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Czyzynska-Cichon I, Giergiel M, Kwiatkowski G, Kurpinska A, Wojnar-Lason K, Kaczara P, Szymonski M, Lekka M, Kalvins I, Zapotoczny B, Chlopicki S. Protein disulfide isomerase A1 regulates fenestration dynamics in primary mouse liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). Redox Biol 2024; 72:103162. [PMID: 38669864 PMCID: PMC11068635 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) are involved in many intracellular and extracellular processes, including cell adhesion and cytoskeletal reorganisation, but their contribution to the regulation of fenestrations in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) remains unknown. Given that fenestrations are supported on a cytoskeleton scaffold, this study aimed to investigate whether endothelial PDIs regulate fenestration dynamics in primary mouse LSECs. PDIA3 and PDIA1 were found to be the most abundant among PDI isoforms in LSECs. Taking advantage of atomic force microscopy, the effects of PDIA1 or PDIA3 inhibition on the fenestrations in LSECs were investigated using a classic PDIA1 inhibitor (bepristat) and novel aromatic N-sulfonamides of aziridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives as PDIA1 (C-3389) or PDIA3 (C-3399) inhibitors. The effect of PDIA1 inhibition on liver perfusion was studied in vivo using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, PDIA1 inhibitors were examined in vitro in LSECs for effects on adhesion, cytoskeleton organisation, bioenergetics, and viability. Inhibition of PDIA1 with bepristat or C-3389 significantly reduced the number of fenestrations in LSECs, while inhibition of PDIA3 with C-3399 had no effect. Moreover, the blocking of free thiols by the cell-penetrating N-ethylmaleimide, but not by the non-cell-penetrating 4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate, resulted in LSEC defenestration. Inhibition of PDIA1 did not affect LSEC adhesion, viability, and bioenergetics, nor did it induce a clear-cut rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. However, PDIA1-dependent defenestration was reversed by cytochalasin B, a known fenestration stimulator, pointing to the preserved ability of LSECs to form new pores. Importantly, systemic inhibition of PDIA1 in vivo affected intra-parenchymal uptake of contrast agent in mice consistent with LSEC defenestration. These results revealed the role of intracellular PDIA1 in the regulation of fenestration dynamics in LSECs, and in maintaining hepatic sinusoid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Czyzynska-Cichon
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Giergiel
- Jagiellonian University, Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kwiatkowski
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kurpinska
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Wojnar-Lason
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kaczara
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Jagiellonian University, Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Lekka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ivars Kalvins
- Laboratory of Carbofunctional Compounds, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia
| | - Bartlomiej Zapotoczny
- Jagiellonian University, Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland.
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Khan A, Siddiqui U, Fatima S, Rehman A, Jairajpuri M. Protein disulfide isomerase uses thrombin-antithrombin complex as a template to bind its target protein and alter the blood coagulation rates. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231540. [PMID: 38660763 PMCID: PMC11096647 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
During inflammation and situations of cellular stress protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is released in the blood plasma from the platelet and endothelial cells to influence thrombosis. The addition of exogenous PDI makes the environment pro-thrombotic by inducing disulfide bond formation in specific plasma protein targets like vitronectin, factor V, and factor XI. However, the mechanistic details of PDI interaction with its target remain largely unknown. A decrease in the coagulation time was detected in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT) on addition of the purified recombinant PDI (175 nM). The coagulation time can be controlled using an activator (quercetin penta sulfate, QPS) or an inhibitor (quercetin 3-rutinoside, Q3R) of PDI activity. Likewise, the PDI variants that increase the PDI activity (H399R) decrease, and the variant with low activity (C53A) increases the blood coagulation time. An SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis showed that the PDI does not form a stable complex with either thrombin or antithrombin (ATIII) but it uses the ATIII-thrombin complex as a template to bind and maintain its activity. A complete inhibition of thrombin activity on the formation of ATIII-thrombin-PDI complex, and the complex-bound PDI-catalyzed disulfide bond formation of the target proteins may control the pro- and anti-thrombotic role of PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Burhan Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Urfi Siddiqui
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sana Fatima
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ahmed Abdur Rehman
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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Chetot T, Serfaty X, Carret L, Kriznik A, Sophie-Rahuel-Clermont, Grand L, Jacolot M, Popowycz F, Benoit E, Lambert V, Lattard V. Splice variants of protein disulfide isomerase - identification, distribution and functional characterization in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130280. [PMID: 36423740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) enzyme is an emerging therapeutic target in oncology and hematology. Although PDI reductase activity has been studied with isolated fragments of the protein, natural structural variations affecting reductase activity have not been addressed. METHODS In this study, we discovered four coding splice variants of the Pdi pre-mRNA in rats. In vitro Michaelis constants and apparent maximum steady-state rate constants after purification and distribution in different rat tissues were determined. RESULTS The consensus sequence was found to be the most expressed splice variant while the second most expressed variant represents 15 to 35% of total Pdi mRNA. The third variant shows a quasi-null expression profile and the fourth was not quantifiable. The consensus sequence splice variant and the second splice variant are widely expressed (transcription level) in the liver and even more present in males. Measurements of the reductase activity of recombinant PDI indicate that the consensus sequence and third splice variant are fully active variants. The second most expressed variant, differing by a lack of signal peptide, was found active but less than the consensus sequence. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our work emphasizes the importance of taking splice variants into account when studying PDI-like proteins to understand the full biological functionalities of PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chetot
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAe, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy l'étoile, France
| | - Xavier Serfaty
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAe, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy l'étoile, France
| | - Léna Carret
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAe, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy l'étoile, France
| | | | | | - Lucie Grand
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Maïwenn Jacolot
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Florence Popowycz
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAe, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy l'étoile, France
| | - Véronique Lambert
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAe, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy l'étoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAe, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy l'étoile, France.
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Chen D, Liu Y, Liu P, Zhou Y, Jiang L, Yuan C, Huang M. Orally delivered rutin in lipid-based nano-formulation exerts strong antithrombotic effects by protein disulfide isomerase inhibition. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1824-1835. [PMID: 35674505 PMCID: PMC9186361 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2083726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis occurs in both macrovasculature and microvasculature, causing various cardio-cerebral vascular diseases. The lack of effective and safe antithrombotic drugs leads to a public health crisis. Mounting evidence suggests that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) plays a critical role in the initial stage of thrombus formation, motivating the research of the feasibility of PDI inhibitors as novel anti-thrombotics. Rutin, one of the most potent PDI inhibitors, was reported to suppress platelet aggregation and thrombosis in animal models, but further studies and clinical translation were restricted due to its low aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability. In this work, we fabricated rutin-loaded lipid-based nano-formulation (NanoR) and characterized their physical-chemical properties, release profiles, pharmacokinetic process, and pharmacodynamic function against thrombosis in macrovessels and microvessels. NanoR provided increased solubility and dissolution of rutin to achieve earlier Tmax and higher Cmax than the sodium salt of rutin (NaR) after oral gavage. Ex vivo studies demonstrated that NanoR significantly inhibited thrombin generation and clot formation in the plasma of mice. Importantly, such effect was reversed by exogenous recombinant PDI, demonstrating the specificity of the NanoR. In direct current-induced arterial thrombosis model and ferric chloride-induced microvascular thrombosis model, NanoR exhibited greatly enhanced antithrombotic activity compared with NaR. NanoR also showed good safety performance according to tail bleeding assay, global coagulation tests, and histological analysis. Overall, our current results indicated that NanoR offers a promising antithrombotic treatment with potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- College of Chemistry, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yurong Liu
- College of Chemistry, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peiwen Liu
- College of Chemistry, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Chemistry, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Longguang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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Falcione S, Munsterman D, Joy T, Kamtchum-Tatuene J, Sykes G, Jickling G. Association of Thrombin Generation With Leukocyte Inflammatory Profile in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke. Neurology 2022; 99:e1356-e1363. [PMID: 35790427 PMCID: PMC9576286 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Thrombosis is central to the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke, with higher thrombin generation being associated with increased stroke risk. The immune system may contribute to thrombin generation in stroke and thus may offer novel strategies for stroke prevention. This study addresses the research question regarding the relationship of thrombin generation to leukocyte gene expression in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS We isolated RNA from whole blood and examined the relationship to thrombin generation capacity in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Due to its effects on thrombin generation, patients on anticoagulants were excluded from the study. The relationship of gene expression with peak thrombin was evaluated by analysis of covariance across peak thrombin quartiles adjusted for sex and age. RESULTS In 97 patients with acute ischemic stroke, peak thrombin was variable, ranging from 252.0 to 752.4 nM. Increased peak thrombin was associated with differences in thromboinflammatory leukocyte gene expression, including a decrease in ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 13 and an increase in nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-activating protein, protein disulfide isomerase family A member 5, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2. Pathways associated with peak thrombin included interleukin 6 signaling, thrombin signaling, and NF-κB signaling. A linear discriminant analysis model summarizing the immune activation associated with peak thrombin in a first cohort of stroke could distinguish patients with low peak thrombin from high peak thrombin in a second cohort of 112 patients with acute ischemic stroke. DISCUSSION The identified genes and pathways support a role of the immune system contributing to thrombus formation in patients with stroke. These may have relevance to antithrombotic strategies for stroke prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Falcione
- From the Division of Neurology (S.F., D.M., T.J., G.S., G.J.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (J.K.-T.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Danielle Munsterman
- From the Division of Neurology (S.F., D.M., T.J., G.S., G.J.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (J.K.-T.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Twinkle Joy
- From the Division of Neurology (S.F., D.M., T.J., G.S., G.J.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (J.K.-T.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Joseph Kamtchum-Tatuene
- From the Division of Neurology (S.F., D.M., T.J., G.S., G.J.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (J.K.-T.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gina Sykes
- From the Division of Neurology (S.F., D.M., T.J., G.S., G.J.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (J.K.-T.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Glen Jickling
- From the Division of Neurology (S.F., D.M., T.J., G.S., G.J.), Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (J.K.-T.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Przyborowski K, Kurpinska A, Wojkowska D, Kaczara P, Suraj‐Prazmowska J, Karolczak K, Malinowska A, Pelesz A, Kij A, Kalvins I, Watala C, Chlopicki S. Protein disulfide isomerase-A1 regulates intraplatelet reactive oxygen species-thromboxane A 2 -dependent pathway in human platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:157-169. [PMID: 34592041 PMCID: PMC9292974 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-derived protein disulfide isomerase 1 (PDIA1) regulates thrombus formation, but its role in the regulation of platelet function is not fully understood. AIMS The aim of this study was to characterize the role of PDIA1 in human platelets. METHODS Proteomic analysis of PDI isoforms in platelets was performed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectometry, and the expression of PDIs on platelets in response to collagen, TRAP-14, or ADP was measured with flow cytometry. The effects of bepristat, a selective PDIA1 inhibitor, on platelet aggregation, expression of platelet surface activation markers, thromboxane A2 (TxA2 ), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were evaluated by optical aggregometry, flow cytometry, ELISA, and dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate-based fluorescent assay, respectively. RESULTS PDIA1 was less abundant compared with PDIA3 in resting platelets and platelets stimulated with TRAP-14, collagen, or ADP. Collagen, but not ADP, induced a significant increase in PDIA1 expression. Bepristat potently inhibited the aggregation of washed platelets induced by collagen or convulxin, but only weakly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by TRAP-14 or thrombin, and had the negligible effect on platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid. Inhibition of PDIA1 by bepristat resulted in the reduction of TxA2 and ROS production in collagen- or thrombin-stimulated platelets. Furthermore, bepristat reduced the activation of αIIbβ3 integrin and expression of P-selectin. CONCLUSIONS PDIA1 acts as an intraplatelet regulator of the ROS-TxA2 pathway in collagen-GP VI receptor-mediated platelet activation that is a mechanistically distinct pathway from extracellular regulation of αIIbβ3 integrin by PDIA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Przyborowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Anna Kurpinska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Dagmara Wojkowska
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic DisordersMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Patrycja Kaczara
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | | | - Kamil Karolczak
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic DisordersMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Agata Malinowska
- Mass Spectrometry LaboratoryInstitute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Agnieszka Pelesz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Ivars Kalvins
- Laboratory of Carbocyclic CompoundsLatvian Institute of Organic SynthesisRigaLatvia
| | - Cezary Watala
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic DisordersMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
- Chair of Biomedical SciencesMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
- Chair of PharmacologyJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
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Curcumin at Low Doses Potentiates and at High Doses Inhibits ABT-737-Induced Platelet Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105405. [PMID: 34065600 PMCID: PMC8161296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural bioactive component derived from the turmeric plant Curcuma longa, which exhibits a range of beneficial activities on human cells. Previously, an inhibitory effect of curcumin on platelets was demonstrated. However, it is unknown whether this inhibitory effect is due to platelet apoptosis or procoagulant platelet formation. In this study, curcumin did not activate caspase 3-dependent apoptosis of human platelets, but rather induced the formation of procoagulant platelets. Interestingly, curcumin at low concentration (5 µM) potentiated, and at high concentration (50 µM) inhibited ABT-737-induced platelet apoptosis, which was accompanied by inhibition of ABT-737-mediated thrombin generation. Platelet viability was not affected by curcumin at low concentration and was reduced by 17% at high concentration. Furthermore, curcumin-induced autophagy in human platelets via increased translocation of LC3I to LC3II, which was associated with activation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) kinase and inhibition of protein kinase B activity. Because curcumin inhibits P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in cancer cells and contributes to overcoming multidrug resistance, we showed that curcumin similarly inhibited platelet P-gp activity. Our results revealed that the platelet inhibitory effect of curcumin is mediated by complex processes, including procoagulant platelet formation. Thus, curcumin may protect against or enhance caspase-dependent apoptosis in platelets under certain conditions.
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Alterations of the Platelet Proteome in Lung Cancer: Accelerated F13A1 and ER Processing as New Actors in Hypercoagulability. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092260. [PMID: 34066760 PMCID: PMC8125802 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The risk of venous thromboembolism in cancer is nine times higher than in the general population and the second leading cause of death in these patients. Tissue factor and downstream plasmatic coagulation cascade are largely responsible for the risk of thrombosis in cancer. In recent years, it has been increasingly recognised that platelets also play a central role in tumour growth and cancer-associated thrombosis. The underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In order to comprehensively investigate the biochemical changes in platelets from cancers with high risk of thrombosis, we examined the platelet proteome of brain and lung cancer patients in comparison to sex and age-matched healthy controls. However, we only found alterations in lung cancer, where some of these platelet proteins directly promote thrombosis. One example is the increased amount of the enzyme protein disulfide isomerase, which is clinically investigated as an antithrombotic drug target of the plant-based flavonol quercetin. Abstract In order to comprehensively expose cancer-related biochemical changes, we compared the platelet proteome of two types of cancer with a high risk of thrombosis (22 patients with brain cancer, 19 with lung cancer) to 41 matched healthy controls using unbiased two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis. The examined platelet proteome was unchanged in patients with brain cancer, but considerably affected in lung cancer with 15 significantly altered proteins. Amongst these, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins calreticulin (CALR), endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP (HSPA5) and protein disulfide-isomerase (P4HB) were significantly elevated. Accelerated conversion of the fibrin stabilising factor XIII was detected in platelets of patients with lung cancer by elevated levels of a coagulation factor XIII (F13A1) 55 kDa fragment. A significant correlation of this F13A1 cleavage product with plasma levels of the plasmin–α-2-antiplasmin complex and D-dimer suggests its enhanced degradation by the fibrinolytic system. Protein association network analysis showed that lung cancer-related proteins were involved in platelet degranulation and upregulated ER protein processing. As a possible outcome, plasma FVIII, an immediate end product for ER-mediated glycosylation, correlated significantly with the ER-executing chaperones CALR and HSPA5. These new data on the differential behaviour of platelets in various cancers revealed F13A1 and ER chaperones as potential novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets in lung cancer patients.
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Pielsticker C, Brodde MF, Raum L, Jurk K, Kehrel BE. Plasmin-Induced Activation of Human Platelets Is Modulated by Thrombospondin-1, Bona Fide Misfolded Proteins and Thiol Isomerases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228851. [PMID: 33238433 PMCID: PMC7700677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes are triggered by the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin. Tissue-type plasminogen activator, which cleaves plasminogen to plasmin, can be activated by the cross-β-structure of misfolded proteins. Misfolded protein aggregates also represent substrates for plasmin, promoting their degradation, and are potent platelet agonists. However, the regulation of plasmin-mediated platelet activation by misfolded proteins and vice versa is incompletely understood. In this study, we hypothesize that plasmin acts as potent agonist of human platelets in vitro after short-term incubation at room temperature, and that the response to thrombospondin-1 and the bona fide misfolded proteins Eap and SCN--denatured IgG interfere with plasmin, thereby modulating platelet activation. Plasmin dose-dependently induced CD62P surface expression on, and binding of fibrinogen to, human platelets in the absence/presence of plasma and in citrated whole blood, as analyzed by flow cytometry. Thrombospondin-1 pre-incubated with plasmin enhanced these plasmin-induced platelet responses at low concentration and diminished them at higher dose. Platelet fibrinogen binding was dose-dependently induced by the C-terminal thrombospondin-1 peptide RFYVVMWK, Eap or NaSCN-treated IgG, but diminished in the presence of plasmin. Blocking enzymatically catalyzed thiol-isomerization decreased plasmin-induced platelet responses, suggesting that plasmin activates platelets in a thiol-dependent manner. Thrombospondin-1, depending on the concentration, may act as cofactor or inhibitor of plasmin-induced platelet activation, and plasmin blocks platelet activation induced by misfolded proteins and vice versa, which might be of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pielsticker
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.P.); (L.R.)
| | | | - Lisa Raum
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.P.); (L.R.)
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.J.); (B.E.K.); Tel.: +49-6131178278 (K.J.); +49-2518356725 (B.E.K.)
| | - Beate E. Kehrel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.P.); (L.R.)
- OxProtect GmbH, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
- Correspondence: (K.J.); (B.E.K.); Tel.: +49-6131178278 (K.J.); +49-2518356725 (B.E.K.)
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Wu Y, Essex DW. Vascular thiol isomerases in thrombosis: The yin and yang. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2790-2800. [PMID: 32702157 PMCID: PMC10496414 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There has recently been considerable progress of the field of extracellular protein disulfide isomerases with vascular thiol isomerases in the forefront. Four members of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family of enzymes, PDI, ERp57, ERp72, and ERp5, have been shown to be secreted from activated platelets and endothelial cells at the site of vascular injury. Each isomerase individually supports platelet accumulation and coagulation, as indicated by multiple levels of evidence, including inhibitory antibodies, targeted knockout mice, and mutant isomerases. The transmembrane PDI family member TMX1 was recently shown to inhibit platelet function and thrombosis, demonstrating that the PDIs can have opposing functions in thrombosis. These observations provide a new concept that thiol isomerases can both positively and negatively regulate hemostasis, constituting off-on redox switches controlling activation of hemostatic factors. This redox network serves to maintain vascular homeostasis. Integrins such as the αIIbβ3 fibrinogen receptor on platelets appear to be major substrates, with the platelet receptor for von Willebrand factor, glycoprotein Ibα, as another substrate. S-nitrosylation of the prothrombotic PDIs may additionally negatively regulate platelets and thrombosis. Thiol isomerases also regulate coagulation in mouse models, and a clinical trial with the oral PDI inhibitor isoquercetin substantially decreased markers of coagulation in patients at risk for thrombosis. This review updates recent findings in the field and addresses emerging evidence that thiol/disulfide-based reactions mediated by the prothrombotic secreted PDIs are balanced by the transmembrane member of this family, TMX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Center, Department of Medicine/Hematology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David W Essex
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Center, Department of Medicine/Hematology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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11
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Molecular Drivers of Platelet Activation: Unraveling Novel Targets for Anti-Thrombotic and Anti-Thrombo-Inflammatory Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217906. [PMID: 33114406 PMCID: PMC7662962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally-partly a consequence of increased population size and ageing-and are major contributors to reduced quality of life. Platelets play a major role in hemostasis and thrombosis. While platelet activation and aggregation are essential for hemostasis at sites of vascular injury, uncontrolled platelet activation leads to pathological thrombus formation and provokes thrombosis leading to myocardial infarction or stroke. Platelet activation and thrombus formation is a multistage process with different signaling pathways involved to trigger platelet shape change, integrin activation, stable platelet adhesion, aggregation, and degranulation. Apart from thrombotic events, thrombo-inflammation contributes to organ damage and dysfunction in CVDs and is mediated by platelets and inflammatory cells. Therefore, in the past, many efforts have been made to investigate specific signaling pathways in platelets to identify innovative and promising approaches for novel antithrombotic and anti-thrombo-inflammatory strategies that do not interfere with hemostasis. In this review, we focus on some of the most recent data reported on different platelet receptors, including GPIb-vWF interactions, GPVI activation, platelet chemokine receptors, regulation of integrin signaling, and channel homeostasis of NMDAR and PANX1.
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12
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Stojak M, Milczarek M, Kurpinska A, Suraj-Prazmowska J, Kaczara P, Wojnar-Lason K, Banach J, Stachowicz-Suhs M, Rossowska J, Kalviņš I, Wietrzyk J, Chlopicki S. Protein Disulphide Isomerase A1 Is Involved in the Regulation of Breast Cancer Cell Adhesion and Transmigration via Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102850. [PMID: 33023153 PMCID: PMC7601413 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell cross-talk with the host endothelium plays a crucial role in metastasis, but the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. We studied the involvement of protein disulphide isomerase A1 (PDIA1) in human breast cancer cell (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) adhesion and transendothelial migration. For comparison, the role of PDIA1 in proliferation, migration, cell cycle and apoptosis was also assessed. Pharmacological inhibitor, bepristat 2a and PDIA1 silencing were used to inhibit PDIA1. Inhibition of PDIA1 by bepristat 2a markedly decreased the adhesion of breast cancer cells to collagen type I, fibronectin and human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Transendothelial migration of breast cancer cells across the endothelial monolayer was also inhibited by bepristat 2a, an effect not associated with changes in ICAM-1 expression or changes in cellular bioenergetics. The silencing of PDIA1 produced less pronounced anti-adhesive effects. However, inhibiting extracellular free thiols by non-penetrating blocker p-chloromercuribenzene sulphonate substantially inhibited adhesion. Using a proteomic approach, we identified that β1 and α2 integrins were the most abundant among all integrins in breast cancer cells as well as in lung microvascular endothelial cells, suggesting that integrins could represent a target for PDIA1. In conclusion, extracellular PDIA1 plays a major role in regulating the adhesion of cancer cells and their transendothelial migration, in addition to regulating cell cycle and caspase 3/7 activation by intracellular PDIA1. PDIA1-dependent regulation of cancer-endothelial cell interactions involves disulphide exchange and most likely integrin activation but is not mediated by the regulation of ICAM-1 expression or changes in cellular bioenergetics in breast cancer or endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Stojak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.K.); (J.S.-P.); (P.K.); (K.W.-L.)
| | - Magdalena Milczarek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.M.); (J.B.); (M.S.-S.); (J.R.)
| | - Anna Kurpinska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.K.); (J.S.-P.); (P.K.); (K.W.-L.)
| | - Joanna Suraj-Prazmowska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.K.); (J.S.-P.); (P.K.); (K.W.-L.)
| | - Patrycja Kaczara
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.K.); (J.S.-P.); (P.K.); (K.W.-L.)
| | - Kamila Wojnar-Lason
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.K.); (J.S.-P.); (P.K.); (K.W.-L.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Banach
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.M.); (J.B.); (M.S.-S.); (J.R.)
| | - Martyna Stachowicz-Suhs
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.M.); (J.B.); (M.S.-S.); (J.R.)
| | - Joanna Rossowska
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.M.); (J.B.); (M.S.-S.); (J.R.)
| | - Ivars Kalviņš
- Laboratory of Carbofunctional Compounds, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.M.); (J.B.); (M.S.-S.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (S.C.)
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.K.); (J.S.-P.); (P.K.); (K.W.-L.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (S.C.)
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13
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Chaudhry SA, Serrata M, Tomczak L, Higgins S, Ryu J, Laprise D, Enjyoji K, Bekendam R, Kaushik V, Flaumenhaft R, Bendapudi PK. Cationic zinc is required for factor XII recruitment and activation by stimulated platelets and for thrombus formation in vivo. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2318-2328. [PMID: 32542960 PMCID: PMC8147875 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although divalent zinc (Zn2+ ) is known to bind factor (F)XII and affect its sensitivity to autoactivation, little is known about the role of Zn2+ in the binding of FXII to platelets, where FXII activation is thought to occur in vivo, and the function of Zn2+ during thrombus formation following vascular injury remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of Zn2+ in platelet-dependent FXIIa generation. METHODS FXII binding to platelets and FXII activation by stimulated platelets were assessed using flow cytometry and a platelet-dependent thrombin generation assay. The mouse cremaster laser injury model was used to evaluate the impact of Zn2+ chelation on thrombus formation in vivo. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that stimulated platelets support FXII-dependent thrombin generation and that FXII activation by platelets requires the presence of Zn2+ . By contrast, thrombin generation by stimulated endothelial cells occurred independently of FXII and Zn2+ . Using flow cytometry, we found that FXII-fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate binds to the surfaces of stimulated platelets in a specific and Zn2+ -dependent manner, whereas resting platelets demonstrated minimal binding. Other physiologically-relevant divalent cations are unable to support this interaction. Consistent with these findings, the Zn2+ -specific chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid calcium disodium salt confers thromboprotection in the mouse cremaster laser injury model without causing increased bleeding. We observed an identical phenotype in FXII null mice tested in the same system. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a novel role for Zn2+ in the binding and activation of FXII at the platelet surface, an interaction that appears crucial to FXII-dependent thrombin generation but dispensable for hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharjeel A. Chaudhry
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Matthew Serrata
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Lindsay Tomczak
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah Higgins
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Justine Ryu
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Dylan Laprise
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Keiichi Enjyoji
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Roelof Bekendam
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Virendar Kaushik
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pavan K. Bendapudi
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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14
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Tanaka LY, Oliveira PVS, Laurindo FRM. Peri/Epicellular Thiol Oxidoreductases as Mediators of Extracellular Redox Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:280-307. [PMID: 31910038 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Supracellular redox networks regulating cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and organ system architecture merge with structural and functional (catalytic or allosteric) properties of disulfide bonds. This review addresses emerging evidence that exported thiol oxidoreductases (TORs), such as thioredoxin, protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), quiescin sulfhydryl oxidases (QSOX)1, and peroxiredoxins, composing a peri/epicellular (pec)TOR pool, mediate relevant signaling. pecTOR functions depend mainly on kinetic and spatial regulation of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions governed by redox potentials, which are modulated by exported intracellular low-molecular-weight thiols, together conferring signal specificity. Recent Advances: pecTOR redox-modulates several targets including integrins, ECM proteins, surface molecules, and plasma components, although clear-cut documentation of direct effects is lacking in many cases. TOR catalytic pathways, displaying common patterns, culminate in substrate thiol reduction, oxidation, or isomerization. Peroxiredoxins act as redox/peroxide sensors, contrary to PDIs, which are likely substrate-targeted redox modulators. Emerging evidence suggests important pecTOR roles in patho(physio)logical processes, including blood coagulation, vascular remodeling, mechanosensing, endothelial function, immune responses, and inflammation. Critical Issues: Effects of pecPDIs supporting thrombosis/platelet activation have been well documented and reached the clinical arena. Roles of pecPDIA1 in vascular remodeling/mechanosensing are also emerging. Extracellular thioredoxin and pecPDIs redox-regulate immunoinflammation. Routes of TOR externalization remain elusive and appear to involve Golgi-independent routes. pecTORs are particularly accessible drug targets. Future Directions: Further understanding mechanisms of thiol redox reactions and developing assays for assessing pecTOR redox activities remain important research avenues. Also, addressing pecTORs as disease markers and achieving more efficient/specific drugs for pecTOR modulation are major perspectives for diagnostic/therapeutic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Percillia V S Oliveira
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Döhrmann M, Makhoul S, Gross K, Krause M, Pillitteri D, von Auer C, Walter U, Lutz J, Volf I, Kehrel BE, Jurk K. CD36-fibrin interaction propagates FXI-dependent thrombin generation of human platelets. FASEB J 2020; 34:9337-9357. [PMID: 32463151 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903189r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates blood and vascular cells in thrombo-inflammatory diseases. Platelets are amplifiers of thrombin formation when activated by leukocyte- and vascular cell-derived thrombin. CD36 on platelets acts as sensitizer for molecules with damage-associated molecular patterns, thereby increasing platelet reactivity. Here, we investigated the role of CD36 in thrombin-generation on human platelets, including selected patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Platelets deficient in CD36 or blocked by anti-CD36 antibody FA6.152 showed impaired thrombin generation triggered by thrombin in calibrated automated thrombography. Using platelets with congenital function defects, blocking antibodies, pharmacological inhibitors, and factor-depleted plasma, CD36-sensitive thrombin generation was dependent on FXI, fibrin, and platelet signaling via GPIbα and SFKs. CD36-deficiency or blocking suppressed thrombin-induced platelet αIIbβ3 activation, granule exocytosis, binding of adhesion proteins and FV, FVIII, FIX, FX, but not anionic phospholipid exposure determined by flow cytometry. CD36 ligated specifically soluble fibrin, which recruited distinct coagulation factors via thiols. Selected patients with CKD showed elevated soluble fibrin plasma levels and enhanced thrombin-induced thrombin generation, which was normalized by CD36 blocking. Thus, CD36 is an important amplifier of platelet-dependent thrombin generation when exposure of anionic phospholipids is limited. This pathway might contribute to hypercoagulability in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Döhrmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephanie Makhoul
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathrin Gross
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuela Krause
- Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik HELIOS Klinik, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | | | - Charis von Auer
- Third Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Walter
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Lutz
- Section of Nephrology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Medical Clinic, Section of Nephrology and Infectious Diseases, Gemeinschaftsklinikum Mittelrhein, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Ivo Volf
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beate E Kehrel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Hemostasis, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Hemostasis, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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16
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Qin RR, Zhu H, Wang F, Song M, Lin PL, Xing YQ, Zhang W, Zhong M, Wang ZH. Platelet activation in diabetic mice models: the role of vascular endothelial cell-derived protein disulfide isomerase-mediated GP IIb/IIIa receptor activation. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6358-6370. [PMID: 31437127 PMCID: PMC6738422 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
GP IIb/IIIa receptor activation plays an important role in thrombosis. The mechanism of early activation of GP IIb/IIIa receptors in diabetic conditions remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the release of Endothelial microparticle (EMP)-associated protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) after endothelial cell injury induced in diabetes and the changes in platelet activation. We produced an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus using ApoE-/- mice. Normal ApoE-/- and diabetic mice were allocated to four groups (n = 15): normal diet, normal diet plus rutin, diabetic, and diabetes plus rutin. The EMP-PDI content and GP IIb/IIIa expression of mice platelets were determined. In addition, EMPs obtained from the four groups were pretreated with the PDI inhibitor rutin; then, their effects on the platelets of normal C57 mice were characterized. Compared with the normal diet group, the diabetic group had significantly increased plasma EMP-PDI content and accelerated platelet activation by increased GP IIb/IIIa expression. In conclusion, EMP-PDI promotes early platelet activation through glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptors present on platelet surface in the diabetic state. However, this process could be partially suppressed by the administration of rutin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Ran Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ming Song
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Pei-Lin Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Xing
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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17
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p38/TF/HIF- α Signaling Pathway Participates in the Progression of CIPN in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5347804. [PMID: 31380428 PMCID: PMC6652066 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5347804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a serious adverse effect of chemotherapeutics with limited pathogenetic mechanism been known. Whether microcirculatory disturbance is involved in CIPN has not been reported. Considering that tissue factor (TF) is an endogenous coagulation factor, we hypothesize CIPN may be induced by the high expression of TF in macrophages and sciatic nerve, which induces the molecular signal related to ischemia and hypoxia. Oxaliplatin (L-OHP) was used to establish CIPN model. Von Frey Hairs was used to measure nociception. The murine macrophage cell line Raw 264.7 was used for cell experiments. Gelatin zymography and western blotting were used to measure the activity or expression of protein. TF expression and MMP-9/2 activity in sciatic nerve and blood are significantly increased by L-OHP. L-OHP increased the release of HSP70 from macrophage and enhanced the expression of p-p38 and HIF-1α in vivo and in vitro. Hirudin significantly suppressed the overexpression of p38, HIF-1α and activation of MMP-9/2 induced by L-OHP and attenuated CIPN in mice. This study suggests that a novel HSP70-TLR-4-p38-TF-HIF-1a axis may play a pivotal role in the pathological process of CIPN. It is also shown that the use of anticoagulant Hirudin can inhibit the above mechanisms and improve CIPN.
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18
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Rosenberg N, Mor-Cohen R, Sheptovitsky VH, Romanenco O, Hess O, Lahav J. Integrin-mediated cell adhesion requires extracellular disulfide exchange regulated by protein disulfide isomerase. Exp Cell Res 2019; 381:77-85. [PMID: 31042499 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion to extracellular matrix, mediated by integrin receptors, is crucial for cell survival. Receptor-ligand interaction involves conformational changes in the integrin by a mechanism not fully elucidated. In addition to several direct evidence that there is disulfide re-arrangement of integrins, we previously demonstrated a role for extracellular thiols and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in integrin-mediated functions using platelets as model system. Exploring the possible generality of this mechanism, we now show, using three different nucleated cells which depend on adhesion for survival, that non-penetrating blockers of free thiols inhibit α2β1 and α5β1 integrin-mediated adhesion and that disulfide exchange takes place in that process. Inhibiting extracellular PDI mimics thiol blocking. Transfection with WT or enzymatically inactive PDI increased their membrane expression and enhanced cell adhesion, suggesting that PDI level is a limiting factor and that the chaperone activity of the enzyme contributes to adhesion. Exogenously added PDI also enhanced adhesion, further supporting the limiting factor of the enzyme. These data indicate that: a) Dependence on ecto-sulfhydryls for integrin-mediated adhesion is not exclusive to the platelet; b) PDI is involved in integrin-mediated adhesion, catalyzing disulfide bond exchange; c) PDI enhances cell adhesion by both its oxidoreductase activity and as a chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Rosenberg
- The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer and Dept. of Hematology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Ronit Mor-Cohen
- The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer and Dept. of Hematology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Vera Hazan Sheptovitsky
- Hemostasis Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tiqva, and Dept. of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Olga Romanenco
- Hemostasis Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tiqva, and Dept. of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Oded Hess
- Hemostasis Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tiqva, and Dept. of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Judith Lahav
- Hemostasis Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tiqva, and Dept. of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review provides an overview of recent findings on new members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family required for thrombosis. RECENT FINDINGS Twenty years ago PDI was shown to mediate platelet aggregation, and 10 years ago PDI was shown to support thrombosis in vivo. Subsequently, other members of this endoplasmic reticulum family of enzymes, ERp57 and ERp5, were demonstrated to support thrombosis. A fourth member, ERp72, was recently shown to be required for platelet accumulation and fibrin deposition in vivo. None of these enzymes can individually support these processes. Moreover, aggregation of platelets deficient in a specific PDI is only recovered by the PDI that is missing. This implies that each PDI has a distinct role in activation of the αIIbβ3 fibrinogen receptor and platelet aggregation. Free thiols can be labeled in both subunits of αIIbβ3, suggesting cysteine-based reactions are involved in relaying conformational changes from the cytoplasmic tails to the integrin headpiece of this integrin. SUMMARY Multiple members of the PDI family support platelet function, and hemostasis and thrombosis with distinct roles in these processes. The individual cysteine targets of each enzyme and how these enzymes are integrated into a network that supports hemostasis and thrombosis remain to be elucidated.
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Zwicker JI, Schlechter BL, Stopa JD, Liebman HA, Aggarwal A, Puligandla M, Caughey T, Bauer KA, Kuemmerle N, Wong E, Wun T, McLaughlin M, Hidalgo M, Neuberg D, Furie B, Flaumenhaft R. Targeting protein disulfide isomerase with the flavonoid isoquercetin to improve hypercoagulability in advanced cancer. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125851. [PMID: 30652973 PMCID: PMC6478409 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a thiol isomerase secreted by vascular cells that is required for thrombus formation. Quercetin flavonoids inhibit PDI activity and block platelet accumulation and fibrin generation at the site of a vascular injury in mouse models, but the clinical effect of targeting extracellular PDI in humans has not been studied. METHODS We conducted a multicenter phase II trial of sequential dosing cohorts to evaluate the efficacy of targeting PDI with isoquercetin to reduce hypercoagulability in cancer patients at high risk for thrombosis. Patients received isoquercetin at 500 mg (cohort A, n = 28) or 1000 mg (cohort B, n = 29) daily for 56 days, with laboratory assays performed at baseline and the end of the study, along with bilateral lower extremity compression ultrasound. The primary efficacy endpoint was a reduction in D-dimer, and the primary clinical endpoint included pulmonary embolism or proximal deep vein thrombosis. RESULTS The administration of 1000 mg isoquercetin decreased D-dimer plasma concentrations by a median of -21.9% (P = 0.0002). There were no primary VTE events or major hemorrhages observed in either cohort. Isoquercetin increased PDI inhibitory activity in plasma (37.0% in cohort A, n = 25, P < 0.001; 73.3% in cohort B, n = 22, P < 0.001, respectively). Corroborating the antithrombotic efficacy, we also observed a significant decrease in platelet-dependent thrombin generation (cohort A median decrease -31.1%, P = 0.007; cohort B median decrease -57.2%, P = 0.004) and circulating soluble P selectin at the 1000 mg isoquercetin dose (median decrease -57.9%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Isoquercetin targets extracellular PDI and improves markers of coagulation in advanced cancer patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02195232. FUNDING Quercegen Pharmaceuticals; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI; U54HL112302, R35HL135775, and T32HL007917); and NHLBI Consortium Linking Oncology and Thrombosis (U01HL143365).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I. Zwicker
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis and
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Schlechter
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Howard A. Liebman
- Jane Anne Nohl Division of Hematology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Maneka Puligandla
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kenneth A. Bauer
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis and
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy Kuemmerle
- White River Junction Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont, USA
| | - Ellice Wong
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ted Wun
- Division of Hematology Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Bekendam RH, Iyu D, Passam F, Stopa JD, De Ceunynck K, Muse O, Bendapudi PK, Garnier CL, Gopal S, Crescence L, Chiu J, Furie B, Panicot-Dubois L, Hogg PJ, Dubois C, Flaumenhaft R. Protein disulfide isomerase regulation by nitric oxide maintains vascular quiescence and controls thrombus formation. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2322-2335. [PMID: 30207066 PMCID: PMC6374154 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Nitric oxide synthesis controls protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) function. Nitric oxide (NO) modulation of PDI controls endothelial thrombogenicity. S-nitrosylated PDI inhibits platelet function and thrombosis. Nitric oxide maintains vascular quiescence in part through inhibition of PDI. SUMMARY: Background Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) plays an essential role in thrombus formation, and PDI inhibition is being evaluated clinically as a novel anticoagulant strategy. However, little is known about the regulation of PDI in the vasculature. Thiols within the catalytic motif of PDI are essential for its role in thrombosis. These same thiols bind nitric oxide (NO), which is a potent regulator of vessel function. To determine whether regulation of PDI represents a mechanism by which NO controls vascular quiescence, we evaluated the effect of NO on PDI function in endothelial cells and platelets, and thrombus formation in vivo. Aim To assess the effect of S-nitrosylation on the regulation of PDI and other thiol isomerases in the vasculature. Methods and results The role of endogenous NO in PDI activity was evaluated by incubating endothelium with an NO scavenger, which resulted in exposure of free thiols, increased thiol isomerase activity, and enhanced thrombin generation on the cell membrane. Conversely, exposure of endothelium to NO+ carriers or elevation of endogenous NO levels by induction of NO synthesis resulted in S-nitrosylation of PDI and decreased surface thiol reductase activity. S-nitrosylation of platelet PDI inhibited its reductase activity, and S-nitrosylated PDI interfered with platelet aggregation, α-granule release, and thrombin generation on platelets. S-nitrosylated PDI also blocked laser-induced thrombus formation when infused into mice. S-nitrosylated ERp5 and ERp57 were found to have similar inhibitory activity. Conclusions These studies identify NO as a critical regulator of vascular PDI, and show that regulation of PDI function is an important mechanism by which NO maintains vascular quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelof H. Bekendam
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM UMR-S1076, Vascular Research Center Marseille, Marseille, France
- Department of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - David Iyu
- Department of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Freda Passam
- St George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jack D. Stopa
- Department of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Karen De Ceunynck
- Department of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Oluwatoyosi Muse
- Department of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Pavan K. Bendapudi
- Department of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Céline L. Garnier
- Department of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Srila Gopal
- Department of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Lydie Crescence
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM UMR-S1076, Vascular Research Center Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Joyce Chiu
- The Centenary Institute, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bruce Furie
- Department of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Laurence Panicot-Dubois
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM UMR-S1076, Vascular Research Center Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Philip J. Hogg
- The Centenary Institute, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christophe Dubois
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM UMR-S1076, Vascular Research Center Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Department of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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22
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Stopa JD, Zwicker JI. The intersection of protein disulfide isomerase and cancer associated thrombosis. Thromb Res 2018; 164 Suppl 1:S130-S135. [PMID: 29703471 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the hypercoagulability of cancer are complex and include the upregulation coagulation factors or procoagulant proteins, shedding of microparticles, and direct activation of vascular cells. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a thiol isomerase secreted from activated platelets and endothelial cells and plays a critical role in both platelet aggregation and fibrin generation. A number of potential intravascular targets of PDI have been identified including cell surface receptors (e.g. β-integrins and glycoprotein Ib), receptor ligands (e.g. fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor), serine proteases (e.g. cathepsin G and kallekrein-14), and coagulation factors (e.g. factor XI and factor V). Recent clinical studies demonstrated that a small molecule inhibitor of PDI, isoquercetin, decreases platelet-dependent thrombin generation and PDI activity in plasma following oral administration. This review explores the mechanistic overlap between the molecular drivers of cancer associated thrombosis and the potential roles PDI plays in mediating thrombosis. These molecular insights provide rationale for clinical trials targeting PDI to prevent thrombosis in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Stopa
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey I Zwicker
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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23
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Elia E, Montecucco F, Portincasa P, Sahebkar A, Mollazadeh H, Carbone F. Update on pathological platelet activation in coronary thrombosis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2121-2133. [PMID: 30317596 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although coronary thrombosis (CT) is integral to cardiovascular outcomes, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. CT may occur in case of atherosclerotic plaque erosion/rupture, or even after stenting implantation. Platelets (PLT) activation is the keystone of atherothrombosis and depends on many dysregulated elements, including endothelial dysfunction, oxidized lipoproteins, and immune response. Besides the classical view of PLT as an effector of hemostatic response, a new repertoire of PLT activities is emerging. PLT lipidome oxidation is a self-maintaining process which promotes PLT reactivity, coagulation cascade, and inflammatory cell activation. PLT-innate immune cell interaction is also sustained by neutrophil extracellular traps and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. Other noteworthy emerging mechanisms are implicated in the crosstalk between PLT and surrounding cells. Especially, microvesicles (MVs) released from PLT may extend their signaling network far beyond the classical cell-cell interactions. Moreover, the recognition of noncoding RNA in PLT MVs introduce another layer of complexity in terms of intercellular signaling by a direct regulation of messenger RNA profile and gene expression in the recipient cells. The aim of this narrative review is to update the recent advance in CT and intracoronary stent thrombosis, including causal factors and potential translation of experimental evidence into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Elia
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 10 Largo Benzi, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri," University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Federico Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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24
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Urbahn MA, Kaup SC, Reusswig F, Krüger I, Spelleken M, Jurk K, Klier M, Lang PA, Elvers M. Phospholipase D1 regulation of TNF-alpha protects against responses to LPS. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10006. [PMID: 29968773 PMCID: PMC6030188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disorder with organ dysfunction and represents the leading cause of mortality in non-coronary intensive care units. A key player in septic shock is Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α). Phospholipase (PL)D1 is involved in the regulation of TNF-α upon ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. In this study we analyzed the impact of PLD1 in the regulation of TNF-α, inflammation and organ damage in experimental sepsis. PLD1 deficiency increased survival of mice and decreased vital organ damage after LPS injections. Decreased TNF-α plasma levels and reduced migration of leukocytes and platelets into lungs was associated with reduced apoptosis in lung and liver tissue of PLD1 deficient mice. PLD1 deficient platelets contribute to preserved outcome after LPS-induced sepsis because platelets exhibit an integrin activation defect suggesting reduced platelet activation in PLD1 deficient mice. Furthermore, reduced thrombin generation of PLD1 deficient platelets might be responsible for reduced fibrin formation in lungs suggesting reduced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The analysis of Pld1fl/fl-PF4-Cre mice revealed that migration of neutrophils and cell apoptosis in septic animals is not due to platelet-mediated processes. The present study has identified PLD1 as a regulator of innate immunity that may be a new target to modulate sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Andre Urbahn
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University University Medical Center, Moorenstraße.5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sonja Charlotte Kaup
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University University Medical Center, Moorenstraße.5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Friedrich Reusswig
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University University Medical Center, Moorenstraße.5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Irena Krüger
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University University Medical Center, Moorenstraße.5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Spelleken
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University University Medical Center, Moorenstraße.5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Meike Klier
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University University Medical Center, Moorenstraße.5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University University Medical Center, Moorenstraße.5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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25
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Caba C, Ali Khan H, Auld J, Ushioda R, Araki K, Nagata K, Mutus B. Conserved Residues Lys 57 and Lys 401 of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Maintain an Active Site Conformation for Optimal Activity: Implications for Post-Translational Regulation. Front Mol Biosci 2018. [PMID: 29541639 PMCID: PMC5835755 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its study since the 1960's, very little is known about the post-translational regulation of the multiple catalytic activities performed by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), the primary protein folding catalyst of the cell. This work identifies a functional role for the highly conserved CxxC-flanking residues Lys57 and Lys401 of human PDI in vitro. Mutagenesis studies have revealed these residues as modulating the oxidoreductase activity of PDI in a pH-dependent manner. Non-conservative amino acid substitutions resulted in enzyme variants upwards of 7-fold less efficient. This attenuated activity was found to translate into a 2-fold reduction of the rate of electron shuttling between PDI and the intraluminal endoplasmic reticulum oxidase, ERO1α, suggesting a functional significance to oxidative protein folding. In light of this, the possibility of lysine acetylation at residues Lys57 and Lys401 was assessed by in vitro treatment using acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). A total of 28 acetyllysine residues were identified, including acLys57 and acLys401. The kinetic behavior of the acetylated protein form nearly mimicked that obtained with a K57/401Q double substitution variant providing an indication that acetylation of the active site-flanking lysine residues can act to reversibly modulate PDI activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Caba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Hyder Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Janeen Auld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Ryo Ushioda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Araki
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nagata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bulent Mutus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
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26
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Kehrel BE, Fender AC. Greetings from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): escaping ER thiol isomerases regulate thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:364-366. [PMID: 29194946 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B E Kehrel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - A C Fender
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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27
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Kossmann S, Lagrange J, Jäckel S, Jurk K, Ehlken M, Schönfelder T, Weihert Y, Knorr M, Brandt M, Xia N, Li H, Daiber A, Oelze M, Reinhardt C, Lackner K, Gruber A, Monia B, Karbach SH, Walter U, Ruggeri ZM, Renné T, Ruf W, Münzel T, Wenzel P. Platelet-localized FXI promotes a vascular coagulation-inflammatory circuit in arterial hypertension. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/375/eaah4923. [PMID: 28148841 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular interactions of platelets, leukocytes, and the blood vessel wall support coagulation and precipitate arterial and venous thrombosis. High levels of angiotensin II cause arterial hypertension by a complex vascular inflammatory pathway that requires leukocyte recruitment and reactive oxygen species production and is followed by vascular dysfunction. We delineate a previously undescribed, proinflammatory coagulation-vascular circuit that is a major regulator of vascular tone, blood pressure, and endothelial function. In mice with angiotensin II-induced hypertension, tissue factor was up-regulated, as was thrombin-dependent endothelial cell vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 expression and integrin αMβ2- and platelet-dependent leukocyte adhesion to arterial vessels. The resulting vascular inflammation and dysfunction was mediated by activation of thrombin-driven factor XI (FXI) feedback, independent of factor XII. The FXI receptor glycoprotein Ibα on platelets was required for this thrombin feedback activation in angiotensin II-infused mice. Inhibition of FXI synthesis with an antisense oligonucleotide was sufficient to prevent thrombin propagation on platelets, vascular leukocyte infiltration, angiotensin II-induced endothelial dysfunction, and arterial hypertension in mice and rats. Antisense oligonucleotide against FXI also reduced the increased blood pressure and attenuated vascular and kidney dysfunction in rats with established arterial hypertension. Further, platelet-localized thrombin generation was amplified in an FXI-dependent manner in patients with uncontrolled arterial hypertension, suggesting that platelet-localized thrombin generation may serve as an inflammatory marker of high blood pressure. Our results outline a coagulation-inflammation circuit that promotes vascular dysfunction, and highlight the possible utility of FXI-targeted anticoagulants in treating hypertension, beyond their application as antithrombotic agents in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kossmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jeremy Lagrange
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Jäckel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz Ehlken
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schönfelder
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weihert
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maike Knorr
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz Brandt
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl Lackner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andras Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 Southwest Bond Avenue, CH13B, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Aronora Inc., 4640 Southwest Macadam Avenue, Suite 200A, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Brett Monia
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Susanne H Karbach
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Walter
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Zaverio M Ruggeri
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas Renné
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, L1:00, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 71 Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany. .,Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review will provide an overview of several recent advances in the field of vascular thiol isomerase function. RECENT FINDINGS The initial observation that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) functions in thrombus formation occurred approximately a decade ago. At the time, there was little understanding regarding how PDI or other vascular thiol isomerases contribute to thrombosis. Although this problem is far from solved, the past few years have seen substantial progress in several areas that will be reviewed in this article. The relationship between PDI structure and its function has been investigated and applied to identify domains of PDI that are critical for thrombus formation. The mechanisms that direct thiol isomerase storage and release from platelets and endothelium have been studied. New techniques including kinetic-based trapping have identified substrates that vascular thiol isomerases modify during thrombus formation. Novel inhibitors of thiol isomerases have been developed that are useful both as tools to interrogate PDI function and as potential therapeutics. Human studies have been conducted to measure circulating PDI in disease states and evaluate the effect of oral administration of a PDI inhibitor on ex-vivo thrombin generation. SUMMARY Current findings indicate that thiol isomerase-mediated disulfide bond modification in receptors and plasma proteins is an important layer of control of thrombosis and vascular function more generally.
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Chioran A, Duncan S, Catalano A, Brown TJ, Ringuette MJ. Collagen IV trafficking: The inside-out and beyond story. Dev Biol 2017; 431:124-133. [PMID: 28982537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Collagen IV networks endow basement membranes (BMs) with remarkable tensile strength and function as morphoregulatory substrata for diverse tissue-specific developmental events. A complex repertoire of intracellular and extracellular molecular interactions are required for collagen IV secretion and supramolecular assembly into BMs. These include intracellular chaperones such as Heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47) and the chaperone-binding trafficking protein Transport and Golgi organization protein 1 (Tango1). Mutations in these proteins lead to compromised collagen IV protomer stability and secretion, leading to defective BM assembly and function. In addition to intracellular chaperones, a role for extracellular chaperones orchestrating the transport, supramolecular assembly, and architecture of collagen IV in BM is emerging. We present evidence derived from evolutionarily distant model organisms that supports an extracellular collagen IV chaperone-like activity for the matricellular protein SPARC (Secreted Protein, Acidic, Rich in Cysteine). Loss of SPARC disrupts BM homeostasis and compromises tissue biomechanics and physiological function. Thus, the combined contributions of intracellular and extracellular collagen IV-associated chaperones and chaperone-like proteins are critical to ensure proper secretion and stereotypic assembly of collagen IV networks in BMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Chioran
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Sebastian Duncan
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G5
| | | | - Theodore J Brown
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maurice J Ringuette
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G5.
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Benedikter BJ, Volgers C, van Eijck PH, Wouters EFM, Savelkoul PHM, Reynaert NL, Haenen GRMM, Rohde GGU, Weseler AR, Stassen FRM. Cigarette smoke extract induced exosome release is mediated by depletion of exofacial thiols and can be inhibited by thiol-antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:334-344. [PMID: 28359953 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Airway epithelial cells have been described to release extracellular vesicles (EVs) with pathological properties when exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). As CSE causes oxidative stress, we investigated whether its oxidative components are responsible for inducing EV release and whether this could be prevented using the thiol antioxidants N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) or glutathione (GSH). METHODS BEAS-2B cells were exposed for 24h to CSE, H2O2, acrolein, 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), bacitracin, rutin or the anti-protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) antibody clone RL90; with or without NAC or GSH. EVs in media were measured using CD63+CD81+ bead-coupled flow cytometry or tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS). For characterization by Western Blotting, cryo-transmission electron microscopy and TRPS, EVs were isolated using ultracentrifugation. Glutathione disulfide and GSH in cells were assessed by a GSH reductase cycling assay, and exofacial thiols using Flow cytometry. RESULTS CSE augmented the release of the EV subtype exosomes, which could be prevented by scavenging thiol-reactive components using NAC or GSH. Among thiol-reactive CSE components, H2O2 had no effect on exosome release, whereas acrolein imitated the NAC-reversible exosome induction. The exosome induction by CSE and acrolein was paralleled by depletion of cell surface thiols. Membrane impermeable thiol blocking agents, but not specific inhibitors of the exofacially located thiol-dependent enzyme PDI, stimulated exosome release. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION Thiol-reactive compounds like acrolein account for CSE-induced exosome release by reacting with cell surface thiols. As acrolein is produced endogenously during inflammation, it may influence exosome release not only in smokers, but also in ex-smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NAC and GSH prevent acrolein- and CSE-induced exosome release, which may contribute to the clinical benefits of NAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birke J Benedikter
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte Volgers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pascalle H van Eijck
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul H M Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Guido R M M Haenen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gernot G U Rohde
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Antje R Weseler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank R M Stassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Wang L, Essex DW. A new antithrombotic strategy: inhibition of the C-terminal active site of protein disulfide isomerase. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:770-773. [PMID: 28109037 PMCID: PMC5546002 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - D W Essex
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Koupenova M, Kehrel BE, Corkrey HA, Freedman JE. Thrombosis and platelets: an update. Eur Heart J 2017; 38:785-791. [PMID: 28039338 PMCID: PMC11110018 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemostasis and thrombosis are complex, multifactorial processes. There is an evolving understanding of the mechanisms influencing vascular occlusion and the role of inflammation and immunity. Despite major advances in elucidating the mechanistic pathways mediating platelet function and thrombosis, challenges in the treatment of vascular occlusive diseases persist. Pharmacological advances have greatly affected thrombotic outcomes, but this has led to the unwanted side effect of bleeding. Detailed assessment of the impact of non-thrombotic diseases on haemostasis and thrombosis is necessary to better evaluate thrombotic risk and establish optimal treatment. This review will focus on recent advances in understanding the contribution of evolving risk factors to thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Koupenova
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Albert Sherman Center, 368
Plantation St, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Beate E. Kehrel
- Westfälische Wilhelms University Muenster, Münster, University Hospital,
Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical
Haemostasis Research, D-48149 Muenster, Germany Mendelstrasse 11, UK
| | - Heather A. Corkrey
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Albert Sherman Center, 368
Plantation St, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jane E. Freedman
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Albert Sherman Center, 368
Plantation St, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Distinct contributions of complement factors to platelet activation and fibrin formation in venous thrombus development. Blood 2017; 129:2291-2302. [PMID: 28223279 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-749879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding evidence indicates multiple interactions between the hemostatic system and innate immunity, and the coagulation and complement cascades. Here we show in a tissue factor (TF)-dependent model of flow restriction-induced venous thrombosis that complement factors make distinct contributions to platelet activation and fibrin deposition. Complement factor 3 (C3) deficiency causes prolonged bleeding, reduced thrombus incidence, thrombus size, fibrin and platelet deposition in the ligated inferior vena cava, and diminished platelet activation in vitro. Initial fibrin deposition at the vessel wall over 6 hours in this model was dependent on protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and TF expression by myeloid cells, but did not require neutrophil extracellular trap formation involving peptidyl arginine deiminase 4. In contrast to C3-/- mice, C5-deficient mice had no apparent defect in platelet activation in vitro, and vessel wall platelet deposition and initial hemostasis in vivo. However, fibrin formation, the exposure of negatively charged phosphatidylserine (PS) on adherent leukocytes, and clot burden after 48 hours were significantly reduced in C5-/- mice compared with wild-type controls. These results delineate that C3 plays specific roles in platelet activation independent of formation of the terminal complement complex and provide in vivo evidence for contributions of complement-dependent membrane perturbations to prothrombotic TF activation on myeloid cells.
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Stopa JD, Neuberg D, Puligandla M, Furie B, Flaumenhaft R, Zwicker JI. Protein disulfide isomerase inhibition blocks thrombin generation in humans by interfering with platelet factor V activation. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e89373. [PMID: 28097231 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is required for thrombus formation. We previously demonstrated that glycosylated quercetin flavonoids such as isoquercetin inhibit PDI activity and thrombus formation in animal models, but whether extracellular PDI represents a viable anticoagulant target in humans and how its inhibition affects blood coagulation remain unknown. METHODS: We evaluated effects of oral administration of isoquercetin on platelet-dependent thrombin generation in healthy subjects and patients with persistently elevated anti-phospholipid antibodies. RESULTS: Following oral administration of 1,000 mg isoquercetin to healthy adults, the measured peak plasma quercetin concentration (9.2 μM) exceeded its IC50 for inhibition of PDI by isoquercetin in vitro (2.5 ± 0.4 μM). Platelet-dependent thrombin generation decreased by 51% in the healthy volunteers compared with baseline (P = 0.0004) and by 64% in the anti-phospholipid antibody cohort (P = 0.015) following isoquercetin ingestion. To understand how PDI affects thrombin generation, we evaluated substrates of PDI identified using an unbiased mechanistic-based substrate trapping approach. These studies identified platelet factor V as a PDI substrate. Isoquercetin blocked both platelet factor Va and thrombin generation with an IC50 of ~5 μM. Inhibition of PDI by isoquercetin ingestion resulted in a 53% decrease in the generation of platelet factor Va (P = 0.001). Isoquercetin-mediated inhibition was reversed with addition of exogenous factor Va. CONCLUSION: These studies show that oral administration of isoquercetin inhibits PDI activity in plasma and diminishes platelet-dependent thrombin generation predominantly by blocking the generation of platelet factor Va. These pharmacodynamic and mechanistic observations represent an important step in the development of a novel class of antithrombotic agents targeting PDI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01722669) FUNDING: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U54 HL112302) and Quercegen Pharma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Stopa
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maneka Puligandla
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce Furie
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
| | - Jeffrey I Zwicker
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
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Pagel O, Walter E, Jurk K, Zahedi RP. Taking the stock of granule cargo: Platelet releasate proteomics. Platelets 2016; 28:119-128. [PMID: 27928935 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2016.1254762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human platelets are key players in a multitude of physiological and pathological processes. Upon activation they release cargo from different types of granules as well as microparticles in an apparently well-regulated and orchestrated manner. The resulting specific platelet releasates create microenvironments of biologically active compounds and proteins during platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, allowing efficient delivery of growth factors and immune modulators to their sites of effect and enhancing the coagulative response in a positive feedback loop. Thus, platelet releasates play a central role in the regulation of platelet homeostasis and heterotypic cell interaction. Additionally, it recently emerged that both the qualitative and quantitative composition of the releasate as well as release dynamics may be stimulus dependent and therefore more complex than expected. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is an important asset for studying platelet releasates in vitro, as it allows not only (i) identifying released proteins, but moreover (ii) determining their quantities and the dynamics of release as well as (iii) differentially comparing releasates across a variety of conditions. Though owing to the high sensitivity and comprehensiveness of modern proteomic techniques, a thorough experimental design and a standardized and robust sample preparation are essential to obtain highly confident and reliable insights into platelet biology and pathology. Here, we review releasate proteome studies and crucial sample preparation strategies to summarize possible achievements of state-of-the-art technologies and furthermore discuss potential pitfalls and limitations. We provide a future perspective of platelet releasate proteomics including targeted analyses, post-translational modifications and multi-omics approaches that should be adopted by platelet releasate researchers due to their tremendous depth and comprehensiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pagel
- a Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V ., Dortmund , Germany
| | - Elena Walter
- b Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) , Universitätsklinikum der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- b Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) , Universitätsklinikum der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - René P Zahedi
- a Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V ., Dortmund , Germany
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Zucker M, Seligsohn U, Yeheskel A, Mor-Cohen R. An allosteric disulfide bond is involved in enhanced activation of factor XI by protein disulfide isomerase. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:2202-2211. [PMID: 27575053 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Reduction of three disulfide bonds in factor (F) XI enhances chromogenic substrate cleavage. We measured FXI activity upon reduction and identified a bond involved in the enhanced activity. Reduction of FXI augments FIX cleavage, probably by faster conversion of FXI to FXIa. The Cys362-Cys482 disulfide bond is responsible for FXI enhanced activation upon its reduction. SUMMARY Background Reduction of factor (F) XI by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) has been shown to enhance the ability of FXI to cleave its chromogenic substrate. Three disulfide bonds in FXI (Cys118-Cys147, Cys362-Cys482, and Cys321-Cys321) are involved in this augmented activation. Objectives To characterize the mechanisms by which PDI enhances FXI activity. Methods FXI activity was measured following PDI reduction. Thiols that were exposed in FXI after PDI reduction were labeled with 3-(N-maleimidopropionyl)-biocytin (MPB) and detected with avidin. The rate of conversion of FXI to activated FXI (FXIa) following thrombin activation was assessed with western blotting. FXI molecules harboring mutations that disrupt the three disulfide bonds (C147S, C321S, and C482S) were expressed in cells. The antigenicity of secreted FXI was measured with ELISA, and its activity was assessed by the use of a chromogenic substrate. The effect of disulfide bond reduction was analyzed by the use of molecular dynamics. Results Reduction of FXI by PDI enhanced cleavage of both its chromogenic substrate, S2366, and its physiologic substrate, FIX, and resulted in opening of the Cys362-Cys482 bond. The rate of conversion of FXI to FXIa was increased following its reduction by PDI. C482S-FXI showed enhanced activity as compared with both wild-type FXI and C321S-FXI. MD showed that disruption of the Cys362-Cys482 bond leads to a broader thrombin-binding site in FXI. Conclusions Reduction of FXI by PDI enhances its ability to cleave FIX, probably by causing faster conversion of FXI to FXIa. The Cys362-Cys482 disulfide bond is involved in enhancing FXI activation following its reduction, possibly by increasing thrombin accessibility to FXI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zucker
- The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - U Seligsohn
- The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Yeheskel
- Bioinformatics Unit, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - R Mor-Cohen
- The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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37
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Voigtlaender M, Holstein K, Spath B, Bokemeyer C, Langer F. Expression and release of platelet protein disulphide isomerase in patients with haemophilia A. Haemophilia 2016; 22:e537-e544. [PMID: 27761968 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite similar residual factor VIII activity, patients with haemophilia A (HA) show significant interindividual variability with regard to bleeding frequency and severity, suggesting that additional factors modulate thrombin generation and fibrin deposition. Protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) is an abundant oxidoreductase that exerts pleiotropic effects in primary and secondary haemostasis and contributes to thrombosis and vascular inflammation. AIM We conducted a pilot study to explore a potential role of platelet PDI in patients with HA. METHODS Expression and release of platelet PDI were studied by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. RESULTS Compared to healthy male controls (n = 12), patients with HA (n = 24) showed significantly increased expression of PDI antigen on ADP- or TRAP-6-, but not on buffer-treated platelets, a finding that could not be explained by enhanced platelet activation, as indicated by expression of the α-granule protein, CD62P (P-selectin). While platelet agonists did not affect PDI secretion in healthy male controls, increased levels of PDI antigen were found in supernatants of TRAP-6-treated platelets from patients with HA. Importantly, in two patients with exceedingly high TRAP-6-induced PDI release over baseline, findings were consistent when platelets were isolated and stimulated on a separate occasion. No obvious association was found between platelet PDI and bleeding phenotype in this patient cohort. CONCLUSION Agonist-induced expression and release of platelet PDI were increased in patients with HA. Larger studies are needed to clarify if variations in this platelet response contribute to the diversity in bleeding frequency and severity among patients with congenital factor VIII deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Voigtlaender
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - Universitäres Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Holstein
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - Universitäres Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Spath
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - Universitäres Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Bokemeyer
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - Universitäres Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Langer
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - Universitäres Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Steven S, Jurk K, Kopp M, Kröller-Schön S, Mikhed Y, Schwierczek K, Roohani S, Kashani F, Oelze M, Klein T, Tokalov S, Danckwardt S, Strand S, Wenzel P, Münzel T, Daiber A. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signalling reduces microvascular thrombosis, nitro-oxidative stress and platelet activation in endotoxaemic mice. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:1620-1632. [PMID: 27435156 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Excessive inflammation in sepsis causes microvascular thrombosis and thrombocytopenia associated with organ dysfunction and high mortality. The present studies aimed to investigate whether inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and supplementation with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists improved endotoxaemia-associated microvascular thrombosis via immunomodulatory effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Endotoxaemia was induced in C57BL/6J mice by a single injection of LPS (17.5 mg kg-1 for survival and 10 mg kg-1 for all other studies). For survival studies, treatment was started 6 h after LPS injection. For all other studies, drugs were injected 48 h before LPS treatment. KEY RESULTS Mice treated with LPS alone showed severe thrombocytopenia, microvascular thrombosis in the pulmonary circulation (fluorescence imaging), increased LDH activity, endothelial dysfunction and increased markers of inflammation in aorta and whole blood (leukocyte-dependent oxidative burst, nitrosyl-iron haemoglobin, a marker of nitrosative stress, and expression of inducible NOS). Treatment with the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin or the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide, as well as genetic deletion of DPP-4 (DPP4-/- mice) improved all these parameters. In GLP-1 receptor-deficient mice, both linagliptin and liraglutide lost their beneficial effects and improvement of prognosis. Incubation of platelets and cultured monocytes (containing GLP-1 receptor protein) with GLP-1 receptor agonists inhibited the monocytic oxidative burst and platelet activation, with a GLP-1 receptor-dependent elevation of cAMP levels and PKA activation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GLP-1 receptor activation in platelets by linagliptin and liraglutide strongly attenuated endotoxaemia-induced microvascular thrombosis and mortality by a cAMP/PKA-dependent mechanism, preventing systemic inflammation, vascular dysfunction and end organ damage. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Steven
- Centre for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kopp
- Centre for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Swenja Kröller-Schön
- Centre for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuliya Mikhed
- Centre for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schwierczek
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siyer Roohani
- Centre for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Kashani
- Centre for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Centre for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Klein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sergey Tokalov
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Danckwardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Strand
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Centre for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Centre for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Centre for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
Thiol isomerases are multifunctional enzymes that influence protein structure via their oxidoreductase, isomerase, and chaperone activities. These enzymes localize at high concentrations in the endoplasmic reticulum of all eukaryotic cells where they serve an essential function in folding nascent proteins. However, thiol isomerases can escape endoplasmic retention and be secreted and localized on plasma membranes. Several thiol isomerases including protein disulfide isomerase, ERp57, and ERp5 are secreted by and localize to the membranes of platelets and endothelial cells. These vascular thiol isomerases are released following vessel injury and participate in thrombus formation. Although most of the activities of vascular thiol isomerases that contribute to thrombus formation are yet to be defined at the molecular level, allosteric disulfide bonds that are modified by thiol isomerases have been described in substrates such as αIIbβ3, αvβ3, GPIbα, tissue factor, and thrombospondin. Vascular thiol isomerases also act as redox sensors. They respond to the local redox environment and influence S-nitrosylation of surface proteins on platelets and endothelial cells. Despite our rudimentary understanding of the mechanisms by which thiol isomerases control vascular function, the clinical utility of targeting them in thrombotic disorders is already being explored in clinical trials.
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40
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Bekendam RH, Flaumenhaft R. Inhibition of Protein Disulfide Isomerase in Thrombosis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119 Suppl 3:42-48. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roelof H. Bekendam
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis; Department of Medicine; BIDMC; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis; Department of Medicine; BIDMC; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
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Karmakar S, Banerjee D, Chakrabarti A. Platelet proteomics in thalassemia: Factors responsible for hypercoagulation. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:239-47. [PMID: 26403856 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thalassemias can be defined as a group with inherited hemolytic anemia due to differential expressions of α and β globin genes. Hemoglobin E combined with β thalassemia (HbEβ) creates high oxidative stress in platelets producing different degrees of pathophysiological severity. Numerous cases of thalassemia have been reported with thromboembolic complications due to the hypercoagulable state, the mechanism underlying that is not yet well understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have used 2DE and DIGE coupled with MALDI TOF/TOF-based MS identification and characterization of altered proteins in both splenectomized and nonsplenectomized HbEβ and β thalassemia to investigate the factors responsible for hypercoagulation. RESULTS The study revealed elevated levels of chaperones like HSP70, protein disulfide isomerase; oxidative stress proteins like peroxiredoxin2 and superoxide dismutase1 along with high ROS levels. Upregulation of translation initiation factor 5a observed in thalassemia is a novel finding and plays a protective role toward cell survival under oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The altered levels of chaperones and oxidative stress proteins indicate toward regulation of integrin binding and platelet activation under oxidative stress. Altogether, this comparative proteomics study of platelets in thalassemia could provide an insight into better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpita Karmakar
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Hematology Unit, Ramakrishna Mission Seva Prathisthan, Kolkata, India
- Clinical Haematology Service, Park Clinic, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijit Chakrabarti
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
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Zhou J, Wu Y, Wang L, Rauova L, Hayes VM, Poncz M, Essex DW. The C-terminal CGHC motif of protein disulfide isomerase supports thrombosis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4391-406. [PMID: 26529254 DOI: 10.1172/jci80319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) has two distinct CGHC redox-active sites; however, the contribution of these sites during different physiologic reactions, including thrombosis, is unknown. Here, we evaluated the role of PDI and redox-active sites of PDI in thrombosis by generating mice with blood cells and vessel wall cells lacking PDI (Mx1-Cre Pdifl/fl mice) and transgenic mice harboring PDI that lacks a functional C-terminal CGHC motif [PDI(ss-oo) mice]. Both mouse models showed decreased fibrin deposition and platelet accumulation in laser-induced cremaster arteriole injury, and PDI(ss-oo) mice had attenuated platelet accumulation in FeCl3-induced mesenteric arterial injury. These defects were rescued by infusion of recombinant PDI containing only a functional C-terminal CGHC motif [PDI(oo-ss)]. PDI infusion restored fibrin formation, but not platelet accumulation, in eptifibatide-treated wild-type mice, suggesting a direct role of PDI in coagulation. In vitro aggregation of platelets from PDI(ss-oo) mice and PDI-null platelets was reduced; however, this defect was rescued by recombinant PDI(oo-ss). In human platelets, recombinant PDI(ss-oo) inhibited aggregation, while recombinant PDI(oo-ss) potentiated aggregation. Platelet secretion assays demonstrated that the C-terminal CGHC motif of PDI is important for P-selectin expression and ATP secretion through a non-αIIbβ3 substrate. In summary, our results indicate that the C-terminal CGHC motif of PDI is important for platelet function and coagulation.
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Leader A, Mor-Cohen R, Ram R, Sheptovitsky V, Seligsohn U, Rosenberg N, Lahav J. The role of protein disulfide isomerase in the post-ligation phase of β3 integrin-dependent cell adhesion. Thromb Res 2015; 136:1259-65. [PMID: 26514956 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) catalyzes disulfide bond exchange. It is crucial for integrin-mediated platelet adhesion and aggregation and disulfide bond exchange is necessary for αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 activation. However, the role of disulfide bond exchange and PDI in the post-ligation phase of αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 mediated cell adhesion has yet to be determined. METHODS To investigate a possible such role, we expressed wild type (WT) human αIIb and either WT human β3, or β3 harboring single or double cysteine to serine substitutions disrupting Cys473-Cys503 or Cys523-Cys544 bonds, in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, leading to expression of both human αIIbβ3 and a chimeric hamster/human αvβ3. Adhesion to fibrinogen-coated wells was studied in the presence or absence of bacitracin, a PDI inhibitor, with and without an αvβ3 blocker. RESULTS Flow cytometry showed WT and mutant αIIbβ3 expression in BHK cells and indicated that mutated αIIbβ3 receptors were constitutively active while WT αIIbβ3 was inactive. Both αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 integrins, WT and mutants, mediated adhesion to fibrinogen as shown by reduced but still substantial adhesion following treatment with the αvβ3 blocker. Mutated αIIbβ3 integrins disrupted in the Cys523-Cys544 bond still depended on PDI for adhesion as shown by the inhibitory effect of bacitracin in the presence of the αvβ3 blocker. Mutated integrins disrupted in the Cys473-Cys503 bond showed a similar trend. CONCLUSIONS PDI-mediated disulfide bond exchange plays a pivotal role in the post-ligation phase of αIIbβ3-mediated adhesion to fibrinogen, while this step in αvβ3-mediated adhesion is independent of disulfide exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Leader
- Hemostasis Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Hematology Institute, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Mor-Cohen
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ron Ram
- Hematology Institute, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vera Sheptovitsky
- Hemostasis Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Seligsohn
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Nurit Rosenberg
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Judith Lahav
- Hemostasis Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Parakh S, Atkin JD. Novel roles for protein disulphide isomerase in disease states: a double edged sword? Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:30. [PMID: 26052512 PMCID: PMC4439577 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) is a multifunctional redox chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Since it was first discovered 40 years ago the functions ascribed to PDI have evolved significantly and recent studies have recognized its distinct functions, with adverse as well as protective effects in disease. Furthermore, post translational modifications of PDI abrogate its normal functional roles in specific disease states. This review focusses on recent studies that have identified novel functions for PDI relevant to specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Parakh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Flaumenhaft R, Furie B, Zwicker JI. Therapeutic implications of protein disulfide isomerase inhibition in thrombotic disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:16-23. [PMID: 25104801 PMCID: PMC4270882 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of thrombus formation has increasingly applied in vivo tools such as genetically modified mice and intravital microscopy to the evaluation of molecular and cellular mechanisms of thrombosis. Among several unexpected findings of this approach was the discovery that protein disulfide isomerase serves an essential role in thrombus formation at sites of vascular injury. The observation that the commonly ingested quercetin flavonoid, quercetin-3-rutinoside, inhibits protein disulfide isomerase and blocks thrombus formation in preclinical studies has set the stage for clinical trials using protein disulfide isomerase antagonists as antithrombotics. Although the mechanisms by which protein disulfide isomerase facilitates platelet activation and fibrin formation have yet to be elucidated, protein disulfide isomerase antagonists are currently being developed as antithrombotics. This review will consider what is known about the role of protein disulfide isomerase in platelet accumulation and fibrin generation with a focus on pharmacological strategies for blocking protein disulfide isomerase activity in the context of thrombus formation. Potential indications and clinical trial design for testing the efficacy of protein disulfide isomerase inhibition to reduce the incidence of thrombosis will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Flaumenhaft
- From the Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Bruce Furie
- From the Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey I Zwicker
- From the Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Jurk K. Analysis of platelet function and dysfunction. Hamostaseologie 2014; 35:60-72. [PMID: 25482925 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-09-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although platelets act as central players of haemostasis only their cross-talk with other blood cells, plasma factors and the vascular compartment enables the formation of a stable thrombus. Multiple activation processes and complex signalling networks are responsible for appropriate platelet function. Thus, a variety of platelet function tests are available for platelet research and diagnosis of platelet dysfunction. However, universal platelet function tests that are sensitive to all platelet function defects do not exist and therefore diagnostic algorithms for suspected platelet function disorders are still recommended in clinical practice. Based on the current knowledge of human platelet activation this review evaluates point-of-care related screening tests in comparison with specific platelet function assays and focuses on their diagnostic utility in relation to severity of platelet dysfunction. Further, systems biology-based platelet function methods that integrate global and specific analysis of platelet vessel wall interaction (advanced flow chamber devices) and post-translational modifications (platelet proteomics) are presented and their diagnostic potential is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jurk
- Priv.-Doz. Dr. rer. nat. Kerstin Jurk, Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany, E-mail:
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Zhou J, Wu Y, Wang L, Rauova L, Hayes VM, Poncz M, Essex DW. The disulfide isomerase ERp57 is required for fibrin deposition in vivo. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1890-7. [PMID: 25156521 PMCID: PMC4229395 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ERp57 is required for platelet function; however, whether ERp57 contributes to fibrin generation is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Using an inhibitory anti-ERp57 antibody (mAb1), Pf4-Cre/ERp57(fl/fl) mice, Tie2-Cre/ERp57(fl/fl) mice, and mutants of ERp57, we analyzed the function of ERp57 in laser-induced thrombosis. Fibrin deposition was decreased in Pf4-Cre/ERp57(fl/fl) mice, consistent with a role for platelet ERp57 in fibrin generation. Fibrin deposition was further decreased with infusion of mAb1 and in Tie2-Cre/ERp57(fl/fl) mice, consistent with endothelial cells also contributing to fibrin deposition. Infusion of eptibifatide inhibited platelet and fibrin deposition, confirming a role for platelets in fibrin deposition. Infusion of recombinant ERp57 corrected the defect in fibrin deposition but not platelet accumulation, suggesting a direct effect of ERp57 on coagulation. mAb1 inhibited thrombin generation in vitro, consistent with a requirement for ERp57 in coagulation. Platelet accumulation was decreased to similar extents in Pf4-Cre/ERp57(fl/fl) mice, Tie2-Cre/ERp57(fl/fl) mice and normal mice infused with mAb1. Infusion of completely inactivated ERp57 or ERp57 with a non-functional second active site inhibited fibrin deposition and platelet accumulation, indicating that the isomerase activity of the second active site is required for these processes. CONCLUSION ERp57 regulates thrombosis via multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Zhou
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yi Wu
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lubica Rauova
- Division of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vincent M. Hayes
- Division of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mortimer Poncz
- Division of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David W. Essex
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ali Khan H, Mutus B. Protein disulfide isomerase a multifunctional protein with multiple physiological roles. Front Chem 2014; 2:70. [PMID: 25207270 PMCID: PMC4144422 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), is a member of the thioredoxin superfamily of redox proteins. PDI has three catalytic activities including, thiol-disulfide oxireductase, disulfide isomerase and redox-dependent chaperone. Originally, PDI was identified in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently detected at additional locations, such as cell surfaces and the cytosol. This review will provide an overview of the recent advances in relating the structural features of PDI to its multiple catalytic roles as well as its physiological and pathophysiological functions related to redox regulation and protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyder Ali Khan
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Windsor Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Bulent Mutus
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Windsor Windsor, ON, Canada
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Karmakar S, Saha S, Banerjee D, Chakrabarti A. Differential proteomics study of platelets in asymptomatic constitutional macrothrombocytopenia: altered levels of cytoskeletal proteins. Eur J Haematol 2014; 94:43-50. [PMID: 24934967 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Harris platelet syndrome (HPS), also known as asymptomatic constitutional macrothrombocytopenia (ACMT), is an autosomal dominant platelet disorder characterized by mild-to-severe thrombocytopenia and giant platelets with normal platelet aggregation and absence of bleeding symptoms. We have attempted a comparative proteomics study for profiling of platelet proteins in healthy vs. pathological states to discover characteristic protein expression changes in macrothrombocytes and decipher the factors responsible for the functionally active yet morphologically distinct platelets. METHODS We have used 2-D gel-based protein separation techniques coupled with MALDI-ToF/ToF-based mass spectrometric identification and characterization of the proteins to investigate the differential proteome profiling of platelet proteins isolated from the peripheral blood samples of patients and normal volunteers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Our study revealed altered levels of actin-binding proteins such as myosin light chain, coactosin-like protein, actin-related protein 2/3 complex, and transgelin2 that hint toward the cytoskeletal changes necessary to maintain the structural and functional integrity of macrothrombocytes. We have also observed over expressed levels of peroxiredoxin2 that signifies the prevailing oxidative stress in these cells. Additionally, altered levels of protein disulfide isomerase and transthyretin provide insights into the measures adapted by the macrothrombocytes to maintain their normal functional activity. This first proteomics study of platelets from ACMT may provide an understanding of the structural stability and normal functioning of these platelets in spite of their large size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpita Karmakar
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
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Langer F, Ruf W. Synergies of phosphatidylserine and protein disulfide isomerase in tissue factor activation. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111:590-7. [PMID: 24452853 DOI: 10.1160/th13-09-0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF), the cellular receptor and cofactor for factor VII/VIIa, initiates haemostasis and thrombosis. Initial tissue distribution studies suggested that TF was sequestered from the circulation and only present at perivascular sites. However, there is now clear evidence that TF also exists as a blood-borne form with critical contributions not only to arterial thrombosis following plaque rupture and to venous thrombosis following endothelial perturbation, but also to various other clotting abnormalities associated with trauma, infection, or cancer. Because thrombin generation, fibrin deposition, and platelet aggregation in the contexts of haemostasis, thrombosis, and pathogen defence frequently occur without TF de novo synthesis, considerable efforts are still directed to understanding the molecular events underlying the conversion of predominantly non-coagulant or cryptic TF on the surface of haematopoietic cells to a highly procoagulant molecule following cellular injury or stimulation. This article will review some of the still controversial mechanisms implicated in cellular TF activation or decryption with particular focus on the coordinated effects of outer leaflet phosphatidylserine exposure and thiol-disulfide exchange pathways involving protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). In this regard, our recent findings of ATP-triggered stimulation of the purinergic P2X7 receptor on myeloid and smooth muscle cells resulting in potent TF activation and shedding of procoagulant microparticles as well as of rapid monocyte TF decryption following antithymocyte globulin-dependent membrane complement fixation have delineated specific PDI-dependent pathways of cellular TF activation and thus illustrated additional and novel links in the coupling of inflammation and coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Langer
- Florian Langer MD, II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - Universitäres Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany, Tel.: +49 40 7410 52453, Fax: +49 40 7410 55193, E-mail:
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