1
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Yu Y, Fan MY, Zhou HX, Song YQ. The global pattern of epiphytic liverwort disparity: insights from Frullania. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:63. [PMID: 38741051 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The geographical and ecological patterns of morphological disparity are crucial to understand how species are assembled within communities in the context of the evolutionary history, morphological evolution and ecological interactions. However, with limited exceptions, rather few studies have been conducted on the global pattern of disparity, particularly in early land plants. Here we explored the spatial accumulation of disparity in a morphologically variable and species rich liverwort genus Frullania in order to test the hypothesis of latitude disparity gradient. We compiled a morphological data set consisting of eight continuous traits for 244 currently accepted species, and scored the species distribution into 19 floristic regions worldwide. By reconstructing the morphospace of all defined regions and comparisons, we identified a general Gondwana-Laurasia pattern of disparity in Frullania. This likely results from an increase of ecological opportunities and / or relaxed constraints towards low latitudes. The lowest disparity occurred in arid tropical regions, largely due to a high extinction rate as a consequence of paleoaridification. There was weak correlation between species diversity and disparity at different spatial scales. Furthermore, long-distance dispersal may have partially shaped the present-day distribution of Frullania disparity, given its frequency and the great contribution of widely distributed species to local morphospace. This study not only highlighted the crucial roles of paleoenvironmental changes, ecological opportunities, and efficient dispersal on the global pattern of plant disparity, but also implied its dependence on the ecological and physiological function of traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China.
| | - Mei-Ying Fan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
| | - Yue-Qin Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, China
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2
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Das K, Rödel M, Stanley E, Srikanthan AN, Shanker K, Vijayakumar SP. Reed bamboos drive skull shape evolution in bush frogs of the Western Ghats, Peninsular India. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10493. [PMID: 37680959 PMCID: PMC10480065 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reed bamboo is a major ecological and economic resource for many animals, including humans. Nonetheless, the influence of this plant's evolutionary role on the morphology of animal species remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the significance of bamboo habitats as ecological opportunities in shaping the skull morphology of bush frogs (Raorchestes) from the Western Ghats, Peninsular India. We applied a three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric approach to capture the skull shape of 55 species of bush frogs. We visualized the skull shape variables in phylomorphospace with principal component analysis and performed phylogenetic generalized least-squares analysis to assess the impact of cranial size (evolutionary allometry) and habitat (bamboo or non-bamboo) on cranial shape. We quantified the morphological disparity between bamboo and non-bamboo bush frogs' skull shape, and employed RRphylo, a phylogenetic ridge regression method, to access the evolutionary rate and rate shifts of skull shape change. The phylomorphospace delineated bamboo and non-bamboo bush frogs. While cranial shape exhibited a significant but smaller association with size, its association with habitat type was non-significant. We detected, however, significant differences in skull shape between the two frog groups, with bamboo frogs showing higher morphological disparity and a remarkable shift in the evolutionary rate of skull shape diversification. These findings underscore the role of reed bamboo in the evolution of skull shape in the radiation of frogs, endemic to the Western Ghats. We demonstrate that the association between the members of two distinct endemic clades (bamboo reeds and bamboo frogs) is the outcome of a deep-time ecological opportunity that dates back to the Miocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Das
- Museum für Naturkunde – Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity ScienceBerlinGermany
| | - Mark‐Oliver Rödel
- Museum für Naturkunde – Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity ScienceBerlinGermany
| | - Edward Stanley
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Achyuthan N. Srikanthan
- Centre for Ecological SciencesIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
- Department of BiologyClark UniversityWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kartik Shanker
- Centre for Ecological SciencesIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
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3
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Esquerré D, Brennan IG, Donnellan S, Keogh JS. Evolutionary models demonstrate rapid and adaptive diversification of Australo-Papuan pythons. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220360. [PMID: 36541096 PMCID: PMC9768648 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineages may diversify when they encounter available ecological niches. Adaptive divergence by ecological opportunity often appears to follow the invasion of a new environment with open ecological space. This evolutionary process is hypothesized to explain the explosive diversification of numerous Australian vertebrate groups following the collision of the Eurasian and Australian plates 25 Mya. One of these groups is the pythons, which demonstrate their greatest phenotypic and ecological diversity in Australo-Papua (Australia and New Guinea). Here, using an updated and near complete time-calibrated phylogenomic hypothesis of the group, we show that following invasion of this region, pythons experienced a sudden burst of speciation rates coupled with multiple instances of accelerated phenotypic evolution in head and body shape and body size. These results are consistent with adaptive radiation theory with an initial rapid niche-filling phase and later slow-down approaching niche saturation. We discuss these findings in the context of other Australo-Papuan adaptive radiations and the importance of incorporating adaptive diversification systems that are not extraordinarily species-rich but ecomorphologically diverse to understand how biodiversity is generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Esquerré
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University 0200, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ian G. Brennan
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University 0200, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stephen Donnellan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - J. Scott Keogh
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University 0200, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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4
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Slater GJ. Topographically distinct adaptive landscapes for teeth, skeletons, and size explain the adaptive radiation of Carnivora (Mammalia). Evolution 2022; 76:2049-2066. [PMID: 35880607 PMCID: PMC9546082 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Models of adaptive radiation were originally developed to explain the early, rapid appearance of distinct modes of life within diversifying clades. Phylogenetic tests of this hypothesis have yielded limited support for temporally declining rates of phenotypic evolution across diverse clades, but the concept of an adaptive landscape that links form to fitness, while also crucial to these models, has received more limited attention. Using methods that assess the temporal accumulation of morphological variation and estimate the topography of the underlying adaptive landscape, I found evidence of an early partitioning of mandibulo-dental morphological variation in Carnivora (Mammalia) that occurs on an adaptive landscape with multiple peaks, consistent with classic ideas about adaptive radiation. Although strong support for this mode of adaptive radiation is present in traits related to diet, its signal is not present in body mass data or for traits related to locomotor behavior and substrate use. These findings suggest that adaptive radiations may occur along some axes of ecomorphological variation without leaving a signal in others and that their dynamics are more complex than simple univariate tests might suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Slater
- Department of the Geophysical SciencesUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois60637
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5
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Muñoz-Mora VH, Suárez-Atilano M, Maltagliati F, Ramírez-Corona F, Carbajal-Saucedo A, Percino-Daniel R, Langeneck J, D’Addario M, Sunny A. A tale about vipers’ tails: phylogeography of black-tailed rattlesnakes. HERPETOZOA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.35.e84297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships among black-tailed rattlesnakes remain poorly understood and some authors indicated that the diversity of this group has been underestimated and additional analyses are required to clarify the biogeographic patterns throughout its distribution in Mexico. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among black-tailed rattlesnakes across their range, identifying relative divergence times among the main clades and reconstructing the biogeographical history of the group. Three partial mitochondrial genes (ND4, cytb and ATPase6) and one nuclear gene (RAG1) were sequenced to infer the phylogenetic relationships, through the maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference-based methods; demographic history reconstruction was investigated through Bayesian Skyline plot analysis and the ancestral area reconstruction was carried out considering a Bayesian framework. We found strong evidence that the black-tailed rattlesnakes’ group is composed of six clades, which is in agreement with subspecies previously reported. Divergence time estimation indicated that the origin of the C. molossus group could be traced to the middle of the Miocene (~7.71 Mya). Ancestral area reconstruction indicated that early divergence events occurred in Central Mexico, probably related to the geological dynamics of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The lineage C. m. oaxacus is the basal member of the C. molossus group. Furthermore, the combination of geological events and changes in Quaternary vegetation may have contributed to the divergence of C. molossus clades. Our results suggest several clades within C. molossus complex could be potentially recognized as separate species.
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6
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Boyd BM, Nguyen NP, Allen JM, Waterhouse RM, Vo KB, Sweet AD, Clayton DH, Bush SE, Shapiro MD, Johnson KP. Long-distance dispersal of pigeons and doves generated new ecological opportunities for host-switching and adaptive radiation by their parasites. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220042. [PMID: 35259992 PMCID: PMC8905168 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiation is an important mechanism of organismal diversification and can be triggered by new ecological opportunities. Although poorly studied in this regard, parasites are an ideal group in which to study adaptive radiations because of their close associations with host species. Both experimental and comparative studies suggest that the ectoparasitic wing lice of pigeons and doves have adaptively radiated, leading to differences in body size and overall coloration. Here, we show that long-distance dispersal by dove hosts was central to parasite diversification because it provided new ecological opportunities for parasites to speciate after host-switching. We further show that among extant parasite lineages host-switching decreased over time, with cospeciation becoming the more dominant mode of parasite speciation. Taken together, our results suggest that host dispersal, followed by host-switching, provided novel ecological opportunities that facilitated adaptive radiation by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret M Boyd
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nam-Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Julie M Allen
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kyle B Vo
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew D Sweet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Dale H Clayton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sarah E Bush
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael D Shapiro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin P Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
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7
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Vieu JC, Koubínová D, Grant JR. The Evolution of Trait Disparity during the Radiation of the Plant Genus Macrocarpaea (Gentianaceae) in the Tropical Andes. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:825. [PMID: 34571702 PMCID: PMC8470149 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary processes responsible for the extraordinary diversity in the middle elevation montane forests of the Tropical Andes (MMF; 1000-3500 m) remain poorly understood. It is not clear whether adaptive divergence, niche conservatism or geographical processes were the main contributors to the radiation of the respective lineages occurring there. We investigated the evolutionary history of plant lineages in the MMF. We used the vascular plant genus Macrocarpaea (Gentianaceae) as a model, as it consists of 118 morphologically diverse species, a majority of which are endemic to the MMF. We used a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny and morphological and climatic data to compare a set of evolutionary scenarios of various levels of complexity in a phylogenetic comparative framework. In this paper, we show that the hypothesis of adaptive radiation for Macrocarpaea in the MMF is unlikely. The genus remained confined to the upper montane forests (UMF > 1800 m) during more than a half of its evolutionary history, possibly due to evolutionary constraints. Later, coinciding with the beginning of the Pleistocene (around 2.58 Ma), a phylogenetically derived (recently branching) clade, here referred to as the M. micrantha clade (25 species), successfully colonized and radiated in the lower montane forests (LMF < 1800 m). This colonization was accompanied by the evolution of a new leaf phenotype that is unique to the species of the M. micrantha clade that likely represents an adaptation to life in this new environment (adaptive zone). Therefore, our results suggest that niche conservatism and geographical processes have dominated most of the diversification history of Macrocarpaea, but that a rare adaptive divergence event allowed a transition into a new adaptive zone and enabled progressive radiation in this zone through geographical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darina Koubínová
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; (J.C.V.); (J.R.G.)
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8
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Qi S, Shi JS, Ma YB, Gao YF, Bu SH, Grismer LL, Li PP, Wang YY. A sheep in wolf's clothing: Elaphe xiphodonta sp. nov. (Squamata, Colubridae) and its possible mimicry to Protobothrops jerdonii. Zookeys 2021; 1048:23-47. [PMID: 34295215 PMCID: PMC8277656 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1048.65650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on combined morphological and osteological characters and molecular phylogenetics, we describe a new species of the genus Elaphe that was discovered from the south slope of the Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi, China, namely Elaphe xiphodonta sp. nov. It is distinguished from the other congeners by a combination of the following characters: dorsal scales in 21-21-17 rows, the medial 11 rows keeled; 202-204 ventral scales, 67-68 subcaudals; two preoculars (including one subpreocular); two postoculars; two anterior temporals, three posterior temporals; reduced numbers of maxillary teeth (9+2) and dentary teeth (12); sharp cutting edges on the posterior or posterolateral surface of the rear maxillary teeth and dentary teeth; dorsal head yellow, three distinct markings on the head and neck; a distinct black labial spot present in supralabials; dorsum yellow, 46-49 complete (or incomplete) large black-edged reddish brown blotches on the body and 12-19 on the tail, two rows of smaller blotches on each ventrolateral side; ventral scales yellow with mottled irregular black blotches, a few irregular small red spots dispersed on the middle of the ventral. Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, the new species forms the sister taxon to E. zoigeensis. The discovery of this new species increases the number of the recognized species in the genus Elaphe to 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/ The Museum of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China.,Institute of Herpetology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China Shenyang Normal University Shenyang China
| | - Jing-Song Shi
- Institute of Herpetology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China Shenyang Normal University Shenyang China
| | - Yan-Bo Ma
- Institute of Herpetology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China Shenyang Normal University Shenyang China.,College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, China Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Yangling China
| | - Yi-Fei Gao
- Institute of Herpetology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China Shenyang Normal University Shenyang China.,College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, China Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Yangling China
| | - Shu-Hai Bu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, China Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Yangling China
| | - L Lee Grismer
- Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, California 92515, USA La Sierra Univer-sity Riverside United States of America
| | - Pi-Peng Li
- Institute of Herpetology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China Shenyang Normal University Shenyang China
| | - Ying-Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/ The Museum of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
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9
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de Alencar LRV, Quental TB. Linking population-level and microevolutionary processes to understand speciation dynamics at the macroevolutionary scale. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5828-5843. [PMID: 34141187 PMCID: PMC8207422 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although speciation dynamics have been described for several taxonomic groups in distinct geographic regions, most macroevolutionary studies still lack a detailed mechanistic view on how or why speciation rates change. To help partially fill this gap, we suggest that the interaction between the time taken by a species to geographically expand and the time populations take to evolve reproductive isolation should be considered when we are trying to understand macroevolutionary patterns. We introduce a simple conceptual index to guide our discussion on how demographic and microevolutionary processes might produce speciation dynamics at macroevolutionary scales. Our framework is developed under different scenarios: when speciation is mediated by geographical or resource-partitioning opportunities, and when diversity is limited or not. We also discuss how organismal intrinsic properties and different overall geographical settings can influence the tempo and mode of speciation. We argue that specific conditions observed at the microscale might produce a pulse in speciation rates even without a pulse in either climate or physical barriers. We also propose a hypothesis to reconcile the apparent inconsistency between speciation measured at the microscale and macroscale, and emphasize that diversification rates are better seen as an emergent property. We hope to bring the reader's attention to interesting mechanisms to be further studied, to motivate the development of new theoretical models that connect microevolution and macroevolution, and to inspire new empirical and methodological approaches to more adequately investigate speciation dynamics either using neontological or paleontological data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago Bosisio Quental
- Departamento de EcologiaInstituto de BiociênciasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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10
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Pannetier T, Martinez C, Bunnefeld L, Etienne RS. Branching patterns in phylogenies cannot distinguish diversity-dependent diversification from time-dependent diversification. Evolution 2020; 75:25-38. [PMID: 33205832 PMCID: PMC7898657 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary goals of macroevolutionary biology has been to explain general trends in long‐term diversity patterns, including whether such patterns correspond to an upscaling of processes occurring at lower scales. Reconstructed phylogenies often show decelerated lineage accumulation over time. This pattern has often been interpreted as the result of diversity‐dependent (DD) diversification, where the accumulation of species causes diversification to decrease through niche filling. However, other processes can also produce such a slowdown, including time dependence without diversity dependence. To test whether phylogenetic branching patterns can be used to distinguish these two mechanisms, we formulated a time‐dependent, but diversity‐independent model that matches the expected diversity through time of a DD model. We simulated phylogenies under each model and studied how well likelihood methods could recover the true diversification mode. Standard model selection criteria always recovered diversity dependence, even when it was not present. We correct for this bias by using a bootstrap method and find that neither model is decisively supported. This implies that the branching pattern of reconstructed trees contains insufficient information to detect the presence or absence of diversity dependence. We advocate that tests encompassing additional data, for example, traits or range distributions, are needed to evaluate how diversity drives macroevolutionary trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Pannetier
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9712 CP, The Netherlands.,Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - César Martinez
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9712 CP, The Netherlands
| | - Lynsey Bunnefeld
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9712 CP, The Netherlands
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11
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Esquerré D, Donnellan S, Brennan IG, Lemmon AR, Moriarty Lemmon E, Zaher H, Grazziotin FG, Keogh JS. Phylogenomics, Biogeography, and Morphometrics Reveal Rapid Phenotypic Evolution in Pythons After Crossing Wallace’s Line. Syst Biol 2020; 69:1039-1051. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Ecological opportunities can be provided to organisms that cross stringent biogeographic barriers towards environments with new ecological niches. Wallace’s and Lyddeker’s lines are arguably the most famous biogeographic barriers, separating the Asian and Australo-Papuan biotas. One of the most ecomorphologically diverse groups of reptiles, the pythons, is distributed across these lines, and are remarkably more diverse in phenotype and ecology east of Lydekker’s line in Australo-Papua. We used an anchored hybrid enrichment approach, with near complete taxon sampling, to extract mitochondrial genomes and 376 nuclear loci to resolve and date their phylogenetic history. Biogeographic reconstruction demonstrates that they originated in Asia around 38-45 Ma and then invaded Australo-Papua around 23 Ma. Australo-Papuan pythons display a sizeable expansion in morphological space, with shifts towards numerous new adaptive optima in head and body shape, coupled with the evolution of new micro-habitat preferences. We provide an updated taxonomy of pythons and our study also demonstrates how ecological opportunity following colonization of novel environments can promote morphological diversification in a formerly ecomorphologically conservative group. [Adaptive radiation; anchored hybrid enrichment; biogeography; morphometrics; snakes.]
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Esquerré
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Stephen Donnellan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5000 Australia
| | - Ian G Brennan
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Alan R Lemmon
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, 400 Dirac Science Library Tallahassee, FL 32306-4120, United States
| | - Emily Moriarty Lemmon
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, PO Box 3064295, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, United States
| | - Hussam Zaher
- Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Nazaré 481, CEP 04263-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- CR2P – Centre de Recherche em Paléontologie – MNHN – Sorbonne Université – CNRS, 8 rue Buffon, CP 38, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Felipe G Grazziotin
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J Scott Keogh
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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12
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Renner MAM, Foster CSP, Miller JT, Murphy DJ. Increased diversification rates are coupled with higher rates of climate space exploration in Australian Acacia (Caesalpinioideae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:609-622. [PMID: 31792997 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Australia is an excellent setting to explore relationships between climate change and diversification dynamics. Aridification since the Eocene has resulted in spectacular radiations within one or more Australian biomes. Acacia is the largest plant genus on the Australian continent, with around 1000 species, and is present in all biomes. We investigated the macroevolutionary dynamics of Acacia within climate space. We analysed phylogenetic and climatic data for 503 Acacia species to estimate a time-calibrated phylogeny and central climatic tendencies for BioClim layers from 132 000 herbarium specimens. Diversification rate heterogeneity and rates of climate space exploration were tested. We inferred two diversification rate increases, both associated with significantly higher rates of climate space exploration. Observed spikes in climate disparity within the Pleistocene correspond with onset of Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycling. Positive time dependency in environmental disparity applies in the basal grade of Acacia, though climate space exploration rates were lower. Incongruence between rates of climate space exploration and disparity suggests different Acacia lineages have experienced different macroevolutionary processes. The second diversification rate increase is associated with a south-east Australian mesic lineage, suggesting adaptations to progressively aridifying environments and ability to transition into mesic environments contributed to Acacia's dominance across Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt A M Renner
- Royal Botanic Garden and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Charles S P Foster
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Joseph T Miller
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel J Murphy
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Melbourne, 3004, VIC, Australia
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13
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Rowsey DM, Keenan RM, Jansa SA. Dietary morphology of two island-endemic murid rodent clades is consistent with persistent, incumbent-imposed competitive interactions. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192746. [PMID: 32097592 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A lineage colonizing a geographic region with no competitors may exhibit rapid diversification due to greater ecological opportunity. The resultant species diversity of this primary-colonizing (incumbent) clade may limit subsequent lineages' ability to persist unless these non-incumbent lineages are ecologically distinct. We compare the diversity in diet-related mandibular morphology of two sympatric murid rodent clades endemic to Luzon Island, Philippines-incumbent Phloeomyini and secondary-colonizing Chrotomyini-to the mandibular morphological diversity of Sahul Hydromyini, the sister clade of Chrotomyini and the incumbent murid lineage on the supercontinent of Sahul. This three-clade comparison allows us to test the hypothesis that incumbent lineages can force persistent ecological distinction of subsequent colonists at the time of colonization and throughout the subsequent history of the two sympatric clades. We find that Chrotomyini forms a subset of the diversity of their clade plus Sahul Hydromyini that minimizes overlap with Phloeomyini. We also infer that this differentiation extends to the stem ancestor of Chrotomyini and Sahul Hydromyini, consistent with a biotic filter imposed by Phloeomyini. Our work illustrates that incumbency has the potential to have a profound influence on the ecomorphological diversity of colonizing lineages at the island scale even when the traits in question are evolving at similar rates among independently colonizing clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota M Rowsey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior & Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Ryan M Keenan
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 2003 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sharon A Jansa
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior & Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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14
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Abstract
Evolutionary biologists have long sought to understand the full complexity in pattern and process that shapes organismal diversity. Although phylogenetic comparative methods are often used to reconstruct complex evolutionary dynamics, they are typically limited to a single phenotypic trait. Extensions that accommodate multiple traits lack the ability to partition multidimensional data sets into a set of mosaic suites of evolutionarily linked characters. I introduce a comparative framework that identifies heterogeneity in evolutionary patterns across large data sets of continuous traits. Using a model of continuous trait evolution based on the differential accumulation of disparity across lineages in a phylogeny, the approach algorithmically partitions traits into a set of character suites that best explains the data, where each suite displays a distinct pattern in phylogenetic morphological disparity. When applied to empirical data, the approach revealed a mosaic pattern predicted by developmental biology. The evolutionary distinctiveness of individual suites can be investigated in more detail either by fitting conventional comparative models or by directly studying the phylogenetic patterns in disparity recovered during the analysis. This framework can supplement existing comparative approaches by inferring the complex, integrated patterns that shape evolution across the body plan from disparate developmental, morphometric, and environmental sources of phenotypic data.
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15
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Lajmi A, Verma A, Karanth KP. Repeated evolution of terrestrial lineages in a continental lizard radiation. J Evol Biol 2019; 33:57-66. [PMID: 31541555 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The "early-burst" model of adaptive radiation predicts an early increase in phenotypic disparity concurrent with lineage diversification. Although most studies report a lack of this coupled pattern, the underlying processes are not identified. The continental radiation of Hemidactylus geckos from Peninsular India includes morphologically diverse species that occupy various microhabitats. This radiation began diversifying ~36 Mya with an early increase in lineage diversification. Here, we test the "early-burst" hypothesis by investigating the presence of ecomorphs and examining the pattern of morphological diversification in a phylogenetic framework. Two ecomorphs-terrestrial and scansorial species-that vary significantly in body size and toepad size were identified. Unlike the prediction of the "early-burst" model, we find that disparity in toepad morphology accumulated more recently ~14 Mya and fit the Ornstein-Ulhenbeck model. Ancestral state reconstruction of the two ecomorphs demonstrates that terrestrial lineages evolved independently at least five times from scansorial ancestors, with the earliest diversification in terrestrial lineages 19-12 Mya. Our study demonstrates a delayed increase in morphological disparity as a result of the evolution of terrestrial ecomorphs. The diversification of terrestrial lineages is concurrent with the establishment of open habitat and grasslands in Peninsular India, suggesting that the appearance of this novel resource led to the adaptive diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Lajmi
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Institute of Evolution, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anjali Verma
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - K Praveen Karanth
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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16
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Arnal P, Coeur d'acier A, Favret C, Godefroid M, Qiao G, Jousselin E, Sanchez Meseguer A. The evolution of climate tolerance in conifer-feeding aphids in relation to their host's climatic niche. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11657-11671. [PMID: 31695876 PMCID: PMC6822038 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate adaptation has major consequences in the evolution and ecology of all living organisms. Though phytophagous insects are an important component of Earth's biodiversity, there are few studies investigating the evolution of their climatic preferences. This lack of research is probably because their evolutionary ecology is thought to be primarily driven by their interactions with their host plants. Here, we use a robust phylogenetic framework and species-level distribution data for the conifer-feeding aphid genus Cinara to investigate the role of climatic adaptation in the diversity and distribution patterns of these host-specialized insects. Insect climate niches were reconstructed at a macroevolutionary scale, highlighting that climate niche tolerance is evolutionarily labile, with closely related species exhibiting strong climatic disparities. This result may suggest repeated climate niche differentiation during the evolutionary diversification of Cinara. Alternatively, it may merely reflect the use of host plants that occur in disparate climatic zones, and thus, in reality the aphid species' fundamental climate niches may actually be similar but broad. Comparisons of the aphids' current climate niches with those of their hosts show that most Cinara species occupy the full range of the climatic tolerance exhibited by their set of host plants, corroborating the hypothesis that the observed disparity in Cinara species' climate niches can simply mirror that of their hosts. However, 29% of the studied species only occupy a subset of their hosts' climatic zone, suggesting that some aphid species do indeed have their own climatic limitations. Our results suggest that in host-specialized phytophagous insects, host associations cannot always adequately describe insect niches and abiotic factors must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Arnal
- CBGPINRACIRADIRDMontpellier SupAgroUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB)Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleCNRSEPHESorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | | | - Colin Favret
- Department of Biological SciencesBiodiversity CentreUniversity of MontrealMontrealQCCanada
| | - Martin Godefroid
- CBGPINRACIRADIRDMontpellier SupAgroUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Ge‐Xia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Andrea Sanchez Meseguer
- CBGPINRACIRADIRDMontpellier SupAgroUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CNRSUMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (ISEM)Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
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17
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Burbrink FT, Ruane S, Kuhn A, Rabibisoa N, Randriamahatantsoa B, Raselimanana AP, Andrianarimalala MSM, Cadle JE, Lemmon AR, Lemmon EM, Nussbaum RA, Jones LN, Pearson R, Raxworthy CJ. The Origins and Diversification of the Exceptionally Rich Gemsnakes (Colubroidea: Lamprophiidae: Pseudoxyrhophiinae) in Madagascar. Syst Biol 2019; 68:918-936. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Processes leading to spectacular diversity of both form and species on islands have been well-documented under island biogeography theory, where distance from source and island size are key factors determining immigration and extinction resistance. But far less understood are the processes governing in situ diversification on the world’s mega islands, where large and isolated land masses produced morphologically distinct radiations from related taxa on continental regions. Madagascar has long been recognized as a natural laboratory due to its isolation, lack of influence from adjacent continents, and diversification of spectacular vertebrate radiations. However, only a handful of studies have examined rate shifts of in situ diversification for this island. Here, we examine rates of diversification in the Malagasy snakes of the family Pseudoxyrhophiinae (gemsnakes) to understand if rates of speciation were initially high, enhanced by diversification into distinct biomes, and associated with key dentition traits. Using a genomic sequence-capture data set for 366 samples, we determine that all previously described and newly discovered species are delimitable and therefore useful candidates for understanding diversification trajectories through time. Our analysis detected no shifts in diversification rate between clades or changes in biome or dentition type. Remarkably, we demonstrate that rates of diversification of the gemsnake radiation, which originated in Madagascar during the early Miocene, remained steady throughout the Neogene. However, we do detect a significant slowdown in diversification during the Pleistocene. We also comment on the apparent paradox where most living species originated in the Pleistocene, despite diversification rates being substantially higher during the earlier 15 myr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Burbrink
- Department of Herpetology, The American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Sara Ruane
- Department of Biological Sciences, 206 Boyden Hall, Rutgers University-Newark, 195 University Ave, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Arianna Kuhn
- Department of Herpetology, The American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Department of Biology, The Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nirhy Rabibisoa
- Mention Sciences de la Vie et de l’Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l’Environnement, Université de Mahajanga, Campus Universitaire d’Ambondrona, BP 652, Mahajanga 401, Madagascar
| | - Bernard Randriamahatantsoa
- Mention Sciences de la Vie et de l’Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l’Environnement, Université de Mahajanga, Campus Universitaire d’Ambondrona, BP 652, Mahajanga 401, Madagascar
| | - Achille P Raselimanana
- Mention: Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Mamy S M Andrianarimalala
- Mention: Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - John E Cadle
- Department of Biology, East Georgia State College, Swainsboro, GA 30401, USA
| | - Alan R Lemmon
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Dirac Science Library, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4102, USA
| | - Emily Moriarty Lemmon
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
| | - Ronald A Nussbaum
- Division of Reptiles and Amphibians, Museum of Zoology, Research Museums Center, 3600 Varsity Drive, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Leonard N Jones
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - Richard Pearson
- Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christopher J Raxworthy
- Department of Herpetology, The American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, NY 10024, USA
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18
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Rowsey DM, Heaney LR, Jansa SA. Tempo and mode of mandibular shape and size evolution reveal mixed support for incumbency effects in two clades of island-endemic rodents (Muridae: Murinae). Evolution 2019; 73:1411-1427. [PMID: 30985908 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Existing radiations in a spatially limited system such as an oceanic island may limit the ecological opportunity experienced by later colonists, resulting in lower macroevolutionary rates for secondary radiations. Additionally, potential colonists may be competitively excluded by these incumbent (resident) species, unless they are biologically distinct (biotic filtering). The extant phenotypic diversity of secondary colonists may thus be impacted by lower rates of phenotypic evolution, exclusion from certain phenotypes, and transitions to new morphotypes to escape competition from incumbent lineages. We used geometric morphometric methods to test whether the rates and patterns of mandibular evolution of the Luzon "old endemic" rodent clades, Phloeomyini and Chrotomyini, are consistent with these predictions. Each clade occupied nearly completely separate shape space and partially separate size space. We detected limited support for decelerating and clade-specific evolutionary rates for both shape and size, with strong evidence for a shift in evolutionary mode within Chrotomyini. Our results suggest that decelerating phenotypic evolutionary rates are not a necessary result of incumbency interactions; rather, incumbency effects may be more likely to determine which clades can become established in the system. Nonincumbent clades that pass a biotic filter can potentially exhibit relatively unfettered evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota M Rowsey
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108
| | | | - Sharon A Jansa
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108
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19
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Simultaneous detection of macroevolutionary patterns in phenotypic means and rate of change with and within phylogenetic trees including extinct species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210101. [PMID: 30682060 PMCID: PMC6347132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognizing evolutionary trends in phenotypic means and rates requires the application of phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs). Most PCMs are unsuited to make full use of fossil information, which is a drawback, given the inclusion of such data improves, and in some cases even corrects, the proper understanding of trait evolution. Here we present a new computer application, written in R, that allows the simultaneous computation of temporal trends in phenotypic mean and evolutionary rate along a phylogeny, and to contrast such patterns among different clades within the tree. By using simulation experiments, we show the new implementation, names search.trend is as powerful as existing PCM tools in discerning macroevolutionary patterns in phenotypic means and rates, but differently from any other PCM allows comparing individual clades to each other, and provides rich information about trait evolution for all lineages in the tree.
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20
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Burns MD, Sidlauskas BL. Ancient and contingent body shape diversification in a hyperdiverse continental fish radiation. Evolution 2019; 73:569-587. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Burns
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Oregon 97330
| | - Brian L. Sidlauskas
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Oregon 97330
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Washington District of Columbia 20560
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21
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Capobianco A, Friedman M. Vicariance and dispersal in southern hemisphere freshwater fish clades: a palaeontological perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:662-699. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Capobianco
- Museum of Paleontology and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Michigan; 1105 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor MI 48109-1079 U.S.A
| | - Matt Friedman
- Museum of Paleontology and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Michigan; 1105 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor MI 48109-1079 U.S.A
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22
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Divergence, Convergence and Phenotypic Diversity of Neotropical Frugivorous Bats. DIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Knowing how adaptation shapes morphological evolution is fundamental to understanding the processes that promote biological diversity. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the effects of adaptive radiations on phenotypic diversity, which is related to processes that promote phenotypic divergence and convergence. We applied comparative methods to identify shifts in adaptive peaks and to detect divergence and convergence in skull morphology of frugivorous bats (Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae and Carollinae), an ecologically diverse group with strong association between skull morphology, feeding performance and diet that suggests adaptive diversification through morphological innovation. We found divergence and convergence for skull morphology. Fifteen peak shifts were found for jaws, which result in four convergent and four divergent regimes. For skull, nine peak shifts were detected that result in three convergent and three divergent regimes. Furthermore, convergence was significant and strong for skull morphology since distantly related organisms converged to the same adaptive optima. Results suggest that convergence indicates the effect of restriction on phenotypes to keep the advantages provided by the skull phenotype that played a central role in the evolution of strict frugivory in phyllostomids. We conclude that convergence has limited phenotypic diversity of functional traits related to feeding in phyllostomid frugivores.
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23
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Puttick MN. Mixed evidence for early bursts of morphological evolution in extant clades. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:502-515. [PMID: 29285828 PMCID: PMC6849586 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Macroevolutionary theory predicts high rates of evolution should occur early in a clade's history as species exploit ecological opportunity. Evidence from the fossil record has shown a high prevalence of early bursts in morphological evolution, but recent work has provided little evidence for early high rates in the evolution of extant clades. Here, I test the prevalence of early bursts in extant data using phylogenetic comparative methods. Existing models are extended to allow a shift from a background Brownian motion (BM) process to an early burst process within subclades of phylogenies, rather than an early burst being applied to an entire phylogenetic tree. This nested early burst model is compared to other modes of evolution that can occur within subclades, such as evolution with a constraint (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model) and nested BM rate shift models. These relaxed models are validated using simulations and then are applied to body size evolution of three major clades of amniotes (mammals, squamates and aves) at different levels of taxonomic organization (order, family). Applying these unconstrained models greatly increases the support for early bursts within nested subclades, and so early bursts are the most common model of evolution when only one shift is analysed. However, the relative fit of early burst models is worse than models that allow for multiple shifts of the BM or OU process. No single-shift or homogenous model is superior to models of multiple shifts in BM or OU evolution, but the patterns shown by these multirate models are generally congruent with patterns expected from early bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. N. Puttick
- School of Earth SciencesBristolUK
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
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24
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García-Navas V, Rodríguez-Rey M, Westerman M. Bursts of morphological and lineage diversification in modern dasyurids, a ‘classic’ adaptive radiation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente García-Navas
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Michael Westerman
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Rates of morphological evolution, asymmetry and morphological integration of shell shape in scallops. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:248. [PMID: 29216839 PMCID: PMC5721563 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rates of morphological evolution vary across different taxonomic groups, and this has been proposed as one of the main drivers for the great diversity of organisms on Earth. Of the extrinsic factors pertaining to this variation, ecological hypotheses feature prominently in observed differences in phenotypic evolutionary rates across lineages. But complex organisms are inherently modular, comprising distinct body parts that can be differentially affected by external selective pressures. Thus, the evolution of trait covariation and integration in modular systems may also play a prominent role in shaping patterns of phenotypic diversity. Here we investigate the role ecological diversity plays in morphological integration, and the tempo of shell shape evolution and of directional asymmetry in bivalved scallops. Results Overall, the shape of both valves and the magnitude of asymmetry of the whole shell (difference in shape between valves) are traits that are evolving fast in ecomorphs under strong selective pressures (gliders, recessers and nestling), compared to low rates observed in other ecomorphs (byssal-attaching, free-living and cementing). Given that different parts of an organism can be under different selective pressures from the environment, we also examined the degree of evolutionary integration between the valves as it relates to ecological shifts. We find that evolutionary morphological integration is consistent and surprisingly high across species, indicating that while the left and right valves of a scallop shell are diversifying in accordance with ecomorphology, they are doing so in a concerted fashion. Conclusions Our study on scallops adds another strong piece of evidence that ecological shifts play an important role in the tempo and mode of morphological evolution. Strong selective pressures from the environment, inferred from the repeated evolution of distinct ecomorphs, have influenced the rate of morphological evolution in valve shape and the magnitude of asymmetry between valves. Our observation that morphological integration of the valves making up the shell is consistently strong suggests tight developmental pathways are responsible for the concerted evolution of these structures while environmental pressures are driving whole shell shape. Finally, our study shows that directional asymmetry in shell shape among species is an important aspect of scallop macroevolution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-017-1098-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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26
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Peter Linder H, Bouchenak-Khelladi Y. Adaptive radiations should not be simplified: The case of the danthonioid grasses. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 117:179-190. [PMID: 28987638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although much of extant diversity is probably the product of evolutionary radiations, the special case of adaptive radiations has not yet been thoroughly explored. Adaptive radiations are postulated to occur when a lineage is exposed to new ecological opportunities, where it can diversify ecologically. We argue that adaptive radiations have two characteristics. Firstly, the diversification rate accelerates initially, and is then followed by a density-dependent slow-down. Secondly, traits relevant to the new ecological opportunity should evolve at or just before the radiation. We also argue that a correct identification of adaptive radiations is dependent on the phylogenies underlying the diversification dynamics being sampled adequately (i.e. comprehensive species sampling), and that the traits should be treated continuously if they exhibit a biological continuum and not be over-simplified into binary traits. Here, we test the hypothesis that much of the extant diversity of the south-temperate grass subfamily Danthonioideae is the result of two geographically separated but contemporaneous adaptive radiations, in response to Late-Miocene-Pliocene aridification and increasingly seasonal climates. We show that both Pentameris (83 African species) and Rytidosperma (73 Australasian-South American species) exhibit accelerations in diversification rates followed by linear density-dependent declines. We also show that two selected traits show differential evolutionary regimes with different evolutionary optima, and that these are linked to changes in the diversification rate. These results are consistent with these being adaptive, and putatively parallel, radiations. However, by mapping traits over the whole danthonioid phylogeny, it is evident that no identified trait or trait combination is sufficient and necessary for adaptive radiations. Furthermore, we show that simplifying the traits to binary gives a strong but potentially erroneous link between trait shift and diversification rate shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Peter Linder
- Institute of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Yanis Bouchenak-Khelladi
- Institute of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich 8008, Switzerland.
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27
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Chen X, Lemmon AR, Lemmon EM, Pyron RA, Burbrink FT. Using phylogenomics to understand the link between biogeographic origins and regional diversification in ratsnakes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 111:206-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Guerrero-Jiménez CJ, Peña F, Morales P, Méndez M, Sallaberry M, Vila I, Poulin E. Pattern of genetic differentiation of an incipient speciation process: The case of the high Andean killifish Orestias. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170380. [PMID: 28245250 PMCID: PMC5330459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During the Pleistocene and Holocene, the southwest Andean Altiplano (17°-22°S) was affected by repeated fluctuations in water levels, high volcanic activity and major tectonic movements. In the early Holocene the humid Tauca phase shifted to the arid conditions that have lasted until the present, producing endorheic rivers, lakes, lagoons and wetlands. The endemic fish Orestias (Cyprinodontidae) represents a good model to observe the genetic differentiation that characterizes an incipient speciation process in allopatry since the morphospecies described inhabit a restricted geographic area, with present habitat fragmentation. The genetic diversity and population structure of four endemic morphospecies of Orestias (Cyprinodontidae) found in the Lauca National Park (LNP) analyzed with mitochondrial markers (Control Region) and eight microsatellites, revealed the existence of genetic groups that matches the fragmentation of these systems. High values of genetic and phylogeographic differentiation indices were observed between Chungará Lake and Piacota lagoon. The group composed of the Lauca River, Copapujo and Chuviri wetlands sampling sites showed a clear signal of expansion, with a star-like haplotype network. Levels of genetic differentiation were lower than in Chungará and Piacota, suggesting that these localities would have differentiated after the bottlenecks linked to the collapse of Parinacota volcano. The Parinacota sample showed a population signal that differed from the other localities revealing greater genetic diversity and a disperse network, presenting haplotypes shared with other LNP localities. A mixing pattern of the different genetic groups was evident using the microsatellite markers. The chronology of the vicariance events in LNP may indicate that the partition process of the Orestias populations was gradual. Considering this, and in view of the genetic results, we may conclude that the morphospecies from LNP are populations in ongoing differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jimena Guerrero-Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca, Región del Maule Chile
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias, Universidad Iberoamericana de Ciencias y Tecnología, Santiago, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Fabiola Peña
- Faculty of Life Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pamela Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Marco Méndez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Michel Sallaberry
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Irma Vila
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Elie Poulin
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
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Heinicke MP, Jackman TR, Bauer AM. The measure of success: geographic isolation promotes diversification in Pachydactylus geckos. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:9. [PMID: 28077086 PMCID: PMC5225572 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Geckos of the genus Pachydactylus and their close relatives comprise the most species-rich clade of lizards in sub-Saharan Africa. Many explanations have been offered to explain species richness patterns of clades. In the Pachydactylus group, one possible explanation is a history of diversification via geographic isolation. If geographic isolation has played a key role in facilitating diversification, then we expect species in more species-rich subclades to have smaller ranges than species in less diverse subclades. We also expect traits promoting geographic isolation to be correlated with small geographic ranges. In order to test these expectations, we performed phylogenetic analyses and tested for correlations among body size, habitat choice, range sizes, and diversification rates in the Pachydactylus group. Results Both body size and habitat use are inferred to have shifted multiple times across the phylogeny of the Pachydactylus group, with large size and generalist habitat use being ancestral for the group. Geographic range size is correlated with both of these traits. Small-bodied species have more restricted ranges than large-bodied species, and rock-dwelling species have more restricted ranges than either terrestrial or generalist species. Rock-dwelling and small body size are also associated with higher rates of diversification, and subclades retaining ancestral conditions for these traits are less species rich than subclades in which shifts to small body size and rocky habitat use have occurred. The phylogeny also illustrates inadequacies of the current taxonomy of the group. Conclusions The results are consistent with a model in which lineages more likely to become geographically isolated diversify to a greater extent, although some patterns also resemble those expected of an adaptive radiation in which ecological divergence acts as a driver of speciation. Therefore, the Pachydactylus group may represent an intermediate between clades in which radiation is adaptive versus those in which it is non-adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Heinicke
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd., Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA.
| | - Todd R Jackman
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Aaron M Bauer
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
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Diversification in vipers: Phylogenetic relationships, time of divergence and shifts in speciation rates. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 105:50-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Vuataz L, Rutschmann S, Monaghan MT, Sartori M. Molecular phylogeny and timing of diversification in Alpine Rhithrogena (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae). BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:194. [PMID: 27654122 PMCID: PMC5031269 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larvae of the Holarctic mayfly genus Rhithrogena Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) are a diverse and abundant member of stream and river communities and are routinely used as bio-indicators of water quality. Rhithrogena is well diversified in the European Alps, with a number of locally endemic species, and several cryptic species have been recently detected. While several informal species groups are morphologically well defined, a lack of reliable characters for species identification considerably hampers their study. Their relationships, origin, timing of speciation and mechanisms promoting their diversification in the Alps are unknown. RESULTS Here we present a species-level phylogeny of Rhithrogena in Europe using two mitochondrial and three nuclear gene regions. To improve sampling in a genus with many cryptic species, individuals were selected for analysis according to a recent DNA-based taxonomy rather than traditional nomenclature. A coalescent-based species tree and a reconstruction based on a supermatrix approach supported five of the species groups as monophyletic. A molecular clock, mapped on the most resolved phylogeny and calibrated using published mitochondrial evolution rates for insects, suggested an origin of Alpine Rhithrogena in the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. A diversification analysis that included simulation of missing species indicated a constant speciation rate over time, rather than any pronounced periods of rapid speciation. Ancestral state reconstructions provided evidence for downstream diversification in at least two species groups. CONCLUSIONS Our species-level analyses of five gene regions provide clearer definitions of species groups within European Rhithrogena. A constant speciation rate over time suggests that the paleoclimatic fluctuations, including the Pleistocene glaciations, did not significantly influence the tempo of diversification of Alpine species. A downstream diversification trend in the hybrida and alpestris species groups supports a previously proposed headwater origin hypothesis for aquatic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vuataz
- Musée cantonal de zoologie, Palais de Rumine, Place de la Riponne 6, 1014, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sereina Rutschmann
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Michael T Monaghan
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel Sartori
- Musée cantonal de zoologie, Palais de Rumine, Place de la Riponne 6, 1014, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Broeckhoven C, Diedericks G, Hui C, Makhubo BG, Mouton PLFN. Enemy at the gates: Rapid defensive trait diversification in an adaptive radiation of lizards. Evolution 2016; 70:2647-2656. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Broeckhoven
- Department of Botany & Zoology Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch South Africa
- Theoretical Ecology Group, Department of Mathematical Sciences Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Genevieve Diedericks
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Cang Hui
- Theoretical Ecology Group, Department of Mathematical Sciences Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch South Africa
- Theoretical and Physical Biosciences African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Cape Town 7945 South Africa
| | | | - P. le Fras N. Mouton
- Department of Botany & Zoology Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch South Africa
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Pires MM, Silvestro D, Quental TB. Continental faunal exchange and the asymmetrical radiation of carnivores. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20151952. [PMID: 26490792 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineages arriving on islands may undergo explosive evolutionary radiations owing to the wealth of ecological opportunities. Although studies on insular taxa have improved our understanding of macroevolutionary phenomena, we know little about the macroevolutionary dynamics of continental exchanges. Here we study the evolution of eight Carnivora families that have migrated across the Northern Hemisphere to investigate if continental invasions also result in explosive diversification dynamics. We used a Bayesian approach to estimate speciation and extinction rates from a substantial dataset of fossil occurrences while accounting for the incompleteness of the fossil record. Our analyses revealed a strongly asymmetrical pattern in which North American lineages invading Eurasia underwent explosive radiations, whereas lineages invading North America maintained uniform diversification dynamics. These invasions into Eurasia were characterized by high rates of speciation and extinction. The radiation of the arriving lineages in Eurasia coincide with the decline of established lineages or phases of climate change, suggesting differences in the ecological settings between the continents may be responsible for the disparity in diversification dynamics. These results reveal long-term outcomes of biological invasions and show that the importance of explosive radiations in shaping diversity extends beyond insular systems and have significant impact at continental scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias M Pires
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 11294, 05422-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Evolution and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiago B Quental
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 11294, 05422-970 São Paulo, Brazil
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Liedtke HC, Müller H, Rödel MO, Menegon M, Gonwouo LN, Barej MF, Gvoždík V, Schmitz A, Channing A, Nagel P, Loader SP. No ecological opportunity signal on a continental scale? Diversification and life-history evolution of African true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Evolution 2016; 70:1717-33. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Christoph Liedtke
- Department of Environmental Science (Biogeography); University of Basel; 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Ecology, Evolution and Developmental Group, Department of Wetland Ecology; Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC); 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Hendrik Müller
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin; Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science; 10115 Berlin Germany
| | - Michele Menegon
- Tropical Biodiversity Section; MUSE-Museo delle Scienze; Trento 38123 Italy
| | - LeGrand Nono Gonwouo
- Cameroon Herpetology-Conservation Biology Foundation; P.O. Box 8218 Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - Michael F. Barej
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin; Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science; 10115 Berlin Germany
| | - Václav Gvoždík
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology; Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Schmitz
- Natural History Museum of Geneva; Department of Herpetology and Ichthyology; C.P. 6434 1211 Geneva 6 Switzerland
| | - Alan Channing
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Department; University of the Western Cape; Bellville 7535 South Africa
| | - Peter Nagel
- Department of Environmental Science (Biogeography); University of Basel; 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Simon P. Loader
- Department of Environmental Science (Biogeography); University of Basel; 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Roehampton; London SW15 4JD United Kingdom
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35
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Sherratt E, del Rosario Castañeda M, Garwood RJ, Mahler DL, Sanger TJ, Herrel A, de Queiroz K, Losos JB. Amber fossils demonstrate deep-time stability of Caribbean lizard communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:9961-6. [PMID: 26216976 PMCID: PMC4538666 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506516112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the structure of ecological communities can exhibit stability over macroevolutionary timescales has long been debated. The similarity of independently evolved Anolis lizard communities on environmentally similar Greater Antillean islands supports the notion that community evolution is deterministic. However, a dearth of Caribbean Anolis fossils--only three have been described to date--has precluded direct investigation of the stability of anole communities through time. Here we report on an additional 17 fossil anoles in Dominican amber dating to 15-20 My before the present. Using data collected primarily by X-ray microcomputed tomography (X-ray micro-CT), we demonstrate that the main elements of Hispaniolan anole ecomorphological diversity were in place in the Miocene. Phylogenetic analysis yields results consistent with the hypothesis that the ecomorphs that evolved in the Miocene are members of the same ecomorph clades extant today. The primary axes of ecomorphological diversity in the Hispaniolan anole fauna appear to have changed little between the Miocene and the present, providing evidence for the stability of ecological communities over macroevolutionary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sherratt
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
| | - María del Rosario Castañeda
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Russell J Garwood
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - D Luke Mahler
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Thomas J Sanger
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, UMR 7179, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kevin de Queiroz
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
| | - Jonathan B Losos
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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36
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McVay JD, Flores-Villela O, Carstens B. Diversification of North American natricine snakes. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. McVay
- Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Oscar Flores-Villela
- Facultad de Ciencias; Museo de Zoologia; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Circuito Extrior de CU Mexico DF 04510 Mexico
| | - Bryan Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology; The Ohio State University; 318 W. 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210-1293 USA
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Jones KE, Smaers JB, Goswami A. Impact of the terrestrial-aquatic transition on disparity and rates of evolution in the carnivoran skull. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:8. [PMID: 25648618 PMCID: PMC4328284 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Which factors influence the distribution patterns of morphological diversity among clades? The adaptive radiation model predicts that a clade entering new ecological niche will experience high rates of evolution early in its history, followed by a gradual slowing. Here we measure disparity and rates of evolution in Carnivora, specifically focusing on the terrestrial-aquatic transition in Pinnipedia. We analyze fissiped (mostly terrestrial, arboreal, and semi-arboreal, but also including the semi-aquatic otter) and pinniped (secondarily aquatic) carnivorans as a case study of an extreme ecological transition. We used 3D geometric morphometrics to quantify cranial shape in 151 carnivoran specimens (64 fissiped, 87 pinniped) and five exceptionally-preserved fossil pinnipeds, including the stem-pinniped Enaliarctos emlongi. Range-based and variance-based disparity measures were compared between pinnipeds and fissipeds. To distinguish between evolutionary modes, a Brownian motion model was compared to selective regime shifts associated with the terrestrial-aquatic transition and at the base of Pinnipedia. Further, evolutionary patterns were estimated on individual branches using both Ornstein-Uhlenbeck and Independent Evolution models, to examine the origin of pinniped diversity. Results Pinnipeds exhibit greater cranial disparity than fissipeds, even though they are less taxonomically diverse and, as a clade nested within fissipeds, phylogenetically younger. Despite this, there is no increase in the rate of morphological evolution at the base of Pinnipedia, as would be predicted by an adaptive radiation model, and a Brownian motion model of evolution is supported. Instead basal pinnipeds populated new areas of morphospace via low to moderate rates of evolution in new directions, followed by later bursts within the crown-group, potentially associated with ecological diversification within the marine realm. Conclusion The transition to an aquatic habitat in carnivorans resulted in a shift in cranial morphology without an increase in rate in the stem lineage, contra to the adaptive radiation model. Instead these data suggest a release from evolutionary constraint model, followed by aquatic diversifications within crown families. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0285-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina E Jones
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Jeroen B Smaers
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY, 11794-4364, USA.
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. .,Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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38
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Wellborn GA, Langerhans RB. Ecological opportunity and the adaptive diversification of lineages. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:176-95. [PMID: 25628875 PMCID: PMC4298445 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tenet that ecological opportunity drives adaptive diversification has been central to theories of speciation since Darwin, yet no widely accepted definition or mechanistic framework for the concept currently exists. We propose a definition for ecological opportunity that provides an explicit mechanism for its action. In our formulation, ecological opportunity refers to environmental conditions that both permit the persistence of a lineage within a community, as well as generate divergent natural selection within that lineage. Thus, ecological opportunity arises from two fundamental elements: (1) niche availability, the ability of a population with a phenotype previously absent from a community to persist within that community and (2) niche discordance, the diversifying selection generated by the adaptive mismatch between a population's niche-related traits and the newly encountered ecological conditions. Evolutionary response to ecological opportunity is primarily governed by (1) spatiotemporal structure of ecological opportunity, which influences dynamics of selection and development of reproductive isolation and (2) diversification potential, the biological properties of a lineage that determine its capacity to diversify. Diversification under ecological opportunity proceeds as an increase in niche breadth, development of intraspecific ecotypes, speciation, and additional cycles of diversification that may themselves be triggered by speciation. Extensive ecological opportunity may exist in depauperate communities, but it is unclear whether ecological opportunity abates in species-rich communities. Because ecological opportunity should generally increase during times of rapid and multifarious environmental change, human activities may currently be generating elevated ecological opportunity - but so far little work has directly addressed this topic. Our framework highlights the need for greater synthesis of community ecology and evolutionary biology, unifying the four major components of the concept of ecological opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Wellborn
- Department of Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, Oklahoma, 73019
| | - R Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State UniversityCampus Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
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39
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Bloom DD, Fikáček M, Short AEZ. Clade age and diversification rate variation explain disparity in species richness among water scavenger beetle (Hydrophilidae) lineages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98430. [PMID: 24887453 PMCID: PMC4041770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Explaining the disparity of species richness across the tree of life is one of the great challenges in evolutionary biology. Some lineages are exceptionally species rich, while others are relatively species poor. One explanation for heterogeneity among clade richness is that older clades are more species rich because they have had more time to accrue diversity than younger clades. Alternatively, disparity in species richness may be due to among-lineage diversification rate variation. Here we investigate diversification in water scavenger beetles (Hydrophilidae), which vary in species richness among major lineages by as much as 20 fold. Using a time-calibrated phylogeny and comparative methods, we test for a relationship between clade age and species richness and for shifts in diversification rate in hydrophilids. We detected a single diversification rate increase in Megasternini, a relatively young and species rich clade whose diversity might be explained by the stunning diversity of ecological niches occupied by this clade. We find that Amphiopini, an old clade, is significantly more species poor than expected, possibly due to its restricted geographic range. The remaining lineages show a correlation between species richness and clade age, suggesting that both clade age and variation in diversification rates explain the disparity in species richness in hydrophilids. We find little evidence that transitions between aquatic, semiaquatic, and terrestrial habitats are linked to shifts in diversification rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin D. Bloom
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Martin Fikáček
- Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew E. Z. Short
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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40
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Tran LAP. The role of ecological opportunity in shaping disparate diversification trajectories in a bicontinental primate radiation. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20131979. [PMID: 24598417 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exceptional species and phenotypic diversity commonly are attributed to ecological opportunity (EO). The conventional EO model predicts that rates of lineage diversification and phenotypic evolution are elevated early in a radiation only to decline later in response to niche availability. Foregut fermentation is hypothesized to be a key innovation that allowed colobine monkeys (subfamily Colobinae), the only primates with this trait, to successfully colonize folivore adaptive zones unavailable to other herbivorous species. Therefore, diversification rates also are expected to be strongly linked with the evolution of traits related to folivory in these monkeys. Using dated molecular phylogenies and a dataset of feeding morphology, I test predictions of the EO model to evaluate the role of EO conferred by foregut fermentation in shaping the African and Asian colobine radiations. Findings from diversification methods coupled with colobine biogeographic history provide compelling evidence that decreasing availability of new adaptive zones during colonization of Asia together with constraints presented by dietary specialization underlie temporal changes in diversification in the Asian but not African clade. Additionally, departures from the EO model likely reflect iterative diversification events in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A P Tran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, , 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA
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Price SL, Powell S, Kronauer DJC, Tran LAP, Pierce NE, Wayne RK. Renewed diversification is associated with new ecological opportunity in the Neotropical turtle ants. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:242-58. [PMID: 24417316 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ecological opportunity, defined as access to new resources free from competitors, is thought to be a catalyst for the process of adaptive radiation. Much of what we know about ecological opportunity, and the larger process of adaptive radiation, is derived from vertebrate diversification on islands. Here, we examine lineage diversification in the turtle ants (Cephalotes), a species-rich group of ants that has diversified throughout the Neotropics. We show that crown group turtle ants originated during the Eocene (around 46 mya), coincident with global warming and the origin of many other clades. We also show a marked lineage-wide slowdown in diversification rates in the Miocene. Contrasting this overall pattern, a species group associated with the young and seasonally harsh Chacoan biogeographic region underwent a recent burst of diversification. Subsequent analyses also indicated that there is significant phylogenetic clustering within the Chacoan region and that speciation rates are highest there. Together, these findings suggest that recent ecological opportunity, from successful colonization of novel habitat, may have facilitated renewed turtle ant diversification. Our findings highlight a central role of ecological opportunity within a successful continental radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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42
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Ruane S, Bryson RW, Pyron RA, Burbrink FT. Coalescent Species Delimitation in Milksnakes (Genus Lampropeltis) and Impacts on Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses. Syst Biol 2013; 63:231-50. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syt099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Slater GJ, Pennell MW. Robust regression and posterior predictive simulation increase power to detect early bursts of trait evolution. Syst Biol 2013; 63:293-308. [PMID: 24149077 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syt066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A central prediction of much theory on adaptive radiations is that traits should evolve rapidly during the early stages of a clade's history and subsequently slowdown in rate as niches become saturated--a so-called "Early Burst." Although a common pattern in the fossil record, evidence for early bursts of trait evolution in phylogenetic comparative data has been equivocal at best. We show here that this may not necessarily be due to the absence of this pattern in nature. Rather, commonly used methods to infer its presence perform poorly when when the strength of the burst--the rate at which phenotypic evolution declines--is small, and when some morphological convergence is present within the clade. We present two modifications to existing comparative methods that allow greater power to detect early bursts in simulated datasets. First, we develop posterior predictive simulation approaches and show that they outperform maximum likelihood approaches at identifying early bursts at moderate strength. Second, we use a robust regression procedure that allows for the identification and down-weighting of convergent taxa, leading to moderate increases in method performance. We demonstrate the utility and power of these approach by investigating the evolution of body size in cetaceans. Model fitting using maximum likelihood is equivocal with regards the mode of cetacean body size evolution. However, posterior predictive simulation combined with a robust node height test return low support for Brownian motion or rate shift models, but not the early burst model. While the jury is still out on whether early bursts are actually common in nature, our approach will hopefully facilitate more robust testing of this hypothesis. We advocate the adoption of similar posterior predictive approaches to improve the fit and to assess the adequacy of macroevolutionary models in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Slater
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA; Department of Paleobiology & Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 121, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC., 20013-7012, USA; Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, 441D Life Sciences South, PO Box 443051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA; and National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, 2024 W. Main Street, Suite A200, Durham, NC, 27705-4667, USA
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Pyron RA, Burbrink FT. Phylogenetic estimates of speciation and extinction rates for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 28:729-36. [PMID: 24120478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenies are used to estimate rates of speciation and extinction, reconstruct historical diversification scenarios, and link these to ecological and evolutionary factors, such as climate or organismal traits. Recent models can now estimate the effects of binary, multistate, continuous, and biogeographic characters on diversification rates. Others test for diversity dependence (DD) in speciation and extinction, which has become recognized as an important process in numerous clades. A third class incorporates flexible time-dependent functions, enabling reconstruction of major periods of both expanding and contracting diversity. Although there are some potential problems (particularly for estimating extinction), these methods hold promise for answering many classic questions in ecology and evolution, such as the origin of adaptive radiations, and the latitudinal gradient in species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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Wilson LAB, Colombo M, Hanel R, Salzburger W, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Ecomorphological disparity in an adaptive radiation: opercular bone shape and stable isotopes in Antarctic icefishes. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:3166-82. [PMID: 24102002 PMCID: PMC3790559 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess how ecological and morphological disparity is interrelated in the adaptive radiation of Antarctic notothenioid fish we used patterns of opercle bone evolution as a model to quantify shape disparity, phylogenetic patterns of shape evolution, and ecological correlates in the form of stable isotope values. Using a sample of 25 species including representatives from four major notothenioid clades, we show that opercle shape disparity is higher in the modern fauna than would be expected under the neutral evolution Brownian motion model. Phylogenetic comparative methods indicate that opercle shape data best fit a model of directional selection (Ornstein–Uhlenbeck) and are least supported by the “early burst” model of adaptive radiation. The main evolutionary axis of opercle shape change reflects movement from a broad and more symmetrically tapered opercle to one that narrows along the distal margin, but with only slight shape change on the proximal margin. We find a trend in opercle shape change along the benthic–pelagic axis, underlining the importance of this axis for diversification in the notothenioid radiation. A major impetus for the study of adaptive radiations is to uncover generalized patterns among different groups, and the evolutionary patterns in opercle shape among notothenioids are similar to those found among other adaptive radiations (three-spined sticklebacks) promoting the utility of this approach for assessing ecomorphological interactions on a broad scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A B Wilson
- Paläontologisches Institute und Museum Karl-Schmid Strasse 4, CH 8006, Zürich, Switzerland ; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales High Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Jansson R, Rodríguez-Castañeda G, Harding LE. WHAT CAN MULTIPLE PHYLOGENIES SAY ABOUT THE LATITUDINAL DIVERSITY GRADIENT? A NEW LOOK AT THE TROPICAL CONSERVATISM, OUT OF THE TROPICS, AND DIVERSIFICATION RATE HYPOTHESES. Evolution 2013; 67:1741-55. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Jansson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science; Umeå University; SE-901 87 Umeå Sweden
| | | | - Larisa E. Harding
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science; Umeå University; SE-901 87 Umeå Sweden
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Mathers TC, Hammond RL, Jenner RA, Hänfling B, Gómez A. Multiple global radiations in tadpole shrimps challenge the concept of 'living fossils'. PeerJ 2013; 1:e62. [PMID: 23638400 PMCID: PMC3628881 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
'Living fossils', a phrase first coined by Darwin, are defined as species with limited recent diversification and high morphological stasis over long periods of evolutionary time. Morphological stasis, however, can potentially lead to diversification rates being underestimated. Notostraca, or tadpole shrimps, is an ancient, globally distributed order of branchiopod crustaceans regarded as 'living fossils' because their rich fossil record dates back to the early Devonian and their morphology is highly conserved. Recent phylogenetic reconstructions have shown a strong biogeographic signal, suggesting diversification due to continental breakup, and widespread cryptic speciation. However, morphological conservatism makes it difficult to place fossil taxa in a phylogenetic context. Here we reveal for the first time the timing and tempo of tadpole shrimp diversification by inferring a robust multilocus phylogeny of Branchiopoda and applying Bayesian divergence dating techniques using reliable fossil calibrations external to Notostraca. Our results suggest at least two bouts of global radiation in Notostraca, one of them recent, so questioning the validity of the 'living fossils' concept in groups where cryptic speciation is widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Mathers
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | - Ronald A. Jenner
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Bernd Hänfling
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Africa Gómez
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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Pincheira-Donoso D, Bauer AM, Meiri S, Uetz P. Global taxonomic diversity of living reptiles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59741. [PMID: 23544091 PMCID: PMC3609858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptiles are one of the most ecologically and evolutionarily remarkable groups of living organisms, having successfully colonized most of the planet, including the oceans and some of the harshest and more environmentally unstable ecosystems on earth. Here, based on a complete dataset of all the world's diversity of living reptiles, we analyse lineage taxonomic richness both within and among clades, at different levels of the phylogenetic hierarchy. We also analyse the historical tendencies in the descriptions of new reptile species from Linnaeus to March 2012. Although (non-avian) reptiles are the second most species-rich group of amniotes after birds, most of their diversity (96.3%) is concentrated in squamates (59% lizards, 35% snakes, and 2% amphisbaenians). In strong contrast, turtles (3.4%), crocodilians (0.3%), and tuataras (0.01%) are far less diverse. In terms of species discoveries, most turtles and crocodilians were described early, while descriptions of lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians are multimodal with respect to time. Lizard descriptions, in particular, have reached unprecedented levels during the last decade. Finally, despite such remarkably asymmetric distributions of reptile taxonomic diversity among groups, we found that the distributions of lineage richness are consistently right-skewed, with most clades (monophyletic families and genera) containing few lineages (monophyletic genera and species, respectively), while only a few have radiated greatly (notably the families Colubridae and Scincidae, and the lizard genera Anolis and Liolaemus). Therefore, such consistency in the frequency distribution of richness among clades and among phylogenetic levels suggests that the nature of reptile biodiversity is fundamentally fractal (i.e., it is scale invariant). We then compared current reptile diversity with the global reptile diversity and taxonomy known in 1980. Despite substantial differences in the taxonomies (relative to 2012), the patterns of lineage richness remain qualitatively identical, hence reinforcing our conclusions about the fractal nature of reptile biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pincheira-Donoso
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology of Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Riseholme Park, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom.
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Santini F, Nguyen MTT, Sorenson L, Waltzek TB, Lynch Alfaro JW, Eastman JM, Alfaro ME. Do habitat shifts drive diversification in teleost fishes? An example from the pufferfishes (Tetraodontidae). J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1003-18. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Santini
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - M. T. T. Nguyen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - L. Sorenson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - T. B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - J. W. Lynch Alfaro
- Institute for Society and Genetics & Department of Anthropology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - J. M. Eastman
- Department of Biological Sciences & the Institute of Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Study; University of Idaho; Moscow ID USA
| | - M. E. Alfaro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
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50
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Davis AM, Unmack PJ, Pusey BJ, Pearson RG, Morgan DL. Ontogenetic development of intestinal length and relationships to diet in an Australasian fish family (Terapontidae). BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:53. [PMID: 23441994 PMCID: PMC3598832 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most widely accepted ecomorphological relationships in vertebrates is the negative correlation between intestinal length and proportion of animal prey in diet. While many fish groups exhibit this general pattern, other clades demonstrate minimal, and in some cases contrasting, associations between diet and intestinal length. Moreover, this relationship and its evolutionary derivation have received little attention from a phylogenetic perspective. This study documents the phylogenetic development of intestinal length variability, and resultant correlation with dietary habits, within a molecular phylogeny of 28 species of terapontid fishes. The Terapontidae (grunters), an ancestrally euryhaline-marine group, is the most trophically diverse of Australia's freshwater fish families, with widespread shifts away from animal-prey-dominated diets occurring since their invasion of fresh waters. RESULTS Description of ontogenetic development of intestinal complexity of terapontid fishes, in combination with ancestral character state reconstruction, demonstrated that complex intestinal looping (convolution) has evolved independently on multiple occasions within the family. This modification of ontogenetic development drives much of the associated interspecific variability in intestinal length evident in terapontids. Phylogenetically informed comparative analyses (phylogenetic independent contrasts) showed that the interspecific differences in intestinal length resulting from these ontogenetic developmental mechanisms explained ~65% of the variability in the proportion of animal material in terapontid diets. CONCLUSIONS The ontogenetic development of intestinal complexity appears to represent an important functional innovation underlying the extensive trophic differentiation seen in Australia's freshwater terapontids, specifically facilitating the pronounced shifts away from carnivorous (including invertebrates and vertebrates) diets evident across the family. The capacity to modify intestinal morphology and physiology may also be an important facilitator of trophic diversification during other phyletic radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Davis
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Peter J Unmack
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC, 27705-4667, USA
| | - Bradley J Pusey
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, University of Western Australia, Albany, 6330, Australia
| | - Richard G Pearson
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - David L Morgan
- Freshwater Fish Group and Fish Health Unit, Murdoch University, South St., Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
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