1
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Molina JJ, Kohler KN, Gager C, Andersen MJ, Wongso E, Lucas ER, Paik A, Xu W, Donahue DL, Bergeron K, Klim A, Caparon MG, Hultgren SJ, Desai A, Ploplis VA, Flick MJ, Castellino FJ, Flores-Mireles AL. Fibrinolytic-deficiencies predispose hosts to septicemia from a catheter-associated UTI. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2704. [PMID: 38538626 PMCID: PMC10973455 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are amongst the most common nosocomial infections worldwide and are difficult to treat partly due to development of multidrug-resistance from CAUTI-related pathogens. Importantly, CAUTI often leads to secondary bloodstream infections and death. A major challenge is to predict when patients will develop CAUTIs and which populations are at-risk for bloodstream infections. Catheter-induced inflammation promotes fibrinogen (Fg) and fibrin accumulation in the bladder which are exploited as a biofilm formation platform by CAUTI pathogens. Using our established mouse model of CAUTI, here we identified that host populations exhibiting either genetic or acquired fibrinolytic-deficiencies, inducing fibrin deposition in the catheterized bladder, are predisposed to severe CAUTI and septicemia by diverse uropathogens in mono- and poly-microbial infections. Furthermore, here we found that Enterococcus faecalis, a prevalent CAUTI pathogen, uses the secreted protease, SprE, to induce fibrin accumulation and create a niche ideal for growth, biofilm formation, and persistence during CAUTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Molina
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kurt N Kohler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Christopher Gager
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Marissa J Andersen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Ellsa Wongso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Lucas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Andrew Paik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Deborah L Donahue
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Karla Bergeron
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Aleksandra Klim
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael G Caparon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Scott J Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alana Desai
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, 98133-9733, USA
| | - Victoria A Ploplis
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Francis J Castellino
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Ana L Flores-Mireles
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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2
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Perucci LO, Vago JP, Miles LA, Sousa LP. Crosstalk between the plasminogen/plasmin system and inflammation resolution. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2666-2678. [PMID: 37495082 PMCID: PMC10792525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The plasminogen/plasmin (Plg/Pla) system, best known for its classical role in thrombolysis, has been recently highlighted as a regulator of other biological processes in mammals, including key steps involved in the resolution of inflammation. Inflammation resolution is a complex process coordinated by different cellular effectors, notably leukocytes, and active mediators, and is initiated shortly after the inflammatory response begins. Once the inflammatory insult is eliminated, an effective and timely engagement of proresolution programs prevents persistent inflammation, thereby avoiding excessive tissue damage, fibrosis, and the development of autoimmunity. Interestingly, recent studies demonstrate that Plg/Pla and their receptor, plasminogen receptor KT (Plg-RKT), regulate key steps in inflammation resolution. The number of studies investigating the involvement of the Plg/Pla system in these and other aspects of inflammation, including degradation of extracellular matrices, immune cell migration, wound healing, and skeletal growth and maintenance, highlights key roles of the Plg/Pla system during physiological and pathologic conditions. Here, we discuss robust evidence in the literature for the emerging roles of the Plg/Pla system in key steps of inflammation resolution. These findings suggest that dysregulation in Plg production and its activation plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Elucidating central mechanisms underlying the role of Plg/Pla in key steps of inflammation resolution either in preclinical models of inflammation or in human inflammatory conditions, can provide a rationale for the development of new pharmacologic interventions to promote resolution of inflammation, and open new pathways for the treatment of thromboinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza O Perucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Juliana P Vago
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsey A Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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3
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Molina JJ, Kohler KN, Gager C, Andersen MJ, Wongso E, Lucas ER, Paik A, Xu W, Donahue DL, Bergeron K, Klim A, Caparon MG, Hultgren SJ, Desai A, Ploplis VA, Flick MJ, Castellino FJ, Flores-Mireles AL. Fibrinolytic-deficiencies predispose hosts to septicemia from a catheter-associated UTI. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3263501. [PMID: 37790429 PMCID: PMC10543281 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3263501/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are amongst the most common nosocomial infections worldwide and are difficult to treat due to multi-drug resistance development among the CAUTI-related pathogens. Importantly, CAUTI often leads to secondary bloodstream infections and death. A major challenge is to predict when patients will develop CAUTIs and which populations are at-risk for bloodstream infections. Catheter-induced inflammation promotes fibrinogen (Fg) and fibrin accumulation in the bladder which are exploited as a biofilm formation platform by CAUTI pathogens. Using our established mouse model of CAUTI, we identified that host populations exhibiting either genetic or acquired fibrinolytic-deficiencies, inducing fibrin deposition in the catheterized bladder, are predisposed to severe CAUTI and septicemia by diverse uropathogens in mono- and poly-microbial infections. Furthermore, we found that E. faecalis, a prevalent CAUTI pathogen, uses the secreted protease, SprE, to induce fibrin accumulation and create a niche ideal for growth, biofilm formation, and persistence during CAUTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Molina
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Equal-contribution
| | - Kurt N. Kohler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Equal-contribution
| | - Christopher Gager
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Marissa J. Andersen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ellsa Wongso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Lucas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Andrew Paik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deborah L. Donahue
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Karla Bergeron
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aleksandra Klim
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael G. Caparon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
| | - Scott J. Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alana Desai
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington Medical Center, WA 98133-9733, USA
| | - Victoria A. Ploplis
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Francis J. Castellino
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ana L. Flores-Mireles
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Lead contact
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Chen X, Zou M, Lu C, Zhou R, Lou S, Wang Y, Ding H, Han Z, Hu B. Analysis of cerebral infarction caused by dysplasminogenemia in three pedigrees. Front Genet 2023; 14:1132654. [PMID: 37065478 PMCID: PMC10097879 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1132654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Dysplasminogenemia is a rare heritable disease caused by plasminogen (PLG) gene defects resulting in hypercoagulability. In this report we describe three notable cases of cerebral infarction (CI) complicated with dysplasminogenemia in young patients. Methods: Coagulation indices were examined on STAGO STA-R-MAX analyzer. PLG: A was analyzed using a chromogenic substrate-based approach using a chromogenic substrate method. All nineteen exons of PLG gene and their 5'and 3'flanking regions were amplified by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Suspected mutation was confirmed by reverse sequencing. Results: PLG activity (PLG:A) in proband 1 and 3 of his tested family members, proband 2 and 2 of his tested family members, and proband 3 and her father were all reduced to roughly 50% of normal levels. Sequencing led to the identification of a heterozygous c.1858G>A missense mutation in exon 15 of the PLG gene in these three patients and affected family members. Conclusion: We conclude that the observed reduction in PLG:A was the result of this p.Ala620Thr missense mutation in the PLG gene. The CI incidence in these probands may be attributable to the inhibition of normal fibrinolytic activity as a consequence of this heterozygous mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming Zou
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunxing Lu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuyue Lou
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongxiang Ding
- Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Beilei Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Beilei Hu,
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5
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Zhang L, Wu Y, Luo X, Jia T, Li K, Zhou L, Mao Z, Huang P. A novel insight into mechanism of derangement of coagulation balance: interactions of quantum dots with coagulation-related proteins. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:17. [PMID: 35260173 PMCID: PMC8903618 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantum dots (QDs) have gained increased attention for their extensive biomedical and electronic products applications. Due to the high priority of QDs in contacting the circulatory system, understanding the hemocompatibility of QDs is one of the most important aspects for their biosafety evaluation. Thus far, the effect of QDs on coagulation balance haven’t been fully understood, and limited studies also have yet elucidated the potential mechanism from the perspective of interaction of QDs with coagulation-related proteins. Results QDs induced the derangement of coagulation balance by prolonging the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time as well as changing the expression levels of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors. The contact of QDs with PTM (prothrombin), PLG (plasminogen) and FIB (fibrinogen) which are primary coagulation-related proteins in the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems formed QDs-protein conjugates through hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interaction. The affinity of proteins with QDs followed the order of PTM > PLG > FIB, and was larger with CdTe/ZnS QDs than CdTe QDs. Binding with QDs not only induced static fluorescence quenching of PTM, PLG and FIB, but also altered their conformational structures. The binding of QDs to the active sites of PTM, PLG and FIB may promote the activation of proteins, thus interfering the hemostasis and fibrinolysis processes. Conclusions The interactions of QDs with PTM, PLG and FIB may be key contributors for interference of coagulation balance, that is helpful to achieve a reliable and comprehensive evaluation on the potential biological influence of QDs from the molecular level. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00458-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China.,School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, 31# Jianshe Road, Donghe District, Baotou, 014040, China
| | - Yingting Wu
- Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xingling Luo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tianjiang Jia
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Kexin Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Peili Huang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China.
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6
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Silva LM, Doyle AD, Greenwell-Wild T, Dutzan N, Tran CL, Abusleme L, Juang LJ, Leung J, Chun EM, Lum AG, Agler CS, Zuazo CE, Sibree M, Jani P, Kram V, Martin D, Moss K, Lionakis MS, Castellino FJ, Kastrup CJ, Flick MJ, Divaris K, Bugge TH, Moutsopoulos NM. Fibrin is a critical regulator of neutrophil effector function at the oral mucosal barrier. Science 2021; 374:eabl5450. [PMID: 34941394 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-specific cues are critical for homeostasis at mucosal barriers. Here, we report that the clotting factor fibrin is a critical regulator of neutrophil function at the oral mucosal barrier. We demonstrate that commensal microbiota trigger extravascular fibrin deposition in the oral mucosa. Fibrin engages neutrophils through the αMβ2 integrin receptor and activates effector functions, including the production of reactive oxygen species and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. These immune-protective neutrophil functions become tissue damaging in the context of impaired plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis in mice and humans. Concordantly, genetic polymorphisms in PLG, encoding plasminogen, are associated with common forms of periodontal disease. Thus, fibrin is a critical regulator of neutrophil effector function, and fibrin-neutrophil engagement may be a pathogenic instigator for a prevalent mucosal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmali M Silva
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D Doyle
- NIDCR Imaging Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Teresa Greenwell-Wild
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Dutzan
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Collin L Tran
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Loreto Abusleme
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lih Jiin Juang
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jerry Leung
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Chun
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew G Lum
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cary S Agler
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carlos E Zuazo
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan Sibree
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Priyam Jani
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vardit Kram
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Martin
- NIDCR Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Moss
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francis J Castellino
- WM Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Christian J Kastrup
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Departments of Surgery, Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kimon Divaris
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Niki M Moutsopoulos
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Iwaki T, Arakawa T, Sandoval-Cooper MJ, Smith DL, Donahue D, Ploplis VA, Umemura K, Castellino FJ. Plasminogen Deficiency Significantly Reduces Vascular Wall Disease in a Murine Model of Type IIa Hypercholesterolemia. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121832. [PMID: 34944648 PMCID: PMC8698429 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system has been implicated in the genesis and progression of atherosclerosis. It has been reported that a plasminogen (Pg) deficiency (Plg−/−) exacerbates the progression of atherosclerosis in Apoe−/− mice. However, the manner in which Plg functions in a low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)-driven model has not been evaluated. To characterize the effect of Pg in an LDL-C-driven model, mice with a triple deficiency of the LDL-receptor (LDLr), along with the active component (apobec1) of the apolipoprotein B editosome complex, and Pg (L−/−/A−/−/Plg−/−), were generated. Atherosclerotic plaque formation was severely retarded in the absence of Pg. In vitro studies demonstrated that LDL uptake by macrophages was enhanced by plasmin (Pm), whereas circulating levels of LDL were enhanced, relative to L−/−/A−/− mice, and VLDL synthesis was suppressed. These results indicated that clearance of lipoproteins in the absence of LDLr may be regulated by Pg/Pm. Conclusions: The results from this study indicate that Pg exacerbates atherosclerosis in an LDL-C model of atherosclerosis and also plays a role in lipoprotein modification and clearance. Therefore, controlling the Pg system on macrophages to prevent foam cell formation would be a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Iwaki
- The W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.J.S.-C.); (D.L.S.); (D.D.); (V.A.P.); (F.J.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (T.A.); (K.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-53-435-2271
| | - Tomohiro Arakawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (T.A.); (K.U.)
| | - Mayra J. Sandoval-Cooper
- The W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.J.S.-C.); (D.L.S.); (D.D.); (V.A.P.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Denise L. Smith
- The W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.J.S.-C.); (D.L.S.); (D.D.); (V.A.P.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Deborah Donahue
- The W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.J.S.-C.); (D.L.S.); (D.D.); (V.A.P.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Victoria A. Ploplis
- The W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.J.S.-C.); (D.L.S.); (D.D.); (V.A.P.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Kazuo Umemura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (T.A.); (K.U.)
| | - Francis J. Castellino
- The W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.J.S.-C.); (D.L.S.); (D.D.); (V.A.P.); (F.J.C.)
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8
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Tashima Y, Banno F, Kita T, Matsuda Y, Yanamoto H, Miyata T. Plasminogen Tochigi mice exhibit phenotypes similar to wild-type mice under experimental thrombotic conditions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180981. [PMID: 28686706 PMCID: PMC5501636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen (Plg) is a precursor of plasmin that degrades fibrin. A race-specific A620T mutation in Plg, also known as Plg-Tochigi, originally identified in a patient with recurrent venous thromboembolism, causes dysplasminogenemia with reduced plasmin activity. The Plg-A620T mutation is present in 3–4% of individuals in East Asian populations, and as many as 50,000 Japanese are estimated to be homozygous for the mutant 620T allele. In the present study, to understand the changes of thrombotic phenotypes in individuals with the mutant 620T allele, we generated knock-in mice carrying the homozygous Plg-A622T mutation (PlgT/T), an equivalent to the A620T mutation in human Plg. PlgT/T mice grew normally but showed severely reduced plasmin activity activated by urokinase, equivalent to ~8% of that in wild-type mice. In vitro fibrin clot lysis in plasma was significantly slower in PlgT/T mice than in wild-type mice. However, all experimental models of electrolytic deep vein thrombosis, tissue factor-induced pulmonary embolism, transient focal brain ischaemic stroke, or skin-wound healing showed largely similar phenotypes between PlgT/T mice and wild-type mice. Protein S-K196E mutation (Pros1E/E) is a race-specific genetic risk factor for venous thromboembolism. Coexistence in mice of PlgT/T and Pros1E/E did not affect pulmonary embolism symptoms, compared with those in Pros1E/E mice. Hence, the present study showed that the Plg-A622T mutation, which confers ~8% plasmin activity, does not increase the risk of thrombotic diseases in mice under experimental thrombotic conditions and does not modify the thrombotic phenotype observed in Pros1E/E mice. PlgT/T mice can be used to investigate the potential pathophysiological impact of the Plg-A620T mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tashima
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Banno
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kita
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroji Yanamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Miyata
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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9
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Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Protects Mice Against Cardiac Fibrosis by Inhibiting Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator-mediated Plasminogen Activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:365. [PMID: 28336948 PMCID: PMC5428408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is known to protect mice against cardiac fibrosis. It has been speculated that PAI-1 may regulate cardiac fibrosis by inactivating urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and ultimately plasmin (Pm) generation. However, the in vivo role of PAI-1 in inactivating uPA and limiting the generation of Pm during cardiac fibrosis remains to be established. The objective of this study was to determine if the cardioprotective effect of PAI-1 is mediated through its ability to directly regulate urokinase -mediated activation of plasminogen (Pg). An Angiotensin II (AngII)-aldosterone (Ald) infusion mouse model of hypertension was utilised in this study. Four weeks after AngII-Ald infusion, PAI-1-deficient (PAI-1-/-) mice developed severe cardiac fibrosis. However, a marked reduction in cardiac fibrosis was observed in PAI-1-/-/uPA-/- double knockout mice that was associated with reduced inflammation, lower expression levels of TGF-β and proteases associated with tissue remodeling, and diminished Smad2 signaling. Moreover, total ablation of cardiac fibrosis was observed in PAI-1-/- mice that express inactive plasmin (Pm) but normal levels of zymogen Pg (PAI-1-/-/PgS743A/S743A). Our findings indicate that PAI-1 protects mice from hypertension-induced cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting the generation of active Pm.
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10
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Miles LA, Baik N, Lighvani S, Khaldoyanidi S, Varki NM, Bai H, Mueller B, Parmer RJ. Deficiency of plasminogen receptor, Plg-R KT , causes defects in plasminogen binding and inflammatory macrophage recruitment in vivo. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:155-162. [PMID: 27714956 PMCID: PMC5280214 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Plg-RKT is a novel integral membrane plasminogen receptor. The functions of Plg-RKT in vivo are not known. Plg-RKT is a key player in macrophage recruitment in the inflammatory response in vivo. Plg-RKT deficiency is not compatible with survival of the species. SUMMARY Background Plg-RKT is a novel integral membrane plasminogen receptor that binds plasminogen via a C-terminal lysine exposed on the cell surface and promotes plasminogen activation on the cell surface by both tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator. Objectives To evaluate the role of Plg-RKT in vivo we generated Plg-RKT-/- mice using a homologous recombination technique. Methods We characterized the effect of Plg-RKT deletion on reproduction, viability, health and spontaneous thrombosis and inflammation. Results Plg-RKT-/- mice were viable and fertile. Survival of Plg-RKT-/- mice and Plg-RKT+/+ littermates was not significantly different. However, quite strikingly, all pups of Plg-RKT-/- females died within 2 days of birth, consistent with a lactation defect in Plg-RKT-/- mothers. Additionally, there was a significant effect of Plg-RKT deficiency on the growth rates of female, but not male, mice. In experimental peritonitis studies, Plg-RKT-/- mice exhibited a marked defect in macrophage recruitment. As a contributing mechanism, the capacity of Plg-RKT-/- macrophages for plasminogen binding was markedly decreased. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that Plg-RKT is required for plasminogen binding and macrophage migration in vivo. In addition, Plg-RKT deficiency is not compatible with survival of the species, due to the death of all offspring of Plg-RKT-/- females. This new mouse model will be important for future studies aimed at delineating the role of cell surface plasminogen activation in challenge and disease models in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Miles
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - N. Baik
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - S. Lighvani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - S. Khaldoyanidi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - N. M. Varki
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - H. Bai
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - B.M. Mueller
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA
| | - R. J. Parmer
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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11
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Motley MP, Madsen DH, Jürgensen HJ, Spencer DE, Szabo R, Holmbeck K, Flick MJ, Lawrence DA, Castellino FJ, Weigert R, Bugge TH. A CCR2 macrophage endocytic pathway mediates extravascular fibrin clearance in vivo. Blood 2016; 127:1085-96. [PMID: 26647393 PMCID: PMC4778161 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-644260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extravascular fibrin deposition accompanies many human diseases and causes chronic inflammation and organ damage, unless removed in a timely manner. Here, we used intravital microscopy to investigate how fibrin is removed from extravascular space. Fibrin placed into the dermis of mice underwent cellular endocytosis and lysosomal targeting, revealing a novel intracellular pathway for extravascular fibrin degradation. A C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)-positive macrophage subpopulation constituted the majority of fibrin-uptaking cells. Consequently, cellular fibrin uptake was diminished by elimination of CCR2-expressing cells. The CCR2-positive macrophage subtype was different from collagen-internalizing M2-like macrophages. Cellular fibrin uptake was strictly dependent on plasminogen and plasminogen activator. Surprisingly, however, fibrin endocytosis was unimpeded by the absence of the fibrin(ogen) receptors, αMβ2 and ICAM-1, the myeloid cell integrin-binding site on fibrin or the endocytic collagen receptor, the mannose receptor. The study identifies a novel fibrin endocytic pathway engaged in extravascular fibrin clearance and shows that interstitial fibrin and collagen are cleared by different subsets of macrophages employing distinct molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Motley
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel H Madsen
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Finsen Laboratory, Biotech Research and Innovation Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik J Jürgensen
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Finsen Laboratory, Biotech Research and Innovation Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David E Spencer
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Roman Szabo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kenn Holmbeck
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Daniel A Lawrence
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI; and
| | - Francis J Castellino
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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12
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Nakagawa K, Sawada N, Hirota Y, Uchino Y, Suhara Y, Hasegawa T, Amizuka N, Okamoto T, Tsugawa N, Kamao M, Funahashi N, Okano T. Vitamin K2 biosynthetic enzyme, UBIAD1 is essential for embryonic development of mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104078. [PMID: 25127365 PMCID: PMC4134213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UbiA prenyltransferase domain containing 1 (UBIAD1) is a novel vitamin K2 biosynthetic enzyme screened and identified from the human genome database. UBIAD1 has recently been shown to catalyse the biosynthesis of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in zebrafish and human cells. To investigate the function of UBIAD1 in vivo, we attempted to generate mice lacking Ubiad1, a homolog of human UBIAD1, by gene targeting. Ubiad1-deficient (Ubiad1−/−) mouse embryos failed to survive beyond embryonic day 7.5, exhibiting small-sized body and gastrulation arrest. Ubiad1−/− embryonic stem (ES) cells failed to synthesize vitamin K2 but were able to synthesize CoQ9, similar to wild-type ES cells. Ubiad1+/− mice developed normally, exhibiting normal growth and fertility. Vitamin K2 tissue levels and synthesis activity were approximately half of those in the wild-type, whereas CoQ9 tissue levels and synthesis activity were similar to those in the wild-type. Similarly, UBIAD1 expression and vitamin K2 synthesis activity of mouse embryonic fibroblasts prepared from Ubiad1+/− E15.5 embryos were approximately half of those in the wild-type, whereas CoQ9 levels and synthesis activity were similar to those in the wild-type. Ubiad1−/− mouse embryos failed to be rescued, but their embryonic lifespans were extended to term by oral administration of MK-4 or CoQ10 to pregnant Ubiad1+/− mice. These results suggest that UBIAD1 is responsible for vitamin K2 synthesis but may not be responsible for CoQ9 synthesis in mice. We propose that UBIAD1 plays a pivotal role in embryonic development by synthesizing vitamin K2, but may have additional functions beyond the biosynthesis of vitamin K2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimie Nakagawa
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail: (KN); (TO)
| | - Natsumi Sawada
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hirota
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuri Uchino
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Suhara
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamoto
- Department of Health Sciences and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoko Tsugawa
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Maya Kamao
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Funahashi
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshio Okano
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail: (KN); (TO)
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13
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Huang M, Gong Y, Grondolsky J, Hoover-Plow J. Lp(a)/apo(a) modulate MMP-9 activation and neutrophil cytokines in vivo in inflammation to regulate leukocyte recruitment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1503-17. [PMID: 24650562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanism is unclear. The pathogenic risk of Lp(a) is associated with elevated plasma concentration, small isoforms of apolipoprotein [apo(a)], the unique apolipoprotein of Lp(a), and a mimic of plasminogen. Inflammation is associated with both the initiation and recovery of cardiovascular diseases, and plasminogen plays an important role in leukocyte recruitment. Because Lp(a)/apo(a) is expressed only in primates, transgenic mice were generated, apo(a)tg and Lp(a)tg mice, to determine whether Lp(a)/apo(a) modifies plasminogen-dependent leukocyte recruitment or whether apo(a) has an independent role in vivo. Plasminogen activation was markedly reduced in apo(a)tg and Lp(a)tg mice in both peritonitis and vascular injury inflammatory models, and was sufficient to reduce matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation and macrophage recruitment. Furthermore, neutrophil recruitment and the neutrophil cytokines, CXCL1/CXCL2, were suppressed in apo(a)tg mice in the abdominal aortic aneurysm model. Reconstitution of CXCL1 or CXCL2 restored neutrophil recruitment in apo(a)tg mice. Apo(a) in the plasminogen-deficient background and Lp(a)tg mice were resistant to inhibition of macrophage recruitment that was associated with an increased accumulation of apo(a) in the intimal layer of the vessel wall. These data indicate that, in inflammation, Lp(a)/apo(a) suppresses neutrophil recruitment by plasminogen-independent cytokine inhibition, and Lp(a)/apo(a) inhibits plasminogen activation and regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation and macrophage recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menggui Huang
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, the Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, the Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jessica Grondolsky
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, the Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jane Hoover-Plow
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, the Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Cleveland, Ohio.
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14
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Miles LA, Lighvani S, Baik N, Parmer CM, Khaldoyanidi S, Mueller BM, Parmer RJ. New insights into the role of Plg-RKT in macrophage recruitment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 309:259-302. [PMID: 24529725 PMCID: PMC4060795 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800255-1.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen (PLG) is the zymogen of plasmin, the major enzyme that degrades fibrin clots. In addition to its binding and activation on fibrin clots, PLG also specifically interacts with cell surfaces where it is more efficiently activated by PLG activators, compared with the reaction in solution. This results in association of the broad-spectrum proteolytic activity of plasmin with cell surfaces that functions to promote cell migration. Here, we review emerging data establishing a role for PLG, plasminogen receptors and the newly discovered plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, in macrophage recruitment in the inflammatory response, and we address mechanisms by which the interplay between PLG and its receptors regulates inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Miles
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Shahrzad Lighvani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Caitlin M Parmer
- Department of Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Barbara M Mueller
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Robert J Parmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
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15
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Law RHP, Abu-Ssaydeh D, Whisstock JC. New insights into the structure and function of the plasminogen/plasmin system. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:836-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Das R, Ganapathy S, Mahabeleshwar GH, Drumm C, Febbraio M, Jain MK, Plow EF. Macrophage gene expression and foam cell formation are regulated by plasminogen. Circulation 2013; 127:1209-18, e1-16. [PMID: 23401155 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deciphering the molecular and cellular processes that govern macrophage foam cell formation is critical to understanding the basic mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis and other vascular pathologies. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we identify a pivotal role of plasminogen (Plg) in regulating foam cell formation. Deficiency of Plg inhibited macrophage cholesterol accumulation on exposure to hyperlipidemic conditions in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Gene expression analysis identified CD36 as a regulated target of Plg, and macrophages from Plg(-/-) mice had decreased CD36 expression and diminished foam cell formation. The Plg-dependent CD36 expression and foam cell formation depended on conversion of Plg to plasmin, binding to the macrophage surface, and the consequent intracellular signaling that leads to production of leukotriene B4. Leukotriene B4 rescued the suppression of CD36 expression and foam cell formation arising from Plg deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate an unanticipated role of Plg in the regulation of gene expression and cholesterol metabolism by macrophages and identify Plg-mediated regulation of leukotriene B4 as an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Das
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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17
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Cell surface remodeling by plasmin: a new function for an old enzyme. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:564259. [PMID: 23097597 PMCID: PMC3477900 DOI: 10.1155/2012/564259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmin, one of the most potent and reactive serine proteases, is involved in various physiological processes, including embryo development, thrombolysis, wound healing and cancer progression. The proteolytic activity of plasmin is tightly regulated through activation of its precursor, plasminogen, only at specific times and in defined locales as well as through inhibition of active plasmin by its abundant natural inhibitors. By exploiting the plasminogen activating system and overexpressing distinct components of the plasminogen activation cascade, such as pro-uPA, uPAR and plasminogen receptors, malignant cells can enhance the generation of plasmin which in turn, modifies the tumor microenvironment to sustain cancer progression. While plasmin-mediated degradation and modification of extracellular matrix proteins, release of growth factors and cytokines from the stroma as well as activation of several matrix metalloproteinase zymogens, all have been a focus of cancer research studies for decades, the ability of plasmin to cleave transmembrane molecules and thereby to generate functionally important cleaved products which induce outside-in signal transduction, has just begun to receive sufficient attention. Herein, we highlight this relatively understudied, but important function of the plasmin enzyme as it is generated de novo at the interface between cross-talking cancer and host cells.
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Leibundgut G, Arai K, Orsoni A, Yin H, Scipione C, Miller ER, Koschinsky ML, Chapman MJ, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S. Oxidized phospholipids are present on plasminogen, affect fibrinolysis, and increase following acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59:1426-37. [PMID: 22497821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to assess whether plasminogen, which is homologous to lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], contains proinflammatory oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) and whether this has clinical relevance. BACKGROUND OxPL measured on apolipoprotein B-100 (OxPL/apoB), primarily reflecting OxPL on Lp(a), independently predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. METHODS The authors examined plasminogen from commercially available preparations and plasma from chimpanzees; gorillas; bonobos; cynomolgus monkeys; wild-type, apoE(-/-), LDLR(-/-), and Lp(a)-transgenic mice; healthy humans; and patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, stable CVD, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Phosphocholine (PC)-containing OxPL (OxPC) present on plasminogen were detected directly with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and immunologically with monoclonal antibody E06. In vitro clot lysis assays were performed to assess the effect of the OxPL on plasminogen on fibrinolysis. RESULTS LC-MS/MS revealed that OxPC fragments were covalently bound to mouse plasminogen. Immunoblot, immunoprecipitation, density gradient ultracentrifugation, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses demonstrated that all human and animal plasma samples tested contained OxPL covalently bound to plasminogen. In plasma samples subjected to density gradient fractionation, OxPL were present on plasminogen (OxPL/plasminogen) in non-lipoprotein fractions but on Lp(a) in lipoprotein fractions. Plasma levels of OxPL/apoB and OxPL/apo(a) varied significantly (>25×) among subjects and also strongly correlated with Lp(a) levels. In contrast, OxPL/plasminogen levels were distributed across a relatively narrow range and did not correlate with Lp(a). Enzymatic removal of OxPL from plasminogen resulted in a longer lysis time for fibrin clots (16.25 vs. 11.96 min, p = 0.007). In serial measurements over 7 months, OxPL/plasminogen levels did not vary in normal subjects or in patients with stable CVD, but increased acutely over the first month and then slowly decreased to baseline in patients following AMI. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that plasminogen contains covalently bound OxPL that influence fibrinolysis. OxPL/plasminogen represent a second major plasma pool of OxPL, in addition to those present on Lp(a). OxPL present on plasminogen may have pathophysiological implications in AMI and atherothrombosis.
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