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Baskin JM, Baskin CC. Seed germination of gynodioecious species: theoretical considerations and a comparison of females and hermaphrodites. PLANTA 2020; 252:73. [PMID: 33025176 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Better seed germination of females than of hermaphrodites is not a major contributor to the greater geometric lifetime fitness that females require to be maintained in a gynodioecious population. Gynodioecy is a sexually dimorphic breeding system in which females (F, male sterile) and hermaphrodites (H) coexist in the same population. For plants with nuclear (biparental) inheritance of male sterility, theory predicts that except when the product of selfing rate (s) and inbreeding depression (δ) in H is high (sδ > 0.50), F must compensate (female advantage) for the loss of gene transmission via pollen production by producing more or higher-quality offspring than H to be maintained in the population. For species with cytoplasmic (maternal) inheritance of male sterility, the female requires only a small compensation in seed production or some other offspring fitness trait to persist. Reallocation to seeds of resources saved by loss of pollen production is expected to increase the quantity (number) and/or quality (mass, germinability) of seeds produced by F, thus compensating for the lack of pollen production. The primary aim of our study was to compare seed germination of F and H via a literature review. Based on theoretical considerations, we hypothesized that seeds of F should germinate better or equally as well as those of H. We found that of 235 case studies for 47 species Fgerm > Hgerm in 48.1%, Fgerm = Hgerm in 38.3% and Fgerm < Hgerm in 13.6%. Our results are very similar to those of a previously published meta-analysis that included germination of F and H for 12 species. For 162 cases on seed size, F > H in 29.0%, F = H in 63.6% and F < H in 7.4%. Since [(Fgerm > Hgerm) < (Fgerm ≤ Hgerm)] and [(Fseedsize > Hseedsize) < (Fseedsize ≤ Hseedsize)], these results suggest that seed quality is not a major fitness component of female advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0225, USA
| | - Carol C Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0225, USA.
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA.
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Stone JD, Olson MS. Pollination context alters female advantage in gynodioecious
Silene vulgaris. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:111-122. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Stone
- Department of Biology and Wildlife University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks AK USA
| | - M. S. Olson
- Department of Biology and Wildlife University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks AK USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks AK USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
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3
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Clarke GL, Brody AK. Gender inequality in predispersal seed predation contributes to female seed set advantage in a gynodioecious species. Ecology 2015; 96:1309-17. [PMID: 26236844 DOI: 10.1890/14-1513.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most flowering plants are hermaphrodites. However, in gynodioecious species, some members of the population are male-sterile and reproduce only by setting seed, while others gain fitness through both male and female function. How females compensate for the loss of male function remains unresolved for most gynodioecious species. Here, as with many plants, fitness differences may be influenced by interactions with multiple species. However, whether multiple species interactions result in gender-specific fitness differences remains unknown. Using observational data from 2009-2010, we quantified seed set of the two sex morphs of Polemonium foliosissimu and asked how it is affected by pollination, and seed predation from a dipteran predispersal seed predator (Anthomyiidae: Hylemya sp.). We assessed seed production and losses to predation in 27 populations for one year and in six populations for a second year. Females set significantly more seed than did hermaphrodites in both years. Of the fitness components we assessed, including the number of flowers per plant, fruit set, seeds/fruit, and proportion of fruits destroyed by Hylemya, only fruit destruction differed significantly between the sexes. In one year, seeds/fruit and predation had a stronger effect on seed set for hermaphrodites than for females. Because predispersal seed predators do not pollinate flowers, their effects may depend on successful pollination of flowers on which they oviposit. To examine if genders differed in pollen limitation and seed predation and/or their interactive effects, in 2011 we hand-pollinated flowers and removed seed predator eggs in a fully factorial design. Both sexes were pollen limited, but their degree of pollen limitation did not differ. However, predation reduced.seed set more for hermaphrodites than for females. We found no significant interaction between hand pollen and seed predation, and no interaction between hand pollination and gender. Our results suggest that while interactions with both pollinators and seed predators affect reproductive success, floral enemies can cause inequality in seed set between genders. The next step is to understand how the seed set advantage affects long-term fitness and persistence of females in gynodioecious populations.
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Rivkin LR, Case AL, Caruso CM. Frequency-dependent fitness in gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica. Evolution 2015; 69:1232-43. [PMID: 25824809 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Selection is frequency dependent when an individual's fitness depends on the frequency of its phenotype. Frequency-dependent selection should be common in gynodioecious plants, where individuals are female or hermaphroditic; if the fitness of females is limited by the availability of pollen to fertilize their ovules, then they should have higher fitness when rare than when common. To test whether the fitness of females is frequency dependent, we manipulated the sex ratio in arrays of gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica. To test whether fitness was frequency dependent because of variation in pollen availability, we compared open-pollinated and supplemental hand-pollinated plants. Open-pollinated females produced more seeds when they were rare than when they were common, as expected if fitness is negatively frequency dependent. However, hand-pollinated females also produced more seeds when they were rare, indicating that variation in pollen availability was not the cause of frequency-dependent fitness. Instead, fitness was frequency dependent because both hand- and open-pollinated females opened more flowers when they were rare than when they were common. This plasticity in the rate of anthesis could cause fitness to be frequency dependent even when reproduction is not pollen limited, and thus expand the conditions under which frequency-dependent selection operates in gynodioecious species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ruth Rivkin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Andrea L Case
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 44242
| | - Christina M Caruso
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Lahiani E, Touzet P, Billard E, Dufay M. When is it worth being a self-compatible hermaphrodite? Context-dependent effects of self-pollination on female advantage in gynodioecious Silene nutans. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:1854-62. [PMID: 26140201 PMCID: PMC4485966 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In gynodioecious plant species with nuclear-cytoplasmic sex determination, females and hermaphrodites plants can coexist whenever female have higher seed fitness than hermaphrodites. Although the effect of self fertilization on seed fitness in hermaphrodites has been considered theoretically, this effect is far from intuitive, because it can either increase the relative seed fitness of the females (if it leads hermaphrodites to produce inbred, low quality offspring) or decrease it (if it provides reproductive assurance to hermaphrodites). Hence, empirical investigation is needed to document whether relative seed fitness varies with whether pollen is or is not limiting to seed production. In the current study, we measured fruit set and seed production in both females and hermaphrodites and the selfing rate in hermaphrodites in two experimental patches that differed in sex ratios in the gynodioecious plant Silene nutans. We found an impact of plant gender, patch, and their interaction, with females suffering from stronger pollen limitation when locally frequent. In the most pollen-limited situation, the selfing rate of hermaphrodites increased and provided hermaphrodites with a type of reproductive assurance that is not available to females. By integrating both the beneficial (reproductive assurance) and costly effects (through inbreeding depression) of self-pollination, we showed that whether females did or did not exhibit higher seed fitness depended on the degree of pollen limitation on seed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Lahiani
- Unité Evolution Ecologie Paléontologie, UMR CNRS 8198, Université de Lille 1 - Sciences et Technologies Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Pascal Touzet
- Unité Evolution Ecologie Paléontologie, UMR CNRS 8198, Université de Lille 1 - Sciences et Technologies Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Emmanuelle Billard
- Unité Evolution Ecologie Paléontologie, UMR CNRS 8198, Université de Lille 1 - Sciences et Technologies Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Mathilde Dufay
- Unité Evolution Ecologie Paléontologie, UMR CNRS 8198, Université de Lille 1 - Sciences et Technologies Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Casimiro-Soriguer I, Buide ML, Narbona E. Diversity of sexual systems within different lineages of the genus Silene. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv037. [PMID: 25862920 PMCID: PMC4433491 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Species and populations can be categorized by their sexual systems, depending on the spatial distribution of female and male reproductive structures within and among plants. Although a high diversity of sexual systems exists in Silene, their relative frequency at the genus and infrageneric level is unknown. Here, we carried out an extensive literature search for direct or indirect descriptions of sexual systems in Silene species. We found descriptions of sexual systems for 98 Silene species, where 63 and 35 correspond to the phylogenetically supported subgenera Silene and Behenantha, respectively. Hermaphroditism was the commonest sexual system (58.2 %), followed by dioecy (14.3 %), gynodioecy (13.3 %) and gynodioecy-gynomonoecy (i.e. hermaphroditic, female and gynomonoecious plants coexisting in the same population; 12.2 %). The presence of these sexual systems in both subgenera suggests their multiple origins. In 17 species, the description of sexual systems varied, and in most cases these differences corresponded to variations within or among populations. Interestingly, the poorly studied gynodioecy-gynomonoecy sexual system showed similar frequency to dioecy and gynodioecy in both subgenera. In addition, the incidence of gynodioecy-gynomonoecy was analysed in the species of section Psammophilae (Silene littorea, S. psammitis, S. adscendens and S. cambessedesii), in a survey of 26 populations across the distribution area of the species. The four species showed gynomonoecy-gynodioecy in most populations. Hermaphrodites were the most frequent morph, with a low number of females and gynomonoecious plants in all populations. The frequency of sexual morphs varied significantly among the studied populations but not among species. Female plants generally produced smaller numbers of flowers than hermaphroditic or gynomonoecious plants, and the percentages of female flowers per population were low. All these findings suggest that the gynodioecious-gynomonoecious sexual system in section Psammophilae is closer to hermaphroditism or gynomonoecy than gynodioecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Casimiro-Soriguer
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria L Buide
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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Van Etten ML, Deen AC, Hamrick JL, Chang SM. Mating system contributes only slightly to female maintenance in gynodioecious Geranium maculatum (Geraniaceae). Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 113:464-70. [PMID: 24824284 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynodioecy, the co-occurrence of female and hermaphroditic individuals within a population, is an important intermediate in the evolution of separate sexes. The first step, female maintenance, requires females to have higher seed fitness compared with hermaphrodites. A common mechanism thought to increase relative female fitness is inbreeding depression avoidance, the magnitude of which depends on hermaphroditic selfing rates and the strength of inbreeding depression. Less well studied is the effect of biparental inbreeding on female fitness. Biparental inbreeding can affect relative female fitness only if its consequence or frequency differs between sexes, which could occur if sex structure and genetic structure both occur within populations. To determine whether inbreeding avoidance and/or biparental inbreeding can account for female persistence in Geranium maculatum, we measured selfing and biparental inbreeding rates in four populations and the spatial genetic structure in six populations. Selfing rates of hermaphrodites were low and did not differ significantly from zero in any population, leading to females gaining at most a 1-14% increase in seed fitness from inbreeding avoidance. Additionally, although significant spatial genetic structure was found in all populations, biparental inbreeding rates were low and only differed between sexes in one population, thereby having little influence on female fitness. A review of the literature revealed few sexual differences in biparental inbreeding among other gynodioecious species. Our results show that mating system differences may not fully account for female maintenance in this species, suggesting other mechanisms may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Van Etten
- 1] Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA [2] Department of Ecology, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A C Deen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J L Hamrick
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S-M Chang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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8
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Disentangling the effects of mating systems and mutation rates on cytoplasmic [correction of cytoplamic] diversity in gynodioecious Silene nutans and dioecious Silene otites. Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 111:157-64. [PMID: 23591518 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many flowering plant species exhibit a variety of distinct sexual morphs, the two most common cases being the co-occurrence of females and males (dioecy) or the co-occurrence of hermaphrodites and females (gynodioecy). In this study, we compared DNA sequence variability of the three genomes (nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplastic) of a gynodioecious species, Silene nutans, with that of a closely related dioecious species, Silene otites. In the light of theoretical models, we expect cytoplasmic diversity to differ between the two species due to the selective dynamics that acts on cytoplasmic genomes in gynodioecious species: under an epidemic scenario, the gynodioecious species is expected to exhibit lower cytoplasmic diversity than the dioecious species, while the opposite is expected in the case of balancing selection maintaining sterility cytoplasms in the gynodioecious species. We found no difference between the species for nuclear gene diversity, but, for the cytoplasmic loci, the gynodioecious S. nutans had more haplotypes, and higher nucleotide diversity, than the dioecious relative, S. otites, even though the latter has a relatively high rate of mitochondrial synonymous substitutions, and therefore presumably a higher mutation rate. Therefore, as the mitochondrial mutation rate cannot account for the higher cytoplasmic diversity found in S. nutans, our findings support the hypothesis that gynodioecy in S. nutans has been maintained by balancing selection rather than by epidemic-like dynamics.
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Castilla AR, Wiegand T, Alonso C, Herrera CM. Disturbance-dependent spatial distribution of sexes in a gynodioecious understory shrub. Basic Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Roumet M, Ostrowski MF, David J, Tollon C, Muller MH. Estimation of mating system parameters in an evolving gynodioecous population of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Heredity (Edinb) 2012; 108:366-74. [PMID: 21915147 PMCID: PMC3313044 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2011.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultivated plants have been molded by human-induced selection, including manipulations of the mating system in the twentieth century. How these manipulations have affected realized parameters of the mating system in freely evolving cultivated populations is of interest for optimizing the management of breeding populations, predicting the fate of escaped populations and providing material for experimental evolution studies. To produce modern varieties of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), self-incompatibility has been broken, recurrent generations of selfing have been performed and male sterility has been introduced. Populations deriving from hybrid-F1 varieties are gynodioecious because of the segregation of a nuclear restorer of male fertility. Using both phenotypic and genotypic data at 11 microsatellite loci, we analyzed the consanguinity status of plants of the first three generations of such a population and estimated parameters related to the mating system. We showed that the resource reallocation to seed in male-sterile individuals was not significant, that inbreeding depression on seed production averaged 15-20% and that cultivated sunflower had acquired a mixed-mating system, with ∼50% of selfing among the hermaphrodites. According to theoretical models, the female advantage and the inbreeding depression at the seed production stage were too low to allow the persistence of male sterility. We discuss our methods of parameter estimation and the potential of such study system in evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roumet
- UMR AGAP 1334, INRA, Montpellier, Mauguio, France
| | | | - J David
- UMR AGAP 1334, INRA, Montpellier, Mauguio, France
| | - C Tollon
- UMR AGAP 1334, INRA, Montpellier, Mauguio, France
| | - M-H Muller
- UMR AGAP 1334, INRA, Montpellier, Mauguio, France
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Spigler RB, Ashman TL. Gynodioecy to dioecy: are we there yet? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:531-43. [PMID: 21807691 PMCID: PMC3278288 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'gynodioecy-dioecy pathway' is considered to be one of the most important evolutionary routes from hermaphroditism to separate sexes (dioecy). Despite a large accumulation of evidence for female seed fertility advantages in gynodioecious species (females and hermaphrodites coexist) in support of the first step in the gynodioecy-dioecy pathway, we still have very little evidence for the second step, i.e. the transition from gynodioecy to dioecy. SCOPE We review the literature to evaluate whether basic predictions by theory are supported. To establish whether females' seed fertility advantage and frequencies are sufficient to favour the invasion of males, we review these for species along the gynodioecy-dioecy pathway published in the last 5 years. We then review the empirical evidence for predictions deriving from the second step, i.e. hermaphrodites' male fertility increases with female frequency, selection favours greater male fertility in hermaphrodites in gynodioecious species, and, where males and hermaphrodites coexist with females (subdioecy), males have greater male fertility than hermaphrodites. We review how genetic control and certain ecological features (pollen limitation, selfing, plasticity in sex expression and antagonists) influence the trajectory of a population along the gynodioecy-dioecy pathway. CONCLUSIONS Females tend to have greater seed fertility advantages over hermaphrodites where the two coexist, and this advantage is positively correlated with female frequency across species, as predicted by theory. A limited number of studies in subdioecious species have demonstrated that males have an advantage over hermaphrodites, as also predicted by theory. However, less evidence exists for phenotypic selection to increase male traits of hermaphrodites or for increasing male function of hermaphrodites in populations with high female frequency. A few key case studies underline the importance of examining multiple components of male fertility and the roles of pollen limitation, selfing and plasticity, when evaluating advantages. We conclude that we do not yet have a full understanding of the transition from gynodioecy to dioecy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, 4249 Fifth Ave., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260-3929, USA
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Korbecka G, Hamilton A, Pannell JR. Mixed mating in androdioecious Mercurialis annua inferred using progeny arrays and diploid-acting microsatellite loci in a hexaploid background. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1057-61. [PMID: 21320876 PMCID: PMC3080618 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The frequency at which males can be maintained with hermaphrodites in androdioecious populations is predicted to depend on the selfing rate, because self-fertilization by hermaphrodites reduces prospective siring opportunities for males. In particular, high selfing rates by hermaphrodites are expected to exclude males from a population. Here, the first estimates are provided of the mating system from two wild hexaploid populations of the androdioecious European wind-pollinated plant M. annua with contrasting male frequencies. METHODS Four diploid microsatellite loci were used to genotype 19-20 progeny arrays from two populations of M. annua, one with males and one without. Mating-system parameters were estimated using the program MLTR. KEY RESULTS Both populations had similar, intermediate outcrossing rates (t(m) = 0·64 and 0·52 for the population with and without males, respectively). The population without males showed a lower level of correlated paternity and biparental inbreeding and higher allelic richness and gene diversity than the population with males. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the utility of new diploid microsatellite loci for mating system analysis in a hexaploid plant. It would appear that androdioecious M. annua has a mixed-mating system in the wild, an uncommon finding for wind-pollinated species. This study sets a foundation for future research to assess the relative importance of the sexual system, plant-density variation and stochastic processes for the regulation of male frequencies in M. annua over space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Korbecka
- Department of Plant Sciences, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Alastair Hamilton
- Department of Plant Sciences, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - John R. Pannell
- Department of Plant Sciences, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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McCauley DE, Bailey MF. Recent advances in the study of gynodioecy: the interface of theory and empiricism. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:611-20. [PMID: 19515690 PMCID: PMC2729626 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this review we report on recent literature concerned with studies of gynodioecy, or the co-occurrence of female and hermaphrodite individuals in natural plant populations. Rather than review this literature in its entirety, our focus is on the interplay between theoretical and empirical approaches to the study of gynodioecy. SCOPE Five areas of active inquiry are considered. These are the cost of restoration, the influence of population structure on spatial sex-ratio variation, the influence of inbreeding on sex expression, the signature of cyto-nuclear coevolution on the mitochondrial genome, and the consequences of mitochondrial paternal leakage. CONCLUSIONS Recent advances in the study of gynodioecy have been made by considering both the ecology of female:hermaphrodite fitness differences and the genetics of sex expression. Indeed theory has guided empiricism and empiricism has guided theory. Future advances will require that some of the methods currently available only for model organisms be applied to a wider range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E McCauley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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