcidin, transferrin, transferrin receptor, hemoglobin, erythropoietin, reticulocytes, hemoglobin in reticulocyte, twisted gastrulation protein homolog 1, and growth differentiation factor-15. RESULTS 56 days after blood donation, donors' average ferritin dropped to 55% (range 30-100%) compared to the initial value. Of all tested parameters hepcidin showed the highest and most significant changes beginning 1 day after donation and lasting for the whole period of 56 days. Along with ferritin, there was a high variation in hepcidin levels indicating inter-individual differences in hepcidin response to iron loss. Donors with a hepcidin/ferritin quotient < 0.3 regained 60% of their initial ferritin after 56 days, while those with a quotient ≥ 0.3 reached less than 50%. CONCLUSION As hepcidin appears to integrate erythropoietic and iron-loading signals, clinical measurement of hepcidin (together with the hepcidin-ferritin ratio) may become a useful indicator of erythropoiesis and iron kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Lotfi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Services Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kroll
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Services Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dietmar Plonné
- MVZ Humangenetik Ulm, Abteilung Laboratoriumsmedizin, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Services Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Services Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
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Blood donor selection in European Union directives: room for improvement. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2015; 14:101-8. [PMID: 26509824 DOI: 10.2450/2015.0148-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-transmissible infections have made both blood bankers and health authorities overly cautious. The general public expects and hence reinforces this policy. To obtain a high level of blood product safety, blood and plasma donors have to meet increasingly stringent eligibility criteria; however, it is not known whether this policy translates into improved outcomes for patients. There is a risk that the management of donors does not match the ambition of greater safety for patients. European directives related to the collection process and donor selection will probably be reconsidered in the next few years. MATERIAL AND METHODS The development of European directives on donor selection and their basis in the literature were reviewed with an emphasis on the background and considerations for eligibility criteria to be included in the directives. RESULTS The precautionary principle appears to be the predominant reason behind the set of eligibility criteria. However, the formal eligibility criteria, put into force in 2004, do not balance with the developments of the past decade in laboratory tests and measures that have substantially reduced actual infection risks. In no cases were the effects of eligibility criteria on the donor pool and donor well-being quantified. Regional differences in the epidemiology of transfusion-transmissible infections were not taken into consideration either. DISCUSSION First, the Authors promote the collection of epidemiological data on the incidence and prevalence of conditions in the general population and in blood and plasma donors which could pose a risk for transfused patients, in order to use these data as a basis for decision-making in donor-selection policies. Second, the Authors suggest including allowance for differential deferral criteria throughout Europe, based on factual risk levels. There should be an accepted balance between donor and patient welfare, and also between risk to transfusion safety and risk of compromising the blood supply.
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Aardal Eriksson E, Mobäck C, Jakobsson S, Hoffmann JJ. Iron depletion in blood donors – Have extended erythrocyte and reticulocyte parameters diagnostic utility? Transfus Apher Sci 2015; 53:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Goldman
- Donor & Clinical Services; Canadian Blood Services; Ottawa ON Canada
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Kiss JE, Brambilla D, Glynn SA, Mast AE, Spencer BR, Stone M, Kleinman SH, Cable RG. Oral iron supplementation after blood donation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 313:575-83. [PMID: 25668261 PMCID: PMC5094173 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although blood donation is allowed every 8 weeks in the United States, recovery of hemoglobin to the currently accepted standard (12.5 g/dL) is frequently delayed, and some donors become anemic. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of oral iron supplementation on hemoglobin recovery time (days to recovery of 80% of hemoglobin removed) and recovery of iron stores in iron-depleted ("low ferritin," ≤26 ng/mL) and iron-replete ("higher ferritin," >26 ng/mL) blood donors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized, nonblinded clinical trial of blood donors stratified by ferritin level, sex, and age conducted in 4 regional blood centers in the United States in 2012. Included were 215 eligible participants aged 18 to 79 years who had not donated whole blood or red blood cells within 4 months. INTERVENTIONS One tablet of ferrous gluconate (37.5 mg of elemental iron) daily or no iron for 24 weeks (168 days) after donating a unit of whole blood (500 mL). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Time to recovery of 80% of the postdonation decrease in hemoglobin and recovery of ferritin level to baseline as a measure of iron stores. RESULTS The mean baseline hemoglobin levels were comparable in the iron and no-iron groups and declined from a mean (SD) of 13.4 (1.1) g/dL to 12.0 (1.2) g/dL after donation in the low-ferritin group and from 14.2 (1.1) g/dL to 12.9 (1.2) g/dL in the higher-ferritin group. Compared with participants who did not receive iron supplementation, those who received iron supplementation had shortened time to 80% hemoglobin recovery in both the low-ferritin (mean, 32 days, interquartile range [IQR], 30-34, vs 158 days, IQR, 126->168) and higher-ferritin groups (31 days, IQR, 29-33, vs 78 days, IQR, 66-95). Median time to recovery to baseline ferritin levels in the low-ferritin group taking iron was 21 days (IQR, 12-84). For participants not taking iron, recovery to baseline was longer than 168 days (IQR, 128->168). Median time to recovery to baseline in the higher-ferritin group taking iron was 107 days (IQR, 75-141), and for participants not taking iron, recovery to baseline was longer than 168 days (IQR, >168->168). Recovery of iron stores in all participants who received supplements took a median of 76 days (IQR, 20-126); for participants not taking iron, median recovery time was longer than 168 days (IQR, 147->168 days; P < .001). Without iron supplements, 67% of participants did not recover iron stores by 168 days. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among blood donors with normal hemoglobin levels, low-dose iron supplementation, compared with no supplementation, reduced time to 80% recovery of the postdonation decrease in hemoglobin concentration in donors with low ferritin (≤26 ng/mL) or higher ferritin (>26 ng/mL). TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01555060.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Kiss
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Simone A Glynn
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Mars Stone
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
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Gómez-Simón A, Plaza EM, Torregrosa JM, Ferrer-Marín F, Sánchez-Guiu I, Vicente V, Lozano ML, Rivera J. Evaluation of two-step haemoglobin screening with HemoCue for blood donor qualification in mobile collection sites. Vox Sang 2014; 107:343-50. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gómez-Simón
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación; Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica; IMIB; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - E. M. Plaza
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación; Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica; IMIB; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - J. M. Torregrosa
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación; Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica; IMIB; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - F. Ferrer-Marín
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación; Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica; IMIB; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - I. Sánchez-Guiu
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación; Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica; IMIB; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - V. Vicente
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación; Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica; IMIB; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - M. L. Lozano
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación; Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica; IMIB; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - J. Rivera
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación; Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica; IMIB; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia Spain
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A non-invasive strategy for haemoglobin screening of blood donors. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2014; 12:458-63. [PMID: 24960642 DOI: 10.2450/2014.0284-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessing blood-donor haemoglobin (Hb) is a worldwide screening requirement against inappropriate donation. The pre-donation Hb (which should be at least 12.5 g/dL in women and 13.5 g/dL in men) is usually determined in capillary blood from a finger prick, using a spectrophotometer which reveals the absorbance of blood haemolysed in a microcuvette. New non-invasive methods of measuring Hb are now available. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the first semester of 3 consecutive years three different strategies were employed to screen donors for anaemia at the moment of donation. In 2011 all whole-blood donors underwent the finger-prick method using azide-methaemoglobin: the test's negative predictive value (NPV) was determined by comparison with the sub-threshold Hb values ascertained by haemocytometry of test-tube blood drawn at the start of the donation. In 2012 the donor evaluation was based on NBM 200 occlusion spectrophotometry. The same approach was kept in 2013, but a haemocytometry test was added on a pre-donation venous sample drawn from donors who, though fit to donate, had previous critical Hb values in their clinical records. RESULTS In 2011, the NPV (in 3,856 donors) was 86% for women and 95% for men; in 2012 (3,966 donors), the values were 85% and 95%, respectively, and in 2013 (3,995 donors) they were 91% and 97%, respectively. Fisher's test for contingency tables revealed no statistically significant differences between 2011 and 2012, but the 2013 results were a significant improvement. DISCUSSION Measuring Hb by finger prick is not wholly satisfactory since, above all in women, the result of this screening may subsequently be belied by the haemocytometry finding of an unacceptable Hb value. Using a non-invasive method does not diminish the selective efficiency. In women, in particular, adding a haemocytometric test on a venous sample significantly improves donor selection and avoids the risk of inappropriate donation or blood-letting.
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Salvin HE, Pasricha SR, Marks DC, Speedy J. Iron deficiency in blood donors: a national cross-sectional study. Transfusion 2014; 54:2434-44. [PMID: 24738792 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency (ID) is an important consequence of blood donation. The epidemiology of this problem in the blood donor population was therefore studied to enable appropriate targeting of potential solutions to donor ID. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A nationally representative, cluster-based cross-sectional study of Australian blood donors was performed. Donors were eligible for inclusion if they fulfilled criteria for blood donation or were deferred due to low or falling hemoglobin. Ferritin was measured and demographic and donation data were collected. RESULTS A total of 3094 blood donors were recruited, of which samples were collected from 3049 donors; 1873 had exclusively donated whole blood (WB only), 242 had exclusively made apheresis donations, and 530 had not donated ("new" donors) in the previous 24 months. The prevalence of ID in new female donors was 12.0% compared with 1.3% in males. The prevalence of ID in female WB-only donors was 26.4%; it increased with donation frequency and decreased with age. The prevalence in male WB-only donors was 6.3% with no evident change with age or donation frequency. The prevalence of ID in apheresis-only donors (females 6.3%; males 2.2%) did not significantly exceed that of new donors nor did it change with donation frequency. Importantly, the risk of ID could not be satisfactorily predicted in an individual donor by his or her anemia status or with predictive modeling incorporating demographic and donation data. CONCLUSION ID is especially prevalent in female, premenopausal, frequent WB donors. Strategies to combat ID should be implemented, specifically targeting this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Salvin
- Iron Taskforce, The Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the recent research on the prevalence, determinants and importance of low iron in blood donors, and on the efforts to reduce or prevent iron depletion in donor populations. RECENT FINDINGS Female donors, especially younger women, are at highest risk for donation-induced low iron, but menopausal women and high-frequency donors of both sexes also face considerable risk for iron depletion. Predonation screening for hemoglobin contributes little information on donor iron status. Consumption of supplemental iron is helpful in preventing or reversing low iron, and waiting longer between donations also facilitates the recovery of the iron lost through donation. SUMMARY Although the impact of phlebotomy-related iron depletion on donor health requires better documentation, measures are available now that can be deployed on a targeted or standardized basis. Blood centers, regulators, and donors should continue to evaluate different approaches for addressing this problem, with the likely outcome that no single measure is optimal for maintaining adequate collections while safeguarding donor health.
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Rigas AS, Sørensen CJ, Pedersen OB, Petersen MS, Thørner LW, Kotzé S, Sørensen E, Magnussen K, Rostgaard K, Erikstrup C, Ullum H. Predictors of iron levels in 14,737 Danish blood donors: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study. Transfusion 2013; 54:789-96. [PMID: 24372094 PMCID: PMC4209803 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Dietary studies show a relationship between the intake of iron enhancers and inhibitors and iron stores in the general population. However, the impact of dietary factors on the iron stores of blood donors, whose iron status is affected by blood donations, is incompletely understood. Study Design and Methods In the Danish Blood Donor Study, we assessed the effect of blood donation frequency, physiologic factors, lifestyle and supplemental factors, and dietary factors on ferritin levels. We used multiple linear and logistic regression analyses stratified by sex and menopausal status. Results Among high-frequency donors (more than nine donations in the past 3 years), we found iron deficiency (ferritin below 15 ng/mL) in 9, 39, and 22% of men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women, respectively. The strongest predictors of iron deficiency were sex, menopausal status, the number of blood donations in a 3-year period, and the time since last donation. Other significant factors included weight, age, intensity of menstruation, iron tablets, vitamin pills, and consumption of meat and wine. Conclusion The study confirms iron deficiency as an important problem, especially among menstruating women donating frequently. The risk of iron depletion was largely explained by sex, menopausal status, and donation frequency. Other factors, including dietary and supplemental iron intake, had a much weaker effect on the risk of iron depletion.
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