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Ryu JY, Park YK, Park JH, Seo JU, Roh BY, Kim EJ, Choi CU, Koh KM, Lee WJ. Developing an eyeball positioning method in the eye orbit for craniofacial identification in Korean population. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16039. [PMID: 38992093 PMCID: PMC11239852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We analysed the skulls and faces of Korean subjects using anthropometric methods to understand the anatomical characteristics of the eyeball and eye orbit region of Korean population and to determine the correlations between the hard and soft tissues around the eyeball and eye orbit region. In total, 82 sections in the region were measured to determine the correlations; among them, 34 showed significant differences by sex, and 6 showed significant differences by age. As the distance from the centre of the eye lens to the eye orbit is calculated as a ratio, we determined that the centre of the eye lens is located relatively on the lateral and superior position in each eye orbit in front view. Fourteen sections that could be used for craniofacial reconstruction/approximation in men and women were selected. Regression equations were derived according to the correlation of each section, and their reliabilities were verified by out of sample validation tests. Therefore, our results increase the accuracy of eyeball position determination, which would be useful for more efficient craniofacial reconstruction/approximation of the Korean population and should improve the efficiency of facial recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Yeol Ryu
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 26460, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Park
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 26460, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Park
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul, 08063, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Uk Seo
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 26460, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Yoon Roh
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Gwangju Institute, Gwangju, 57248, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Joo Kim
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 26460, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Un Choi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul, 08063, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Koh
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 26460, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joon Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul, 08063, Republic of Korea.
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Mbonani TM, L'Abbé EN, Ridel AF. Automated reconstruction: Predictive models based on facial morphology matrices. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 359:112026. [PMID: 38677157 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Forensic Facial Approximation (FFA) has evolved, with techniques advancing to refine the intercorrelation between the soft-tissue facial profile and the underlying skull. FFA has become essential for identifying unknown persons in South Africa, where the high number of migrant and illegal labourers and many unidentified remains make the identification process challenging. However, existing FFA methods are based on American or European standards, rendering them inapplicable in a South African context. We addressed this issue by conducting a study to create prediction models based on the relationships between facial morphology and known factors, such as population affinity, sex, and age, in white South African and French samples. We retrospectively collected 184 adult cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans representing 76 white South Africans (29 males and 47 females) and 108 French nationals (54 males and 54 females) to develop predictive statistical models using a projection onto latent structures regression algorithm (PLSR). On training and untrained datasets, the accuracy of the estimated soft-tissue shape of the ears, eyes, nose, and mouth was measured using metric deviations. The predictive models were optimized by integrating additional variables such as sex and age. Based on trained data, the prediction errors for the ears, eyes, nose, and mouth ranged between 1.6 mm and 4.1 mm for white South Africans; for the French group, they ranged between 1.9 mm and 4.2 mm. Prediction errors on non-trained data ranged between 1.6 mm and 4.3 mm for white South Africans, whereas prediction errors ranging between 1.8 mm and 4.3 mm were observed for the French. Ultimately, our study provided promising predictive models. Although the statistical models can be improved, the inherent variability among individuals restricts the accuracy of FFA. The predictive validity of the models was improved by including sex and age variables and considering population affinity. By integrating these factors, more customized and accurate predictive models can be developed, ultimately strengthening the effectiveness of forensic analysis in the South African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandolwethu Mbali Mbonani
- University of Pretoria, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tswelopele Building, Private Bag X323, Prinshof 349-Jr, Pretoria 0084, South Africa.
| | - Ericka Noelle L'Abbé
- University of Pretoria, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tswelopele Building, Private Bag X323, Prinshof 349-Jr, Pretoria 0084, South Africa.
| | - Alison Fany Ridel
- University of Pretoria, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tswelopele Building, Private Bag X323, Prinshof 349-Jr, Pretoria 0084, South Africa.
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Wilkinson C, Liu CYJ, Shrimpton S, Greenway E. Craniofacial identification standards: A review of reliability, reproducibility, and implementation. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 359:111993. [PMID: 38704925 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
There are numerous anatomical and anthropometrical standards that can be utilised for craniofacial analysis and identification. These standards originate from a wide variety of sources, such as orthodontic, maxillofacial, surgical, anatomical, anthropological and forensic literature, and numerous media have been employed to collect data from living and deceased subjects. With the development of clinical imaging and the enhanced technology associated with this field, multiple methods of data collection have become accessible, including Computed Tomography, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Radiographs, Three-dimensional Scanning, Photogrammetry and Ultrasound, alongside the more traditional in vivo methods, such as palpation and direct measurement, and cadaveric human dissection. Practitioners often struggle to identify the most appropriate standards and research results are frequently inconsistent adding to the confusion. This paper aims to clarify how practitioners can choose optimal standards, which standards are the most reliable and when to apply these standards for craniofacial identification. This paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of each mode of data collection and collates published research to review standards across different populations for each facial feature. This paper does not aim to be a practical instruction paper; since this field encompasses a wide range of 2D and 3D approaches (e.g., clay sculpture, sketch, automated, computer-modelling), the implementation of these standards is left to the individual practitioner.
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Watke MA. Prediction of exophthalmos by body mass index for craniofacial reconstruction: consequences for cold cases. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024; 20:335-350. [PMID: 37280468 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is inconvenient for a forensic practitioner to gather population-specific data before performing a facial reconstruction. The inconvenience may defeat the point of creating the reconstruction. The objective of this study was to evaluate a non-population-dependent method of determining exophthalmos. The protrusion of the eyeball is known to vary with the contents of the orbital cavity based on bony orbital resorption or increased or decreased fat contents, as well as according to relative eyeball size. Of use are available statistics on body mass index, and this is discussed within the context of eyeball protrusion. A weak positive correlation (0.3263) between the body mass index of the country where the study originated, and the degree of exophthalmos was found. The results suggest that eyeball protrusion rates can be established according to body mass index, and this framework may be more useful considering conventional police practices.
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Zhang M, Xu H, Biao Y, Lee KC. Determination of Mouth Width for Facial Reconstruction Based on Statistical Regression Model. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:1143-1145. [PMID: 38709070 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is important to generate predictable statistical models by increasing the number of variables on the human skeletal and soft tissue structures on the face to increase the accuracy of human facial reconstructions. The purpose of this study was to determine mouth width 3-dimensionally based on statistical regression model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cone-beam computed tomography scan data from 130 individuals were used to measure the horizontal and vertical dimensions of orbital and nasal structures and intercanine width. The correlation between these hard tissue variables and the mouth width was evaluated using the statistical regression model. RESULTS Orbital width, nasal width, and intercanine width were found to be strong predictors of the mouth width determination and were used to generate the regression formulae to find the most approximate position of the mouth. CONCLUSION These specific variables may contribute to improving the accuracy of mouth width determination for oral and maxillofacial reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- MeiLing Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Huiming Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yan Biao
- Department of Stomatology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin, PR China
| | - KyungMin Clara Lee
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Navic P, Inthasan C, Chaimongkhol T, Mahakkanukrauh P. Facial reconstruction using 3-D computerized method: A scoping review of Methods, current Status, and future developments. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 62:102239. [PMID: 36940597 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Facial reconstruction (otherwise known as facial approximation) is an alternative method that has been widely accepted in forensic anthropological and archaeological circumstances. This method is considered useful for creating the virtual face of a person based on skull remain. Three-dimensional (3-D) traditional facial reconstruction (known as sculpture or manual method) has been recognized for more than a century; however, it was declared to be subjective and required anthropological training. Until recently, with the progression of computational technologies, many studies attempted to develop a more appropriate method, so-called the 3-D computerized facial reconstruction. This method also relied on anatomical knowledge of the face-skull relationship, divided into semi- and automated based computational method. The 3-D computerized facial reconstruction makes it more rapid, more flexible, and more realistic to generate multiple representations of faces. Moreover, new tools and technology are continuously generating fascinating and sound research as well as encouraging multidisciplinary collaboration. This has led to a paradigm shift in the 3-D computerized facial reconstruction to a new finding and new technique based on artificial intelligence in academia. Based on the last 10-years scientific-published documents, this article aims to explain the overview of the 3-D computerized facial reconstruction and progression as well as an issue relating to future directions to encourage further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pagorn Navic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chanatporn Inthasan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Osteology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center (ORTC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Ryu JY, Yoon AY, Park YK, Lee WJ, Song MK, Hong JH, Park EJ, Cha SC, Yoo D, Kim MJ, Shin DH. A portrait drawing of the 17th century Korean scholar based on craniofacial reconstruction. Anat Cell Biol 2022; 55:512-519. [PMID: 35934690 PMCID: PMC9747348 DOI: 10.5115/acb.22.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a technique mainly hiring in forensic investigation field to identify the descents, craniofacial reconstruction (CFR) is also used in archaeology to create the faces from ancient or medieval human remains, when there is little information about his/her appearance. Eung-Cheok Ko (1531-1605) was a writer and scholar in the mid Joseon period. In January of 2019, His mummified body was found at Gumi, Kyeonsangbuk-do, Korea. The remains were anthropologically examined, and archaeological CFR was also requested for this case. This report reveals the case's facial reconstruction process and his portrait that is drawn based on the 3-dimensional CFR result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Yeol Ryu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Korea
| | - A Young Yoon
- Visual Communication Design, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Park
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Korea
| | - Won Joon Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul, Korea,Corresponding author: Won Joon Lee, Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul 08036, Korea, E-mail:
| | - Mi Kyung Song
- Department of Fashion Design & Marketing, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Ha Hong
- Institute of Korean Archaeology and Ancient History, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Soon Chul Cha
- Seorabeol Institute of Cultural Heritage, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Dongsoo Yoo
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Myeung Ju Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Corresponding author: Won Joon Lee, Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul 08036, Korea, E-mail:
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Kazuta M, Hajime U, Makino Y, Minegishi S, Iwase H, Sakurada K. A post-mortem computed tomography imaging method for predicting the anteroposterior and superoinferior positions of the Japanese adult eyeball in the orbit. FORENSIC IMAGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2022.200504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hierl KV, Krause M, Kruber D, Sterker I. 3-D cephalometry of the the orbit regarding endocrine orbitopathy, exophthalmos, and sex. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265324. [PMID: 35275980 PMCID: PMC8916626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed at evaluating the orbital anatomy of patients concerning the relevance of orbital anatomy in the etiology of EO (endocrine orbitopathy) and exophthalmos utilizing a novel approach regarding three-dimensional measurements. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism in orbital anatomy was analyzed. Methods Orbital anatomy of 123 Caucasian patients (52 with EO, 71 without EO) was examined using computed tomographic data and FAT software for 3-D cephalometry. Using 56 anatomical landmarks, 20 angles and 155 distances were measured. MEDAS software was used for performing connected and unconnected t-tests and Spearman´s rank correlation test to evaluate interrelations and differences. Results Orbital anatomy was highly symmetrical with a mean side difference of 0.3 mm for distances and 0.6° for angles. There was a small albeit statistically significant difference in 13 out of 155 distances in women and 1 in men concerning patients with and without EO. Two out of 12 angles showed a statistically significant difference between female patients with and without EO. Regarding sex, statistically significant differences occurred in 39 distances, orbit volume, orbit surface, and 2 angles. On average, measurements were larger in men. Concerning globe position within the orbit, larger distances to the orbital apex correlated with larger orbital dimensions whereas the sagittal position of the orbital rim defined Hertel values. Conclusion In this study, little difference in orbital anatomy between patients with and without EO was found. Concerning sex, orbital anatomy differed significantly with men presenting larger orbital dimensions. Regarding clinically measured exophthalmos, orbital aperture anatomy is an important factor which has to be considered in distinguishing between true exophthalmos with a larger distance between globe and orbital apex and pseudoexophthalmos were only the orbital rim is retruded. Thus, orbital anatomy may influence therapy regarding timing and surgical procedures as it affects exophthalmos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Krause
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Kruber
- Department of Informatics and Media, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ina Sterker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Campbell RM, Vinas G, Henneberg M. Towards the restoration of ancient hominid craniofacial anatomy: Chimpanzee morphology reveals covariation between craniometrics and facial soft tissue thickness. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245760. [PMID: 34086683 PMCID: PMC8177512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern humans, facial soft tissue thicknesses have been shown to covary with craniometric dimensions. However, to date it has not been confirmed whether these relationships are shared with non-human apes. In this study, we analyze these relationships in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with the aim of producing regression models for approximating facial soft tissue thicknesses in Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Using CT scans of 19 subjects, 637 soft tissue, and 349 craniometric measurements, statistically significant multiple regression models were established for 26 points on the face and head. Examination of regression model validity resulted in minimal differences between observed and predicted soft tissue thickness values. Assessment of interspecies compatibility using a bonobo (Pan paniscus) and modern human subject resulted in minimal differences for the bonobo but large differences for the modern human. These results clearly show that (1) soft tissue thicknesses covary with craniometric dimensions in P. troglodytes, (2) confirms that such covariation is uniformly present in both extant Homo and Pan species, and (3) suggests that chimp-derived regression models have interspecies compatibility with hominids who have similar craniometric dimensions to P. troglodytes. As the craniometric dimensions of early hominids, such as South African australopithecines, are more similar to P. troglodytes than those of H. sapiens, chimpanzee-derived regression models may be used for approximating their craniofacial anatomy. It is hoped that the results of the present study and the reference dataset for facial soft tissue thicknesses of chimpanzees it provides will encourage further research into this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Campbell
- Adelaide Medical School, Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gabriel Vinas
- Sculpture Department, Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Adelaide Medical School, Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Campbell RM, Vinas G, Henneberg M, Diogo R. Visual Depictions of Our Evolutionary Past: A Broad Case Study Concerning the Need for Quantitative Methods of Soft Tissue Reconstruction and Art-Science Collaborations. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.639048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flip through scientific textbooks illustrating ideas about human evolution or visit any number of museums of natural history and you will notice an abundance of reconstructions attempting to depict the appearance of ancient hominins. Spend some time comparing reconstructions of the same specimen and notice an obvious fact: hominin reconstructions vary in appearance considerably. In this review, we summarize existing methods of reconstruction to analyze this variability. It is argued that variability between hominin reconstructions is likely the result of unreliable reconstruction methods and misinterpretation of available evidence. We also discuss the risk of disseminating erroneous ideas about human evolution through the use of unscientific reconstructions in museums and publications. The role an artist plays is also analyzed and criticized given how the aforementioned reconstructions have become readily accepted to line the halls of even the most trusted institutions. In conclusion, improved reconstruction methods hold promise for the prediction of hominin soft tissues, as well as for disseminating current scientific understandings of human evolution in the future.
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Simmons-Ehrhardt T, Falsetti CRS, Falsetti AB. Using Computed Tomography (CT) Data to Build 3D Resources for Forensic Craniofacial Identification. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1317:53-74. [PMID: 33945132 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-61125-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Forensic craniofacial identification encompasses the practices of forensic facial approximation (aka facial reconstruction) and craniofacial superimposition within the field of forensic art in the United States. Training in forensic facial approximation methods historically has used plaster copies, high-cost commercially molded skulls, and photographs. Despite the increased accessibility of computed tomography (CT) and the numerous studies utilizing CT data to better inform facial approximation methods, 3D CT data have not yet been widely used to produce interactive resources or reference catalogs aimed at forensic art practitioner use or method standardization. There are many free, open-source 3D software packages that allow engagement in immersive studies of the relationships between the craniofacial skeleton and facial features and facilitate collaboration between researchers and practitioners. 3D CT software, in particular, allows the bone and soft tissue to be visualized simultaneously with tools such as transparency, clipping, and volume rendering of underlying tissues, allowing for more accurate analyses of bone to soft tissue relationships. Analyses and visualization of 3D CT data can not only facilitate basic research into facial variation and anatomical relationships relevant for reconstructions but can also lead to improved facial reconstruction guidelines. Further, skull and face surface models exported in digital 3D formats allow for 3D printing of custom reference models and novel training materials and modalities for practitioners. This chapter outlines the 3D resources that can be built from CT data for forensic craniofacial identification methods, including how to view 3D craniofacial CT data and modify surface models for 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anthony B Falsetti
- College of Science, Forensic Science Program, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Thitiorul S, Prapayasatok S, Na Lampang S, Prasitwattanaseree S, Sitthiseripratip K, Iamaroon A, Mahakkanukrauh P. Nose width and mouth width predictions in a Thai population using cone-beam computed tomography data. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2019.1701077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumon Thitiorul
- PhD’s Degree Program in Forensic Osteology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Forensic Osteology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sangsom Prapayasatok
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sakarat Na Lampang
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Kriskrai Sitthiseripratip
- Biomedical Engineering Research Unit, the National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Anak Iamaroon
- Forensic Osteology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh
- Forensic Osteology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center (ORTC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Lee WJ, Shinde V, Kim YJ, Woo EJ, Jadhav N, Waghmare P, Yadav Y, Munshi A, Panyam A, Chatterjee M, Oh CS, Hong JH, Wilkinson CM, Rynn C, Shin DH. Craniofacial reconstruction of the Indus Valley Civilization individuals found at 4500-year-old Rakhigarhi cemetery. Anat Sci Int 2019; 95:286-292. [PMID: 31578677 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-019-00504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite academic efforts to study the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), there have as yet been no successful attempts to unveil the IVC people's craniofacial appearance. We investigated the IVC cemetery area of Rakhigarhi site, which was estimated to be of 2273 ± 38 and 2616 ± 73 years BCE. By craniofacial reconstruction (CFR) procedure using computed tomography (CT) data of two Rakhigarhi skulls (A1 BR02 and A2 BR36), we successfully reconstructed the faces of the IVC individuals who were buried about 4500 years ago. This is the first attempt to unveil scientifically accurate representations of IVC people's actual facial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Joon Lee
- National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Vasant Shinde
- Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Deemed University, Pune, 411006, India.
| | - Yong Jun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Daehak-ro 103, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Eun Jin Woo
- Department of History, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nilesh Jadhav
- Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Deemed University, Pune, 411006, India
| | - Pranjali Waghmare
- Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Deemed University, Pune, 411006, India
| | - Yogesh Yadav
- Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Deemed University, Pune, 411006, India
| | - Avradeep Munshi
- Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Deemed University, Pune, 411006, India
| | - Amrithavalli Panyam
- Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Deemed University, Pune, 411006, India
| | - Malavika Chatterjee
- Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Deemed University, Pune, 411006, India
| | - Chang Seok Oh
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Daehak-ro 103, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jong Ha Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Daehak-ro 103, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | | | - Christopher Rynn
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Daehak-ro 103, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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Stephan CN, Caple JM, Guyomarc’h P, Claes P. An overview of the latest developments in facial imaging. Forensic Sci Res 2018; 4:10-28. [PMID: 30915414 PMCID: PMC6427692 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1519892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial imaging is a term used to describe methods that use facial images to assist or facilitate human identification. This pertains to two craniofacial identification procedures that use skulls and faces-facial approximation and photographic superimposition-as well as face-only methods for age progression/regression, the construction of facial graphics from eyewitness memory (including composites and artistic sketches), facial depiction, face mapping and newly emerging methods of molecular photofitting. Given the breadth of these facial imaging techniques, it is not surprising that a broad array of subject-matter experts participate in and/or contribute to the formulation and implementation of these methods (including forensic odontologists, forensic artists, police officers, electrical engineers, anatomists, geneticists, medical image specialists, psychologists, computer graphic programmers and software developers). As they are concerned with the physical characteristics of humans, each of these facial imaging areas also falls in the domain of physical anthropology, although not all of them have been traditionally regarded as such. This too offers useful opportunities to adapt established methods in one domain to others more traditionally held to be disciplines within physical anthropology (e.g. facial approximation, craniofacial superimposition and face photo-comparison). It is important to note that most facial imaging methods are not currently used for identification but serve to assist authorities in narrowing or directing investigations such that other, more potent, methods of identification can be used (e.g. DNA). Few, if any, facial imaging approaches can be considered honed end-stage scientific methods, with major opportunities for physical anthropologists to make meaningful contributions. Some facial imaging methods have considerably stronger scientific underpinnings than others (e.g. facial approximation versus face mapping), some currently lie entirely within the artistic sphere (facial depiction), and yet others are so aspirational that realistic capacity to obtain their aims has strongly been questioned despite highly advanced technical approaches (molecular photofitting). All this makes for a broad-ranging, dynamic and energetic field that is in a constant state of flux. This manuscript provides a theoretical snapshot of the purposes of these methods, the state of science as it pertains to them, and their latest research developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl N. Stephan
- Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS-ID Lab), School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Jodi M. Caple
- Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS-ID Lab), School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Pierre Guyomarc’h
- Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5199 De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT)/Processing of Speech and Images (PSI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Universitair Ziekenhuis, Leuven, Belgium
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Zedníková Malá P, Krajíček V, Velemínská J. How tight is the relationship between the skeletal and soft-tissue facial profile: A geometric morphometric analysis of the facial outline. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 292:212-223. [PMID: 30343234 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Correlations between facial bony structures and soft facial features are fundamental for facial approximation methods The purpose of this study was to assess the strength of the association between craniofacial shape and the shape of the soft-tissue profile and to determine the extent to which it might be possible to predict the latter from the former. Soft-tissue and skeletal facial profile curves were extracted from 86 lateral head cephalograms of a recent Central European population (52 males and 34 females, aged between 19 and 43 years), divided into five parts, segmented automatically and evaluated using geometric morphometrics. The magnitude of the hard-soft shape association was assessed by principal component analysis and subsequent multiple linear regression (Halazonetis, 2007), by partial least square analysis (PLS) (Rohlf and Corti, 2000) and the RV coefficient (Klingenberg, 2009). The greatest amount of association between the skeletal contour and overlying soft tissues was exhibited by the region of the forehead (predictive power: 95.1%, RV=0.91, correlation for PLS1 r=0,96), followed by the region of the nasal root (predictive power: 40.2%, RV=0.42, rPLS1=0.72) and the lower lip and chin (predictive power: 37.3%, RV=0.41, rPLS1=0.65). The smallest statistically significant covariation was displayed by the upper lip and the maxilla (predictive power: 9.6%, RV=0.14, rPLS1=0.43). The shape covariation between the nasal bridge and the tip and lateral border of the nasal aperture was found to be statistically insignificant (predictive power: 5.8%, RV=0.05, rPLS1=0.26). Shape covariation was visualized and described by thin-plate spine grids. These findings correspond with the observation that the shape of the nasal profile and the upper lip contour are difficult to reconstruct or predict reliably in facial approximations. It seems that the shape of soft tissues might not follow underlying structures as closely as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Zedníková Malá
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Václav Krajíček
- Department of Software and Computer Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Malostranské Náměstí 25, 11800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
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Ji Y, Lai C, Gu L, Fan X. Measurement of Intra-Orbital Structures in Normal Chinese Adults Based on a Three-Dimensional Coordinate System. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1477-1483. [PMID: 30118614 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1510013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This study was to establish a three-dimensional (3D) coordinate system and to study the normal dimensions of intra-orbital structures in Chinese adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and forty-five adult Chinese were selected from patients who had undergone cranio-facial computed tomography scans with diagnosis other than orbital or ocular abnormality. An orbital 3D coordinate system was built on the basis of the scans. Morphological variables of intra-orbital structures were measured in this coordinate system. Bilateral symmetry, sexual dimorphism, and correlations between variables were investigated. RESULTS No evident laterality was found in bilateral intra-orbital structures. The distance from the center of the eyeball to the prechiasmatic groove, the length of the optic nerve, and the thickness of rectus extraocular muscles were larger in males than in females. No sex-related difference was observed in the anteroposterior diameter of the eyeball or the exophthalmometric value. The exophthalmometric value was found to be related to the anteroposterior diameter of the eyeball, whereas the y-coordinate of the center of the eyeball had no correlation with the anteroposterior diameter of the eyeball. The optic nerve length was closely correlated to the distance from the center of the eyeball to the prechiasmatic groove. CONCLUSIONS The 3D coordinate system and measurement method established in this study can be applied to the standardization of orbital morphometry. The measurements obtained from normal Chinese adults may provide reference values for the morphology of intra-orbital structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongrong Ji
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology , Shanghai , China
| | - Changxin Lai
- c School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lixu Gu
- c School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology , Shanghai , China
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18
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Dorfling HF, Lockhat Z, Pretorius S, Steyn M, Oettlé AC. Facial approximations: Characteristics of the eye in a South African sample. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 286:46-53. [PMID: 29558686 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although guidelines for facial approximations, including those for the eye, are in use in South Africa, limited data on African populations exist to confirm its validity. As precise placement of the eyes in facial approximations is of importance for facial recognition, this study tested established guidelines by measuring specific instrumental dimensions. Forty-nine cadavers from the Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and the University of Pretoria were dissected to determine the position of the canthi and the size and position of the eyeball in the orbit. Thirty cone beam computer tomography scans and 30 computer tomography scans from the Oral and Dental and Steve Biko Hospitals respectively were used to determine the size of the eyeball. Results from this study were compared to the published guidelines. The most prominent discrepancies included a more rectangular shape of the orbit, an oval shaped eyeball and a different position of the canthi. In African faces, the medial canthus was found to be located higher than the lateral canthus. The distance between the endocanthion and superior orbital margin was 17.7mm and the exocanthion and superior orbital margin 19.5mm. Inter-population differences may have an effect on facial approximations and its accuracy as is often demonstrated in practice. The findings of this study should be taken into consideration when designing population specific guidelines for reconstruction of the eye in South Africans of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heléne F Dorfling
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Zarina Lockhat
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Samantha Pretorius
- Department Actuarial Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Maryna Steyn
- Human Variation and Identification Research Unit, School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
| | - Anna C Oettlé
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Zednikova Mala P, Veleminska J. Eyeball Position in Facial Approximation: Accuracy of Methods for Predicting Globe Positioning in Lateral View. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:221-226. [PMID: 28731501 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study measured the accuracy of traditional and validated newly proposed methods for globe positioning in lateral view. Eighty lateral head cephalograms of adult subjects from Central Europe were taken, and the actual and predicted dimensions were compared. The anteroposterior eyeball position was estimated as the most accurate method based on the proportion of the orbital height (SEE = 1.9 mm) and was followed by the "tangent to the iris method" showing SEE = 2.4 mm. The traditional "tangent to the cornea method" underestimated the eyeball projection by SEE = 5.8 mm. Concerning the superoinferior eyeball position, the results showed a deviation from a central to a more superior position by 0.3 mm, on average, and the traditional method of central positioning of the globe could not be rejected as inaccurate (SEE = 0.3 mm). Based on regression analyzes or proportionality of the orbital height, the SEE = 2.1 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Zednikova Mala
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Department of Anthropology, Biology and Physiodetection, Institute of Criminalistics Prague, Police of the Czech Republic, Bartolomějská 12, 110 00, Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Veleminska
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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20
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Shin KJ, Lee SH, Koh KS, Song WC. Three-dimensional and topographic relationships between the orbital margins with reference to assessment of eyeball protrusion. Anat Cell Biol 2017; 50:41-47. [PMID: 28417054 PMCID: PMC5386925 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2017.50.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the topographic relationships among the eyeball and four orbital margins with the aim of identifying the correlation between orbital geometry and eyeball protrusion in Koreans. Three-dimensional (3D) volume rendering of the face was performed using serial computed-tomography images of 141 Koreans, and several landmarks on the bony orbit and the cornea were directly marked on the 3D volumes. The anterior-posterior distances from the apex of the cornea to each orbital margin and between the orbital margins were measured in both eyes. The distances from the apex of the cornea to the superior, medial, inferior, and lateral orbital margins were 5.8, 5.8, 12.0, and 17.9 mm, respectively. Differences between sides were observed in all of the orbital margins, and the distances from the apex of the cornea to the superior and inferior orbital margins were significantly greater in females than in males. The anterior-posterior distance between the superior and inferior orbital margins did not differ significantly between males (6.3 mm) and females (6.2 mm). The data obtained in this study will be useful when developing practical guidelines applicable to forensic facial reconstruction and orbitofacial surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Jae Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin-Hyo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Seok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wu-Chul Song
- Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Altes KB. Feature proportion accuracy of hand-drawn facial approximation. Sci Justice 2016; 56:443-452. [PMID: 27914551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have investigated the predictive accuracy of facial approximation methods for individual facial features, but few have investigated the ability of these methods to accurately predict the relative dimensions of these features. Photographs of 10 skulls from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection were used to create hand-drawn facial approximations following the guidelines presented in Taylor (2001). Measurements of the eyes, nose, and mouth were made and converted to ratios for comparison to their corresponding antemortem photographs. Potential error introduced by angulation in the antemortem photographs was assessed by finding similar ratio values for volunteers who were photographed at a series of angles. Eye measurements were distorted when individuals were turned 30 to 70° away from the camera. However, all antemortem photographs displayed individuals turned 30° or less from the camera. Wilcoxon signed rank tests revealed no significant differences between the hand-drawn approximations and the antemortem photograph measurements values for all feature relationships except for the eye width to iris diameter ratio, likely because the Taylor (2001) method does not reference the underlying bone when approximating the size and appearance of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina B Altes
- C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Room G17, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
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22
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Parks CL, Monson KL. Automated facial recognition and candidate list rank change of computer generated facial approximations generated with multiple eye orb positions. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:396-398. [PMID: 27416268 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Expanding on research previously reported by the authors, this study further examines the recognizability of ReFace facial approximations generated with the following eye orb positions: (i) centrally within the bony eye socket, (ii) 1.0mm superior and 2.0mm lateral relative to center, and (iii) 1.0mm superior and 2.5mm lateral relative to center. Overall, 81% of the test subjects' approximation ranks improved with the use of either of the two supero-lateral eye orbs. Highly significant performance differences (p<0.01) were observed between the approximations with centrally positioned eye orbs (i) and approximations with the eye orbs placed in the supero-laterally positions (ii and iii). Noteworthy was the observation that in all cases when the best rank for an approximation was obtained with the eye orbs in position (iii), the second best rank was achieved with the eye orbs in position (ii). A similar pattern was also observed when the best rank was obtained with the eye orbs in position (ii), with 60% of the second best ranks observed in position (iii). It is argued, therefore, that an approximation constructed with the eye orbs placed in either of the two supero-lateral positions may be more effective and operationally informative than centrally positioned orbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie L Parks
- Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, Visiting Scientist Program, FBI Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, United States
| | - Keith L Monson
- Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, FBI Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, United States.
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Shin KJ, Gil YC, Lee SH, Kim JN, Yoo JY, Kim SH, Choi HG, Shin HJ, Koh KS, Song WC. Assessment of Normal Eyeball Protrusion Using Computed Tomographic Imaging and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction in Korean Adults. Semin Ophthalmol 2016; 32:575-581. [PMID: 27367441 DOI: 10.3109/08820538.2015.1131837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to assess normal eyeball protrusion from the orbital rim using two- and three-dimensional images and demonstrate the better suitability of CT images for assessment of exophthalmos. METHODS The facial computed tomographic (CT) images of Korean adults were acquired in sagittal and transverse views. The CT images were used in reconstructing three-dimensional volume of faces using computer software. The protrusion distances from orbital rims and the diameters of eyeballs were measured in the two views of the CT image and three-dimensional volume of the face. Relative exophthalmometry was calculated by the difference in protrusion distance between the right and left sides. RESULTS The eyeball protrusion was 4.9 and 12.5 mm in sagittal and transverse views, respectively. The protrusion distances were 2.9 mm in the three-dimensional volume of face. There were no significant differences between right and left sides in the degree of protrusion, and the difference was within 2 mm in more than 90% of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study will provide reliable criteria for precise diagnosis and postoperative monitoring using CT imaging of diseases such as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and orbital tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Jae Shin
- a Department of Anatomy , Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chun Gil
- a Department of Anatomy , Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyo Lee
- a Department of Anatomy , Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Nam Kim
- b Department of Biomedical Laboratory , Masan University , Masan , Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Young Yoo
- a Department of Anatomy , Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Heum Kim
- c Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Konkuk University School of Medicine , Chungju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Gon Choi
- d Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Shin
- e Department of Ophthalmology , Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Seok Koh
- a Department of Anatomy , Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Wu-Chul Song
- a Department of Anatomy , Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Zednikova Mala P, Veleminska J. Vertical Lip Position and Thickness in Facial Reconstruction: A Validation of Commonly Used Methods for Predicting the Position and Size of Lips. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:1046-54. [PMID: 27364286 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined several methods used to estimate oral fissure position, lip margin position, and lip thickness recommended by Angel, George, Lebedinskaya, Taylor, Wilkinson et al., Balueva and Veselovskaya. A sample of 86 lateral head cephalograms of adult subjects from central Europe were measured and the actual and predicted dimensions were compared. The best estimation for oral fissure position was "opposite the lower ¾ mark of maxillary incisors" (error of 1.3 mm). Upper lip margin was predicted best by "upper ¼ mark of maxillary incisors" (error of 1.7 mm), and lower lip margin by "cementum-enamel junction of mandibular incisors" (error of 2.3 mm). The regression equations of Wilkinson et al. displayed least error (1.3 mm and 1.8 mm, respectively) for upper and lower lip thickness, and method of George (error of 3.4 mm) for total lip thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Zednikova Mala
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 12000, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Anthropology, Biology and Physiodetection, Institute of Criminalistics Prague, Bartolomejska 12, 11000, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Veleminska
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 12000, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kim SR, Lee KM, Cho JH, Hwang HS. Three-dimensional prediction of the human eyeball and canthi for craniofacial reconstruction using cone-beam computed tomography. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261:164.e1-8. [PMID: 26921985 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An anatomical relationship between the hard and soft tissues of the face is mandatory for facial reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the positions of the eyeball and canthi three-dimensionally from the relationships between the facial hard and soft tissues using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT scan data of 100 living subjects were used to obtain the measurements of facial hard and soft tissues. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were carried out using the hard tissue measurements in the orbit, nasal bone, nasal cavity and maxillary canine to predict the most probable positions of the eyeball and canthi within the orbit. Orbital width, orbital height, and orbital depth were strong predictors of the eyeball and canthi position. Intercanine width was also a predictor of the mediolateral position of the eyeball. Statistically significant regression models for the positions of the eyeball and canthi could be derived from the measurements of orbit and maxillary canine. These results suggest that CBCT data can be useful in predicting the positions of the eyeball and canthi three-dimensionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Rok Kim
- Graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lee
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyoung Cho
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Shik Hwang
- Professor and Chairman, Department of Orthodontics, 2nd Stage of Brain Korea 21, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
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Stephan CN, Munn L, Caple J. Facial soft tissue thicknesses: Noise, signal, and P. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:114-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Stephan CN. Facial Approximation-From Facial Reconstruction Synonym to Face Prediction Paradigm. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:566-71. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl N. Stephan
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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Stephan CN. Craniofacial Identification. Edited by CarolineWilkinson and ChristopherRynn. viii + 263 pp. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2012. $110.00 (cloth). $88.00 (ebook). Am J Hum Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carl N. Stephan
- Central Identification Laboratory; Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command; Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam; Hawaii
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Stephan CN. Craniofacial Identification. Edited by CarolineWilkinson and ChristopherRynn. viii + 263 pp. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2012. $110.00 (cloth). $88.00 (ebook). Am J Hum Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aajhb.22365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carl N. Stephan
- Central Identification Laboratory; Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command; Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam; Hawaii
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Guyomarc’h P, Stephan CN. The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*,†,‡. J Forensic Sci 2012; 57:1427-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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