1
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Kim AS, Kreiner JM, Hernández F, Bock DG, Hodgins KA, Rieseberg LH. Temporal collections to study invasion biology. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6729-6742. [PMID: 37873879 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions represent an extraordinary opportunity to study evolution. This is because accidental or deliberate species introductions have taken place for centuries across large geographical scales, frequently prompting rapid evolutionary transitions in invasive populations. Until recently, however, the utility of invasions as evolutionary experiments has been hampered by limited information on the makeup of populations that were part of earlier invasion stages. Now, developments in ancient and historical DNA technologies, as well as the quickening pace of digitization for millions of specimens that are housed in herbaria and museums globally, promise to help overcome this obstacle. In this review, we first introduce the types of temporal data that can be used to study invasions, highlighting the timescale captured by each approach and their respective limitations. We then discuss how ancient and historical specimens as well as data available from prior invasion studies can be used to answer questions on mechanisms of (mal)adaptation, rates of evolution, or community-level changes during invasions. By bridging the gap between contemporary and historical invasive populations, temporal data can help us connect pattern to process in invasion science. These data will become increasingly important if invasions are to achieve their full potential as experiments of evolution in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Kim
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julia M Kreiner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fernando Hernández
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dan G Bock
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kathryn A Hodgins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Loren H Rieseberg
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Wang D, Smith JLD, Accatino F, Ge J, Wang T. Addressing the impact of canine distemper spreading on an isolated tiger population in northeast Asia. Integr Zool 2023; 18:994-1008. [PMID: 36881515 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The continuation of the isolated Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) population living along the China-Russia border is facing serious challenges due to factors such as its small size (including 38 individuals) and canine distemper virus (CDV). We use a population viability analysis metamodel, which consists of a traditional individual-based demographic model linked to an epidemiological model, to assess options for controlling the impact of negative factors through domestic dog management in protected areas, increasing connectivity to the neighboring large population (including more than 400 individuals), and habitat expansion. Without intervention, under inbreeding depression of 3.14, 6.29, and 12.26 lethal equivalents, our metamodel predicted the extinction within 100 years is 64.4%, 90.6%, and 99.8%, respectively. In addition, the simulation results showed that dog management or habitat expansion independently will not ensure tiger population viability for the next 100 years, and connectivity to the neighboring population would only keep the population size from rapidly declining. However, when the above three conservation scenarios are combined, even at the highest level of 12.26 lethal equivalents inbreeding depression, population size will not decline and the probability of extinction will be <5.8%. Our findings highlight that protecting the Amur tiger necessitates a multifaceted synergistic effort. Our key management recommendations for this population underline the importance of reducing CDV threats and expanding tiger occupancy to its former range in China, but re-establishing habitat connectivity to the neighboring population is an important long-term objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, NFGA Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard & College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - James L D Smith
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Francesco Accatino
- UMR SADAPT, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, PALAISEAU Cedex, France
| | - Jianping Ge
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, NFGA Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard & College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, NFGA Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard & College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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3
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Gómez-Llano M, McPeek MA, Siepielski AM. Environmental variation shapes and links parasitism to sexual selection. Evol Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-023-10236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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4
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Olsson M, Bererhi B, Miller E, Schwartz T, Rollings N, Lindsay W, Wapstra E. Inbreeding effects on telomeres in hatchling sand lizards (Lacerta agilis): An optimal family affair? Mol Ecol 2022; 31:6605-6616. [PMID: 36208022 PMCID: PMC10092626 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are nucleotide-protein caps, predominantly at the ends of Metazoan linear chromosomes, showing complex dynamics with regard to their lengthening and shortening through life. Their complexity has entertained the idea that net telomere length and attrition could be valuable biomarkers of phenotypic and genetic quality of their bearer. Intuitively, those individuals could be more heterozygous and, hence, less inbred. However, some inbred taxa have longer, not shorter, telomeres. To understand the role of inbreeding in this complex scenario we need large samples across a range of genotypes with known maternity and paternity in telomere-screened organisms under natural conditions. We assessed the effects of parental and hatchling inbreeding on telomere length in >1300 offspring from >500 sires and dams in a population of sand lizards (Lacerta agilis). Maternal and paternal ID and their interactions predict hatchling telomere length at substantial effect sizes (R2 > .50). Deviation from mean maternal heterozygosity statistically predicts shorter offspring telomeres but this only when sibship is controlled for by paternal ID, and then is still limited (R2 = .06). Raw maternal heterozygosity scores, ignoring absolute deviation from the mean, explained 0.07% of the variance in hatchling telomere length. In conclusion, inbreeding is not a driver of telomere dynamics in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) study system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Badreddine Bererhi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emily Miller
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tonia Schwartz
- Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Nicky Rollings
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Willow Lindsay
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Wapstra
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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5
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Ruiz Mondragon KY, Aguirre-Planter E, Gasca-Pineda J, Klimova A, Trejo-Salazar RE, Reyes Guerra MA, Medellin RA, Piñero D, Lira R, Eguiarte LE. Conservation genomics of Agave tequilana Weber var. azul: low genetic differentiation and heterozygote excess in the tequila agave from Jalisco, Mexico. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14398. [PMID: 36415865 PMCID: PMC9676017 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic diversity is fundamental for the survival of species. In particular, in a climate change scenario, it is crucial that populations maintain genetic diversity so they can adapt to novel environmental conditions. Genetic diversity in wild agaves is usually high, with low genetic differentiation among populations, in part maintained by the agave pollinators such as the nectarivorous bats. In cultivated agaves, patterns of genetic diversity vary according to the intensity of use, management, and domestication stage. In Agave tequilana Weber var. azul (A. tequilana thereafter), the plant used for tequila production, clonal propagation has been strongly encouraged. These practices may lead to a reduction in genetic diversity. Methods We studied the diversity patterns with genome-wide SNPs, using restriction site associated DNA sequencing in cultivated samples of A. tequilana from three sites of Jalisco, Mexico. For one locality, seeds were collected and germinated in a greenhouse. We compared the genomic diversity, levels of inbreeding, genetic differentiation, and connectivity among studied sites and between adults and juvenile plants. Results Agave tequilana presented a genomic diversity of HT = 0.12. The observed heterozygosity was higher than the expected heterozygosity. Adults were more heterozygous than juveniles. This could be a consequence of heterosis or hybrid vigor. We found a shallow genetic structure (average paired FST = 0.0044). In the analysis of recent gene flow, we estimated an average migration rate among the different populations of m = 0.25. In particular, we found a population that was the primary source of gene flow and had greater genomic diversity (HE and HO ), so we propose that this population should continue to be monitored as a potential genetic reservoir. Discussion Our results may be the consequence of more traditional management in the studied specific region of Jalisco. Also, the exchange of seeds or propagules by producers and the existence of gene flow due to occasional sexual reproduction may play an important role in maintaining diversity in A. tequilana. For populations to resist pests, to continue evolving and reduce their risk of extinction under a climate change scenario, it is necessary to maintain genetic diversity. Under this premise we encourage to continue acting in conservation programs for this species and its pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Aguirre-Planter
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jaime Gasca-Pineda
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Anastasia Klimova
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | | | - Rodrigo A. Medellin
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rafael Lira
- Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales, Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis E. Eguiarte
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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6
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Hasik AZ, Siepielski AM. Parasitism shapes selection by drastically reducing host fitness and increasing host fitness variation. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220323. [PMID: 36321430 PMCID: PMC9627441 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the effects of parasites on host reproduction is key to understanding how parasites affect the underpinnings of selection on hosts. Although infection is expected to be costly, reducing mean fitness, infection could also increase variation in fitness costs among hosts, both of which determine the potential for selection on hosts. To test these ideas, we used a phylogenetically informed meta-analysis of 118 studies to examine how changes in the mean and variance in the outcome of reproduction differed between parasitized and non-parasitized hosts. We found that parasites had severe negative effects on mean fitness, with parasitized hosts suffering reductions in fecundity, viability and mating success. Parasite infection also increased variance in reproduction, particularly fecundity and offspring viability. Surprisingly, parasites had similar effects on viability when either the male or female was parasitized. These results not only provide the first synthetic, comparative, and quantitative summary of the strong deleterious effects of parasites on host reproductive fitness, but also reveal a consistent role for parasites in shaping the opportunity for selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Z. Hasik
- Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, SCEN 601, 850 W. Dickson St., Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Adam M. Siepielski
- Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, SCEN 601, 850 W. Dickson St., Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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7
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Petersen RM, Bergey CM, Roos C, Higham JP. Relationship between genome-wide and MHC class I and II genetic diversity and complementarity in a nonhuman primate. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9346. [PMID: 36311412 PMCID: PMC9596323 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mate choice is expected to favor partners with advantageous genetic properties, the relative importance of genome‐wide characteristics, such as overall heterozygosity or kinship, versus specific loci, is unknown. To disentangle genome‐wide and locus‐specific targets of mate choice, we must first understand congruence in global and local variation within the same individual. This study compares genetic diversity, both absolute and relative to other individuals (i.e., complementarity), assessed across the genome to that found at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a hyper‐variable gene family integral to immune system function and implicated in mate choice across species. Using DNA from 22 captive olive baboons (Papio anubis), we conducted double digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing to estimate genome‐wide heterozygosity and kinship, and sequenced two class I and two class II MHC loci. We found that genome‐wide diversity was not associated with MHC diversity, and that diversity at class I MHC loci was not correlated with diversity at class II loci. Additionally, kinship was a significant predictor of the number of MHC alleles shared between dyads at class II loci. Our results provide further evidence of the strong selective pressures maintaining genetic diversity at the MHC in comparison to other randomly selected sites throughout the genome. Furthermore, our results indicate that class II MHC disassortative mate choice may mediate inbreeding avoidance in this population. Our study suggests that mate choice favoring genome‐wide genetic diversity is not always synonymous with mate choice favoring MHC diversity, and highlights the importance of controlling for kinship when investigating MHC‐associated mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Petersen
- Department of AnthropologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA,New York Consortium in Evolutionary PrimatologyNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Christina M. Bergey
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New JerseyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - James P. Higham
- Department of AnthropologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA,New York Consortium in Evolutionary PrimatologyNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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8
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Aavani P, Rice SH. When sexual selection in hosts benefits parasites. Infect Dis Model 2022; 7:561-570. [PMID: 36158519 PMCID: PMC9474839 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In host-parasite coevolution, the parasite is selected to increase its infectivity while host is selected to resist the parasite infection. It is widely held that parasite-mediated sexual selection can further amplify the selective pressure on the host to overcome parasite infection. In this paper we focus on certain types of parasites, those that can impair the activity of the host immune function to prevent signs of sickness. We show that the effect of sexual selection can actually reduce the selective pressure on the host immune response to adapt to the parasite infection. We design a simple mathematical model for a population of sexually reproducing organism in which individuals are choosy, preferring traits that are correlated negatively with immune system activity. We introduce to this population a parasite that can suppress activation of the host's immune response. Our results show that even though the host immune system is likely to ultimately evolve and adapt to the parasite infection, when sexual selection is part of this process, it can slow down this evolution on the host and give the parasite more time to get established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Aavani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean H Rice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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9
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Virrueta Herrera S, Johnson KP, Sweet AD, Ylinen E, Kunnasranta M, Nyman T. High levels of inbreeding with spatial and host-associated structure in lice of an endangered freshwater seal. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4593-4606. [PMID: 35726520 PMCID: PMC9544963 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Host-specialist parasites of endangered large vertebrates are in many cases more endangered than their hosts. In particular, low host population densities and reduced among-host transmission rates are expected to lead to inbreeding within parasite infrapopulations living on single host individuals. Furthermore, spatial population structures of directly-transmitted parasites should be concordant with those of their hosts. Using population genomic approaches, we investigated inbreeding and population structure in a host-specialist seal louse (Echinophthirius horridus) infesting the Saimaa ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis), which is endemic to Lake Saimaa in Finland, and is one of the most endangered pinnipeds in the world. We conducted genome resequencing of pairs of lice collected from 18 individual Saimaa ringed seals throughout the Lake Saimaa complex. Our analyses showed high genetic similarity and inbreeding between lice inhabiting the same individual seal host, indicating low among-host transmission rates. Across the lake, genetic differentiation among individual lice was correlated with their geographic distance, and assignment analyses revealed a marked break in the genetic variation of the lice in the middle of the lake, indicating substantial population structure. These findings indicate that movements of Saimaa ringed seals across the main breeding areas of the fragmented Lake Saimaa complex may in fact be more restricted than suggested by previous population-genetic analyses of the seals themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany Virrueta Herrera
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, USA.,Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kevin P Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew D Sweet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Eeva Ylinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mervi Kunnasranta
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.,Natural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Svanhovd Research Station, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanvik, Norway
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10
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Fabbri MC, Crovetti A, Tinacci L, Bertelloni F, Armani A, Mazzei M, Fratini F, Bozzi R, Cecchi F. Identification of candidate genes associated with bacterial and viral infections in wild boars hunted in Tuscany (Italy). Sci Rep 2022; 12:8145. [PMID: 35581286 PMCID: PMC9114367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) is one of the large mammals most spread worldwide, highly adaptable, and its population rapidly increased in many areas in Europe, including Italy, where Tuscany is considered particularly suitable for wild boar. Wild boars are potential hosts for different etiological agents, such as Brucella spp., Leptospira spp. and Pseudorabies virus and they can contribute to maintain and/or to disseminate some bacterial or viral pathogens to humans and domestic animals, above all-in free-range farms. In order to identify hypothetical genomic regions associated with these infection diseases, 96 samples of wild boars hunted in Tuscany during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 hunting seasons were considered. Diagnosis was achieved by serological tests and 42 Pseudorabies, 31 Leptospira and 15 Brucella positive animals were identified. All animals were genotyped with Geneseek Genomic Profiler Porcine HD (70 k) and a genome-wide scan was then performed. Significant markers were highlighted for Pseudorabies (two SNPs), Brucella (seven SNPs), and Leptospira (four SNPs) and they were located within, or nearby, 29 annotated genes on chromosome 6, 9, 12, 13, 14 and 18. Eight genes are implicated in viral (SEC14L1, JMJD6, SRSF2, TMPRSS2, MX1, MX2) or bacterial (COL8A1, SPIRE1) infections, seven genes (MFSD11, METTL23, CTTNBP2, BACE2, IMPA2, MPPE1 and GNAL) are involved in mental disorders and one gene (MGAT5B) is related to the Golgi complex. Results presented here provide interesting starting points for future research, validation studies and fine mapping of candidate genes involved in bacterial and viral infections in wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Fabbri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
| | - A Crovetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - L Tinacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Bertelloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Armani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Mazzei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Fratini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Bozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - F Cecchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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11
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Smith D, O'Brien D, Hall J, Sergeant C, Brookes LM, Harrison XA, Garner TWJ, Jehle R. Challenging a host-pathogen paradigm: Susceptibility to chytridiomycosis is decoupled from genetic erosion. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:589-598. [PMID: 35167143 PMCID: PMC9306973 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The putatively positive association between host genetic diversity and the ability to defend against pathogens has long attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists. Chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has emerged in recent decades as a cause of dramatic declines and extinctions across the amphibian clade. Bd susceptibility can vary widely across populations of the same species, but the relationship between standing genetic diversity and susceptibility has remained notably underexplored so far. Here, we focus on a putatively Bd‐naive system of two mainland and two island populations of the common toad (Bufo bufo) at the edge of the species’ range and use controlled infection experiments and dd‐RAD sequencing of >10 000 SNPs across 95 individuals to characterize the role of host population identity, genetic variation and individual body mass in mediating host response to the pathogen. We found strong genetic differentiation between populations and marked variation in their susceptibility to Bd. This variation was not, however, governed by isolation‐mediated genetic erosion, and individual heterozygosity was even found to be negatively correlated with survival. Individual survival during infection experiments was strongly positively related to body mass, which itself was unrelated to population of origin or heterozygosity. Our findings underscore the general importance of context‐dependency when assessing the role of host genetic variation for the ability of defence against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal Smith
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, M5 4WT, Salford, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - David O'Brien
- Highland Amphibian and Reptile Project, Woodlands, Brae of Kinkell, Dingwall, IV7 8HZ, UK
| | - Jeanette Hall
- Highland Amphibian and Reptile Project, Woodlands, Brae of Kinkell, Dingwall, IV7 8HZ, UK
| | - Chris Sergeant
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Lola M Brookes
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.,MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College School of Public Health, Floor 11, Sir Michael Uren Building, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.,Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Xavier A Harrison
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Trenton W J Garner
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Robert Jehle
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, M5 4WT, Salford, UK
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12
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Hornick KM, Plough LV. Genome-wide analysis of natural and restored eastern oyster populations reveals local adaptation and positive impacts of planting frequency and broodstock number. Evol Appl 2022; 15:40-59. [PMID: 35126647 PMCID: PMC8792482 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of captive-bred plants and animals has increased worldwide to augment declining species. However, insufficient attention has been given to understanding how neutral and adaptive genetic variation are partitioned within and among proximal natural populations, and the patterns and drivers of gene flow over small spatial scales, which can be important for restoration success. A seascape genomics approach was used to investigate population structure, local adaptation, and the extent to which environmental gradients influence genetic variation among natural and restored populations of Chesapeake Bay eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica. We also investigated the impact of hatchery practices on neutral genetic diversity of restored reefs and quantified the broader genetic impacts of large-scale hatchery-based bivalve restoration. Restored reefs showed similar levels of diversity as natural reefs, and striking relationships were found between planting frequency and broodstock numbers and genetic diversity metrics (effective population size and relatedness), suggesting that hatchery practices can have a major impact on diversity. Despite long-term restoration activities, haphazard historical translocations, and high dispersal potential of larvae that could homogenize allele frequencies among populations, moderate neutral population genetic structure was uncovered. Moreover, environmental factors, namely salinity, pH, and temperature, play a major role in the distribution of neutral and adaptive genetic variation. For marine invertebrates in heterogeneous seascapes, collecting broodstock from large populations experiencing similar environments to candidate sites may provide the most appropriate sources for restoration and ensure population resilience in the face of rapid environmental change. This is one of a few studies to demonstrate empirically that hatchery practices have a major impact on the retention of genetic diversity. Overall, these results contribute to the growing body of evidence for fine-scale genetic structure and local adaptation in broadcast-spawning marine species and provide novel information for the management of an important fisheries resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Hornick
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental ScienceHorn Point LaboratoryCambridgeMarylandUSA
| | - Louis V. Plough
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental ScienceHorn Point LaboratoryCambridgeMarylandUSA
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13
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A continent-wide high genetic load in African buffalo revealed by clines in the frequency of deleterious alleles, genetic hitchhiking and linkage disequilibrium. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259685. [PMID: 34882683 PMCID: PMC8659316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A high genetic load can negatively affect population viability and increase susceptibility to diseases and other environmental stressors. Prior microsatellite studies of two African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) populations in South Africa indicated substantial genome-wide genetic load due to high-frequency occurrence of deleterious alleles. The occurrence of these alleles, which negatively affect male body condition and bovine tuberculosis resistance, throughout most of the buffalo's range were evaluated in this study. Using available microsatellite data (2-17 microsatellite loci) for 1676 animals from 34 localities (from 25°S to 5°N), we uncovered continent-wide frequency clines of microsatellite alleles associated with the aforementioned male traits. Frequencies decreased over a south-to-north latitude range (average per-locus Pearson r = -0.22). The frequency clines coincided with a multilocus-heterozygosity cline (adjusted R2 = 0.84), showing up to a 16% decrease in southern Africa compared to East Africa. Furthermore, continent-wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) at five linked locus pairs was detected, characterized by a high fraction of positive interlocus associations (0.66, 95% CI: 0.53, 0.77) between male-deleterious-trait-associated alleles. Our findings suggest continent-wide and genome-wide selection of male-deleterious alleles driven by an earlier observed sex-chromosomal meiotic drive system, resulting in frequency clines, reduced heterozygosity due to hitchhiking effects and extensive LD due to male-deleterious alleles co-occurring in haplotypes. The selection pressures involved must be high to prevent destruction of allele-frequency clines and haplotypes by LD decay. Since most buffalo populations are stable, these results indicate that natural mammal populations, depending on their genetic background, can withstand a high genetic load.
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Sallé G, Deiss V, Marquis C, Tosser‐Klopp G, Cortet J, Serreau D, Koch C, Marcon D, Bouvier F, Jacquiet P, Blanchard A, Mialon M, Moreno‐Romieux C. Genetic × environment variation in sheep lines bred for divergent resistance to strongyle infection. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2591-2602. [PMID: 34815741 PMCID: PMC8591325 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant parasites threaten livestock production. Breeding more resistant hosts could be a sustainable control strategy. Environmental variation linked to animal management practices or to parasite species turnover across farms may however alter the expression of genetic potential. We created sheep lines with high or low resistance to Haemonchus contortus and achieved significant divergence on both phenotypic and genetic scales. We exposed both lines to chronic stress or to the infection by another parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis, to test for genotype-by-environment and genotype-by-parasite species interactions respectively. Between-line divergence remained significant following chronic stress exposure although between-family variation was found. Significant genotype-by-parasite interaction was found although H. contortus-resistant lambs remained more resistant against T. colubriformis. Growth curves were not altered by the selection process although resistant lambs were lighter after the second round of divergence, before any infection took place. Breeding for resistance is a sustainable strategy but allowance needs to be made for environmental perturbations and worm species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Véronique Deiss
- INRAEVetAgro SupUMRHF‐63122 Saint‐Genès‐ChampanelleU. Clermont AuvergneTheixFrance
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15
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Rasmussen SL, Hallig J, van Wijk RE, Petersen HH. An investigation of endoparasites and the determinants of parasite infection in European hedgehogs ( Erinaceus europaeus) from Denmark. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 16:217-227. [PMID: 34703761 PMCID: PMC8524744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The European hedgehog population is declining in Europe. It is therefore important to investigate the causes for the decline and monitor the general health of the species. We investigated the endoparasite occurrence in 299 dead European hedgehogs. Of these, endoparasites were detected in 69% of the individuals tested. We identified Crenosoma striatum, Capillaria aerophila (syn. Eucoleus aerophilus), Capillaria spp., coccidia, Cryptosporidium spp., Brachylaemus spp. and Capillaria hepatica. We also examined the hedgehogs for Giardia spp. and Echinococcus multilocularis but all were negative. Coccidia (n = 7, 2.5%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (n = 14, 5.2%) were only detected in individuals from Zealand, Lolland and Jutland south of the Limfjord. Single cases of Brachylaemus spp. (n = 1, 0.4%) and Capillaria hepatica (n = 1, 1.1%) were exclusively discovered in Jutland south and north of the Limfjord, respectively. These results indicate a regional difference in endoparasite species carried by European hedgehogs in Denmark. This stresses the need for hedgehogs to be cared for locally when admitted to wildlife rehabilitation centres, and to be released within their area of origin, to prevent spread of endoparasite infections among hedgehogs. Additionally, we explored the following possible determinants of parasite infection in the hedgehogs: sex, age, mortality category (in-care, natural and roadkill), infection with MRSA, genetic heterozygosity, month of death, geographical location and habitat type, and found that only age had a statistically significant effect on endoparasite prevalence, as we detected a lower occurrence of endoparasites in juvenile hedgehogs (<1 year) compared to the other age classes. However, pairwise comparisons of geographical regions did show significant differences in endoparasite occurrence: Zealand vs. Jutland south of the Limfjord and Zealand vs. Falster. We conclude that, in line with previous studies of European hedgehogs throughout their range in Western Europe, endoparasite infections are common and a natural part of their ecology. We investigated the endoparasites of 299 dead European hedgehogs from Denmark. We found that 69% (n = 206) of the hedgehogs hosted endoparasites. We detected Crenosoma, Capillaria, Cryptosporidium, Brachylaemus and coccidia spp. We explored possible determinants of overall endoparasite occurrence. We conclude that only age and geography significantly affected endoparasite occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lund Rasmussen
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jakob Hallig
- Centre for Diagnostics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rien E van Wijk
- Van Wijk Eco Research, Bagsværddal 7 st tv, 2880, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Heidi Huus Petersen
- Centre for Diagnostics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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16
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Soper DM, Ekroth AKE, Martins MJF. Direct evidence for increased disease resistance in polyandrous broods exists only in eusocial Hymenoptera. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:189. [PMID: 34670487 PMCID: PMC8527725 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ‘genetic diversity’ hypothesis posits that polyandry evolved as a mechanism to increase genetic diversity within broods. One extension of this hypothesis is the ‘genetic diversity for disease resistance’ hypothesis (GDDRH). Originally designed for eusocial Hymenoptera, GDDRH states that polyandry will evolve as an effect of lower parasite prevalence in genetically variable broods. However, this hypothesis has been broadly applied to several other taxa. It is unclear how much empirical evidence supports GDDRH specifically, especially outside eusocial Hymenoptera. Results This question was addressed by conducting a literature review and posteriorly conducting meta-analyses on the data available using Hedges’s g. The literature review found 10 direct and 32 indirect studies with both having a strong publication bias towards Hymenoptera. Two meta-analyses were conducted and both found increased polyandry (direct tests; n = 8, g = 0.2283, p = < 0.0001) and genetic diversity generated by other mechanisms (indirect tests; n = 10, g = 0.21, p = < 0.0001) reduced parasite load. A subsequent moderator analysis revealed that there were no differences among Orders, indicating there may be applicability outside of Hymenoptera. However, due to publication bias and low sample size we must exercise caution with these results. Conclusion Despite the fact that the GDDRH was developed for Hymenoptera, it is frequently applied to other taxa. This study highlights the low amount of direct evidence supporting GDDRH, particularly outside of eusocial Hymenoptera. It calls for future research to address species that have high dispersal rates and contain mixes of solitary and communal nesting. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01925-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Soper
- Department of Biology, University of Dallas, 1845 E. Northgate Dr., Irving, TX, 75062, USA.
| | - A K E Ekroth
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - M J F Martins
- Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArEHB), Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
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17
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DeWoody JA, Harder AM, Mathur S, Willoughby JR. The long-standing significance of genetic diversity in conservation. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4147-4154. [PMID: 34191374 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since allozymes were first used to assess genetic diversity in the 1960s and 1970s, biologists have attempted to characterize gene pools and conserve the diversity observed in domestic crops, livestock, zoos and (more recently) natural populations. Recently, some authors have claimed that the importance of genetic diversity in conservation biology has been greatly overstated. Here, we argue that a voluminous literature indicates otherwise. We address four main points made by detractors of genetic diversity's role in conservation by using published literature to firmly establish that genetic diversity is intimately tied to evolutionary fitness, and that the associated demographic consequences are of paramount importance to many conservation efforts. We think that responsible management in the Anthropocene should, whenever possible, include the conservation of ecosystems, communities, populations and individuals, and their underlying genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew DeWoody
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Avril M Harder
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Samarth Mathur
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Janna R Willoughby
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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18
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Bailey C, Strepparava N, Ros A, Wahli T, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Segner H, Tafalla C. It's a hard knock life for some: Heterogeneity in infection life history of salmonids influences parasite disease outcomes. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2573-2593. [PMID: 34165799 PMCID: PMC8597015 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in immunity occurs across numerous disease systems with individuals from the same population having diverse disease outcomes. Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, is a persistent parasitic disease negatively impacting both wild and farmed salmonids. Little is known of how PKD is spread or maintained within wild susceptible populations. We investigated an aspect of fish disease that has been largely overlooked, that is, the role of the host phenotypic heterogeneity in disease outcome. We examined how host susceptibility to T. bryosalmonae infection, and the disease PKD, varied across different infection life-history stages and how it differs between naïve, re-infected and persistently infected hosts. We investigated the response to parasite exposure in host phenotypes with (a) different ages and (b) heterogeneous infection life histories. Among (a) the age phenotypes were young-of-the-year (YOY) fish and juvenile 1+ fish (fish older than one) and, for (b) juvenile 1+ infection survivors were either re-exposed or not re- exposed to the parasite and response phenotypes were assigned post-hoc dependant on infection status. In fish not re-exposed this included fish that cleared infection (CI) or had a persistent infection (PI). In fish re-exposed these included fish that were re-infected (RI), or re-exposed and uninfected (RCI). We assessed both parasite-centric (infection prevalence, parasite burden, malacospore transmission) and host-centric parameters (growth rates, disease severity, infection tolerance and the immune response). In (a), YOY fish, parasite success and disease severity were greater and differences in the immune response occurred, demonstrating an ontogenetic decline of susceptibility in older fish. In (b), in PI and RI fish, parasite success and disease severity were comparable. However, expression of several adaptive immunity markers was greater in RI fish, indicating concomitant immunity, as re-exposure did not intensify infection. We demonstrate the relevance of heterogeneity in infection life history on disease outcome and describe several distinctive features of immune ontogeny and protective immunity in this model not previously reported. The relevance of such themes on a population level requires greater research in many aquatic disease systems to generate clearer framework for understanding the spread and maintenance of aquatic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christyn Bailey
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Strepparava
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Albert Ros
- LAZBW, Fischereiforschungsstelle, Langenargen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wahli
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Chanyandura A, Muposhi VK, Gandiwa E, Muboko N. An analysis of threats, strategies, and opportunities for African rhinoceros conservation. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5892-5910. [PMID: 34141191 PMCID: PMC8207337 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity and magnitude of threats to black (Diceros bicornis) and white (Ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros conservation in Africa have triggered global concerns and actions. In this study, we analyzed (i) threats to rhinoceros conservation including external shocks, (ii) historical rhinoceros conservation strategies in Zimbabwe and Africa, more broadly, and (iii) opportunities for enhanced rhinoceros conservation in Zimbabwe and Africa. A literature search from 1975 to 2020 was carried out using a predefined search protocol, involving a number of filters based on a set of keywords to balance search sensitivity with specificity. A total of 193 articles, which were most relevant to key themes on rhinoceros conservation, were used in this study. The common threats to rhinoceros conservation identified in this paper include poaching, habitat fragmentation and loss, international trade in illegal rhino products, and external shocks such as global financial recessions and pandemics. Cascading effects emanating from these threats include small and isolated populations, which are prone to genetic, demographic, and environmental uncertainties. Rhinoceros conservation strategies being implemented include education and awareness campaigns, better equipped and more antipoaching efforts, use of innovative systems and technologies, dehorning, and enhancing safety nets, and livelihoods of local communities. Opportunities for rhinoceros conservation vary across the spatial scale, and these include (a) a well-coordinated stakeholder and community involvement, (b) strategic meta-population management, (c) enhancing law enforcement initiatives through incorporating real-time surveillance technologies and intruder detection sensor networks for crime detection, (d) scaling up demand reduction awareness campaigns, and (e) developing more certified wildlife crime and forensic laboratories, and information repository for international corporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admire Chanyandura
- School of Wildlife, Ecology and ConservationChinhoyi University of TechnologyChinhoyiZimbabwe
| | - Victor K. Muposhi
- School of Wildlife, Ecology and ConservationChinhoyi University of TechnologyChinhoyiZimbabwe
| | - Edson Gandiwa
- Scientific ServicesZimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management AuthorityHarareZimbabwe
| | - Never Muboko
- School of Wildlife, Ecology and ConservationChinhoyi University of TechnologyChinhoyiZimbabwe
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20
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Pérez-González J, Carranza J, Martínez R, Benítez-Medina JM. Host Genetic Diversity and Infectious Diseases. Focus on Wild Boar, Red Deer and Tuberculosis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1630. [PMID: 34072907 PMCID: PMC8229303 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genetic diversity tends to limit disease spread in nature and buffers populations against epidemics. Genetic diversity in wildlife is expected to receive increasing attention in contexts related to disease transmission and human health. Ungulates such as wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) are important zoonotic hosts that can be precursors to disease emergence and spread in humans. Tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease with relevant consequences and can present high prevalence in wild boar and red deer populations. Here, we review studies on the genetic diversity of ungulates and determine to what extent these studies consider its importance on the spread of disease. This assessment also focused on wild boar, red deer, and tuberculosis. We found a disconnection between studies treating genetic diversity and those dealing with infectious diseases. Contrarily, genetic diversity studies in ungulates are mainly concerned with conservation. Despite the existing disconnection between studies on genetic diversity and studies on disease emergence and spread, the knowledge gathered in each discipline can be applied to the other. The bidirectional applications are illustrated in wild boar and red deer populations from Spain, where TB is an important threat for wildlife, livestock, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pérez-González
- Biology and Ethology Unit, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Juan Carranza
- Wildlife Research Unit (UIRCP), University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Remigio Martínez
- Infectious Pathology Unit, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (R.M.); (J.M.B.-M.)
| | - José Manuel Benítez-Medina
- Infectious Pathology Unit, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (R.M.); (J.M.B.-M.)
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21
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Huang W, Pilkington JG, Pemberton JM. Patterns of MHC-dependent sexual selection in a free-living population of sheep. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6733-6742. [PMID: 33960549 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The MHC is one of the most polymorphic gene clusters in vertebrates and play an essential role in adaptive immunity. Apart from pathogen-mediated selection, sexual selection can also contribute to the maintenance of MHC diversity. MHC-dependent sexual selection could occur via several mechanisms but at present there is no consensus as to which of these mechanisms are involved and their importance. Previous studies have often suffered from limited genetic and behavioural data and small sample size, and were rarely able to examine all the mechanisms together, determine whether signatures of MHC-based non-random mating are independent of genomic effects or differentiate whether MHC-dependent sexual selection takes place at the pre- or post-copulatory stage. In this study, we use Monte Carlo simulation to investigate evidence for non-random MHC-dependent mating patterns by all three mechanisms in a free-living population of Soay sheep. Using 1710 sheep diplotyped at the MHC class IIa region and genome-wide SNPs, together with field observations of consorts, we found sexual selection against a particular haplotype in males at the pre-copulatory stage and sexual selection against female MHC heterozygosity during the rut. We also found MHC-dependent disassortative mating at the post-copulatory stage, along with strong evidence of inbreeding avoidance at both stages. However, results from generalized linear mixed models suggest that the pattern of MHC-dependent disassortative mating could be a by-product of inbreeding avoidance. Our results therefore suggest that while multiple apparent mechanisms of non-random mating with respect to the MHC may occur, some of them have alternative explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology,School of Biological Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jill G Pilkington
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology,School of Biological Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josephine M Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology,School of Biological Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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22
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Rabier R, Lesobre L, Robert A. Reproductive performance in houbara bustard is affected by the combined effects of age, inbreeding and number of generations in captivity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7813. [PMID: 33837276 PMCID: PMC8035203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although captive breeding programs are valuable for conservation, they have been shown to be associated with genetic changes, such as adaptation to captivity or inbreeding. In addition, reproductive performance is strongly age-dependent in most animal species. These mechanisms that potentially impact reproduction have often been studied separately, while their interactions have rarely been addressed. In this study, using a large dataset of nine male and female reproductive parameters measured for 12,295 captive houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata undulata) over 24 years, we investigated the relative and interactive effects of age, inbreeding and number of generations in captivity on reproduction. We clearly identified (1) senescence patterns in all parameters studied; (2) negative effects of inbreeding on sperm characteristics, display behavior, egg weight, egg volume and hatching probability; and (3) changes in phenotypic values for seven parameters according to number of generations in captivity. However, the effect sizes associated with age were substantially greater than those associated with inbreeding and number of generations in captivity. Beyond the independent effects of these three factors on reproductive parameters, the results highlighted their interactive effects and thus the importance of integrating them in the design of genetic management plans for conservation breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Rabier
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultant LLC, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 135, 75005, Paris, France.
- Emirates Center for Wildlife Propagation, Missour, Morocco.
| | - Loïc Lesobre
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultant LLC, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Emirates Center for Wildlife Propagation, Missour, Morocco
| | - Alexandre Robert
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 135, 75005, Paris, France
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23
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Ishibashi Y, Takahashi K. Role of individual dispersal in genetic resilience in fluctuating populations of the gray-sided vole Myodes rufocanus. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:3407-3421. [PMID: 33841793 PMCID: PMC8019057 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Population densities of the gray-sided vole Myodes rufocanus fluctuate greatly within and across years in Japan. Here, to investigate the role of individual dispersal in maintaining population genetic diversity, we examined how genetic diversity varied during fluctuations in density by analyzing eight microsatellite loci in voles sampled three times per year for 5 years, using two fixed trapping grids (approximately 0.5 ha each). At each trapping session, all captured voles at each trapping grid were removed. The STRUCTURE program was used to analyze serially collected samples to examine how population crashes were related to temporal variability, based on local-scale genetic compositions in each population. In total, 461 and 527 voles were captured at each trapping grid during this study. The number of voles captured during each trapping session (i.e., vole density) varied considerably at both grids. Although patterns in fluctuations were not synchronized between grids, the peak densities were similar. At both grids, the mean allele number recorded at each trapping session was strongly, positively, and nonlinearly correlated with density. STRUCTURE analyses revealed that the proportions of cluster compositions among individuals at each grid differed markedly before and after the crash phase, implying the long-distance dispersal of voles from remote areas at periods of low density. The present results suggest that, in gray-sided vole populations, genetic diversity varies with density largely at the local scale; in contrast, genetic variation in a metapopulation is well-preserved at the regional scale due to the density-dependent dispersal behaviors of individuals. By influencing the dispersal patterns of individuals, fluctuations in density affect metapopulation structure spatially and temporally, while the levels of genetic diversity are preserved in a metapopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Ishibashi
- Hokkaido Research CenterForestry and Forest Products Research InstituteSapporoJapan
| | - Kenichi Takahashi
- Hokkaido Institute of Public HealthSapporoJapan
- Present address:
Hokkaido Pest Control AssociationSapporoJapan
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24
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Lotsander A, Hasselgren M, Larm M, Wallén J, Angerbjörn A, Norén K. Low Persistence of Genetic Rescue Across Generations in the Arctic Fox (Vulpes lagopus). J Hered 2021; 112:276-285. [PMID: 33738472 PMCID: PMC8141685 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic rescue can facilitate the recovery of small and isolated populations suffering from inbreeding depression. Long-term effects are however complex, and examples spanning over multiple generations under natural conditions are scarce. The aim of this study was to test for long-term effects of natural genetic rescue in a small population of Scandinavian Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus). By combining a genetically verified pedigree covering almost 20 years with a long-term dataset on individual fitness (n = 837 individuals), we found no evidence for elevated fitness in immigrant F2 and F3 compared to native inbred foxes. Population inbreeding levels showed a fluctuating increasing trend and emergence of inbreeding within immigrant lineages shortly after immigration. Between 0–5 and 6–9 years post immigration, the average number of breeding adults decreased by almost 22% and the average proportion of immigrant ancestry rose from 14% to 27%. Y chromosome analysis revealed that 2 out of 3 native male lineages were lost from the gene pool, but all founders represented at the time of immigration were still contributing to the population at the end of the study period through female descendants. The results highlight the complexity of genetic rescue and suggest that beneficial effects can be brief. Continuous gene flow may be needed for small and threatened populations to recover and persist in a longer time perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lotsander
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Malin Larm
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Wallén
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Norén
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Martin AM, Cassirer EF, Waits LP, Plowright RK, Cross PC, Andrews KR. Genomic association with pathogen carriage in bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2488-2502. [PMID: 33767816 PMCID: PMC7981200 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic composition can influence host susceptibility to, and transmission of, pathogens, with potential population-level consequences. In bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), pneumonia epidemics caused by Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae have been associated with severe population declines and limited recovery across North America. Adult survivors either clear the infection or act as carriers that continually shed M. ovipneumoniae and expose their susceptible offspring, resulting in high rates of lamb mortality for years following the outbreak event. Here, we investigated the influence of genomic composition on persistent carriage of M. ovipneumoniae in a well-studied bighorn sheep herd in the Wallowa Mountains of Oregon, USA. Using 10,605 SNPs generated using RADseq technology for 25 female bighorn sheep, we assessed genomic diversity metrics and employed family-based genome-wide association methodologies to understand variant association and genetic architecture underlying chronic carriage. We observed no differences among genome-wide diversity metrics (heterozygosity and allelic richness) between groups. However, we identified two variant loci of interest and seven associated candidate genes, which may influence carriage status. Further, we found that the SNP panel explained ~55% of the phenotypic variance (SNP-based heritability) for M. ovipneumoniae carriage, though there was considerable uncertainty in these estimates. While small sample sizes limit conclusions drawn here, our study represents one of the first to assess the genomic factors influencing chronic carriage of a pathogen in a wild population and lays a foundation for understanding genomic influence on pathogen persistence in bighorn sheep and other wildlife populations. Future research should incorporate additional individuals as well as distinct herds to further explore the genomic basis of chronic carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alynn M. Martin
- United States Geological SurveyNorthern Rocky Mountain Science CenterBozemanMTUSA
| | | | | | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Paul C. Cross
- United States Geological SurveyNorthern Rocky Mountain Science CenterBozemanMTUSA
| | - Kimberly R. Andrews
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST)University of IdahoMoscowIDUSA
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26
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DeCandia AL, Schrom EC, Brandell EE, Stahler DR, vonHoldt BM. Sarcoptic mange severity is associated with reduced genomic variation and evidence of selection in Yellowstone National Park wolves ( Canis lupus). Evol Appl 2021; 14:429-445. [PMID: 33664786 PMCID: PMC7896714 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Population genetic theory posits that molecular variation buffers against disease risk. Although this "monoculture effect" is well supported in agricultural settings, its applicability to wildlife populations remains in question. In the present study, we examined the genomics underlying individual-level disease severity and population-level consequences of sarcoptic mange infection in a wild population of canids. Using gray wolves (Canis lupus) reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park (YNP) as our focal system, we leveraged 25 years of observational data and biobanked blood and tissue to genotype 76,859 loci in over 400 wolves. At the individual level, we reported an inverse relationship between host genomic variation and infection severity. We additionally identified 410 loci significantly associated with mange severity, with annotations related to inflammation, immunity, and skin barrier integrity and disorders. We contextualized results within environmental, demographic, and behavioral variables, and confirmed that genetic variation was predictive of infection severity. At the population level, we reported decreased genome-wide variation since the initial gray wolf reintroduction event and identified evidence of selection acting against alleles associated with mange infection severity. We concluded that genomic variation plays an important role in disease severity in YNP wolves. This role scales from individual to population levels, and includes patterns of genome-wide variation in support of the monoculture effect and specific loci associated with the complex mange phenotype. Results yielded system-specific insights, while also highlighting the relevance of genomic analyses to wildlife disease ecology, evolution, and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward C. Schrom
- Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
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27
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Ghazi MG, Sharma SP, Tuboi C, Angom S, Gurumayum T, Nigam P, Hussain SA. Population genetics and evolutionary history of the endangered Eld's deer (Rucervus eldii) with implications for planning species recovery. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2564. [PMID: 33510319 PMCID: PMC7844053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Eld's deer (Rucervus eldii) with three recognised subspecies (R. e. eldii, R. e. thamin, and R. e. siamensis) represents one of the most threatened cervids found in Southeast Asia. The species has experienced considerable range contractions and local extinctions owing to habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting, and illegal trade across its distribution range over the last century. Understanding the patterns of genetic variation is crucial for planning effective conservation strategies. This study investigated the phylogeography, divergence events and systematics of Eld's deer subspecies using the largest mtDNA dataset compiled to date. We also analysed the genetic structure and demographic history of R. e. eldii using 19 microsatellite markers. Our results showed that R. e. siamensis exhibits two divergent mtDNA lineages (mainland and Hainan Island), which diverged around 0.2 Mya (95% HPD 0.1-0.2), possibly driven by the fluctuating sea levels of the Early Holocene period. The divergence between R. e. eldii and R. e. siamensis occurred around 0.4 Mya (95% HPD 0.3-0.5), potentially associated with the adaptations to warm and humid climate with open grassland vegetation that predominated the region. Furthermore, R. e. eldii exhibits low levels of genetic diversity and small contemporary effective population size (median = 7, 4.7-10.8 at 95% CI) with widespread historical genetic bottlenecks which accentuates its vulnerability to inbreeding and extinction. Based on the observed significant evolutionary and systematic distance between Eld's deer and other species of the genus Rucervus, we propose to classify Eld's deer (Cervus eldii) in the genus Cervus, which is in congruent with previous phylogenetic studies. This study provides important conservation implications required to direct the ongoing population recovery programs and planning future conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surya Prasad Sharma
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Post Box #18, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India
| | - Chongpi Tuboi
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Post Box #18, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India
| | - Sangeeta Angom
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Post Box #18, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India
| | - Tennison Gurumayum
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Post Box #18, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India
| | - Parag Nigam
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Post Box #18, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India
| | - Syed Ainul Hussain
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Post Box #18, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India.
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28
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Identifying the true number of specimens of the extinct blue antelope (Hippotragus leucophaeus). Sci Rep 2021; 11:2100. [PMID: 33483538 PMCID: PMC7822880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Native to southern Africa, the blue antelope (Hippotragus leucophaeus) is the only large African mammal species known to have become extinct in historical times. However, it was poorly documented prior to its extinction ~ 1800 AD, and many of the small number of museum specimens attributed to it are taxonomically contentious. This places limitations on our understanding of its morphology, ecology, and the mechanisms responsible for its demise. We retrieved genetic information from ten of the sixteen putative blue antelope museum specimens using both shotgun sequencing and mitochondrial genome target capture in an attempt to resolve the uncertainty surrounding the identification of these specimens. We found that only four of the ten investigated specimens, and not a single skull, represent the blue antelope. This indicates that the true number of historical museum specimens of the blue antelope is even smaller than previously thought, and therefore hardly any reference material is available for morphometric, comparative and genetic studies. Our study highlights how genetics can be used to identify rare species in natural history collections where other methods may fail or when records are scarce. Additionally, we present an improved mitochondrial reference genome for the blue antelope as well as one complete and two partial mitochondrial genomes. A first analysis of these mitochondrial genomes indicates low levels of maternal genetic diversity in the ‘museum population’, possibly confirming previous results that blue antelope population size was already low at the time of the European colonization of South Africa.
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29
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Dolotovskaya S, Roos C, Heymann EW. Genetic monogamy and mate choice in a pair-living primate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20328. [PMID: 33230212 PMCID: PMC7683532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In pair-living mammals, genetic monogamy is extremely rare. One possible reason is that in socially monogamous animals, mate choice can be severely constrained, increasing the risk of inbreeding or pairing with an incompatible or low-quality partner. To escape these constraints, individuals might engage in extra-pair copulations. Alternatively, inbreeding can be avoided by dispersal. However, little is known about the interactions between mating system, mate choice, and dispersal in pair-living mammals. Here we genotyped 41 wild individuals from 14 groups of coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus) in Peruvian Amazon using 18 microsatellite loci. Parentage analyses of 18 young revealed no cases of extra-pair paternity, indicating that the study population is mostly genetically monogamous. We did not find evidence for relatedness- or heterozygosity-based mate choice. Despite the lack of evidence for active inbreeding avoidance via mate choice, mating partners were on average not related. We further found that dispersal was not sex-biased, with both sexes dispersing opportunistically over varying distances. Our findings suggest that even opportunistic dispersal, as long as it is not constrained, can generate sufficient genetic diversity to prevent inbreeding. This, in turn, can render active inbreeding avoidance via mate choice and extra-pair copulations less necessary, helping to maintain genetic monogamy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya Dolotovskaya
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany. .,Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Roos
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Gene Bank of Primates, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eckhard W Heymann
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
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30
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Callaby R, Kelly R, Mazeri S, Egbe F, Benedictus L, Clark E, Doeschl-Wilson A, Bronsvoort B, Salavati M, Muwonge A. Genetic Diversity of Cameroon Cattle and a Putative Genomic Map for Resistance to Bovine Tuberculosis. Front Genet 2020; 11:550215. [PMID: 33281865 PMCID: PMC7705233 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.550215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a livestock disease of global economic and public health importance. There are currently no effective vaccines available for livestock and so control relies on animal level surveillance and pasteurization of dairy products. A new alternative control approach is to exploit the genetic variability of the host; recent studies have demonstrated that breeding European taurine cattle, such as Holsteins for increased resistance to bTB is feasible. The utility of such an approach is still unknown for African cattle populations. This study aims to assess genetic variation in bTB resistance and the underlying genomic architecture of cattle in Cameroon. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 2,346 slaughter cattle in Cameroon. Retropharyngeal lymph node samples were collected and cultured on Lowenstein Jensen media and the BACTEC MGIT 960 system, and M. bovis was identified using the Hain® Genotype kits. A total of 153 cattle were positive for M. bovis and were archived along with a random selection of negative samples. In this study, we genotyped archived samples from 212 cattle. Their genomic diversity was characterized using PCA, hierarchical clustering and admixture analysis. We assessed genetic variation in bTB resistance using heritability analysis and compared quantitative trait loci. Previous research on this study population have shown that Fulani cattle are more susceptible to bTB than mixed breeds. However, here we show that these apparent phenotypic differences in breeds are not reflected by clear genomic differences. At the genetic level, both the Fulani and mixed cattle show similar patterns of admixture with evidence of both taurine and indicine ancestry. There was little European taurine introgression within the studied population. Hierarchical clustering showed clusters of cattle that differed in their susceptibility to bTB. Our findings allude to bTB resistance being polygenic in nature. This study highlights the potential for genetic control of bTB in Africa and the need for further research into the genetics of bTB resistance within African cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Callaby
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Kelly
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Franklyn Egbe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Clark
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Doeschl-Wilson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Barend Bronsvoort
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mazdak Salavati
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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31
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Lockley EC, Fouda L, Correia SM, Taxonera A, Nash LN, Fairweather K, Reischig T, Durão J, Dinis H, Roque SM, Lomba JP, Dos Passos L, Cameron SJK, Stiebens VA, Eizaguirre C. Long-term survey of sea turtles (Caretta caretta) reveals correlations between parasite infection, feeding ecology, reproductive success and population dynamics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18569. [PMID: 33122760 PMCID: PMC7596700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term monitoring of host-parasite interactions is important for understanding the consequences of infection on host fitness and population dynamics. In an eight-year survey of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) population nesting in Cabo Verde, we determined the spatiotemporal variation of Ozobranchus margoi, a sanguivorous leech best known as a vector for sea turtle fibropapilloma virus. We quantified O. margoi association with turtles’ δ15N and δ13C stable isotopes to identify where infection occurs. We then measured the influence of infection on reproduction and offspring fitness. We found that parasite prevalence has increased from 10% of the population in 2010, to 33% in 2017. Stable isotope analysis of host skin samples suggests transmission occurs within the host’s feeding grounds. Interestingly, we found a significant interaction between individual size and infection on the reproductive success of turtles. Specifically, small, infected females produced fewer offspring of poorer condition, while in contrast, large, infected turtles produced greater clutch sizes and larger offspring. We interpret this interaction as evidence, upon infection, for a size-dependent shift in reproductive strategy from bet hedging to terminal investment, altering population dynamics. This link between infection and reproduction underscores the importance of using long-term monitoring to quantify the impact of disease dynamics over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Lockley
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK.
| | - Leila Fouda
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Sandra M Correia
- Instituto Do Mar I.P. (IMar), Cova de Inglesa, C.P 132, Mindelo, Ilha do São Vicente, Cabo Verde
| | - Albert Taxonera
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK.,Associação Projeto Biodiversidade, Mercado Municipal 22, Santa Maria 4111, Ilha do Sal, Cabo Verde
| | - Liam N Nash
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Kirsten Fairweather
- Associação Projeto Biodiversidade, Mercado Municipal 22, Santa Maria 4111, Ilha do Sal, Cabo Verde
| | | | - Jandira Durão
- Biosfera I, Rua de Moçambique 28, Mindelo, Ilha do São Vicente, Cabo Verde
| | - Herculano Dinis
- Associação Projecto Vitó, Xaguate, São Felipe, Ilha do Fogo, Cabo Verde
| | | | - João Pina Lomba
- Associação Ambiental Caretta Caretta, Achada Igreja, Pedra Badejo, Santa Cruz, Ilha do Santiago, Cabo Verde
| | - Leno Dos Passos
- Fundação Maio Biodiversidade, Cidade de Porto Inglês, Ilha do Maio, Cabo Verde
| | - Sahmorie J K Cameron
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Victor A Stiebens
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Christophe Eizaguirre
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
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32
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Rabier R, Robert A, Lacroix F, Lesobre L. Genetic assessment of a conservation breeding program of the houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata undulata) in Morocco, based on pedigree and molecular analyses. Zoo Biol 2020; 39:422-435. [PMID: 32956518 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protection and restoration of species in the wild may require conservation breeding programs under genetic management to minimize deleterious effects of genetic changes that occur in captivity, while preserving populations' genetic diversity and evolutionary resilience. Here, through interannual pedigree analyses, we first assessed the efficiency of a 21-year genetic management, including minimization of mean kinship, inbreeding avoidance, and regular addition of founders, of a conservation breeding program targeting on Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata undulata) in Morocco. Secondly, we compared pedigree analyses, the classical way of assessing and managing genetic diversity in captivity, to molecular analyses based on seven microsatellites. Pedigree-based results indicated an efficient maintenance of the genetic diversity (99% of the initial genetic diversity retained) while molecular-based results indicated an increase in allelic richness and an increase in unbiased expected heterozygosity across time. The pedigree-based average inbreeding coefficient F remained low (between 0.0004 and 0.003 in 2017) while the proportion of highly inbred individuals (F > .1) decreased over time and reached 0.2% in 2017. Furthermore, pedigree-based F and molecular-based individual multilocus heterozygosity were weakly negatively correlated, (Pearson's r = -.061 when considering all genotyped individuals), suggesting that they cannot be considered as alternatives, but rather as complementary sources of information. These findings suggest that a strict genetic monitoring and management, based on both pedigree and molecular tools can help mitigate genetic changes and allow to preserve genetic diversity and evolutionary resilience in conservation breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Rabier
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultant LLC, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Emirates Center for Wildlife Propagation, Missour, Morocco
| | - Alexandre Robert
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lacroix
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultant LLC, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Emirates Center for Wildlife Propagation, Missour, Morocco
| | - Loïc Lesobre
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultant LLC, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Emirates Center for Wildlife Propagation, Missour, Morocco
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33
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Apollonio M, Merli E, Chirichella R, Pokorny B, Alagić A, Flajšman K, Stephens PA. Capital-Income Breeding in Male Ungulates: Causes and Consequences of Strategy Differences Among Species. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.521767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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34
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Camacho-Sanchez M, Velo-Antón G, Hanson JO, Veríssimo A, Martínez-Solano Í, Marques A, Moritz C, Carvalho SB. Comparative assessment of range-wide patterns of genetic diversity and structure with SNPs and microsatellites: A case study with Iberian amphibians. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10353-10363. [PMID: 33072264 PMCID: PMC7548196 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced representation genome sequencing has popularized the application of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to address evolutionary and conservation questions in nonmodel organisms. Patterns of genetic structure and diversity based on SNPs often diverge from those obtained with microsatellites to different degrees, but few studies have explicitly compared their performance under similar sampling regimes in a shared analytical framework. We compared range‐wide patterns of genetic structure and diversity in two amphibians endemic to the Iberian Peninsula: Hyla molleri and Pelobates cultripes, based on microsatellite (18 and 14 loci) and SNP (15,412 and 33,140 loci) datasets of comparable sample size and spatial extent. Model‐based clustering analyses with STRUCTURE revealed minor differences in genetic structure between marker types, but inconsistent values of the optimal number of populations (K) inferred. SNPs yielded more repeatable and less admixed ancestries with increasing K compared to microsatellites. Genetic diversity was weakly correlated between marker types, with SNPs providing a better representation of southern refugia and of gradients of genetic diversity congruent with the demographic history of both species. Our results suggest that the larger number of loci in a SNP dataset can provide more reliable inferences of patterns of genetic structure and diversity than a typical microsatellite dataset, at least at the spatial and temporal scales investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Camacho-Sanchez
- CIBIO/InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Guillermo Velo-Antón
- CIBIO/InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Jeffrey O Hanson
- CIBIO/InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Ana Veríssimo
- CIBIO/InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | | | - Adam Marques
- CIBIO/InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Craig Moritz
- Centre for Biodiversity Analysis and Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Sílvia B Carvalho
- CIBIO/InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
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35
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Pineaux M, Merkling T, Danchin E, Hatch S, Duneau D, Blanchard P, Leclaire S. Sex and hatching order modulate the association between MHC-II diversity and fitness in early-life stages of a wild seabird. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3316-3329. [PMID: 32654215 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a pivotal role in parasite resistance, and their allelic diversity has been associated with fitness variations in several taxa. However, studies report inconsistencies in the direction of this association, with either positive, quadratic or no association being described. These discrepancies may arise because the fitness costs and benefits of MHC diversity differ among individuals depending on their exposure and immune responses to parasites. Here, we investigated in black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) chicks whether associations between MHC class-II diversity and fitness vary with sex and hatching order. MHC-II diversity was positively associated with growth and tick clearance in female chicks, but not in male chicks. Our data also revealed a positive association between MHC-II diversity and survival in second-hatched female chicks (two eggs being the typical clutch size). These findings may result from condition-dependent parasite infections differentially impacting sexes in relation to hatching order. We thus suggest that it may be important to account for individual heterogeneities in traits that potentially exert selective pressures on MHC diversity in order to properly predict MHC-fitness associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Pineaux
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), CNRS, IRD, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Merkling
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), CNRS, IRD, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Danchin
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), CNRS, IRD, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Scott Hatch
- Institute for Seabird Research and Conservation, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - David Duneau
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), CNRS, IRD, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierrick Blanchard
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), CNRS, IRD, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah Leclaire
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), CNRS, IRD, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
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36
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Cost, risk, and avoidance of inbreeding in a cooperatively breeding bird. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15724-15730. [PMID: 32571952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918726117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inbreeding is often avoided in natural populations by passive processes such as sex-biased dispersal. But, in many social animals, opposite-sexed adult relatives are spatially clustered, generating a risk of incest and hence selection for active inbreeding avoidance. Here we show that, in long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus), a cooperative breeder that risks inbreeding by living alongside opposite-sex relatives, inbreeding carries fitness costs and is avoided by active kin discrimination during mate choice. First, we identified a positive association between heterozygosity and fitness, indicating that inbreeding is costly. We then compared relatedness within breeding pairs to that expected under multiple mate-choice models, finding that pair relatedness is consistent with avoidance of first-order kin as partners. Finally, we show that the similarity of vocal cues offers a plausible mechanism for discrimination against first-order kin during mate choice. Long-tailed tits are known to discriminate between the calls of close kin and nonkin, and they favor first-order kin in cooperative contexts, so we conclude that long-tailed tits use the same kin discrimination rule to avoid inbreeding as they do to direct help toward kin.
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Yorisue T, Iguchi A, Yasuda N, Yoshioka Y, Sato T, Fujita Y. Evaluating the effect of overharvesting on genetic diversity and genetic population structure of the coconut crab. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10026. [PMID: 32572270 PMCID: PMC7308380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Birgus latro (coconut crab) is an edible crustacean that has experienced serious overharvesting throughout its whole habitat range; however, the negative effects of overharvesting on the genetic diversity within B. latro populations have not been elucidated. Here, we report sex ratio, body size, and genetic diversity in populations of B. latro in the Ryukyu Islands where large-male-biased overharvesting of B. latro has continued. In 2 of the study populations, the sex ratio was significantly skewed toward females, and in all of the study populations large males were rare, which we attributed to sex- and size-biased overharvesting. We found no differences in genetic diversity between small and large individuals, suggesting that genetic diversity, even among the large (i.e., old) individuals, may have had already been negatively affected by overharvesting. Continued monitoring of sex ratio, body size and genetic diversity are needed for effective management of the study populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Yorisue
- Integrative Aquatic Biology, Onagawa Field Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 3-1 Mukai, Konori-hama, Onagawa, Oshika, Miyagi, 986-2242, Japan.
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, AIST Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan.
| | - Akira Iguchi
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, AIST Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan.
| | - Nina Yasuda
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibana-dai Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshioka
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College, 905, Henoko, Nago, Okinawa, 905-2192, Japan
| | - Taku Sato
- Research Center for Marine Invertebrates, National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Momoshima, Onomichi, Hiroshima, 722-0061, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujita
- Okinawa Prefectural University of Arts, 1-4, Shuri Tonokura-cho, Naha-shi, Okinawa, 903-8602, Japan
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González‐Serna MJ, Cordero PJ, Ortego J. Insights into the neutral and adaptive processes shaping the spatial distribution of genomic variation in the economically important Moroccan locust ( Dociostaurus maroccanus). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3991-4008. [PMID: 32489626 PMCID: PMC7244894 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the processes that shape neutral and adaptive genomic variation is a fundamental step to determine the demographic and evolutionary dynamics of pest species. Here, we use genomic data obtained via restriction site-associated DNA sequencing to investigate the genetic structure of Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus) populations from the westernmost portion of the species distribution (Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands), infer demographic trends, and determine the role of neutral versus selective processes in shaping spatial patterns of genomic variation in this pest species of great economic importance. Our analyses showed that Iberian populations are characterized by high gene flow, whereas the highly isolated Canarian populations have experienced strong genetic drift and loss of genetic diversity. Historical demographic reconstructions revealed that all populations have passed through a substantial genetic bottleneck around the last glacial maximum (~21 ka BP) followed by a sharp demographic expansion at the onset of the Holocene, indicating increased effective population sizes during warm periods as expected from the thermophilic nature of the species. Genome scans and environmental association analyses identified several loci putatively under selection, suggesting that local adaptation processes in certain populations might not be impeded by widespread gene flow. Finally, all analyses showed few differences between outbreak and nonoutbreak populations. Integrated pest management practices should consider high population connectivity and the potential importance of local adaptation processes on population persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José González‐Serna
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y CulturalInstituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos – IREC – (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM)Ciudad RealSpain
| | - Pedro J. Cordero
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y CulturalInstituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos – IREC – (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM)Ciudad RealSpain
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y GenéticaEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos (ETSIA)Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha (UCLM)Ciudad RealSpain
| | - Joaquín Ortego
- Department of Integrative EcologyEstación Biológica de Doñana – EBD – (CSIC)SevilleSpain
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Mitrus C, Mitrus J, Rutkowski R. Individual Heterozygosity Influences Arrival Times and Mating Success of Male Red-Breasted Flycatchers Ficedula parva. Zool Stud 2020; 59:e12. [PMID: 32760458 PMCID: PMC7396921 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2020.59-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relationship between individual heterozygosity of male Red-breasted Flycatchers (Ficedula parva; a small long-distance migratory, socially monogamous bird species) and their mating success, arrival time and age. Using eight polymorphic microsatellite loci, we found that male heterozygosity is related to both mating success and arrival time, but not to age. Mated and earlier arriving males had higher heterozygosity than later arrivals and bachelors, but we did not find a relationship between age and individual heterozygosity of males. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence about the relationship between individual genetic diversity and arrival time, thus arrival time could be used as a signal of individual heterozygosity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Mitrus
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Paleontology, Institute of Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38c, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland. E-mail: (C. Mitrus)
| | - Joanna Mitrus
- Department of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland. E-mail: (J. Mitrus)
| | - Robert Rutkowski
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland. E-mail: (Rutkowski)
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Quéméré E, Rossi S, Petit E, Marchand P, Merlet J, Game Y, Galan M, Gilot-Fromont E. Genetic epidemiology of the Alpine ibex reservoir of persistent and virulent brucellosis outbreak. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4400. [PMID: 32157133 PMCID: PMC7064506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
While it is now broadly accepted that inter-individual variation in the outcomes of host-pathogen interactions is at least partially genetically controlled, host immunogenetic characteristics are rarely investigated in wildlife epidemiological studies. Furthermore, most immunogenetic studies in the wild focused solely on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) diversity despite it accounts for only a fraction of the genetic variation in pathogen resistance. Here, we investigated immunogenetic diversity of the Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) population of the Bargy massif, reservoir of a virulent outbreak of brucellosis. We analysed the polymorphism and associations with disease resistance of the MHC Class II Drb gene and several non-MHC genes (Toll-like receptor genes, Slc11A1) involved in the innate immune response to Brucella in domestic ungulates. We found a very low neutral genetic diversity and a unique MHC Drb haplotype in this population founded few decades ago from a small number of individuals. By contrast, other immunity-related genes have maintained polymorphism and some showed significant associations with the brucellosis infection status hence suggesting a predominant role of pathogen-mediated selection in their recent evolutionary trajectory. Our results highlight the need to monitor immunogenetic variation in wildlife epidemiological studies and to look beyond the MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Quéméré
- CEFS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystems Health, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, 35042 Rennes, France.
| | - Sophie Rossi
- Office Français de la Biodiversité, Unité Sanitaire de la Faune, Gap, France
| | - Elodie Petit
- Office Français de la Biodiversité, Unité Ongulés sauvages, Gières, France
| | - Pascal Marchand
- Office Français de la Biodiversité, Unité Ongulés sauvages, Gières, France
| | - Joël Merlet
- CEFS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yvette Game
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyses Vétérinaires de Savoie, Chambéry, France
| | - Maxime Galan
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup - Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy l'Étoile, France
- Université de Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558 Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (LBBE), Villeurbanne, France
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Bélouard N, Paillisson J, Oger A, Besnard A, Petit EJ. Genetic drift during the spread phase of a biological invasion. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4375-4387. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Bélouard
- UMR ECOBIO CNRS Université de Rennes 1 Rennes France
- UMR ESE Ecology and Ecosystem Health INRA, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes France
| | | | - Adrien Oger
- UMR ECOBIO CNRS Université de Rennes 1 Rennes France
| | - Anne‐Laure Besnard
- UMR ESE Ecology and Ecosystem Health INRA, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes France
| | - Eric J. Petit
- UMR ESE Ecology and Ecosystem Health INRA, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes France
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Bradley PW, Snyder PW, Blaustein AR. Host age alters amphibian susceptibility to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, an emerging infectious fungal pathogen. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222181. [PMID: 31491016 PMCID: PMC6730893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites and pathogens are often aggregated in a minority of susceptible hosts within a population, with a majority of individuals harboring low infection intensities. However, determining the relative importance of host traits to explain this heterogeneity is a challenge. One ecologically important pathogen is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the disease chytridiomycosis and has been associated with many amphibian population declines worldwide. For many hosts, post-metamorphic stages are generally more susceptible than the larval stage. Yet, examination of the effects of Bd infection at different ages within a life stage, has received little attention. This study investigated the hypothesis that recently-post-metamorphic frogs were more sensitive to chytridiomycosis than older frogs, and that sensitivity to Bd infection decreased as frogs aged. We examined this relationship with Pacific treefrogs (Pseudacris regilla) and red legged frogs (Rana aurora). Age had a strong effect on susceptibility to infection, infection intensity, and survival-but not in the directions we had predicted. In both host species, an increase in age was associated with frogs becoming more susceptible to Bd infection, harboring larger infection intensities, and greater risk of mortality. This suggests that the timing of Bd exposure may influence amphibian population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Bradley
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul W. Snyder
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andrew R. Blaustein
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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Sun L, Zhou T, Stone GN, Wan QH, Fang SG. Seeing-good-gene-based mate choice: From genes to behavioural preferences. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1708-1719. [PMID: 31332779 PMCID: PMC6899946 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although vertebrates have been reported to gain higher reproductive outputs by choosing mates, few studies have been conducted on threatened species. However, species recovery should benefit if natural mate choice could improve reproductive output (i.e. pair performance related to offspring number, such as increased clutch size, numbers of fertilized egg and fledglings). We assessed the evidence for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐based mate preference in the endangered crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) and quantified the impacts of such choice on reproductive output. We tested the hypothesis that crested ibis advertise “good genes” through external traits, by testing whether nuptial plumage characteristics and body morphology mediate mate choice for underlying genetic MHC variation. We found differences between males and females in preferred MHC genotypes, external traits used in mate choice and contributions to reproductive outputs. Females preferred MHC‐heterozygous males, which had darker [i.e. lower total reflectance and ultraviolet (UV) reflectance] nuptial plumage. Males preferred females lacking the DAB*d allele at the MHC class II DAB locus, which had higher average body mass. DAB*d‐free females yielded heavier eggs and more fledglings, while MHC‐heterozygous males contributed to more fertilized eggs and fledglings. Fledging rate was highest when both parents had the preferred MHC genotypes (i.e. MHC‐heterozygous father and DAB*d‐free mother). Comparisons showed that free‐mating wild and semi‐natural pairs yielded more fertilized eggs and more fledglings, with a higher fledging rate, than captive pairs matched artificially based on pedigree. Conservation programmes seldom apply modern research results to population management, which could hinder recovery of threatened species. Our results show that mate choice can play an important role in improving reproductive output, with an example in which an endangered bird selects mates using UV visual capability. Despite the undoubted importance of pedigree‐based matching of mates in conservation programmes, we show that free mating can be a better alternative strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Qiu-Hong Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Guo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Genome-wide analysis indicates association between heterozygote advantage and healthy aging in humans. BMC Genet 2019; 20:52. [PMID: 31266448 PMCID: PMC6604157 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic diversity is known to confer survival advantage in many species across the tree of life. Here, we hypothesize that such pattern applies to humans as well and could be a result of higher fitness in individuals with higher genomic heterozygosity. Results We use healthy aging as a proxy for better health and fitness, and observe greater heterozygosity in healthy-aged individuals. Specifically, we find that only common genetic variants show significantly higher excess of heterozygosity in the healthy-aged cohort. Lack of difference in heterozygosity for low-frequency variants or disease-associated variants excludes the possibility of compensation for deleterious recessive alleles as a mechanism. In addition, coding SNPs with the highest excess of heterozygosity in the healthy-aged cohort are enriched in genes involved in extracellular matrix and glycoproteins, a group of genes known to be under long-term balancing selection. We also find that individual heterozygosity rate is a significant predictor of electronic health record (EHR)-based estimates of 10-year survival probability in men but not in women, accounting for several factors including age and ethnicity. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the genomic heterozygosity is associated with human healthspan, and that the relationship between higher heterozygosity and healthy aging could be explained by heterozygote advantage. Further characterization of this relationship will have important implications in aging-associated disease risk prediction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-019-0758-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Han QH, Sun RN, Yang HQ, Wang ZW, Wan QH, Fang SG. MHC class I diversity predicts non-random mating in Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis). Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 122:809-818. [PMID: 30670843 PMCID: PMC6781117 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has several important roles in kin recognition, pathogen resistance and mate selection. Research in fish, birds and mammals has suggested that individuals optimise MHC diversity, and therefore offspring fitness, when choosing mates. In reptiles, however, it is unclear whether female mate choice is based on genome-wide genetic characteristics such as microsatellite DNA loci, particular functional-trait loci (e.g., MHC) or both, and MHC's effects on mate choice remain relatively understudied. Herein, we used 13 microsatellite loci and two MHC class I loci to investigate female mate choice of Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) in the semi-natural condition. We also determined correlations between the MHC genotype of breeding males and male reproductive success. We found that MHC-heterozygous males harbour a greater reproductive success, which probably is the reason that these males are more preferred by the females than MHC-homozygous males. Furthermore, the MHC class I amino-acid distance and functional distance of true mating pairs were higher compared with those of randomly sampled pairs. Analysis of microsatellites revealed that, despite mate choice, females did not completely avoid inbreeding. These findings are the first evidence of MHC-associated mate choice in Chinese alligators, suggesting that females may adopt different mating strategies after assessing the MHC characteristics of potential mates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Hua Han
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ru-Na Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hai-Qiong Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhen-Wei Wang
- Changxing Chinese Alligator Nature Reserve, Changxing, 313100, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Guo Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Grosser S, Sauer J, Paijmans AJ, Caspers BA, Forcada J, Wolf JBW, Hoffman JI. Fur seal microbiota are shaped by the social and physical environment, show mother–offspring similarities and are associated with host genetic quality. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2406-2422. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Grosser
- Department of Animal Behaviour Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology LMU Munich Planegg‐Martinsried Germany
| | - Jan Sauer
- Department of Animal Behaviour Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
| | | | | | - Jaume Forcada
- British Antarctic Survey Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
| | - Jochen B. W. Wolf
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology LMU Munich Planegg‐Martinsried Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Biology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Joseph I. Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behaviour Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
- British Antarctic Survey Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
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Gold S, Regan CE, McLoughlin PD, Gilleard JS, Wilson AJ, Poissant J. Quantitative genetics of gastrointestinal strongyle burden and associated body condition in feral horses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 9:104-111. [PMID: 31011533 PMCID: PMC6462499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Variability in host resistance or tolerance to parasites is nearly ubiquitous, and is of key significance in understanding the evolutionary processes shaping host-parasite interactions. While ample research has been conducted on the genetics of parasite burden in livestock, relatively little has been done in free-living populations. Here, we investigate the sources of (co)variation in strongyle nematode faecal egg count (FEC) and body condition in Sable Island horses, a feral population in which parasite burden has previously been shown to negatively correlate with body condition. We used the quantitative genetic "animal model" to understand the sources of (co)variation in these traits, and tested for impacts of an important spatial gradient in habitat quality on the parameter estimates. Although FEC is significantly heritable (h 2 = 0.43 ± 0.11), there was no evidence for significant additive genetic variation in body condition (h 2 = 0.04 ± 0.07), and therefore there was also no significant genetic covariance between the two traits. The negative phenotypic covariance between these traits therefore does not derive principally from additive genetic effects. We also found that both FEC and body condition increase from east to west across the island, which indicates that the longitudinal environmental gradient is not responsible for the negative phenotypic association observed between these traits. There was also little evidence to suggest that quantitative genetic parameters were biased when an individual's location along the island's environmental gradient was not incorporated into the analysis. This research provides new and important insights into the genetic basis and adaptive potential of parasite resistance in free-living animals, and highlights the importance of environmental heterogeneity in modulating host-parasite interactions in wild vertebrate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Gold
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Charlotte E Regan
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Philip D McLoughlin
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Alastair J Wilson
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Jocelyn Poissant
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Portanier E, Garel M, Devillard S, Maillard D, Poissant J, Galan M, Benabed S, Poirel MT, Duhayer J, Itty C, Bourgoin G. Both candidate gene and neutral genetic diversity correlate with parasite resistance in female Mediterranean mouflon. BMC Ecol 2019; 19:12. [PMID: 30836982 PMCID: PMC6402107 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasite infections can have substantial impacts on population dynamics and are accordingly a key challenge for wild population management. Here we studied genetic mechanisms driving parasite resistance in a large herbivore through a comprehensive approach combining measurements of neutral (16 microsatellites) and adaptive (MHC DRB1 exon 2) genetic diversity and two types of gastrointestinal parasites (nematodes and coccidia). RESULTS While accounting for other extrinsic and intrinsic predictors known to impact parasite load, we show that both neutral genetic diversity and DRB1 are associated with resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes. Intermediate levels of multi-locus heterozygosity maximized nematodes resistance, suggesting that both in- and outbreeding depression might occur in the population. DRB1 heterozygosity and specific alleles effects were detected, suggesting the occurrence of heterozygote advantage, rare-allele effects and/or fluctuating selection. On the contrary, no association was detected between genetic diversity and resistance to coccidia, indicating that different parasite classes are impacted by different genetic drivers. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important insights for large herbivores and wild sheep pathogen management, and in particular suggests that factors likely to impact genetic diversity and allelic frequencies, including global changes, are also expected to impact parasite resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Portanier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin, 38610 Gières, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Mathieu Garel
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin, 38610 Gières, France
| | - Sébastien Devillard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Daniel Maillard
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin, 38610 Gières, France
| | - Jocelyn Poissant
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Maxime Galan
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, 34980 Montferrier Sur Lez, France
| | - Slimania Benabed
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Poirel
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Jeanne Duhayer
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin, 38610 Gières, France
| | - Christian Itty
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin, 38610 Gières, France
| | - Gilles Bourgoin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
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49
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Iversen MW, Nordbø Ø, Gjerlaug-Enger E, Grindflek E, Lopes MS, Meuwissen T. Effects of heterozygosity on performance of purebred and crossbred pigs. Genet Sel Evol 2019; 51:8. [PMID: 30819106 PMCID: PMC6396501 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-019-0450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pigs, crossbreeding aims at exploiting heterosis, but heterosis is difficult to quantify. Heterozygosity at genetic markers is easier to measure and could potentially be used as an indicator of heterosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heterozygosity on various maternal and production traits in purebred and crossbred pigs. The proportion of heterozygosity at genetic markers across the genome for each individual was included in the prediction model as a fixed regression across or within breeds. RESULTS Estimates of regression coefficients of heterozygosity showed large effects for some traits. For maternal traits, regression coefficient estimates were always in a favourable direction, while for production, meat and slaughter quality traits, they were both favourable and unfavourable. Traits with the largest estimated effects of heterozygosity were total number born, litter weight at 3 weeks, weight at 150 days, and age at 40 kg. Estimates of regression coefficients on heterozygosity differed between breeds. Traits with the largest effect of heterozygosity also showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in prediction accuracy when heterozygosity was included in the model compared to the model without heterozygosity. CONCLUSIONS For traits with the largest estimates of regression coefficients on heterozygosity, the inclusion of heterozygosity in the model improved prediction accuracy. Using models that include heterozygosity would result in selecting different animals for breeding, which has the potential to improve genetic gain for these traits. This is most beneficial when crossbreds or several breeds are included in the estimation of breeding values and is relevant to all species, not only pigs. Thus, our results show that including heterozygosity in the model is beneficial for some traits, likely due to dominant gene action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Winther Iversen
- Norsvin R&D, Storhamargata 44, 2317 Hamar, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postboks 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Øyvind Nordbø
- Norsvin R&D, Storhamargata 44, 2317 Hamar, Norway
- GENO SA, Storhamargata 44, 2317 Hamar, Norway
| | | | | | - Marcos Soares Lopes
- Topigs Norsvin Research Center, 6641 SZ Beuningen, The Netherlands
- Topigs Norsvin, Curitiba, 80420-210 Brazil
| | - Theo Meuwissen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postboks 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway
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50
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Lemopoulos A, Prokkola JM, Uusi‐Heikkilä S, Vasemägi A, Huusko A, Hyvärinen P, Koljonen M, Koskiniemi J, Vainikka A. Comparing RADseq and microsatellites for estimating genetic diversity and relatedness - Implications for brown trout conservation. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:2106-2120. [PMID: 30847096 PMCID: PMC6392366 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The conservation and management of endangered species requires information on their genetic diversity, relatedness and population structure. The main genetic markers applied for these questions are microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the latter of which remain the more resource demanding approach in most cases. Here, we compare the performance of two approaches, SNPs obtained by restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) and 16 DNA microsatellite loci, for estimating genetic diversity, relatedness and genetic differentiation of three, small, geographically close wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations and a regionally used hatchery strain. The genetic differentiation, quantified as F ST, was similar when measured using 16 microsatellites and 4,876 SNPs. Based on both marker types, each brown trout population represented a distinct gene pool with a low level of interbreeding. Analysis of SNPs identified half- and full-siblings with a higher probability than the analysis based on microsatellites, and SNPs outperformed microsatellites in estimating individual-level multilocus heterozygosity. Overall, the results indicated that moderately polymorphic microsatellites and SNPs from RADseq agreed on estimates of population genetic structure in moderately diverged, small populations, but RADseq outperformed microsatellites for applications that required individual-level genotype information, such as quantifying relatedness and individual-level heterozygosity. The results can be applied to other small populations with low or moderate levels of genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lemopoulos
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Jenni M. Prokkola
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Silva Uusi‐Heikkilä
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater ResearchSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesDrottningholmSweden
- Estonian University of Life SciencesInstitute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesTartuEstonia
| | - Ari Huusko
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Kainuu Fisheries Research StationPaltamoFinland
| | - Pekka Hyvärinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Kainuu Fisheries Research StationPaltamoFinland
| | | | - Jarmo Koskiniemi
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Anssi Vainikka
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
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