1
|
Venkataram S, Kryazhimskiy S. Evolutionary repeatability of emergent properties of ecological communities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220047. [PMID: 37004728 PMCID: PMC10067272 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most species belong to ecological communities where their interactions give rise to emergent community-level properties, such as diversity and productivity. Understanding and predicting how these properties change over time has been a major goal in ecology, with important practical implications for sustainability and human health. Less attention has been paid to the fact that community-level properties can also change because member species evolve. Yet, our ability to predict long-term eco-evolutionary dynamics hinges on how repeatably community-level properties change as a result of species evolution. Here, we review studies of evolution of both natural and experimental communities and make the case that community-level properties at least sometimes evolve repeatably. We discuss challenges faced in investigations of evolutionary repeatability. In particular, only a handful of studies enable us to quantify repeatability. We argue that quantifying repeatability at the community level is critical for approaching what we see as three major open questions in the field: (i) Is the observed degree of repeatability surprising? (ii) How is evolutionary repeatability at the community level related to repeatability at the level of traits of member species? (iii) What factors affect repeatability? We outline some theoretical and empirical approaches to addressing these questions. Advances in these directions will not only enrich our basic understanding of evolution and ecology but will also help us predict eco-evolutionary dynamics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Interdisciplinary approaches to predicting evolutionary biology'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Venkataram
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sergey Kryazhimskiy
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Katte T, Shimoda S, Kobayashi T, Wada-Katsumata A, Nishida R, Ohshima I, Ono H. Oviposition stimulants underlying different preferences between host races in the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops transecta (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:14498. [PMID: 36008434 PMCID: PMC9411557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of plant chemistry in the host specialization of phytophagous insects has been emphasized. However, only a few chemicals associated with host shifting have been characterized. Herein, we focus on the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops transecta (Gracillariidae) consisting of ancestral Juglans (Juglandaceae)- and derived Lyonia (Ericaceae)-associated host races. The females of the Lyonia race laid eggs on a cover glass treated with an L. ovalifolia leaf extract; the extract was fractionated using silica gel and ODS column chromatography to isolate the oviposition stimulants. From a separated fraction, two analogous Lyonia-specific triterpenoid glycosides were characterized as oviposition stimulants. Furthermore, we observed probable contact chemosensilla on the distal portion of the female antennae. Lyonia race females laid their eggs on the non-host Juglans after the leaves were treated with a Lyonia-specific oviposition stimulant, although they do not lay eggs on Juglans. These results suggest that Lyonia race females do not lay eggs on Juglans leaves because the leaves do not contain specific oviposition stimulant(s). Otherwise, the activity of the oviposition stimulants overcomes oviposition deterrents contained in Juglans leaves. This paper describes the roles of plant chemicals in the different preferences between host races associated with distantly related plant taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Katte
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shota Shimoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayako Wada-Katsumata
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA
| | - Ritsuo Nishida
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Issei Ohshima
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
- Center for Frontier Natural History, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Hajime Ono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ye F, Kment P, Rédei D, Luo JY, Wang YH, Kuechler SM, Zhang WW, Chen PP, Wu HY, Wu YZ, Sun XY, Ding L, Wang YR, Xie Q. Diversification of the phytophagous lineages of true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) shortly after that of the flowering plants. Cladistics 2022; 38:403-428. [PMID: 35349192 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 95% of phytophagous true bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) species belong to four superfamilies: Miroidea (Cimicomorpha), Pentatomoidea, Coreoidea, and Lygaeoidea (all Pentatomomorpha). These iconic groups of highly diverse, overwhelmingly phytophagous insects include several economically prominent agricultural and silvicultural pest species, though their evolutionary history has not yet been well resolved. In particular, superfamily- and family-level phylogenetic relationships of these four lineages have remained controversial, and the divergence times of some crucial nodes for phytophagous true bugs have hitherto been little known, which hampers a better understanding of the evolutionary processes and patterns of phytophagous insects. In the present study, we used 150 species and concatenated nuclear and mitochondrial protein-coding genes and rRNA genes to infer the phylogenetic relationships within the Terheteroptera (Cimicomorpha + Pentatomomorpha) and estimated their divergence times. Our results support the monophyly of Cimicomorpha, Pentatomomorpha, Miroidea, Pentatomoidea, Pyrrhocoroidea, Coreoidea, and Lygaeoidea. The phylogenetic relationships across phytophagous lineages are largely congruent at deep nodes across the analyses based on different datasets and tree-reconstructing methods with just a few exceptions. Estimated divergence times and ancestral state reconstructions for feeding habit indicate that phytophagous true bugs explosively radiated in the Early Cretaceous-shortly after the angiosperm radiation-with the subsequent diversification of the most speciose clades (Mirinae, Pentatomidae, Coreinae, and Rhyparochromidae) in the Late Cretaceous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Petr Kment
- Department of Entomology, National Museum, Praha, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiu-Yang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stefan M Kuechler
- Department of Animal Ecology II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Ping-Ping Chen
- Netherlands Centre of Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hao-Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Xiao-Ya Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Breeschoten T, van der Linden CFH, Ros VID, Schranz ME, Simon S. Expanding the Menu: Are Polyphagy and Gene Family Expansions Linked across Lepidoptera? Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6482744. [PMID: 34951642 PMCID: PMC8725640 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary expansions and contractions of gene families are often correlated with key innovations and/or ecological characteristics. In butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), expansions of gene families involved in detoxification of plant specialized metabolites are hypothesized to facilitate a polyphagous feeding style. However, analyses supporting this hypothesis are mostly based on a limited number of lepidopteran species. We applied a phylogenomics approach, using 37 lepidopteran genomes, to analyze if gene family evolution (gene gain and loss) is associated with the evolution of polyphagy. Specifically, we compared gene counts and evolutionary gene gain and loss rates of gene families involved in adaptations with plant feeding. We correlated gene evolution to host plant family range (phylogenetic diversity) and specialized metabolite content of plant families (functional metabolite diversity). We found a higher rate for gene loss than gene gain in Lepidoptera, a potential consequence of genomic rearrangements and deletions after (potentially small-scale) duplication events. Gene family expansions and contractions varied across lepidopteran families, and were associated to host plant use and specialization levels. Within the family Noctuidae, a higher expansion rate for gene families involved in detoxification can be related to the large number of polyphagous species. However, gene family expansions are observed in both polyphagous and monophagous lepidopteran species and thus seem to be species-specific in the taxa sampled. Nevertheless, a significant positive correlation of gene counts of the carboxyl- and choline esterase and glutathione-S-transferase detoxification gene families with the level of polyphagy was identified across Lepidoptera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wood TJ, Ghisbain G, Rasmont P, Kleijn D, Raemakers I, Praz C, Killewald M, Gibbs J, Bobiwash K, Boustani M, Martinet B, Michez D. Global patterns in bumble bee pollen collection show phylogenetic conservation of diet. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2421-2430. [PMID: 34096055 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bumble bees (Bombus) are a group of eusocial bees with a strongly generalised feeding pattern, collecting pollen from many different botanical families. Though predominantly generalists, some bumble bee species seem to have restricted dietary choices. It is unclear whether restricted diets in bumble bees are inherent or a function of local conditions due to a lack of data for many species across different regions. The objective of this study was to determine whether bumble bee species displayed specific patterns of pollen collection, and whether patterns were influenced by phylogenetic relatedness or tongue length, a trait known to be associated with structuring floral visitation. Bumble bee pollen collection patterns were quantified from 4,132 pollen loads taken from 58 bumble bee species, representing 24% of the pollen-collecting diversity of this genus. Phylogenetic trait mapping showed a conserved pattern of dietary dissimilarity across species, but not for dietary breadth. Dietary dissimilarity was driven by collection of Fabaceae, with the most similar species collecting around 50%-60% of their diet from this botanical family. The proportion of the diet collected from Fabaceae also showed a conserved phylogenetic signal. Greater collection of Fabaceae was associated with longer tongue lengths, with shorter tongued species focusing on alternative botanical families. However, this result was largely driven by phylogenetic relatedness, not tongue length per se. These results demonstrate that, though generalists, bumble bees are still subject to dietary restrictions that constrain their foraging choices. These dietary constraints have implications for their persistence should their core resources decline in abundance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Wood
- Laboratory of Zoology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Pierre Rasmont
- Laboratory of Zoology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - David Kleijn
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Raemakers
- Van Caldenborghstraat 26, Gronsveld, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Praz
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,InfoFauna, Swiss Zoological Records Centre, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jason Gibbs
- Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kyle Bobiwash
- Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mira Boustani
- Laboratory of Zoology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Martinet
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Michez
- Laboratory of Zoology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feronato SG, Araujo S, Boeger WA. 'Accidents waiting to happen'-Insights from a simple model on the emergence of infectious agents in new hosts. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1727-1738. [PMID: 33963679 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates through modelling the possible individual and combined effect of three populational parameters of pathogens (reproduction rate; rate of novelty emergence; and propagule size) on the colonization of new host species-putatively the most fundamental process leading to the emergence of new infectious diseases. The results are analysed under the theoretical framework of the Stockholm Paradigm using IBM simulations to better understand the evolutionary dynamics of the pathogen population and the possible role of Ecological Fitting. The simulations suggest that all three parameters positively influence the success of colonization of new hosts by a novel parasite population, but contrary to the prevailing belief, the rate of novelty emergence (e.g. mutations) is the least important factor. Maximization of all parameters results in a synergetic facilitation of the colonization and emulates the expected scenario for pathogenic microorganisms. The simulations also provide theoretical support for the retention of the capacity of fast-evolving lineages to retro-colonize their previous host species/lineage by ecological fitting. Capacity is, thus, much larger than we can anticipate. Hence, the results support the empirical observations that opportunity of encounter (i.e. the breakdown in mechanisms for ecological isolation) is a fundamental determinant to the emergence of new associations-especially Emergent Infectious Diseases-and the dynamics of host exploration, as observed in SARS-CoV-2. Insights on the dynamics of Emergent Infectious Diseases derived from the simulations and from the Stockholm Paradigm are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia G Feronato
- Biological Interactions, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Araujo
- Biological Interactions, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Dept de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Walter A Boeger
- Biological Interactions, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Dept de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Näsvall K, Wiklund C, Mrazek V, Künstner A, Talla V, Busch H, Vila R, Backström N. Host plant diet affects growth and induces altered gene expression and microbiome composition in the wood white (Leptidea sinapis) butterfly. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:499-516. [PMID: 33219534 PMCID: PMC7839524 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In a time with decreasing biodiversity, especially among insects, a detailed understanding about specific resource utilization strategies is crucial. The physiological and behavioural responses to host switches in phytophagous insects are poorly understood. Earlier studies indicate that a host plant switch might be associated with distinctive molecular and physiological responses in different lineages. Expanding the assessment of such associations across Lepidoptera will reveal if there are general patterns in adaptive responses, or if each switch event is more of a unique character. We investigated host plant preference, fitness consequences, effects on expression profiles and gut microbiome composition in two common wood white (Leptidea sinapis) populations with different host plant preferences from the extremes of the species distribution area (Sweden and Catalonia). Our results show that female Catalonian wood whites lack preference for either host plant (Lotus corniculatus or L. dorycnium), while Swedish females laid significantly more eggs on L. corniculatus. Individuals from both populations reared on L. dorycnium had longer developmental times and smaller body size as adults. This indicates that both environmental and genetic factors determine the choice to use a specific host plant. Gene expression analysis revealed a more pronounced response to host plant in the Catalonian compared to the Swedish population. In addition, host plant treatment resulted in a significant shift in microbiome community structure in the Catalonian population. Together, this suggests that population specific plasticity associated with local conditions underlies host plant utilisation in wood whites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Näsvall
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology: Division of Ecology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronika Mrazek
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Axel Künstner
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Venkat Talla
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hauke Busch
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Roger Vila
- Butterfly Diversity and Evolution Lab, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niclas Backström
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Seifert CL, Volf M, Jorge LR, Abe T, Carscallen G, Drozd P, Kumar R, Lamarre GPA, Libra M, Losada ME, Miller SE, Murakami M, Nichols G, Pyszko P, Šigut M, Wagner DL, Novotný V. Plant phylogeny drives arboreal caterpillar assemblages across the Holarctic. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:14137-14151. [PMID: 33732431 PMCID: PMC7771119 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Assemblages of insect herbivores are structured by plant traits such as nutrient content, secondary metabolites, physical traits, and phenology. Many of these traits are phylogenetically conserved, implying a decrease in trait similarity with increasing phylogenetic distance of the host plant taxa. Thus, a metric of phylogenetic distances and relationships can be considered a proxy for phylogenetically conserved plant traits and used to predict variation in herbivorous insect assemblages among co-occurring plant species.Using a Holarctic dataset of exposed-feeding and shelter-building caterpillars, we aimed at showing how phylogenetic relationships among host plants explain compositional changes and characteristics of herbivore assemblages.Our plant-caterpillar network data derived from plot-based samplings at three different continents included >28,000 individual caterpillar-plant interactions. We tested whether increasing phylogenetic distance of the host plants leads to a decrease in caterpillar assemblage overlap. We further investigated to what degree phylogenetic isolation of a host tree species within the local community explains abundance, density, richness, and mean specialization of its associated caterpillar assemblage.The overlap of caterpillar assemblages decreased with increasing phylogenetic distance among the host tree species. Phylogenetic isolation of a host plant within the local plant community was correlated with lower richness and mean specialization of the associated caterpillar assemblages. Phylogenetic isolation had no effect on caterpillar abundance or density. The effects of plant phylogeny were consistent across exposed-feeding and shelter-building caterpillars.Our study reveals that distance metrics obtained from host plant phylogeny are useful predictors to explain compositional turnover among hosts and host-specific variations in richness and mean specialization of associated insect herbivore assemblages in temperate broadleaf forests. As phylogenetic information of plant communities is becoming increasingly available, further large-scale studies are needed to investigate to what degree plant phylogeny structures herbivore assemblages in other biomes and ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo L Seifert
- Institute of Entomology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Martin Volf
- Institute of Entomology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Leonardo R Jorge
- Institute of Entomology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | | | - Grace Carscallen
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal VA USA
| | - Pavel Drozd
- Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute Central Silk Board Ministry of Textiles Govt. of India Pampore Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Greg P A Lamarre
- Institute of Entomology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
- ForestGEO Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Ancon Panama
| | - Martin Libra
- Institute of Entomology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Maria E Losada
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal VA USA
- National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA
| | - Scott E Miller
- National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA
| | | | - Geoffrey Nichols
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal VA USA
| | - Petr Pyszko
- Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šigut
- Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
| | | | - Vojtěch Novotný
- Institute of Entomology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Whitaker MRL, Salzman S. Ecology and evolution of cycad-feeding Lepidoptera. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1862-1877. [PMID: 32969575 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cycads are an ancient group of tropical gymnosperms that are toxic to most animals - including humans - though the larvae of many moths and butterflies (order: Lepidoptera) feed on cycads with apparent immunity. These insects belong to distinct lineages with varying degrees of specialisation and diverse feeding ecologies, presenting numerous opportunities for comparative studies of chemically mediated eco-evolutionary dynamics. This review presents the first evolutionary evaluation of cycad-feeding among Lepidoptera along with a comprehensive review of their ecology. Our analysis suggests that multiple lineages have independently colonised cycads from angiosperm hosts, yet only a few clades appear to have radiated following their transitions to cycads. Defensive traits are likely important for diversification, as many cycad specialists are warningly coloured and sequester cycad toxins. The butterfly family Lycaenidae appears to be particularly predisposed to cycad-feeding and several cycadivorous lycaenids are warningly coloured and chemically defended. Cycad-herbivore interactions provide a promising but underutilised study system for investigating plant-insect coevolution, convergent and divergent adaptations, and the multi-trophic significance of defensive traits; therefore the review ends by suggesting specific research gaps that would be fruitfully addressed in Lepidoptera and other cycad-feeding insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R L Whitaker
- Entomological Collection, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Weinbergstrasse 56/58, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Shayla Salzman
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 502 Mann Library, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
AbstractThe genus Ravenelia represents the third largest genus of rust fungi and parasitizes a great number of leguminous shrubs and trees, mainly in the subtropics and tropics. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of this genus using nc 28S rDNA and CO3 sequences are presented with a special focus on South African representatives of Ravenelia. Many of the specimens had been collected by us in recent years, mainly from acacia species of the genera Vachellia and Senegalia. Morphological characters were extensively studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The analyses resolved several well-supported phylogenetic groups. By linking these groups to their morphology and life cycle characteristics, it was possible to interpret the outcomes in terms of their evolutionary ecology and biogeography. Several characters previously used to define subgeneric groups within Ravenelia were found to be misleading because of assumed convergent evolution. However, host associations, the ability to induce aecial galls as well as the development of two-layered probasidial cells emerged as useful criteria for inferring monophyletic groups. Six novel Ravenelia species were discovered and described. Furthermore, five species represent new reports for South Africa, species descriptions were emended for two taxa, and a new host report emerged for R. inornata.
Collapse
|
11
|
Integrating host plant phylogeny, plant traits, intraspecific competition and repeated measures using a phylogenetic mixed model of field behaviour by polyphagous herbivores, the leaf-cutting ants. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467420000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHerbivores use a wide range of factors to choose their host, including their own physiological states, physical characteristics of plants and the degree of competition. Field observations of herbivores in their native habitats provide a means for simultaneously estimating the relative importance of these factors, but statistical analysis of all these factors may be challenging. Here we used a 7-week dataset of leaf-cutting ant (Atta cephalotes) foraging in a diverse Neotropical arboretum containing 193 tree species (822 trees) to examine the relative role of tree phylogeny, territoriality and tree functional characteristics using a phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) model. We observed that 54 tree species (117 trees) were foraged by the ants. This pattern was not random, but reflected known features of leaf-cutting ant foraging behaviour, such as a preference for larger trees and the decreased likelihood of foraging at the periphery of a colony’s territory. However, random effects such as tree phylogeny, the identity of individual trees and colony-specific effects explained most of the variation in foraging data. A significant phylogenetic effect on foraging likelihood (λ = 0.28), together with repeated measures of foraging on the same tree species, allowed estimation of relative palatability for each plant species. PGLS models can be flexibly scaled to include other covariates for even more complex investigation of foraging behaviour, and the link function can be modified to include the amount of plants foraged. As a result, PGLS can be used as a flexible framework for the study of LCA foraging.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chazot N, Wahlberg N, Freitas AVL, Mitter C, Labandeira C, Sohn JC, Sahoo RK, Seraphim N, de Jong R, Heikkilä M. Priors and Posteriors in Bayesian Timing of Divergence Analyses: The Age of Butterflies Revisited. Syst Biol 2020; 68:797-813. [PMID: 30690622 PMCID: PMC6893297 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for robust estimates of times of divergence is essential for downstream analyses, yet assessing this robustness is still rare. We generated a time-calibrated genus-level phylogeny of butterflies (Papilionoidea), including 994 taxa, up to 10 gene fragments and an unprecedented set of 12 fossils and 10 host-plant node calibration points. We compared marginal priors and posterior distributions to assess the relative importance of the former on the latter. This approach revealed a strong influence of the set of priors on the root age but for most calibrated nodes posterior distributions shifted from the marginal prior, indicating significant information in the molecular data set. Using a very conservative approach we estimated an origin of butterflies at 107.6 Ma, approximately equivalent to the latest Early Cretaceous, with a credibility interval ranging from 89.5 Ma (mid Late Cretaceous) to 129.5 Ma (mid Early Cretaceous). In addition, we tested the effects of changing fossil calibration priors, tree prior, different sets of calibrations and different sampling fractions but our estimate remained robust to these alternative assumptions. With 994 genera, this tree provides a comprehensive source of secondary calibrations for studies on butterflies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chazot
- Department of Biology, Lunds Universitet, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology, Lunds Universitet, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - André Victor Lucci Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Caixa Postal 6109, Barão Geraldo 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles Mitter
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Conrad Labandeira
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th St. & Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20013, USA.,Department of Entomology and BEES Program, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Dr, College Park, MD 20741, USA.,Key Lab of Insect Evolution and Environmental Change, School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, XinJieKouWai St., Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jae-Cheon Sohn
- Department of Science Education, Gongju National University of Education, Gongju, 27, Ungjin-ro, Gongju-si, Chungnam 32553, Republic of Korea
| | - Ranjit Kumar Sahoo
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 551, India
| | - Noemy Seraphim
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, Campus Campinas, CTI Renato Archer - Av. Comendador Aladino Selmi, s/n - Amarais, Campinas, São Paulo 13069-901, Brazil
| | - Rienk de Jong
- Department of Entomology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Heikkilä
- Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 17, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bruzzese DJ, Wagner DL, Harrison T, Jogesh T, Overson RP, Wickett NJ, Raguso RA, Skogen KA. Phylogeny, host use, and diversification in the moth family Momphidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0207833. [PMID: 31170152 PMCID: PMC6553701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivores and their hostplants constitute much of Earth's described biological diversity, but how these often-specialized associations diversify is not fully understood. We combined detailed hostplant data and comparative phylogenetic analyses of the lepidopteran family Momphidae to explore how shifts in the use of hostplant resources, not just hostplant taxon, contribute to the diversification of a phytophagous insect lineage. We inferred two phylogenetic hypotheses emphasizing relationships among species in the nominate genus, Mompha Hübner. A six-gene phylogeny was constructed with reared exemplars and collections from hostplants in the family Onagraceae from western and southwestern USA, and a cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) phylogeny was inferred from collections and publicly available accessions in the Barcode of Life Data System. Species delimitation analyses combined with morphological data revealed ca. 56 undescribed species-level taxa, many of which are hostplant specialists on Onagraceae in the southwestern USA. Our phylogenetic reconstructions divided Momphidae into six major clades: 1) an Onagraceae flower- and fruit-boring clade, 2) a Melastomataceae-galling clade, 3) a leafmining clade A, 4) a leafmining clade B, 5) a Zapyrastra Meyrick clade, and 6) a monobasic lineage represented by Mompha eloisella (Clemens). Ancestral trait reconstructions using the COI phylogeny identified leafmining on Onagraceae as the ancestral state for Momphidae. Our study finds that shifts along three hostplant resource axes (plant taxon, plant tissue type, and larval feeding mode) have contributed to the evolutionary success and diversification of momphids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Bruzzese
- Department of Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
| | - David L. Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Terry Harrison
- Independent Researcher, Charleston, IL, United States of America
| | - Tania Jogesh
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
| | - Rick P. Overson
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
- Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Norman J. Wickett
- Department of Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Krissa A. Skogen
- Department of Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hernández-Vera G, Toševski I, Caldara R, Emerson BC. Evolution of host plant use and diversification in a species complex of parasitic weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). PeerJ 2019; 7:e6625. [PMID: 30918760 PMCID: PMC6431137 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) represent one of the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth; interactions with their host plants have been recognized to play a central role in their remarkable diversity, yet the exact mechanisms and factors still remain poorly understood. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses, here we investigate the evolution of host use and its possible role in diversification processes of Rhinusa and Gymnetron, two closely related groups of weevils that feed and develop inside plant tissues of hosts within the families Scrophulariaceae and Plantaginaceae. We found strong evidence for phylogenetic conservatism of host use at the plant family level, most likely due to substantial differences in the chemical composition of hosts, reducing the probability of shifts between host families. In contrast, the use of different plant organs represents a more labile ecological trait and ecological niche expansion that allows a finer partitioning of resources. Rhinusa and Gymnetron weevils initially specialized on plants within Scrophulariaceae and then shifted to the closely related Plantaginaceae; likewise, a gall inducing behavior evolved from non-galler weevils, possibly in response to resource competition, as galls facilitate larval development by providing enhanced nutrition and a favorable microhabitat. Results from trait-dependent diversification analyses suggest that both use of hosts within Plantaginaceae and parasitism on fruits and seed capsules are associated with enhanced diversification of Rhinusa and Gymnetron via low extinction rates. Our study provides quantitative evidence and insights on the ecological factors that can promote diversification in phytophagous insects that feed and develop inside plant tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Hernández-Vera
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.,Instituto de Botánica, Departamento de Botánica y Zoología. Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Ivo Toševski
- CABI Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland.,Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Zemun, Serbia
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Center of Alpine Entomology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Brent C Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, IPNA-CSIC, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ohashi T, Ohta S, Ômura H. The Role of N,N,N-Trimethylglycine in Oviposition of Eurema mandarina on Albizia julibrissin. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:371-377. [PMID: 30880353 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The common grass yellow Eurema mandarina (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) uses the silk tree Albizia julibrissin (Fabaceae) as a primary host in Japan. We previously reported that D-pinitol, a cyclitol found in fresh leaves of A. julibrissin, solely elicits moderate oviposition responses from females. However, the aqueous neutral/amphoteric fraction of the fresh leaf extract containing D-pinitol weakly induces oviposition. Moreover, the aqueous neutral/amphoteric/basic fraction was significantly more active than the neutral/amphoteric fraction in eliciting responses, indicating that some basic compounds are involved in stimulating oviposition. High-resolution mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance measurements revealed that the aqueous basic faction contains N,N,N-trimethylglycine (trivial name: glycine betaine) in alkali metal salt form. The average concentration of this quaternary ammonium compound in fresh leaves was estimated to be 0.012% w/w in high performance liquid chromatography analyses. The authentic N,N,N-trimethylglycine induced oviposition at concentrations greater than 0.001% (w/v) and slightly enhanced female responses to the aqueous neutral fraction and authentic D-pinitol. However, its analogues, N,N-dimethylglycine, N-methylglycine, and glycine as well as its precursor choline were inactive. These results demonstrate that N,N,N-trimethylglycine, together with D-pinitol, serves as an stimulant of E. mandarina for oviposition on the leaves of A. julibrissin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Ohashi
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Shinji Ohta
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ômura
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
O'Brien PA, Webster NS, Miller DJ, Bourne DG. Host-Microbe Coevolution: Applying Evidence from Model Systems to Complex Marine Invertebrate Holobionts. mBio 2019; 10:e02241-18. [PMID: 30723123 PMCID: PMC6428750 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02241-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrates often host diverse microbial communities, making it difficult to identify important symbionts and to understand how these communities are structured. This complexity has also made it challenging to assign microbial functions and to unravel the myriad of interactions among the microbiota. Here we propose to address these issues by applying evidence from model systems of host-microbe coevolution to complex marine invertebrate microbiomes. Coevolution is the reciprocal adaptation of one lineage in response to another and can occur through the interaction of a host and its beneficial symbiont. A classic indicator of coevolution is codivergence of host and microbe, and evidence of this is found in both corals and sponges. Metabolic collaboration between host and microbe is often linked to codivergence and appears likely in complex holobionts, where microbial symbionts can interact with host cells through production and degradation of metabolic compounds. Neutral models are also useful to distinguish selected microbes against a background population consisting predominately of random associates. Enhanced understanding of the interactions between marine invertebrates and their microbial communities is urgently required as coral reefs face unprecedented local and global pressures and as active restoration approaches, including manipulation of the microbiome, are proposed to improve the health and tolerance of reef species. On the basis of a detailed review of the literature, we propose three research criteria for examining coevolution in marine invertebrates: (i) identifying stochastic and deterministic components of the microbiome, (ii) assessing codivergence of host and microbe, and (iii) confirming the intimate association based on shared metabolic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A O'Brien
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicole S Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David J Miller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - David G Bourne
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gamberale-Stille G, Schäpers A, Janz N, Nylin S. Selective attention by priming in host search behavior of 2 generalist butterflies. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Braga MP, Araujo SBL, Agosta S, Brooks D, Hoberg E, Nylin S, Janz N, Boeger WA. Host use dynamics in a heterogeneous fitness landscape generates oscillations in host range and diversification. Evolution 2018; 72:1773-1783. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P. Braga
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Salvatore Agosta
- Center for Environmental Studies and Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284
| | - Daniel Brooks
- Institute for Advanced Studies Kőszeg, Europe House, Kőszeg Chernel st. 14 H‐9730 Hungary
| | - Eric Hoberg
- US National Parasite Collection, US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Beltsville Maryland 20705
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Walter A. Boeger
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Parasitology, Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba PR 81531 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wininger K, Rank N. Evolutionary dynamics of interactions between plants and their enemies: comparison of herbivorous insects and pathogens. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1408:46-60. [PMID: 29125186 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants colonized land over 400 million years ago. Shortly thereafter, organisms began to consume terrestrial plant tissue as a nutritional resource. Most plant enemies are plant pathogens or herbivores, and they impose natural selection for plants to evolve defenses. These traits generate selection pressures on enemies. Coevolution between terrestrial plants and their enemies is an important element of the evolutionary history of both groups. However, coevolutionary studies of plant-pathogen interactions have tended to focus on different research topics than plant-herbivore interactions. Specifically, studies of plant-pathogen interactions often adopt a "gene-for-gene" conceptual framework. In contrast, studies of plants and herbivores often investigate escalation or elaboration of plant defense and herbivore adaptations to overcome it. The main exceptions to the general pattern are studies that focus on small, sessile herbivores that share many features with plant pathogens, studies that incorporate both herbivores and pathogens into a single investigation, and studies that test aspects of Thompson's geographic mosaic theory for coevolution. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Wininger
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California
| | - Nathan Rank
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
From mammals back to birds: Host-switch of the acanthocephalan Corynosoma australe from pinnipeds to the Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183809. [PMID: 28981550 PMCID: PMC5628790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophically-transmitted parasites are regularly exposed to potential new hosts through food web interactions. Successful colonization, or switching, to novel hosts, occur readily when ‘donor’ and ‘target’ hosts are phylogenetically related, whereas switching between distantly related hosts is rare and may result from stochastic factors (i.e. rare favourable mutations). This study investigates a host-switching event between a marine acanthocephalan specific to pinnipeds that is apparently able to reproduce in Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus from Brazil. Detailed analysis of morphological and morphometrical data from acanthocephalans from penguins indicates that they belong to Corynosoma australe Johnston, 1937. Partial fragments of the 28S rRNA and mitochondrial cox1 genes were amplified from isolates from penguins and two pinniped species (i.e. South American sea lion Otaria flavescens and South American fur seal Arctocephalus australis) to confirm this identification. Infection parameters clearly differ between penguins and the two pinniped species, which were significantly lower in S. magellanicus. The sex ratio of C. australe also differed between penguins and pinnipeds; in S. magellanicus was strongly biased against males, while in pinnipeds it was close to 1:1. Females of C. australe from O. flavescens were smaller than those from S. magellanicus and A. australis. However, fecundity (i.e. the proportion of fully developed eggs) was lower and more variable in females collected from S. magellanicus. At first glance, the occurrence of reproductive individuals of C. australe in Magellanic penguins could be interpreted as an adaptive colonization of a novel avian host through favourable mutations. However, it could also be considered, perhaps more likely, as an example of ecological fitting through the use of a plesimorphic (host) resource, since the ancestors of Corynosoma infected aquatic birds.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang H, Holloway JD, Janz N, Braga MP, Wahlberg N, Wang M, Nylin S. Polyphagy and diversification in tussock moths: Support for the oscillation hypothesis from extreme generalists. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7975-7986. [PMID: 29043049 PMCID: PMC5632610 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Theory on plasticity driving speciation, as applied to insect-plant interactions (the oscillation hypothesis), predicts more species in clades with higher diversity of host use, all else being equal. Previous support comes mainly from specialized herbivores such as butterflies, and plasticity theory suggests that there may be an upper host range limit where host diversity no longer promotes diversification. The tussock moths (Erebidae: Lymantriinae) are known for extreme levels of polyphagy. We demonstrate that this system is also very different from butterflies in terms of phylogenetic signal for polyphagy and for use of specific host orders. Yet we found support for the generality of the oscillation hypothesis, in that clades with higher diversity of host use were found to contain more species. These clades also consistently contained the most polyphagous single species. Comparing host use in Lymantriinae with related taxa shows that the taxon indeed stands out in terms of the frequency of polyphagous species. Comparative evidence suggests that this is most probably due to its nonfeeding adults, with polyphagy being part of a resulting life history syndrome. Our results indicate that even high levels of plasticity can drive diversification, at least when the levels oscillate over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houshuai Wang
- Department of EntomologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Niklas Janz
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of BiologyLaboratory of GeneticsUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Min Wang
- Department of EntomologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Su C, Shi Q, Sun X, Ma J, Li C, Hao J, Yang Q. Dated phylogeny and dispersal history of the butterfly subfamily Nymphalinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Sci Rep 2017; 7:8799. [PMID: 28821757 PMCID: PMC5562872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin and dispersal history of the large butterfly subfamily Nymphalinae are not fully understood, due to internal phylogenetic and time calibration issues. We conducted phylogenetic and dating analyses using mitochondrial and nuclear genes of biogeographically diverse groups of the Nymphalinae in order to resolve some controversial relationships and the paleobiogeographic pattern of the subfamily. Our results support the sister relationship of Vanessa (Tribe Nymphalini) and the Nymphalis-group, and the grouping of the three old-world genera (Rhinopalpa, Kallimoides and Vanessula) within Tribe Victorinini. Molecular dating analyses invoking two additional calibrations under the butterfly-host plant coevolutionary scenarios result in a relatively deeper divergence of the subfamily's two major clades (Nymphalini and the Kallimoids), compatible with the Cretaceous floral turnover scenario during the so-called Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution. Phylobiogeographic analyses reveal that the Oriental region is probably the center of early divergences for Nymphalinae after the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction, followed by repeated dispersals into the rest of the Old World and the New World during various periods beginning in Eocene. The biogeographic history indicates that temperature changes and host-plant diversification may have facilitated the dispersals of this butterfly subfamily, with accelerated global colonization during the middle to late Miocene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Su
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
- Xuzhou College of industrial technology, Xuzhou, 221140, China
| | - Qinghui Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Junye Ma
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiasheng Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Qun Yang
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Volf M, Pyszko P, Abe T, Libra M, Kotásková N, Šigut M, Kumar R, Kaman O, Butterill PT, Šipoš J, Abe H, Fukushima H, Drozd P, Kamata N, Murakami M, Novotny V. Phylogenetic composition of host plant communities drives plant-herbivore food web structure. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:556-565. [PMID: 28146344 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insects tend to feed on related hosts. The phylogenetic composition of host plant communities thus plays a prominent role in determining insect specialization, food web structure, and diversity. Previous studies showed a high preference of insect herbivores for congeneric and confamilial hosts suggesting that some levels of host plant relationships may play more prominent role that others. We aim to quantify the effects of host phylogeny on the structure of quantitative plant-herbivore food webs. Further, we identify specific patterns in three insect guilds with different life histories and discuss the role of host plant phylogeny in maintaining their diversity. We studied herbivore assemblages in three temperate forests in Japan and the Czech Republic. Sampling from a canopy crane, a cherry picker and felled trees allowed a complete census of plant-herbivore interactions within three 0·1 ha plots for leaf chewing larvae, miners, and gallers. We analyzed the effects of host phylogeny by comparing the observed food webs with randomized models of host selection. Larval leaf chewers exhibited high generality at all three sites, whereas gallers and miners were almost exclusively monophagous. Leaf chewer generality dropped rapidly when older host lineages (5-80 myr) were collated into a single lineage but only decreased slightly when the most closely related congeneric hosts were collated. This shows that leaf chewer generality has been maintained by feeding on confamilial hosts while only a few herbivores were shared between more distant plant lineages and, surprisingly, between some congeneric hosts. In contrast, miner and galler generality was maintained mainly by the terminal nodes of the host phylogeny and dropped immediately after collating congeneric hosts into single lineages. We show that not all levels of host plant phylogeny are equal in their effect on structuring plant-herbivore food webs. In the case of generalist guilds, it is the phylogeny of deeper plant lineages that drives the food web structure whereas the terminal relationships play minor roles. In contrast, the specialization and abundance of monophagous guilds are affected mainly by the terminal parts of the plant phylogeny and do not generally reflect deeper host phylogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Volf
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pyszko
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, Ostrava, 70103, Czech Republic
| | - Tomokazu Abe
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Martin Libra
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Nela Kotásková
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, Ostrava, 70103, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šigut
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, Ostrava, 70103, Czech Republic
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Central Muga Eri Research & Training Institute, Mariani Road, Sadar, Maz Gaon, Jorhat, 785008, India
| | - Ondřej Kaman
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Philip T Butterill
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šipoš
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, Ostrava, 70103, Czech Republic.,Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidicka 971/25, Brno, 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Haruka Abe
- Faculty of Science, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fukushima
- Faculty of Science, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Pavel Drozd
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, Ostrava, 70103, Czech Republic
| | - Naoto Kamata
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Faculty of Science, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Celorio-Mancera MDLP, Wheat CW, Huss M, Vezzi F, Neethiraj R, Reimegård J, Nylin S, Janz N. Evolutionary history of host use, rather than plant phylogeny, determines gene expression in a generalist butterfly. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:59. [PMID: 26956800 PMCID: PMC4782335 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most insect species are specialized on one or few groups of plants, there are phytophagous insects that seem to use virtually any kind of plant as food. Understanding the nature of this ability to feed on a wide repertoire of plants is crucial for the control of pest species and for the elucidation of the macroevolutionary mechanisms of speciation and diversification of insect herbivores. Here we studied Vanessa cardui, the species with the widest diet breadth among butterflies and a potential insect pest, by comparing tissue-specific transcriptomes from caterpillars that were reared on different host plants. We tested whether the similarities of gene-expression response reflect the evolutionary history of adaptation to these plants in the Vanessa and related genera, against the null hypothesis of transcriptional profiles reflecting plant phylogenetic relatedness. RESULT Using both unsupervised and supervised methods of data analysis, we found that the tissue-specific patterns of caterpillar gene expression are better explained by the evolutionary history of adaptation of the insects to the plants than by plant phylogeny. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that V. cardui may use two sets of expressed genes to achieve polyphagy, one associated with the ancestral capability to consume Rosids and Asterids, and another allowing the caterpillar to incorporate a wide range of novel host-plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher W Wheat
- Department of Zoology Ecology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18 B, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Huss
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Ramprasad Neethiraj
- Department of Zoology Ecology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18 B, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology Ecology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18 B, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology Ecology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18 B, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wei X, Vrieling K, Mulder PPJ, Klinkhamer PGL. Testing the generalist-specialist dilemma: the role of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in resistance to invertebrate herbivores in Jacobaea species. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:159-67. [PMID: 25666592 PMCID: PMC4351440 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce a diversity of secondary metabolites (SMs) to protect them from generalist herbivores. On the other hand, specialist herbivores use SMs for host plant recognition, feeding and oviposition cues, and even sequester SMs for their own defense. Therefore, plants are assumed to face an evolutionary dilemma stemming from the contrasting effects of generalist and specialist herbivores on SMs. To test this hypothesis, bioassays were performed with F2 hybrids from Jacobaea species segregating for their pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), using a specialist flea beetle (Longitarsus jacobaeae) and a generalist slug (Deroceras invadens). Our study demonstrated that while slug feeding damage was negatively correlated with the concentration of total PAs and that of senecionine-like PAs, flea beetle feeding damage was not affected by PAs. It was positively correlated though, with leaf fresh weight. The generalist slug was deterred by senecionine-like PAs but the specialist flea beetle was adapted to PAs in its host plant. Testing other herbivores in the same plant system, it was observed that the egg number of the specialist cinnabar moth was positively correlated with jacobine-like PAs, while the silver damage of generalist thrips was negatively correlated with senecionine- and jacobine-like PAs, and the pupae number of generalist leaf miner was negatively correlated with otosenine-like PAs. Therefore, while the specialist herbivores showed no correlation whatsoever with PA concentration, the generalist herbivores all showed a negative correlation with at least one type of PA. We concluded that the generalist herbivores were deterred by different structural groups of PAs while the specialist herbivores were attracted or adapted to PAs in its host plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wei
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Olivieri I, Singer MC, Magalhães S, Courtiol A, Dubois Y, Carbonell D, Justy F, Beldade P, Parmesan C, Michalakis Y. Genetic, ecological, behavioral and geographic differentiation of populations in a thistle weevil: implications for speciation and biocontrol. Evol Appl 2015; 1:112-28. [PMID: 25567495 PMCID: PMC3352393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Because weevils are used as biocontrol agents against thistles, it is important to document and understand host shifts and the evolution of host-specificity in these insects. Furthermore, such host shifts are of fundamental interest to mechanisms of speciation. The mediterranean weevil Larinus cynarae normally parasitizes either one of two thistle genera, Onopordum and Cynara, being locally monophagous. In Sardinia, however, both host genera are used. We used three types of data to help understand this complex host use: (i) weevil attack rates on the two host genera among 53 different populations in Sardinia and nearby Corsica, (ii) host preference in a lab setting, and (iii) genetic (allozyme) differentiation among weevil populations exploiting the same or different hosts. Using a subset of populations from northern Sardinia, we attempted to relate interpopulation differences in host preference to gene flow among populations by comparing pairwise differences in oviposition preference (Qst) and in allozyme frequencies (Fst). Overall, Qst and Fst were positively correlated. Fst was positively correlated with geographic distance among pairs of populations using the same host, but not among different-host population pairs. As mating occurs on the hosts, this result suggests reinforcement. Genetic evidence indicates Cynara as the ancestral host of the weevils from both islands and our current studies suggest repeated attempts to colonize Onopordum, with a successful shift in Corsica and a partial shift in Sardinia. This scenario would explain why in Sardinia the level of attack was higher on Cynara than on Onopordum and why, when given a choice in the laboratory, Sardinian weevils preferred Cynara even when sampled from Onopordum. The lability of host shifts in L. cynarae supports caution in using these or related weevils as biocontrol agents of exotic thistles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Olivieri
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sara Magalhães
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Courtiol
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | - Yvain Dubois
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier Montpellier, France ; CSIRO Biological Control Unit, Campus International de Baillarguet Montferrier, France
| | - David Carbonell
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Justy
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | - Patrícia Beldade
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nylin S, Slove J, Janz N. Host plant utilization, host range oscillations and diversification in nymphalid butterflies: a phylogenetic investigation. Evolution 2014; 68:105-24. [PMID: 24372598 PMCID: PMC3912913 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that phenotypic plasticity is a major factor in the diversification of life, and that variation in host range in phytophagous insects is a good model for investigating this claim. We explore the use of angiosperm plants as hosts for nymphalid butterflies, and in particular the evidence for past oscillations in host range and how they are linked to host shifts and to diversification. At the level of orders of plants, a relatively simple pattern of host use and host shifts emerges, despite the 100 million years of history of the family Nymphalidae. We review the evidence that these host shifts and the accompanying diversifications were associated with transient polyphagous stages, as suggested by the "oscillation hypothesis." In addition, we investigate all currently polyphagous nymphalid species and demonstrate that the state of polyphagy is rare, has a weak phylogenetic signal, and a very apical distribution in the phylogeny; we argue that these are signs of its transient nature. We contrast our results with data from the bark beetles Dendroctonus, in which a more specialized host use is instead the apical state. We conclude that plasticity in host use is likely to have contributed to diversification in nymphalid butterflies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ferrer-Paris JR, Sánchez-Mercado A, Viloria ÁL, Donaldson J. Congruence and diversity of butterfly-host plant associations at higher taxonomic levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63570. [PMID: 23717448 PMCID: PMC3662771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We aggregated data on butterfly-host plant associations from existing sources in order to address the following questions: (1) is there a general correlation between host diversity and butterfly species richness?, (2) has the evolution of host plant use followed consistent patterns across butterfly lineages?, (3) what is the common ancestral host plant for all butterfly lineages? The compilation included 44,148 records from 5,152 butterfly species (28.6% of worldwide species of Papilionoidea) and 1,193 genera (66.3%). The overwhelming majority of butterflies use angiosperms as host plants. Fabales is used by most species (1,007 spp.) from all seven butterfly families and most subfamilies, Poales is the second most frequently used order, but is mostly restricted to two species-rich subfamilies: Hesperiinae (56.5% of all Hesperiidae), and Satyrinae (42.6% of all Nymphalidae). We found a significant and strong correlation between host plant diversity and butterfly species richness. A global test for congruence (Parafit test) was sensitive to uncertainty in the butterfly cladogram, and suggests a mixed system with congruent associations between Papilionidae and magnoliids, Hesperiidae and monocots, and the remaining subfamilies with the eudicots (fabids and malvids), but also numerous random associations. The congruent associations are also recovered as the most probable ancestral states in each node using maximum likelihood methods. The shift from basal groups to eudicots appears to be more likely than the other way around, with the only exception being a Satyrine-clade within the Nymphalidae that feed on monocots. Our analysis contributes to the visualization of the complex pattern of interactions at superfamily level and provides a context to discuss the timing of changes in host plant utilization that might have promoted diversification in some butterfly lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José R. Ferrer-Paris
- Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa
- Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa
- Centro de Estudios Botánicos y Agroforestales, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela
| | - Ada Sánchez-Mercado
- Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa
- Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa
- Centro de Estudios Botánicos y Agroforestales, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela
| | - Ángel L. Viloria
- Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela
| | - John Donaldson
- Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa
- Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Habermannová J, Bogusch P, Straka J. Flexible host choice and common host switches in the evolution of generalist and specialist cuckoo bees (Anthophila: Sphecodes). PLoS One 2013; 8:e64537. [PMID: 23691244 PMCID: PMC3656848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialization makes resource use more efficient and should therefore be a common process in animal evolution. However, this process is not as universal in nature as one might expect. Our study shows that Sphecodes (Halictidae) cuckoo bees frequently change their host over the course of their evolution. To test the evolutionary scenario of host specialization in cuckoo bees, we constructed well-supported phylogenetic trees based on partial sequences of five genes for subtribe Sphecodina (Halictini). We detected up to 17 host switches during Sphecodes evolution based on 37 ingroup species subject to mapping analysis of the hosts associated with the cuckoo bee species. We also examine the direction of evolution of host specialization in Sphecodes using the likelihood ratio test and obtain results to support the bidirectional evolutionary scenario in which specialists can arise from generalists, and vice versa. We explain the existence of generalist species in Sphecodes based on their specialization at the individual level, which is recently known in two species. Our findings suggest flexible host choice and frequent host switches in the evolution of Sphecodes cuckoo bees. This scenario leads us to propose an individual choice constancy hypothesis based on the individual specialization strategy in cuckoo bees. Choice constancy has a close relationship to flower constancy in bees and might be an extension of the latter. Our analysis also shows relationships among the genera Microsphecodes, Eupetersia, Sphecodes and Austrosphecodes, a formerly proposed Sphecodes subgenus. Austrosphecodes species form a basal lineage of the subtribe, and Microsphecodes makes it paraphyletic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Habermannová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bogusch
- Department of Biology, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Straka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Simonato M, Battisti A, Kerdelhué C, Burban C, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Pivotto I, Salvato P, Negrisolo E. Host and phenology shifts in the evolution of the social moth genus Thaumetopoea. PLoS One 2013. [PMID: 23460830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057192,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Thaumetopoea contains the processionary moths, a group of lepidopteran associated with forest trees, well known for the social behaviour of the larvae and for carrying urticating setae. The taxonomy of the genus is partly unresolved and a phylogenetic approach is lacking. The goal of this work is to produce a phylogeny for Thaumetopoea and to identify the main traits driving the evolution of this group. Eighteen mitochondrial and three nuclear genes were fully/partly sequenced. Markers were aligned and analysed singularly or in various combinations. Phylogenetic analyses were performed according to maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Trees obtained from largest data sets provided identical topologies that received strong statistical support. Three main clades were identified within Thaumetopoea and were further supported by several signatures located in the mitochondrial tRNAs and intergenic spacers. The reference topology was used to investigate the evolution of life history traits related to biogeography, host plant, ecology, and morphology. A multigenic approach allowed to produce a robust phylogenetic analysis of the genus Thaumetopoea, with the identification of three major clades linked to different ecological and life history traits. The first clade is associated with Angiosperm host plants and has a fast spring development of larvae on young foliage. The other clades have originated by one event of host plant shift to Gymnosperm Pinaceae, which implied a longer larval developmental time due to the lower nutritional quality of leaves. These clades showed different adaptations to such a constraint, the first with a switch of larval feeding to cold season (winter pine processionary moths), and the second with a retraction to high altitude and latitude and a development cycle extended over two years (summer pine processionary moths). Recent global warming is affecting all species and seems able to further shape the evolution of the group.
Collapse
|
31
|
Simonato M, Battisti A, Kerdelhué C, Burban C, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Pivotto I, Salvato P, Negrisolo E. Host and phenology shifts in the evolution of the social moth genus Thaumetopoea. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57192. [PMID: 23460830 PMCID: PMC3584119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Thaumetopoea contains the processionary moths, a group of lepidopteran associated with forest trees, well known for the social behaviour of the larvae and for carrying urticating setae. The taxonomy of the genus is partly unresolved and a phylogenetic approach is lacking. The goal of this work is to produce a phylogeny for Thaumetopoea and to identify the main traits driving the evolution of this group. Eighteen mitochondrial and three nuclear genes were fully/partly sequenced. Markers were aligned and analysed singularly or in various combinations. Phylogenetic analyses were performed according to maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Trees obtained from largest data sets provided identical topologies that received strong statistical support. Three main clades were identified within Thaumetopoea and were further supported by several signatures located in the mitochondrial tRNAs and intergenic spacers. The reference topology was used to investigate the evolution of life history traits related to biogeography, host plant, ecology, and morphology. A multigenic approach allowed to produce a robust phylogenetic analysis of the genus Thaumetopoea, with the identification of three major clades linked to different ecological and life history traits. The first clade is associated with Angiosperm host plants and has a fast spring development of larvae on young foliage. The other clades have originated by one event of host plant shift to Gymnosperm Pinaceae, which implied a longer larval developmental time due to the lower nutritional quality of leaves. These clades showed different adaptations to such a constraint, the first with a switch of larval feeding to cold season (winter pine processionary moths), and the second with a retraction to high altitude and latitude and a development cycle extended over two years (summer pine processionary moths). Recent global warming is affecting all species and seems able to further shape the evolution of the group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carole Kerdelhué
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/CIRAD/IRD/Montpellier Supagro), Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Christian Burban
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO (INRA/Université de Bordeaux), Cestas, France
| | | | - Isabelle Pivotto
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO (INRA/Université de Bordeaux), Cestas, France
| | - Paola Salvato
- DAFNAE-Entomology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Negrisolo
- BCA Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Safety, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sohn JC, Regier JC, Mitter C, Davis D, Landry JF, Zwick A, Cummings MP. A molecular phylogeny for yponomeutoidea (insecta, Lepidoptera, ditrysia) and its implications for classification, biogeography and the evolution of host plant use. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55066. [PMID: 23383061 PMCID: PMC3561450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yponomeutoidea, one of the early-diverging lineages of ditrysian Lepidoptera, comprise about 1,800 species worldwide, including notable pests and insect-plant interaction models. Yponomeutoids were one of the earliest lepidopteran clades to evolve external feeding and to extensively colonize herbaceous angiosperms. Despite the group's economic importance, and its value for tracing early lepidopteran evolution, the biodiversity and phylogeny of Yponomeutoidea have been relatively little studied. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Eight nuclear genes (8 kb) were initially sequenced for 86 putative yponomeutoid species, spanning all previously recognized suprageneric groups, and 53 outgroups representing 22 families and 12 superfamilies. Eleven to 19 additional genes, yielding a total of 14.8 to 18.9 kb, were then sampled for a subset of taxa, including 28 yponomeutoids and 43 outgroups. Maximum likelihood analyses were conducted on data sets differing in numbers of genes, matrix completeness, inclusion/weighting of synonymous substitutions, and inclusion/exclusion of "rogue" taxa. Monophyly for Yponomeutoidea was supported very strongly when the 18 "rogue" taxa were excluded, and moderately otherwise. Results from different analyses are highly congruent and relationships within Yponomeutoidea are well supported overall. There is strong support overall for monophyly of families previously recognized on morphological grounds, including Yponomeutidae, Ypsolophidae, Plutellidae, Glyphipterigidae, Argyresthiidae, Attevidae, Praydidae, Heliodinidae, and Bedelliidae. We also assign family rank to Scythropiinae (Scythropiidae stat. rev.), which in our trees are strongly grouped with Bedelliidae, in contrast to all previous proposals. We present a working hypothesis of among-family relationships, and an informal higher classification. Host plant family associations of yponomeutoid subfamilies and families are non-random, but show no trends suggesting parallel phylogenesis. Our analyses suggest that previous characterizations of yponomeutoids as predominantly Holarctic were based on insufficient sampling. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We provide the first robust molecular phylogeny for Yponomeutoidea, together with a revised classification and new insights into their life history evolution and biogeography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Cheon Sohn
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Harvey JA, Ximénez de Embún MG, Bukovinszky T, Gols R. The roles of ecological fitting, phylogeny and physiological equivalence in understanding realized and fundamental host ranges in endoparasitoid wasps. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2139-2148. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Harvey
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology Department of Terrestrial Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | - T. Bukovinszky
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology Department of Terrestrial Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology Department of Aquatic Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - R. Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Opitz SEW, Boevé JL, Nagy ZT, Sonet G, Koch F, Müller C. Host shifts from Lamiales to Brassicaceae in the sawfly genus Athalia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33649. [PMID: 22485146 PMCID: PMC3317781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant chemistry can be a key driver of host shifts in herbivores. Several species in the sawfly genus Athalia are important economic pests on Brassicaceae, whereas other Athalia species are specialized on Lamiales. These host plants have glucosides in common, which are sequestered by larvae. To disentangle the possible direction of host shifts in this genus, we examined the sequestration specificity and feeding deterrence of iridoid glucosides (IGs) and glucosinolates (GSs) in larvae of five species which either naturally sequester IGs from their hosts within the Plantaginaceae (Lamiales) or GSs from Brassicaceae, respectively. Furthermore, adults were tested for feeding stimulation by a neo-clerodane diterpenoid which occurs in Lamiales. Larvae of the Plantaginaceae-feeders did not sequester artificially administered p-hydroxybenzylGS and were more deterred by GSs than Brassicaceae-feeders were by IGs. In contrast, larvae of Brassicaceae-feeders were able to sequester artificially administered catalpol (IG), which points to an ancestral association with Lamiales. In line with this finding, adults of all tested species were stimulated by the neo-clerodane diterpenoid. Finally, in a phylogenetic tree inferred from genetic marker sequences of 21 Athalia species, the sister species of all remaining 20 Athalia species also turned out to be a Lamiales-feeder. Fundamental physiological pre-adaptations, such as the establishment of a glucoside transporter, and mechanisms to circumvent activation of glucosides by glucosidases are therefore necessary prerequisites for successful host shifts between Lamiales and Brassicaceae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Luc Boevé
- IRSNB-KBIN, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Zoltán Tamás Nagy
- IRSNB-KBIN, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Gontran Sonet
- IRSNB-KBIN, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Frank Koch
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Heikkilä M, Kaila L, Mutanen M, Peña C, Wahlberg N. Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:1093-9. [PMID: 21920981 PMCID: PMC3267136 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the taxonomy of the ca 18 000 species of butterflies and skippers is well known, the family-level relationships are still debated. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the superfamilies Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea and Hedyloidea to date based on morphological and molecular data. We reconstructed their phylogenetic relationships using parsimony and Bayesian approaches. We estimated times and rates of diversification along lineages in order to reconstruct their evolutionary history. Our results suggest that the butterflies, as traditionally understood, are paraphyletic, with Papilionidae being the sister-group to Hesperioidea, Hedyloidea and all other butterflies. Hence, the families in the current three superfamilies should be placed in a single superfamily Papilionoidea. In addition, we find that Hedylidae is sister to Hesperiidae, and this novel relationship is supported by two morphological characters. The families diverged in the Early Cretaceous but diversified after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene event. The diversification of butterflies is characterized by a slow speciation rate in the lineage leading to Baronia brevicornis, a period of stasis by the skippers after divergence and a burst of diversification in the lineages leading to Nymphalidae, Riodinidae and Lycaenidae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Heikkilä
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 17, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lauri Kaila
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 17, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Marko Mutanen
- Zoological Museum, Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Carlos Peña
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Can plant resistance to specialist herbivores be explained by plant chemistry or resource use strategy? Oecologia 2011; 168:1043-55. [PMID: 22057899 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
At both a macro- and micro-evolutionary level, selection of and performance on host plants by specialist herbivores are thought to be governed partially by host plant chemistry. Thus far, there is little evidence to suggest that specialists can detect small structural differences in secondary metabolites of their hosts, or that such differences affect host choice or performance of specialists. We tested whether phytochemical differences between closely related plant species are correlated with specialist host choice. We conducted no-choice feeding trials using 17 plant species of three genera of tribe Senecioneae (Jacobaea, Packera, and Senecio; Asteraceae) and a more distantly related species (Cynoglossum officinale; Boraginaceae) containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), and four PA-sequestering specialist herbivores of the genus Longitarsus (Chrysomelidae). We also assessed whether variation in feeding by specialist herbivores is attributable to different resource use strategies of the tested plant species. Plant resource use strategy was quantified by measuring leaf dry matter content, which is related to both plant nutritive value and to plant investment in quantitative defences. We found no evidence that intra-generic differences in PA profiles affect feeding by specialist herbivores. Instead, our results indicate that decisions to begin feeding are related to plant resource use strategy, while decisions to continue feeding are not based on any plant characteristics measured in this study. These findings imply that PA composition does not significantly affect host choice by these specialist herbivores. Leaf dry matter content is somewhat phylogenetically conserved, indicating that plants may have difficulty altering resource use strategy in response to selection pressure by herbivores and other environmental factors on an evolutionary time scale.
Collapse
|
37
|
Slove J, Janz N. The relationship between diet breadth and geographic range size in the butterfly subfamily Nymphalinae--a study of global scale. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16057. [PMID: 21246054 PMCID: PMC3016415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The "oscillation hypothesis" has been proposed as a general explanation for the exceptional diversification of herbivorous insect species. The hypothesis states that speciation rates are elevated through repeated correlated changes--oscillations--in degree of host plant specificity and geographic range. The aim of this study is to test one of the predictions from the oscillation hypothesis: a positive correlation between diet breadth (number of host plants used) and geographic range size, using the globally distributed butterfly subfamily Nymphalinae. Data on diet breadth and global geographic range were collected for 182 Nymphalinae butterflies species and the size of the geographic range was measured using a GIS. We tested both diet breadth and geographic range size for phylogenetic signal to see if species are independent of each other with respect to these characters. As this test gave inconclusive results, data was analysed both using cross-species comparisons and taking phylogeny into account using generalised estimating equations as applied in the APE package in R. Irrespective of which method was used, we found a significant positive correlation between diet breadth and geographic range size. These results are consistent for two different measures of diet breadth and removal of outliers. We conclude that the global range sizes of Nymphalinae butterflies are correlated to diet breadth. That is, butterflies that feed on a large number of host plants tend to have larger geographic ranges than do butterflies that feed on fewer plants. These results lend support for an important step in the oscillation hypothesis of plant-driven diversification, in that it can provide the necessary fuel for future population fragmentation and speciation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Slove
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fordyce JA. Host shifts and evolutionary radiations of butterflies. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:3735-43. [PMID: 20610430 PMCID: PMC2992698 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlich and Raven proposed a model of coevolution where major host plant shifts of butterflies facilitate a burst of diversification driven by their arrival to a new adaptive zone. One prediction of this model is that reconstructions of historical diversification of butterflies should indicate an increase in diversification rate following major host shifts. Using reconstructed histories of 15 butterfly groups, I tested this prediction and found general agreement with Ehrlich and Raven's model. Butterfly lineages with an inferred major historical host shift showed evidence of diversification rate variation, with a significant acceleration following the host shift. Lineages without an inferred major host shift generally agreed with a constant-rate model of diversification. These results are consistent with the view that host plant associations have played a profound role in the evolutionary history of butterflies, and show that major shifts to chemically distinct plant groups leave a historical footprint that remains detectable today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Fordyce
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
SHEFFERSON RICHARDP, COWDEN CHARLESC, MCCORMICK MELISSAK, YUKAWA TOMOHISA, OGURA-TSUJITA YUKI, HASHIMOTO TOSHIMASA. Evolution of host breadth in broad interactions: mycorrhizal specificity in East Asian and North American rattlesnake plantains (Goodyera spp.) and their fungal hosts. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:3008-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
40
|
Kato T, Bonet A, Yoshitake H, Romero-Nápoles J, Jinbo U, Ito M, Shimada M. Evolution of host utilization patterns in the seed beetle genus Mimosestes Bridwell (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 55:816-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
41
|
Linnen CR, Farrell BD. A test of the sympatric host race formation hypothesis in Neodiprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:3131-8. [PMID: 20504811 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory suggests that sympatric speciation is possible; however, its prevalence in nature remains unknown. Because Neodiprion sawflies are host specialists and mate on their hosts, sympatric speciation via host shifts may be common in this genus. Here, we test this hypothesis using near-complete taxonomic sampling of a species group, comprehensive geographical and ecological data, and multiple comparative methods. Host-use data suggest that host shifts contributed to the evolution of reproductive isolation in Neodiprion and previous work has shown that gene flow accompanied divergence. However, geographical data provide surprisingly little support for the hypothesis that host shifts occurred in sympatry. While these data do not rule out sympatric host race formation in Neodiprion, they suggest that this speciation mode is uncommon in the genus and possibly in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Linnen
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bertheau C, Brockerhoff EG, Roux-Morabito G, Lieutier F, Jactel H. Novel insect-tree associations resulting from accidental and intentional biological ‘invasions’: a meta-analysis of effects on insect fitness. Ecol Lett 2010; 13:506-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
43
|
To speciate, or not to speciate? Resource heterogeneity, the subjectivity of similarity, and the macroevolutionary consequences of niche-width shifts in plant-feeding insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2009; 85:393-411. [PMID: 20002390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coevolutionary studies on plants and plant-feeding insects have significantly improved our understanding of the role of niche shifts in the generation of new species. Evolving plant lineages essentially constitute moving islands and archipelagoes in resource space, and host shifts by insects are usually preceded by colonizations of novel resources. Critical to hypotheses concerning ecological speciation is what happens immediately before and after colonization attempts: if an available plant is too similar to the current host(s), it simply will be incorporated into the existing diet, but if it is too different, it will not be colonized in the first place. It thus seems that the probability of speciation is maximized when alternative hosts are at an 'intermediate' distance in resource space. In this review, I wish to highlight the possibility that resource similarity and, thus, the definition of 'intermediate', are subjective concepts that depend on the herbivore lineage's tolerance to dietary variation. This subjectivity of similarity means that changes in tolerance can either decrease or increase speciation probabilities depending on the distribution of plants in resource space: insect lineages with narrow tolerances are likely to speciate by 'island-hopping' on young, species-rich plant groups, whereas more generalized lineages could speciate by shifting among resource archipelagoes formed by higher plant taxa. Repeated and convergent origins of traits known to broaden or to restrict host-plant use in multiple different insect groups provide opportunities for studying how tolerance and resource heterogeneity may interact to determine speciation rates.
Collapse
|
44
|
Exotic vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores differ in their impacts on native and exotic plants: a meta-analysis. Biol Invasions 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-009-9622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
45
|
Heidel-Fischer HM, Freitak D, Janz N, Söderlind L, Vogel H, Nylin S. Phylogenetic relatedness and host plant growth form influence gene expression of the polyphagous comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album). BMC Genomics 2009; 10:506. [PMID: 19878603 PMCID: PMC2775755 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms that shape the host plant range of herbivorous insect are to date not well understood but knowledge of these mechanisms and the selective forces that influence them can expand our understanding of the larger ecological interaction. Nevertheless, it is well established that chemical defenses of plants influence the host range of herbivorous insects. While host plant chemistry is influenced by phylogeny, also the growth forms of plants appear to influence the plant defense strategies as first postulated by Feeny (the "plant apparency" hypothesis). In the present study we aim to investigate the molecular basis of the diverse host plant range of the comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album) by testing differential gene expression in the caterpillars on three host plants that are either closely related or share the same growth form. Results In total 120 genes were identified to be differentially expressed in P. c-album after feeding on different host plants, 55 of them in the midgut and 65 in the restbody of the caterpillars. Expression patterns could be confirmed with an independent method for 14 of 27 tested genes. Pairwise similarities in upregulation in the midgut of the caterpillars were higher between plants that shared either growth form or were phylogenetically related. No known detoxifying enzymes were found to be differently regulated in the midgut after feeding on different host plants. Conclusion Our data suggest a complex picture of gene expression in response to host plant feeding. While each plant requires a unique gene regulation in the caterpillar, both phylogenetic relatedness and host plant growth form appear to influence the expression profile of the polyphagous comma butterfly, in agreement with phylogenetic studies of host plant utilization in butterflies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Heidel-Fischer
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Futuyma DJ, Agrawal AA. Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:18054-61. [PMID: 19815508 PMCID: PMC2775342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904106106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial biodiversity is dominated by plants and the herbivores that consume them, and they are one of the major conduits of energy flow up to higher trophic levels. Here, we address the processes that have generated the spectacular diversity of flowering plants (>300,000 species) and insect herbivores (likely >1 million species). Long-standing macroevolutionary hypotheses have postulated that reciprocal evolution of adaptations and subsequent bursts of speciation have given rise to much of this biodiversity. We critically evaluate various predictions based on this coevolutionary theory. Phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral states has revealed evidence for escalation in the potency or variety of plant lineages' chemical defenses; however, escalation of defense has been moderated by tradeoffs and alternative strategies (e.g., tolerance or defense by biotic agents). There is still surprisingly scant evidence that novel defense traits reduce herbivory and that such evolutionary novelty spurs diversification. Consistent with the coevolutionary hypothesis, there is some evidence that diversification of herbivores has lagged behind, but has nevertheless been temporally correlated with that of their host-plant clades, indicating colonization and radiation of insects on diversifying plants. However, there is still limited support for the role of host-plant shifts in insect diversification. Finally, a frontier area of research, and a general conclusion of our review, is that community ecology and the long-term evolutionary history of plant and insect diversification are inexorably intertwined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Futuyma
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Menken SBJ, Boomsma JJ, Van Nieukerken EJ. LARGE-SCALE EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS OF HOST PLANT ASSOCIATIONS IN THE LEPIDOPTERA. Evolution 2009; 64:1098-119. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
48
|
Stone GN, Hernandez-Lopez A, Nicholls JA, di Pierro E, Pujade-Villar J, Melika G, Cook JM. EXTREME HOST PLANT CONSERVATISM DURING AT LEAST 20 MILLION YEARS OF HOST PLANT PURSUIT BY OAK GALLWASPS. Evolution 2009; 63:854-69. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
49
|
Jousselin E, Van Noort S, Berry V, Rasplus JY, Rønsted N, Erasmus JC, Greeff JM. ONE FIG TO BIND THEM ALL: HOST CONSERVATISM IN A FIG WASP COMMUNITY UNRAVELED BY COSPECIATION ANALYSES AMONG POLLINATING AND NONPOLLINATING FIG WASPS. Evolution 2008; 62:1777-1797. [PMID: 18419750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Jousselin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS-30 016, 34 988 Montferrier sur Lez, France
- E-mail:
| | - Simon Van Noort
- Natural History Division, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of Cape Town, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Vincent Berry
- Département Informatique, LIRMM- CNRS, 161, rue Ada 34392 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS-30 016, 34 988 Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Nina Rønsted
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jaco M Greeff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Haloin JR, Strauss SY. Interplay between Ecological Communities and Evolution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1133:87-125. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1438.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|