1
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Yamawo A, Ohno M. Joint evolution of mutualistic interactions, pollination, seed dispersal mutualism, and mycorrhizal symbiosis in trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1586-1599. [PMID: 38724032 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis, seed dispersal, and pollination are recognized as the most prominent mutualistic interactions in terrestrial ecosystems. However, it remains unclear how these symbiotic relationships have interacted to contribute to current plant diversity. We analyzed evolutionary relationships among mycorrhizal type, seed dispersal mode, and pollination mode in two global databases of 699 (database I) and 10 475 (database II) tree species. Although database II had been estimated from phylogenetic patterns and therefore had lower certainty of the mycorrhizal type than database I, whose mycorrhizal type was determined by direct observation, database II allowed analysis of many more taxa from more regions than database I. We found evidence of joint evolution of all three features in both databases. This result is robust to the effects of both sampling bias and missing taxa. Most arbuscular mycorrhizal-associated trees had endozoochorous (biotic) seed dispersal and biotic pollination, with long dispersal distances, whereas most ectomycorrhizal-associated trees had anemochorous (abiotic) seed dispersal and wind (abiotic) pollination mode, with shorter dispersal distances. These results provide a novel scenario in mutualistic interactions, seed dispersal, pollination, and mycorrhizal symbiosis types, which have jointly evolved and shaped current tree diversity and forest ecosystem world-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamawo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
| | - Misuzu Ohno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
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2
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Fresneau N, Pipoly I, Gigler D, Kosztolányi A, Székely T, Liker A. The evolution of sex roles: The importance of ecology and social environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321294121. [PMID: 38771872 PMCID: PMC11145285 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321294121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Males and females often have different roles in reproduction, although the origin of these differences has remained controversial. Explaining the enigmatic reversed sex roles where males sacrifice their mating potential and provide full parental care is a particularly long-standing challenge in evolutionary biology. While most studies focused on ecological factors as the drivers of sex roles, recent research highlights the significance of social factors such as the adult sex ratio. To disentangle these propositions, here, we investigate the additive and interactive effects of several ecological and social factors on sex role variation using shorebirds (sandpipers, plovers, and allies) as model organisms that provide the full spectrum of sex role variation including some of the best-known examples of sex-role reversal. Our results consistently show that social factors play a prominent role in driving sex roles. Importantly, we show that reversed sex roles are associated with both male-skewed adult sex ratios and high breeding densities. Furthermore, phylogenetic path analyses provide general support for sex ratios driving sex role variations rather than being a consequence of sex roles. Together, these important results open future research directions by showing that different mating opportunities of males and females play a major role in generating the evolutionary diversity of sex roles, mating system, and parental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Fresneau
- Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Hungarian Research Network-University of Pannonia, Veszprém8200, Hungary
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém8200, Hungary
| | - Ivett Pipoly
- Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Hungarian Research Network-University of Pannonia, Veszprém8200, Hungary
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém8200, Hungary
| | - Dóra Gigler
- World Wide Fund (WWF) for Nature Hungary Foundation, Budapest1141, Hungary
| | - András Kosztolányi
- Department of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest1077, Hungary
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BathBA2 7AZ, United Kingdom
- Reproductive Strategies Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, Hungarian Research Network - University of Debrecen, Debrecen4032, Hungary
- Debrecen Biodiversity Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen4032, Hungary
| | - András Liker
- Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Hungarian Research Network-University of Pannonia, Veszprém8200, Hungary
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém8200, Hungary
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3
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Wang D, Zhang W, Yang S, Richter XYL. Sex differences in avian parental care patterns vary across the breeding cycle. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6980. [PMID: 37914691 PMCID: PMC10620184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parental care in birds consists of elaborate forms across stages, including nest building, incubation, and offspring provision. Despite their evolutionary importance, knowledge gaps exist in the extent to which parents contribute disproportionately to these forms and factors that are associated with variations in care patterns between sexes. Here, we analyzed 1533 bird species and discovered remarkable variability in care patterns. We show that parental care should not be viewed as a unitary trait but rather as a set of integrated features that exhibit considerable temporal and sex-specific variation. Our analyses also reveal moderate consistency in care patterns between breeding stages, pointing towards shared intrinsic factors driving sex-specific care. Notably, we found that species experiencing strong sexual selection on males or species facing paternity uncertainty display a tendency towards female-biased care. This work advances our understanding of the temporal variations in sex-specific contributions to avian parental care and their potential evolutionary drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, 100101, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
- Department of Biology, Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Shuai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, 100101, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yi Li Richter
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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4
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Stanbrook E, Fitzpatrick JL, Balshine S, Shultz S. The evolution of monogamy in cichlids and marine reef fishes. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1045383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the emergence of social monogamy, its origin is still intensely debated. Monogamy has many potential drivers, but evolutionary causality among them remains unclear. Using phylogenetic comparative methods within a Bayesian framework we explored the evolution of monogamy in cichlids and in marine reef fishes because, while both groups are characterised by unusually high incidence of social monogamy, they face very different ecological challenges. For each group, we examined four classic hypotheses that explain the evolution of monogamy: female dispersal, male mate guarding, female–female intolerance, and the biparental care hypotheses. We also explored whether the ecological traits of diet and shelter use are evolutionarily coupled with these hypotheses or with monogamy. First, we found that the evolution of monogamy was predicted by male territoriality in cichlids and simultaneous male and female territoriality in marine reef fishes. We suggest that these results provide support for the male mate guarding hypothesis in cichlids and female–female intolerance hypothesis in marine reef fishes. Second, we demonstrate clear evidence against the biparental care hypothesis, as biparental care was a consequence, not a cause, of monogamy in our analyses. Third, as female dispersal drove the loss of monogamy in both cichlids and marine reef fishes, this suggests the female dispersal hypothesis is not driving the evolution of monogamy in either group. These findings in two highly-monogamous fish taxa largely support prior findings from primate and bird comparative studies and provide novel large-scale evidence for a link between mate guarding and the evolution of monogamy.
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5
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Dugo-Cota A, Vilà C, Rodríguez A, Gonzalez-Voyer A. Influence of microhabitat, fecundity, and parental care on the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in Caribbean Eleutherodactylus frogs. Evolution 2022; 76:3041-3053. [PMID: 36210654 PMCID: PMC10091758 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rensch's rule suggests that sexual size dimorphism (SSD) increases with species size when males are the larger sex, whereas it decreases when females are the larger sex. However, the process responsible for this pattern remains obscure. SSD can result from sexual selection, such as intrasexual competition for access to mates, or from natural selection, due to resource partitioning or fecundity selection. We studied SSD in Caribbean Eleutherodactylus frogs using phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the influence of microhabitat, fecundity, and parental care. Our results show that in Caribbean Eleutherodactylus females tend to be larger and, contrary to Rensch's rule, dimorphism increases with species size. SSD was not related to microhabitat use. However, SSD was positively correlated with fecundity, mediated by a greater increase in female size. SSD was also influenced by parental care, suggesting that male care promotes larger male size and reduces the female bias in SSD. As suggested for other anurans, female-biased SSD in Caribbean Eleutherodactylus results from fecundity selection, although the magnitude is countered by increased male size in species with paternal care. Our results highlight the importance of considering various selective forces that may act in concert to influence the evolution of SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Dugo-Cota
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Carles Vilà
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Ariel Rodríguez
- Institut für Zoologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, DE-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
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6
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Zimmermann H, Bose APH, Eisner H, Henshaw JM, Ziegelbecker A, Richter F, Bračun S, Katongo C, Fritzsche K, Sefc KM. Seasonal variation in cuckoldry rates in the socially monogamous cichlid fish Variabilichromis moorii. HYDROBIOLOGIA 2022; 850:2371-2383. [PMID: 37325485 PMCID: PMC10261196 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-022-05042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mating patterns in animal populations can respond to environmental conditions and consequently vary across time. To examine this variation in nature, studies must include temporal replicates from the same population. Here, we report temporal variation in genetic parentage in the socially monogamous cichlid Variabilichromis moorii from Lake Tanganyika, using samples of broods and their brood-tending parents that were collected across five field trips from the same study population. The sampled broods were either spawned during the dry season (three field trips) or during the rainy season (two trips). In all seasons, we detected substantial rates of extra-pair paternity, which were ascribed to cuckoldry by bachelor males. Paternity shares of brood-tending males were consistently higher, and the numbers of sires per brood were consistently lower, in broods that were spawned in the dry seasons compared to broods from the rainy seasons. In contrast, the strength of size-assortative pairing in our V. moorii population did not vary temporally. Seasonal fluctuations in environmental conditions, such as water turbidity, are proposed as a mechanism behind variable cuckolder pressure. Our data demonstrate the utility of long-term monitoring to improve our understanding of animal mating patterns. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10750-022-05042-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Zimmermann
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Present Address: Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneesh P. H. Bose
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Present Address: Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Helgit Eisner
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Present Address: Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jonathan M. Henshaw
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Present Address: Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Florian Richter
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Bračun
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Cyprian Katongo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Karoline Fritzsche
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Present Address: Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina M. Sefc
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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7
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Gonzalez-Voyer A, Thomas GH, Liker A, Krüger O, Komdeur J, Székely T. Sex roles in birds: Phylogenetic analyses of the influence of climate, life histories and social environment. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:647-660. [PMID: 35199926 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sex roles describe sex differences in courtship, mate competition, social pair-bonds and parental care. A key challenge is to identify associations among the components and the drivers of sex roles. Here, we investigate sex roles using data from over 1800 bird species. We found extensive variation and lability in proxies of sex roles, indicating remarkably independent evolution among sex role components. Climate and life history showed weak associations with sex roles. However, adult sex ratio is associated with sexual dimorphism, mating system and parental care, suggesting that social environment is central to explaining variation in sex roles among birds. Our results suggest that sex differences in reproductive behaviour are the result of diverse and idiosyncratic responses to selection. Further understanding of sex roles requires studies at the population level to test how local responses to ecology, life histories and mating opportunities drive processes that shape sex role variation among higher taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - András Liker
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary.,Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Oliver Krüger
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan Komdeur
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Behaviour, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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8
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Suzuki TK, Matsui M, Sriswasdi S, Iwasaki W. Lifestyle Evolution Analysis by Binary-State Speciation and Extinction (BiSSE) Model. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2569:327-342. [PMID: 36083456 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2691-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) combine statistics and evolutionary models to infer the dynamics of trait evolution and diversification that underlie the observed phylogeny. While PCMs have been used to study macro-evolutionary processes and evolutionary transitions of macroorganisms, their application to microbes is still limited. With the abundance of publicly available genomic and trait character data for diverse microbes nowadays, applications of PCMs on these data can provide insights into the fundamental principles that govern microbial evolution. Here, we introduce the Binary-State Speciation and Extinction (BiSSE) model, which is a relatively simple yet powerful approach for analyzing trait evolution. We begin by explaining the theoretical background and intuition behind the BiSSE model. Then, R commands for running the BiSSE model are presented. Finally, we introduce a case study that successfully applied the BiSSE model to investigate generalist and specialist microbial lifestyle evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao K Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motomu Matsui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sira Sriswasdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Computational Molecular Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wataru Iwasaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Dantzer B, Boutin S, Lane JE, McAdam AG. Integrative Studies of the Effects of Mothers on Offspring: An Example from Wild North American Red Squirrels. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 27:269-296. [PMID: 36169819 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97762-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Animal species vary in whether they provide parental care or the type of care provided, and this variation in parental care among species has been a common focus of comparative studies. However, the proximate causes and ultimate consequences of within-species variation in parental care have been less studied. Most studies about the impacts of within-species variation in parental care on parental fitness have been in primates, whereas studies in laboratory rodents have been invaluable for understanding what causes inter-individual variation in parental care and its influence on offspring characteristics. We integrated both of these perspectives in our long-term study of North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) in the Yukon, Canada, where we have focused on understanding the impacts of mothers on offspring. This includes documenting the impacts that mothers or the maternal environment itself has on their offspring, identifying how changes in maternal physiology impact offspring characteristics, the presence of individual variation in maternal attentiveness toward offspring before weaning and its fitness consequences, and postweaning maternal care and its fitness consequences. We provide an overview of these contributions to understanding the impacts mothers have on their offspring in red squirrels using an integrative framework and contrast them with studies in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E Lane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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10
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Rowe L, Rundle HD. The Alignment of Natural and Sexual Selection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-033324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection has the potential to decrease mean fitness in a population through an array of costs to nonsexual fitness. These costs may be offset when sexual selection favors individuals with high nonsexual fitness, causing the alignment of sexual and natural selection. We review the many laboratory experiments that have manipulated mating systems aimed at quantifying the net effects of sexual selection on mean fitness. These must be interpreted in light of population history and the diversity of ways manipulations have altered sexual interactions, sexual conflict, and sexual and natural selection. Theory and data suggest a net benefit is more likely when sexually concordant genetic variation is enhanced and that ecological context can mediate the relative importance of these different effects. Comparative studies have independently examined the consequences of sexual selection for population/species persistence. These provide little indication of a benefit, and interpreting these higher-level responses is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Howard D. Rundle
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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11
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Degree of anisogamy is unrelated to the intensity of sexual selection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19424. [PMID: 34593863 PMCID: PMC8484679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Males and females often display different behaviours and, in the context of reproduction, these behaviours are labelled sex roles. The Darwin–Bateman paradigm argues that the root of these differences is anisogamy (i.e., differences in size and/or function of gametes between the sexes) that leads to biased sexual selection, and sex differences in parental care and body size. This evolutionary cascade, however, is contentious since some of the underpinning assumptions have been questioned. Here we investigate the relationships between anisogamy, sexual size dimorphism, sex difference in parental care and intensity of sexual selection using phylogenetic comparative analyses of 64 species from a wide range of animal taxa. The results question the first step of the Darwin–Bateman paradigm, as the extent of anisogamy does not appear to predict the intensity of sexual selection. The only significant predictor of sexual selection is the relative inputs of males and females into the care of offspring. We propose that ecological factors, life-history and demography have more substantial impacts on contemporary sex roles than the differences of gametic investments between the sexes.
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12
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Koenig LA, Gallant JR. Sperm competition, sexual selection and the diverse reproductive biology of Osteoglossiformes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:740-754. [PMID: 33973234 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Osteoglossiformes are an order of "bony tongue" fish considered the most primitive living order of teleosts. This review seeks to consolidate known hypotheses and identify gaps in the literature regarding the adaptive significance of diverse reproductive traits and behaviour of osteoglossiforms within the context of sperm competition and the wider lens of sexual selection. Many of the unusual traits observed in osteoglossiforms indicate low levels of sperm competition; most species have unpaired gonads, and mormyroids are the only known vertebrate species with aflagellate sperm. Several osteoglossiform families have reproductive anatomy associated with internal fertilization but perform external fertilization, which may be representative of the evolutionary transition from external to internal fertilization and putative trade-offs between sperm competition and the environment. They also employ every type of parental care seen in vertebrates. Geographically widespread and basally situated within teleosts, osteoglossiforms present an effective study system for understanding how sperm competition and sexual selection have shaped the evolution of teleost reproductive behaviour, sperm and gonad morphology, fertilization strategies, courtship and paternal care, and sexual conflict. The authors suggest that the patterns seen in osteoglossiform reproduction are a microcosm of teleost reproductive diversity, potentially signifying the genetic plasticity that contributed to the adaptive radiation of teleost fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Koenig
- Department of Integrative Biology, Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason R Gallant
- Department of Integrative Biology, Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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13
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Miller EC, Mesnick SL, Wiens JJ. Sexual Dichromatism Is Decoupled from Diversification over Deep Time in Fishes. Am Nat 2021; 198:232-252. [PMID: 34260865 DOI: 10.1086/715114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSexually selected traits have long been thought to drive diversification, but support for this hypothesis has been persistently controversial. In fishes, sexually dimorphic coloration is associated with assortative mating and speciation among closely related species, as shown in classic studies. However, it is unclear whether these results can generalize to explain diversity patterns across ray-finned fishes, which contain the majority of vertebrate species and 96% of fishes. Here, we use phylogenetic approaches to test for an association between sexual dichromatism and diversification rates (speciation minus extinction) in ray-finned fishes. We assembled dichromatism data for 10,898 species, a data set of unprecedented size. We found no difference in diversification rates between monochromatic and dichromatic species when including all ray-finned fishes. However, at lower phylogenetic scales (within orders and families), some intermediate-sized clades did show an effect of dichromatism on diversification. Surprisingly, dichromatism could significantly increase or decrease diversification rates. Moreover, we found no effect in many of the clades initially used to link dichromatism to speciation in fishes (e.g., cichlids) or an effect only at shallow scales (within subclades). Overall, we show how the effects of dichromatism on diversification are highly variable in direction and restricted to certain clades and phylogenetic scales.
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14
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Kappeler PM. Parental Care. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-82879-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Castillo Y, Arce E. Female preference for dominant males in the Mexican mojarra cichlid fish, Cichlasoma istlanum. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:189-195. [PMID: 32997364 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is widely assumed that female preference and male competition operate simultaneously during sexual selection. Dominance is likely an honest indicator of male quality, and females can identify and choose the dominant male to reproduce with individuals with greater competitive abilities, thus improving the quality and competitiveness of their offspring. In this context, few studies have investigated female preference in relation to male fighting ability. The Mexican mojarra, Cichlasoma istlanum, is a cichlid species native to the Balsas River basin. It is territorial during reproduction and provides parental care. Males commonly engage in territorial defence, whereas females care directly for offspring. This study examined whether females prefer dominant males that exhibit more aggressive behaviour. The authors conducted experiments using groups of two males and one female to test competitive ability in males and female preference. They also quantified the time during which the female associated with the dominant male and the subordinate male after observing the outcome of a fight between the two males. They found that Mexican mojarra females preferred dominant males and that the time females spent associating with males was positively related with their aggressive behaviours during competition. These results indicate that dominant males were more attractive than subordinate males to female Mexican mojarra. The relationship between female preference and male dominance in the Mexican mojarra demonstrates the importance of male competitive ability for future parental care in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuritzi Castillo
- Maestría en Biología Integrativa de la Biodiversidad y la Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Elsah Arce
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Field J, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Boulton RA. The evolution of parental care strategies in subsocial wasps. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Insect parental care strategies are particularly diverse, and prolonged association between parents and offspring may be a key precursor to the evolution of complex social traits. Macroevolutionary patterns remain obscure, however, due to the few rigorous phylogenetic analyses. The subsocial sphecid wasps are a useful group in which to study parental care because of the diverse range of strategies they exhibit. These strategies range from placing a single prey item in a pre-existing cavity to mass provisioning a pre-built nest, through to complex progressive provisioning where a female feeds larvae in different nests simultaneously as they grow. We show that this diversity stems from multiple independent transitions between states. The strategies we focus on were previously thought of in terms of a stepping-stone model in which complexity increases during evolution, ending with progressive provisioning which is a likely precursor to eusociality. We find that evolution has not always followed this model: reverse transitions are common, and the ancestral state is the most flexible rather than the simplest strategy. Progressive provisioning has evolved several times independently, but transitions away from it appear rare. We discuss the possibility that ancestral plasticity has played a role in the evolution of extended parental care.
Significance statement
Parental care behaviour leads to prolonged associations between parents and offspring, which is thought to drive the evolution of social living. Despite the importance of insect parental care for shaping the evolution of sociality, relatively few studies have attempted to reconstruct how different strategies evolve in the insects. In this study, we use phylogenetic methods to reconstruct the evolution of the diverse parental care strategies exhibited by the subsocial digger wasps (Sphecidae). Contrary to expectations, we show that parental care in this group has not increased in complexity over evolutionary time. We find that the ancestral state is not the simplest, but may be the most flexible strategy. We suggest that this flexible ancestral strategy may have allowed rapid response to changing environmental conditions which might explain the diversity in parental care strategies that we see in the digger wasps today.
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Kramer J, Meunier J. The other facets of family life and their role in the evolution of animal sociality. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:199-215. [PMID: 29989333 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Family life forms an integral part of the life history of species across the animal kingdom and plays a crucial role in the evolution of animal sociality. Our current understanding of family life, however, is almost exclusively based on studies that (i) focus on parental care and associated family interactions (such as those arising from sibling rivalry and parent-offspring conflict), and (ii) investigate these phenomena in the advanced family systems of mammals, birds, and eusocial insects. Here, we argue that these historical biases have fostered the neglect of key processes shaping social life in ancestral family systems, and thus profoundly hamper our understanding of the (early) evolution of family life. Based on a comprehensive survey of the literature, we first illustrate that the strong focus on parental care in advanced social systems has deflected scrutiny of other important social processes such as sibling cooperation, parent-offspring competition and offspring assistance. We then show that accounting for these neglected processes - and their changing role over time - could profoundly alter our understanding of the origin and subsequent evolution of family life. Finally, we outline how this 'diachronic' perspective on the evolution of family living provides novel insights into general processes driving the evolution of animal sociality. Overall, we infer that the explicit consideration of thus-far neglected facets of family life, together with their study across the whole diversity of family systems, are crucial to advance our understanding of the processes that shape the evolution of social life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Kramer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (IPMB), University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joël Meunier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 726, CNRS, Université de Tours, Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
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18
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Keller IS, Bayer T, Salzburger W, Roth O. Effects of parental care on resource allocation into immune defense and buccal microbiota in mouthbrooding cichlid fishes*. Evolution 2018; 72:1109-1123. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S. Keller
- Geomar; Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research; Düsternbrooker Weg 20 24105 Kiel Germany
| | - Till Bayer
- Geomar; Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research; Düsternbrooker Weg 20 24105 Kiel Germany
| | - Walter Salzburger
- Zoological Institute; University of Basel; Vesalgasse 1 4051 Basel Switzerland
| | - Olivia Roth
- Geomar; Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research; Düsternbrooker Weg 20 24105 Kiel Germany
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19
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Carry-over effects modulated by salinity during the early ontogeny of the euryhaline crab Hemigrapsus crenulatus from the Southeastern Pacific coast: Development time and carbon and energy content of offspring. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 217:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Delia J, Bravo-Valencia L, Warkentin KM. Patterns of parental care in Neotropical glassfrogs: fieldwork alters hypotheses of sex-role evolution. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:898-914. [PMID: 28241390 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many animals provide parental care to offspring. Parental sex-roles vary extensively across taxa, and such patterns are considered well documented. However, information on amphibians is lacking relative to other vertebrate groups. We combine natural history observations with functional and historical analyses to examine the evolution of egg care in glassfrogs (Centrolenidae). Parental care was considered rare and predominately provided by males. Our field observations of 40 species revealed that care occurs throughout the family, and the caregiving sex changes across lineages. We discovered that a brief period of maternal care is widespread and occurs in species previously thought to lack care. Using a combination of female-removal experiments, prey-choice tests with egg-eating katydids, and parental disturbance-tolerance assays, we confirm the adaptive benefits of short-term maternal care in wild Cochranella granulosa and Teratohyla pulverata. To examine historical transitions between caregiving sexes, we assembled a molecular phylogeny and estimated ancestral care states using our data and the literature. We assessed patterns indicative of sex-specific constraints by testing whether transitions between the sexes are associated with changes in care levels. Our analyses support that male-only care evolved 2-3 times from female-only care, and this change is associated with substantial increases in care levels - a pattern supporting the hypothesis that male-only care evolved via constraints on maternal expenditure. Many groups of amphibians remain poorly studied, with emerging evidence indicating that care patterns are more diverse than currently appreciated. Natural history remains fundamental to uncovering this diversity and generating testable hypotheses of sex-role evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Delia
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Bravo-Valencia
- Profesional Universitaria, Equipo Fauna, Corantioquia, Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia
| | - K M Warkentin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, República de Panamá
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21
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Hayward A, Tsuboi M, Owusu C, Kotrschal A, Buechel SD, Zidar J, Cornwallis CK, Løvlie H, Kolm N. Evolutionary associations between host traits and parasite load: insights from Lake Tanganyika cichlids. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1056-1067. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Hayward
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
| | - M. Tsuboi
- Department of Animal Ecology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - C. Owusu
- Department of Animal Ecology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - A. Kotrschal
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - S. D. Buechel
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - J. Zidar
- IFM Biology; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | | | - H. Løvlie
- IFM Biology; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - N. Kolm
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
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22
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Royle NJ, Alonzo SH, Moore AJ. Co-evolution, conflict and complexity: what have we learned about the evolution of parental care behaviours? Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Geographic variation in breeding system and environment predicts melanin-based plumage ornamentation of male and female Kentish plovers. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015; 70:49-60. [PMID: 26766883 PMCID: PMC4701778 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-2024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection determines the elaboration of morphological and behavioural traits and thus drives the evolution of phenotypes. Sexual selection on males and females can differ between populations, especially when populations exhibit different breeding systems. A substantial body of literature describes how breeding systems shape ornamentation across species, with a strong emphasis on male ornamentation and female preference. However, whether breeding system predicts ornamentation within species and whether similar mechanisms as in males also shape the phenotype of females remains unclear. Here, we investigate how different breeding systems are associated with male and female ornamentation in five geographically distinct populations of Kentish plovers Charadrius alexandrinus. We predicted that polygamous populations would exhibit more elaborate ornaments and stronger sexual dimorphism than monogamous populations. By estimating the size and intensity of male (n = 162) and female (n = 174) melanin-based plumage ornaments, i.e. breast bands and ear coverts, we show that plumage ornamentation is predicted by breeding system in both sexes. A difference in especially male ornamentation between polygamous (darker and smaller ornaments) and monogamous (lighter and larger) populations causes the greatest sexual dimorphism to be associated with polygamy. The non-social environment, however, may also influence the degree of ornamentation, for instance through availability of food. We found that, in addition to breeding system, a key environmental parameter, rainfall, predicted a seasonal change of ornamentation in a sex-specific manner. Our results emphasise that to understand the phenotype of animals, it is important to consider both natural and sexual selection acting on both males and females.
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Abstract
Parental care is one of the most variable social behaviors and it is an excellent model system to understand cooperation between unrelated individuals. Three major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the extent of parental cooperation: sexual selection, social environment, and environmental harshness. Using the most comprehensive dataset on parental care that includes 659 bird species from 113 families covering both uniparental and biparental taxa, we show that the degree of parental cooperation is associated with both sexual selection and social environment. Consistent with recent theoretical models parental cooperation decreases with the intensity of sexual selection and with skewed adult sex ratios. These effects are additive and robust to the influence of life-history variables. However, parental cooperation is unrelated to environmental factors (measured at the scale of whole species ranges) as indicated by a lack of consistent relationship with ambient temperature, rainfall or their fluctuations within and between years. These results highlight the significance of social effects for parental cooperation and suggest that several parental strategies may coexist in a given set of ambient environment.
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25
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Liker A, Freckleton RP, Remeš V, Székely T. Sex differences in parental care: Gametic investment, sexual selection, and social environment. Evolution 2015; 69:2862-75. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- András Liker
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building; University of Sheffield; Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
- Department of Limnology; University of Pannonia; PO Box 158 8201 Veszprém Hungary
| | - Robert P. Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building; University of Sheffield; Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir Remeš
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology; Palacký University; 17. listopadu 50 77146 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Tamás Székely
- Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 5102275 China
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26
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Hellmann JK, O'Connor CM, Ligocki IY, Farmer TM, Arnold TJ, Reddon AR, Garvy KA, Marsh‐Rollo SE, Balshine S, Hamilton IM. Evidence for alternative male morphs in a
T
anganyikan cichlid fish. J Zool (1987) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Hellmann
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - C. M. O'Connor
- Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Laboratory Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - I. Y. Ligocki
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - T. M. Farmer
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - T. J. Arnold
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - A. R. Reddon
- Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Laboratory Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - K. A. Garvy
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy Duke University Durham NC USA
| | - S. E. Marsh‐Rollo
- Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Laboratory Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - S. Balshine
- Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Laboratory Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - I. M. Hamilton
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
- Department of Mathematics The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
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Kotrschal A, Corral-Lopez A, Amcoff M, Kolm N. A larger brain confers a benefit in a spatial mate search learning task in male guppies. Behav Ecol 2014; 26:527-532. [PMID: 25825587 PMCID: PMC4374130 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Does a large brain make you smarter? If you are a guppy male searching for a female in a maze, it does. The association between brain size and smartness is a debated issue, largely due to the lack of experimental data. We compared guppies artificially bred for large and small brains and found that large-brained males learned the route through a spatial maze faster. These results thus support a link between brain size and smartness. Brain size varies dramatically among vertebrates, and selection for increased cognitive abilities is thought to be the key force underlying the evolution of a large brain. Indeed, numerous comparative studies suggest positive relationships between cognitively demanding aspects of behavior and brain size controlled for body size. However, experimental evidence for the link between relative brain size and cognitive ability is surprisingly scarce and to date stems from a single study on brain size selected guppies (Poecilia reticulata), where large-brained females were shown to outperform small-brained females in a numerical learning assay. Because the results were inconclusive for males in that study, we here use a more ecologically relevant test of male cognitive ability to investigate whether or not a relatively larger brain increases cognitive ability also in males. We compared mate search ability of these artificially selected large- and small-brained males in a maze and found that large-brained males were faster at learning to find a female in a maze. Large-brained males decreased the time spent navigating the maze faster than small-brained males and were nearly twice as fast through the maze after 2 weeks of training. Our results support that relatively larger brains are better also for males in some contexts, which further substantiates that variation in vertebrate brain size is generated through the balance between energetic costs and cognitive benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kotrschal
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University , Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala , Sweden and ; Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University , Svante Arrheniusväg 18 B, SE-10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Alberto Corral-Lopez
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University , Svante Arrheniusväg 18 B, SE-10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Mirjam Amcoff
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University , Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala , Sweden and
| | - Niclas Kolm
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University , Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala , Sweden and ; Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University , Svante Arrheniusväg 18 B, SE-10691 Stockholm , Sweden
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28
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Ding B, Daugherty DW, Husemann M, Chen M, Howe AE, Danley PD. Quantitative Genetic Analyses of Male Color Pattern and Female Mate Choice in a Pair of Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi, East Africa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114798. [PMID: 25494046 PMCID: PMC4262453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The traits involved in sexual selection, such as male secondary sexual characteristics and female mate choice, often co-evolve which can promote population differentiation. However, the genetic architecture of these phenotypes can influence their evolvability and thereby affect the divergence of species. The extraordinary diversity of East African cichlid fishes is often attributed to strong sexual selection and thus this system provides an excellent model to test predictions regarding the genetic architecture of sexually selected traits that contribute to reproductive isolation. In particular, theory predicts that rapid speciation is facilitated when male sexual traits and female mating preferences are controlled by a limited number of linked genes. However, few studies have examined the genetic basis of male secondary sexual traits and female mating preferences in cichlids and none have investigated the genetic architecture of both jointly. In this study, we artificially hybridized a pair of behaviorally isolated cichlid fishes from Lake Malawi and quantified both melanistic color pattern and female mate choice. We investigated the genetic architecture of both phenotypes using quantitative genetic analyses. Our results suggest that 1) many non-additively acting genetic factors influence melanistic color patterns, 2) female mate choice may be controlled by a minimum of 1-2 non-additive genetic factors, and 3) F2 female mate choice is not influenced by male courting effort. Furthermore, a joint analysis of color pattern and female mate choice indicates that the genes underlying these two traits are unlikely to be physically linked. These results suggest that reproductive isolation may evolve rapidly owing to the few genetic factors underlying female mate choice. Hence, female mate choice likely played an important role in the unparalleled speciation of East African cichlid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Ding
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Daugherty
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Martin Husemann
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Ming Chen
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Aimee E. Howe
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Patrick D. Danley
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
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29
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Suzuki TK, Tomita S, Sezutsu H. Gradual and contingent evolutionary emergence of leaf mimicry in butterfly wing patterns. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:229. [PMID: 25421067 PMCID: PMC4261531 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Special resemblance of animals to natural objects such as leaves provides a representative example of evolutionary adaptation. The existence of such sophisticated features challenges our understanding of how complex adaptive phenotypes evolved. Leaf mimicry typically consists of several pattern elements, the spatial arrangement of which generates the leaf venation-like appearance. However, the process by which leaf patterns evolved remains unclear. Results In this study we show the evolutionary origin and process for the leaf pattern in Kallima (Nymphalidae) butterflies. Using comparative morphological analyses, we reveal that the wing patterns of Kallima and 45 closely related species share the same ground plan, suggesting that the pattern elements of leaf mimicry have been inherited across species with lineage-specific changes of their character states. On the basis of these analyses, phylogenetic comparative methods estimated past states of the pattern elements and enabled reconstruction of the wing patterns of the most recent common ancestor. This analysis shows that the leaf pattern has evolved through several intermediate patterns. Further, we use Bayesian statistical methods to estimate the temporal order of character-state changes in the pattern elements by which leaf mimesis evolved, and show that the pattern elements changed their spatial arrangement (e.g., from a curved line to a straight line) in a stepwise manner and finally establish a close resemblance to a leaf venation-like appearance. Conclusions Our study provides the first evidence for stepwise and contingent evolution of leaf mimicry. Leaf mimicry patterns evolved in a gradual, rather than a sudden, manner from a non-mimetic ancestor. Through a lineage of Kallima butterflies, the leaf patterns evolutionarily originated through temporal accumulation of orchestrated changes in multiple pattern elements. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0229-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao K Suzuki
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Oowashi, 305-8634, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Shuichiro Tomita
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Oowashi, 305-8634, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Oowashi, 305-8634, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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30
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Monroe MJ, Alonzo SH. Sexual size dimorphism is not associated with the evolution of parental care in frogs. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:4001-8. [PMID: 25505526 PMCID: PMC4242581 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in parental care are thought to arise from differential selection on the sexes. Sexual dimorphism, including sexual size dimorphism (SSD), is often used as a proxy for sexual selection on males. Some studies have found an association between male-biased SSD (i.e., males larger than females) and the loss of paternal care. While the relationship between sexual selection on males and parental care evolution has been studied extensively, the relationship between female-biased SSD (i.e., females larger than males) and the evolution of parental care has received very little attention. Thus, we have little knowledge of whether female-biased SSD coevolves with parental care. In species displaying female-biased SSD, we might expect dimorphism to be associated with the evolution of paternal care or perhaps the loss of maternal care. Here, drawing on data for 99 extant frog species, we use comparative methods to evaluate how parental care and female-biased SSD have evolved over time. Generally, we find no significant correlation between the evolution of parental care and female-biased SSD in frogs. This suggests that differential selection on body size between the sexes is unlikely to have driven the evolution of parental care in these clades and questions whether we should expect sexual dimorphism to exhibit a general relationship with the evolution of sex differences in parental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Monroe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, 06520-8106, Connecticut
| | - Suzanne H Alonzo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, 06520-8106, Connecticut
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31
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Buzatto BA, Tomkins JL, Simmons LW, Machado G. CORRELATED EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND MALE DIMORPHISM IN A CLADE OF NEOTROPICAL HARVESTMEN. Evolution 2014; 68:1671-86. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A. Buzatto
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092); The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Joseph L. Tomkins
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092); The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Leigh W. Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092); The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Glauco Machado
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; Rua do Matão; trav. 14, nº 321, Cidade Universitária São Paulo 05508-090 SP Brazil
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Lüpold S, Tomkins JL, Simmons LW, Fitzpatrick JL. Female monopolization mediates the relationship between pre- and postcopulatory sexual traits. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3184. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Reinheimer R, Vegetti AC, Rua GH. Macroevolution of panicoid inflorescences: a history of contingency and order of trait acquisition. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1613-28. [PMID: 23478945 PMCID: PMC3828944 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflorescence forms of panicoid grasses (Panicoideae s.s.) are remarkably diverse and they look very labile to human eyes; however, when performing a close inspection one can identify just a small subset of inflorescence types among a huge morphospace of possibilities. Consequently, some evolutionary constraints have restricted, to some extent, the diversification of their inflorescence. Developmental and genetic mechanisms, the photosynthetic type and plant longevity have been postulated as candidate constraints for angiosperms and panicoids in particular; however, it is not clear how these factors operate and which of these have played a key role during the grass inflorescence evolution. To gain insight into this matter the macroevolutionary aspects of panicoid inflorescences are investigated. METHODS The inflorescence aspect (lax versus condensed), homogenization, truncation of the terminal spikelet, plant longevity and photosynthetic type were the traits selected for this study. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo methods were used to test different models of evolution and to evaluate the existence of evolutionary correlation among the traits. Both, models and evolutionary correlation were tested and analysed in a phylogenetic context by plotting the characters on a series of trees. For those cases in which the correlation was confirmed, test of contingency and order of trait acquisition were preformed to explore further the patterns of such co-evolution. KEY RESULTS The data reject the independent model of inflorescence trait evolution and confirmed the existence of evolutionary contingency. The results support the general trend of homogenization being a prerequisite for the loss of the terminal spikelet of the main axis. There was no evidence for temporal order in the gain of homogenization and condensation; consequently, the homogenization and condensation could occur simultaneously. The correlation between inflorescence traits with plant longevity and photosynthetic type is not confirmed. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that the lability of the panicoid inflorescence is apparent, not real. The results indicate that the history of the panicoids inflorescence is a combination of inflorescence trait contingency and order of character acquisition. These indicate that developmental and genetic mechanisms may be important constraints that have limited the diversification of the inflorescence form in panicoid grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Reinheimer
- Morfología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agracias, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, Casilla de Correo 22, B1642HYD San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. C. Vegetti
- Morfología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agracias, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G. H. Rua
- Cátedra de Botánica Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Amcoff M, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Kolm N. Evolution of egg dummies in Tanganyikan cichlid fishes: the roles of parental care and sexual selection. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2369-82. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Amcoff
- Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - A. Gonzalez-Voyer
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group; Estación Biológica de Doñana; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC); Sevilla Spain
| | - N. Kolm
- Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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Santos-Gally R, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Arroyo J. DECONSTRUCTING HETEROSTYLY: THE EVOLUTIONARY ROLE OF INCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEM, POLLINATORS, AND FLORAL ARCHITECTURE. Evolution 2013; 67:2072-82. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Santos-Gally
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Sevilla; Apartado 1095 41080 Sevilla Spain
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer
- Department of Integrative Ecology; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Av Américo Vespucio SN; 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Juan Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Sevilla; Apartado 1095 41080 Sevilla Spain
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García-Peña GE, Sol D, Iwaniuk AN, Székely T. Sexual selection on brain size in shorebirds (Charadriiformes). J Evol Biol 2013; 26:878-88. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - D. Sol
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
- CSIC; Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - A. N. Iwaniuk
- National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC USA
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - T. Székely
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Bath; Bath UK
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Klug H, Bonsall MB, Alonzo SH. Sex differences in life history drive evolutionary transitions among maternal, paternal, and bi-parental care. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:792-806. [PMID: 23610625 PMCID: PMC3631395 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary transitions among maternal, paternal, and bi-parental care have been common in many animal groups. We use a mathematical model to examine the effect of male and female life-history characteristics (stage-specific maturation and mortality) on evolutionary transitions among maternal, paternal, and bi-parental care. When males and females are relatively similar – that is, when females initially invest relatively little into eggs and both sexes have similar mortality and maturation – transitions among different patterns of care are unlikely to be strongly favored. As males and females become more different, transitions are more likely. If females initially invest heavily into eggs and this reduces their expected future reproductive success, transitions to increased maternal care (paternal → maternal, paternal → bi-parental, bi-parental → maternal) are favored. This effect of anisogamy (i.e., the fact that females initially invest more into each individual zygote than males) might help explain the predominance of maternal care in nature and differs from previous work that found no effect of anisogamy on the origin of different sex-specific patterns of care from an ancestral state of no care. When male mortality is high or male egg maturation rate is low, males have reduced future reproductive potential and transitions to increased paternal care (maternal → paternal, bi-parental → paternal, maternal → bi-parental) are favored. Offspring need (i.e., low offspring survival in the absence of care) also plays a role in transitions to paternal care. In general, basic life-history differences between the sexes can drive evolutionary transitions among different sex-specific patterns of care. The finding that simple life-history differences can alone lead to transitions among maternal and paternal care suggests that the effect of inter-sexual life-history differences should be considered as a baseline scenario when attempting to understand how other factors (mate availability, sex differences in the costs of competing for mates) influence the evolution of parental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Klug
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga Dept. 2653, 615 McCallie Aven, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA ; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University PO Box 208106, 165 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Kotrschal A, Sundström LF, Brelin D, Devlin RH, Kolm N. Inside the heads of David and Goliath: environmental effects on brain morphology among wild and growth-enhanced coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:987-1002. [PMID: 22880732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic and wild-type individual coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were reared in hatchery and near-natural stream conditions and their brain and structure sizes were determined. Animals reared in the hatchery grew larger and developed larger brains, both absolutely and when controlling for body size. In both environments, transgenics developed relatively smaller brains than wild types. Further, the volume of the optic tectum of both genotypes was larger in the hatchery animals and the cerebellum of transgenics was smaller when reared in near-natural streams. Finally, wild types developed a markedly smaller telencephalon under hatchery conditions. It is concluded that, apart from the environment, genetic factors that modulate somatic growth rate also have a strong influence on brain size and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kotrschal
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Fitzpatrick JL, Almbro M, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Kolm N, Simmons LW. MALE CONTEST COMPETITION AND THE COEVOLUTION OF WEAPONRY AND TESTES IN PINNIPEDS. Evolution 2012; 66:3595-604. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lehtonen J, Kokko H. Positive feedback and alternative stable states in inbreeding, cooperation, sex roles and other evolutionary processes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:211-21. [PMID: 22144384 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of studies in systems science focus on processes involving a mixture of positive and negative feedbacks, which are also common themes in evolutionary ecology. Examples of negative feedback are density dependence (population regulation) and frequency-dependent selection (polymorphisms). Positive feedback, in turn, plays a role in Fisherian 'runaway' sexual selection, the evolution of cooperation, selfing and inbreeding tolerance under purging of deleterious alleles, and the evolution of sex differences in parental care. All these examples feature self-reinforcing processes where the increase in the value of a trait selects for further increases, sometimes via a coevolutionary feedback loop with another trait. Positive feedback often leads to alternative stable states (evolutionary endpoints), making the interpretation of evolutionary predictions challenging. Here, we discuss conceptual issues such as the relationship between self-reinforcing selection and disruptive selection. We also present an extension of a previous model on parental care, focusing on the relationship between the operational sex ratio and sexual selection, and the influence of this relationship on the evolution of biparental or uniparental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Lehtonen
- Division of Ecology, Evolution and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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41
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O'Connell LA, Matthews BJ, Hofmann HA. Isotocin regulates paternal care in a monogamous cichlid fish. Horm Behav 2012; 61:725-33. [PMID: 22498693 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
While the survival value of paternal care is well understood, little is known about its physiological basis. Here we investigate the neuroendocrine contributions to paternal care in the monogamous cichlid, Amatitlania nigrofasciata. We first explored the dynamic range of paternal care in three experimental groups: biparental males (control fathers housed with their mate), single fathers (mate removed), or lone males (mate and offspring removed). We found that control males gradually increase paternal care over time, whereas single fathers increased care immediately after mate removal. Males with offspring present had lower levels of circulating 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) yet still maintained aggressive displays toward brood predators. To determine what brain regions may contribute to paternal care, we quantified induction of the immediate early gene c-Fos, and found that single fathers have more c-Fos induction in the forebrain area Vv (putative lateral septum homologue), but not in the central pallium (area Dc). While overall preoptic area c-Fos induction was similar between groups, we found that parvocellular preoptic isotocin (IST) neurons in single fathers showed increased c-Fos induction, suggesting IST may facilitate the increase of paternal care after mate removal. To functionally test the role of IST in regulating paternal care, we treated biparental males with an IST receptor antagonist, which blocked paternal care. Our results indicate that isotocin plays a significant role in promoting paternal care, and more broadly suggest that the convergent evolution of paternal care across vertebrates may have recruited similar neuroendocrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A O'Connell
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA
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42
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Fitzpatrick JL, Almbro M, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Hamada S, Pennington C, Scanlan J, Kolm N. Sexual selection uncouples the evolution of brain and body size in pinnipeds. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1321-30. [PMID: 22530668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The size of the vertebrate brain is shaped by a variety of selective forces. Although larger brains (correcting for body size) are thought to confer fitness advantages, energetic limitations of this costly organ may lead to trade-offs, for example as recently suggested between sexual traits and neural tissue. Here, we examine the patterns of selection on male and female brain size in pinnipeds, a group where the strength of sexual selection differs markedly among species and between the sexes. Relative brain size was negatively associated with the intensity of sexual selection in males but not females. However, analyses of the rates of body and brain size evolution showed that this apparent trade-off between sexual selection and brain mass is driven by selection for increasing body mass rather than by an actual reduction in male brain size. Our results suggest that sexual selection has important effects on the allometric relationships of neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fitzpatrick
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia.
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43
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KELLY NB, NEAR TJ, ALONZO SH. Diversification of egg-deposition behaviours and the evolution of male parental care in darters (Teleostei: Percidae: Etheostomatinae). J Evol Biol 2012; 25:836-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kidd MR, Duftner N, Koblmüller S, Sturmbauer C, Hofmann HA. Repeated parallel evolution of parental care strategies within Xenotilapia, a genus of cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31236. [PMID: 22347454 PMCID: PMC3275620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors promoting the evolution of parental care strategies have been extensively studied in experiment and theory. However, most attempts to examine parental care in an evolutionary context have evaluated broad taxonomic categories. The explosive and recent diversifications of East African cichlid fishes offer exceptional opportunities to study the evolution of various life history traits based on species-level phylogenies. The Xenotilapia lineage within the endemic Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Ectodini comprises species that display either biparental or maternal only brood care and hence offers a unique opportunity to study the evolution of distinct parental care strategies in a phylogenetic framework. In order to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships among 16 species of this lineage we scored 2,478 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) across the genome. We find that the Ectodini genus Enantiopus is embedded within the genus Xenotilapia and that during 2.5 to 3 million years of evolution within the Xenotilapia clade there have been 3-5 transitions from maternal only to biparental care. While most previous models suggest that uniparental care (maternal or paternal) arose from biparental care, we conclude from our species-level analysis that the evolution of parental care strategies is not only remarkably fast, but much more labile than previously expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kidd
- The University of Texas at Austin, Section of Integrative Biology, Institute for Neuroscience, Austin, Texas, United States of America.
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45
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Horn JW, van Ee BW, Morawetz JJ, Riina R, Steinmann VW, Berry PE, Wurdack KJ. Phylogenetics and the evolution of major structural characters in the giant genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 63:305-26. [PMID: 22273597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Euphorbia is among the largest genera of angiosperms, with about 2000 species that are renowned for their remarkably diverse growth forms. To clarify phylogenetic relationships in the genus, we used maximum likelihood, bayesian, and parsimony analyses of DNA sequence data from 10 markers representing all three plant genomes, averaging more than 16kbp for each accession. Taxon sampling included 176 representatives from Euphorbioideae (including 161 of Euphorbia). Analyses of these data robustly resolve a backbone topology of four major, subgeneric clades--Esula, Rhizanthium, Euphorbia, and Chamaesyce--that are successively sister lineages. Ancestral state reconstructions of six reproductive and growth form characters indicate that the earliest Euphorbia species were likely woody, non-succulent plants with helically arranged leaves and 5-glanded cyathia in terminal inflorescences. The highly modified growth forms and reproductive features in Euphorbia have independent origins within the subgeneric clades. Examples of extreme parallelism in trait evolution include at least 14 origins of xeromorphic growth forms and at least 13 origins of seed caruncles. The evolution of growth form and inflorescence position are significantly correlated, and a pathway of evolutionary transitions is supported that has implications for the evolution of Euphorbia xerophytes of large stature. Such xerophytes total more than 400 species and are dominants of vegetation types throughout much of arid Africa and Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Horn
- Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, NMNH MRC-166, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
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Gonzalez-Voyer A, Kolm N. Rates of phenotypic evolution of ecological characters and sexual traits during the Tanganyikan cichlid adaptive radiation. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:2378-88. [PMID: 21848985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Theory suggests that sexual traits evolve faster than ecological characters. However, characteristics of a species niche may also influence evolution of sexual traits. Hence, a pending question is whether ecological characters and sexual traits present similar tempo and mode of evolution during periods of rapid ecological divergence, such as adaptive radiation. Here, we use recently developed phylogenetic comparative methods to analyse the temporal dynamics of evolution for ecological and sexual traits in Tanganyikan cichlids. Our results indicate that whereas disparity in ecological characters was concentrated early in the radiation, disparity in sexual traits remained high throughout the radiation. Thus, closely related Tanganyikan cichlids presented higher disparity in sexual traits than ecological characters. Sexual traits were also under stronger selection than ecological characters. In sum, our results suggest that ecological characters and sexual traits present distinct evolutionary patterns, and that sexual traits can evolve faster than ecological characters, even during adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gonzalez-Voyer
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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47
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AlRashidi M, Kosztolányi A, Shobrak M, Küpper C, Székely T. Parental cooperation in an extreme hot environment: natural behaviour and experimental evidence. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sefc KM. Mating and Parental Care in Lake Tanganyika's Cichlids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2011; 2011:470875. [PMID: 21822482 PMCID: PMC3142683 DOI: 10.4061/2011/470875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cichlid fishes of Lake Tanganyika display a variety of mating and parental care behaviors, including polygamous and monogamous mouthbrooding and substrate breeding, cooperative breeding, as well as various alternative reproductive tactics such as sneaking and piracy. Moreover, reproductive behaviors sometimes vary within species both in space and in time. Here, I survey reports on mating and parenting behaviors of Lake Tanganyika cichlid species and address the evolution of mating and parental care patterns and sexual dimorphism. Notes on measures of sexual selection intensity and the difficulties of defining mating systems and estimating selection intensities at species level conclude the essay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Sefc
- Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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49
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Tsuboi M, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Höglund J, Kolm N. Ecology and mating competition influence sexual dimorphism in Tanganyikan cichlids. Evol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-011-9489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Takahashi T, Koblmüller S. The adaptive radiation of cichlid fish in lake tanganyika: a morphological perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2011; 2011:620754. [PMID: 21716857 PMCID: PMC3119568 DOI: 10.4061/2011/620754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lake Tanganyika is the oldest of the Great Ancient Lakes in the East Africa. This lake harbours about 250 species of cichlid fish, which are highly diverse in terms of morphology, behaviour, and ecology. Lake Tanganyika's cichlid diversity has evolved through explosive speciation and is treated as a textbook example of adaptive radiation, the rapid differentiation of a single ancestor into an array of species that differ in traits used to exploit their environments and resources. To elucidate the processes and mechanisms underlying the rapid speciation and adaptive radiation of Lake Tanganyika's cichlid species assemblage it is important to integrate evidence from several lines of research. Great efforts have been, are, and certainly will be taken to solve the mystery of how so many cichlid species evolved in so little time. In the present review, we summarize morphological studies that relate to the adaptive radiation of Lake Tanganyika's cichlids and highlight their importance for understanding the process of adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsumi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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