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Mortier E, Maillasson M, Quéméner A. Counteracting Interleukin-15 to Elucidate Its Modes of Action in Physiology and Pathology. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2023; 43:2-22. [PMID: 36651845 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 belongs to the common gamma-dependent cytokine family, along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21. IL-15 is crucial for the homeostasis of Natural Killer (NK) and memory CD8 T cells, and to fight against cancer progression. However, dysregulations of IL-15 expression could occur and participate in the emergence of autoimmune inflammatory diseases as well as hematological malignancies. It is therefore important to understand the different modes of action of IL-15 to decrease its harmful action in pathology without affecting its beneficial effects in the immune system. In this review, we present the different approaches used by researchers to inhibit the action of IL-15, from most broad to the most selective. Indeed, it appears that it is important to selectively target the mode of action of the cytokine rather than the cytokine itself as they are involved in numerous biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Mortier
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Agnès Quéméner
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhuang Q, Wang F, Zhang C, Xu C, Gu A, Zhong WH, Hu Y, Zhong X. Co-expression IL-15 receptor alpha with IL-15 reduces toxicity via limiting IL-15 systemic exposure during CAR-T immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2022; 20:432. [PMID: 36167591 PMCID: PMC9516829 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a powerful adoptive immunotherapy against both B-cell malignancies and some types of solid tumors. Interleukin (IL) -15 is an important immune stimulator that may provide ideal long-term persistent CAR-T cells. However, higher base line or peak serum IL-15 levels are also related to severe toxicity, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and neurotoxicity. Methods We successfully constructed CD19 specific armored CAR-T cells overexpressing IL-I5 and IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ra). In vitro cell differentiation and viability were monitored by flow cytometry, and an in vivo xenograft mouse models was used to evaluate the anti-tumor efficiency and liver damage of CAR-T cells. Results CAR-T cells overexpressing IL-15 alone demonstrated enhanced viability, retarded exhaustion in vitro and superior tumor-inhibitory effects in vivo. However, these tumor-free mice had lower survival rates, with serious liver injuries, as a possible result of toxicity. As expected, CAR-T cells overexpressing IL-15 combined with IL-15Ra had reduced CD132 expression and released fewer cytokines (IFNγ, IL-2 and IL-15) in vitro, as well as had the tendency to improve mouse survival via repressing the growth of tumor cells and keeping livers healthier compared to CAR-IL-15 T cells. Conclusions These results indicated the importance of IL-15 in enhancing T cells persistence and IL-15Ra in reducing the adverse effects of IL-15, with superior tumor retardation during CAR-T therapy. This study paves the way for the rapid exploitation of IL-15 in adoptive cell therapy in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03626-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- The Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Haidian District, No. 10, Iron Medicine Road, Yang Fang Dian, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Qinghui Zhuang
- The Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Haidian District, No. 10, Iron Medicine Road, Yang Fang Dian, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Fang Wang
- The Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Haidian District, No. 10, Iron Medicine Road, Yang Fang Dian, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Can Zhang
- The Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Haidian District, No. 10, Iron Medicine Road, Yang Fang Dian, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Chang Xu
- The Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Haidian District, No. 10, Iron Medicine Road, Yang Fang Dian, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Aiqin Gu
- The Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Haidian District, No. 10, Iron Medicine Road, Yang Fang Dian, Beijing, 100038, China
| | | | - Yi Hu
- The Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Haidian District, No. 10, Iron Medicine Road, Yang Fang Dian, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xiaosong Zhong
- The Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Haidian District, No. 10, Iron Medicine Road, Yang Fang Dian, Beijing, 100038, China. .,Carriage Therapeutics for Affiliation, Beijing, China.
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3
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Lokau J, Garbers C. Biological functions and therapeutic opportunities of soluble cytokine receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:94-108. [PMID: 32386776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines control the immune system by regulating the proliferation, differentiation and function of immune cells. They activate their target cells through binding to specific receptors, which either are transmembrane proteins or attached to the cell-surface via a GPI-anchor. Different tissues and individual cell types have unique expression profiles of cytokine receptors, and consequently this expression pattern dictates to which cytokines a given cell can respond. Furthermore, soluble variants of several cytokine receptors exist, which are generated by different molecular mechanisms, namely differential mRNA splicing, proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-tethered precursors, and release on extracellular vesicles. These soluble receptors shape the function of cytokines in different ways: they can serve as antagonistic decoy receptors which compete with their membrane-bound counterparts for the ligand, or they can form functional receptor/cytokine complexes which act as agonists and can even activate cells that would usually not respond to the ligand alone. In this review, we focus on the IL-2 and IL-6 families of cytokines and the so-called Th2 cytokines. We summarize for each cytokine which soluble receptors exist, were they originate from, how they are generated, and what their biological functions are. Furthermore, we give an outlook on how these soluble receptors can be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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4
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Buono A, Lidbury JA, Wood C, Wilson-Robles H, Dangott LJ, Allenspach K, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Development, analytical validation, and initial clinical evaluation of a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of soluble CD25 concentrations in canine serum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 215:109904. [PMID: 31420068 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During immune activation, CD25 is expressed by T cells, and its soluble form (sCD25) is released into the extracellular matrix and the bloodstream. In humans, serum sCD25 concentrations are used as a surrogate marker for autoimmune diseases, malignancies, and transplant rejection. However, a canine-specific assay for the measurement of sCD25 in dog serum has not previously been described. Therefore, the aims of this study were to develop and analytically validate a radioimmunoassay to measure sCD25 in canine serum, to establish a reference interval for canine sCD25, and to test the clinical utility of this assay with serum samples for dogs with various diseases. A competitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed and analytically validated. Analytical validation consisted of lower limit of detection (LLOD), dilutional parallelism, spiking recovery, and intra- and inter-assay variability using pooled surplus canine serum samples. A reference interval was established in healthy dogs and serum samples from dogs with various types of neoplasia, IBD, liver disease, suspected pancreatitis, or suspected small intestinal disease and serum samples with an increased C-reactive protein concentration (CRP) were analyzed to test the clinical utility of the assay. LLOD was calculated to be 0.5 ng/mL. The mean (±SD) observed-to-expected ratio (O/E) for serial dilutions was 101.7 ± 14.0%, and the mean (± SD) O/E for spiking recovery was 93.2 ± 4.2%. Coefficients of variation (CVs) for intra-assay variability were ≤12.5% (mean ± SD: 7.5 ± 4.2%), and inter-assay CVs were ≤15.7% (mean ± SD: 11 ± 4.4%). A reference interval (RI) for canine sCD25 of 1.2-4.2 ng/mL was established from a population of 112 clinically healthy dogs. Dogs with neoplasia and dogs with suspected small intestinal disease had decreased concentrations of serum sCD25 when compared to healthy dogs (p < 0.0001, respectively). However, the majority of clinical samples used in this study were within the reference interval. Median concentrations of serum sCD25 were 1.9 ng/mL for healthy dogs. Dogs with cancer, IBD, liver disease, suspected pancreatitis, or suspected small intestinal disease, as well as sera with an increased serum CRP concentration, had median serum sCD25 concentrations of 1.6 ng/mL, 2.1 ng/mL, 2.2 ng/mL, 1.7 ng/mL, 1.5 ng/mL, and 1.8 ng/mL, respectively. Thus, the RIA described here is linear, accurate, precise, and reproducible for measuring sCD25 in canine serum. However, this assay shows little clinical utility of sCD25 as a biomarker for dogs with inflammatory, autoimmune, and/or neoplastic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buono
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| | - J A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - C Wood
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - H Wilson-Robles
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - L J Dangott
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2128, USA
| | - K Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1134, USA
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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5
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Seyfarth J, Mütze N, Antony Cruz J, Kummer S, Reinauer C, Mayatepek E, Meissner T, Jacobsen M. CD4 + T-Cells With High Common γ Chain Expression and Disturbed Cytokine Production Are Enriched in Children With Type-1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:820. [PMID: 31110501 PMCID: PMC6499215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The common gamma chain (γc) contributes to the formation of different cytokine receptors [e.g., IL-2 receptor (IL-2R), IL-7R, and IL-15R], which are important for generation of self-reactive T-cells in autoimmune diseases, like in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Whereas, the roles of membrane and soluble IL-2Rα and IL-7Rα variants in T1D disease pathogenesis are well-described, effects of γc expression and availability for dependent receptors remain elusive. We investigated expression of the γc and dependent receptors on T-cells and soluble γc concentrations in serum from patients with T1D (n = 34) and healthy controls (n = 27). Effector T-cell cytokines as well as IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 induced STAT5 phosphorylation were analyzed to determine functional implications of differential γc expression of CD4+ T-cell subsets classified by t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) analyses. We found increased γc and IL-7Rα expression of CD4+ T-cells from T1D patients as compared to controls. t-SNE analyses assigned differential expression to subsets of memory T-cells co-expressing γc and IL-7Rα. Whereas, γc expression was positively correlated with IL-2Rα in memory T-cells from healthy controls, no dependency was found for patients with T1D. Similarly, the effector T-cell cytokine, IL-21, correlated inversely with γc expression in healthy controls, but not in T1D patients. Finally, T1D patients with high γc expression had increased proportions of IL-2 sensitive pSTAT5+ effector T-cells. These results indicated aberrantly high γc expression of T-cells from T1D patients with implications on dependent cytokine receptor signaling and effector T-cell cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Seyfarth
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nathalie Mütze
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Antony Cruz
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kummer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Reinauer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Meissner
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Jacobsen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
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6
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Lee B, Jo Y, Kim G, Ali LA, Sohn DH, Lee SG, Kim K, Shin E, Ryu SH, Hong C. Specific Inhibition of Soluble γc Receptor Attenuates Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Modulating the Inflammatory T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:209. [PMID: 30800133 PMCID: PMC6375885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 produced by Th17 cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is important to prevent the differentiation of Th17 cells in RA. Homodimeric soluble γc (sγc) impairs IL-2 signaling and enhances Th17 differentiation. Thus, we aimed to block the functions of sγc by inhibiting the formation of homodimeric sγc. The homodimeric form of sγc was strikingly disturbed by sγc-binding DNA aptamer. Moreover, the aptamer effectively inhibited Th17 cell differentiation and restored IL-2 and IL-15 signaling impaired by sγc with evidences of increased survival of T cells. sγc was highly expressed in SF of RA patients and increased in established CIA mice. The therapeutic effect of PEG-aptamer was tested in CIA model and its treatment alleviated arthritis pathogenesis with impaired differentiation of pathogenic Th17, NKT1, and NKT17 cells in inflamed joint. Homodimeric sγc has pathogenic roles to exacerbate RA progression with differentiation of local Th17, NKT1, and NKT17 cells. Therefore, sγc is suggested as target of a therapeutic strategy for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghyuk Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Yuna Jo
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Geona Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Laraib Amir Ali
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Sohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Seung-Geun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kiseok Kim
- Aptamer Sciences Inc., POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Euisu Shin
- Aptamer Sciences Inc., POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Changwan Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
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7
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Afrin F, Fernandez CP, Flores RA, Kim WH, Jeong J, Chang HH, Kim S, Lillehoj HS, Min W. Downregulation of common cytokine receptor γ chain inhibits inflammatory responses in macrophages stimulated with Riemerella anatipestifer. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:225-234. [PMID: 29241952 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Th17-cell-mediated inflammation is affected by the soluble form of common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc). We previously suggested that inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-17A are associated with Riemerella anatipestifer infection, which a harmful bacterial pathogen in ducks. Here, the expression profiles of membrane-associated γc (duγc-a) and soluble γc (duγc-b) in R. anatipestifer-stimulated splenic lymphocytes and macrophages, and in the spleens and livers of R. anatipestifer-infected ducks, were investigated. In vitro and in vivo results indicated that the expression levels of both forms of γc were increased, showing that marked increases were detected in the expression of the duγc-b form rather than the duγc-a form. Treatment with γc-specific siRNA downregulated mRNA expression of Th17-related cytokines, including IL-17A and IL-17F, in duck splenic macrophages stimulated with R. anatipestifer, whereas the expressions of interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-2 were enhanced. The results showed that the upregulation of γc, especially the duγc-b form, was associated with expression of Th17-related cytokines during R. anatipestifer infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Afrin
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Cherry P Fernandez
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Rochelle A Flores
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Woo H Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea; Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Jipseol Jeong
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Hong H Chang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea.
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8
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Waickman AT, Park JY, Park JH. The common γ-chain cytokine receptor: tricks-and-treats for T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:253-69. [PMID: 26468051 PMCID: PMC6315299 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Originally identified as the third subunit of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor complex, the common γ-chain (γc) also acts as a non-redundant receptor subunit for a series of other cytokines, collectively known as γc family cytokines. γc plays essential roles in T cell development and differentiation, so that understanding the molecular basis of its signaling and regulation is a critical issue in T cell immunology. Unlike most other cytokine receptors, γc is thought to be constitutively expressed and limited in its function to the assembly of high-affinity cytokine receptors. Surprisingly, recent studies reported a series of findings that unseat γc as a simple housekeeping gene, and unveiled γc as a new regulatory molecule in T cell activation and differentiation. Cytokine-independent binding of γc to other cytokine receptor subunits suggested a pre-association model of γc with proprietary cytokine receptors. Also, identification of a γc splice isoform revealed expression of soluble γc proteins (sγc). sγc directly interacted with surface IL-2Rβ to suppress IL-2 signaling and to promote pro-inflammatory Th17 cell differentiation. As a result, endogenously produced sγc exacerbated autoimmune inflammatory disease, while the removal of endogenous sγc significantly ameliorated disease outcome. These data provide new insights into the role of both membrane and soluble γc in cytokine signaling, and open new venues to interfere and modulate γc signaling during immune activation. These unexpected discoveries further underscore the perspective that γc biology remains largely uncharted territory that invites further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Waickman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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9
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Lee B, Hong C. The role of soluble common gamma chain in autoimmune disease. Anat Cell Biol 2015; 48:10-5. [PMID: 25806117 PMCID: PMC4371176 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2015.48.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The common gamma chain (γc) is the central signaling unit for a number of cytokine receptors collectively known as the γc cytokine receptor family. γc is critical for ligand binding and signaling by γc cytokines. γc cytokine signaling had been thought to be mainly regulated by cytokine-specific receptor α chain expression levels with little or no effect by γc surface levels because γc expression was presumed to remain unchanged during T-cell activation and development. The extent of γc cytokine responses is thought to be regulated by cytokine specific receptor subunits and not by the γc receptor. In contrast to this prevailing view, we have recently reported that γc itself actively regulates γc cytokine responses. Interestingly, γc exerted its regulatory effects not only as a conventional membrane receptor protein but also as a secreted protein whose expression was upregulated upon T-cell stimulation. Here we will review how a soluble form of γc, which is generated by alternative splicing, regulates γc cytokine signaling and plays a role in controlling immune activation related to autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghyuk Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Changwan Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
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10
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Jeong J, Kim WH, Fernandez CP, Kim S, Kim YH, Jang HK, Lillehoj HS, Woo HJ, Min W. Different strategies for producing naturally soluble form of common cytokine receptor γ chain. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:13-21. [PMID: 25173813 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc) plays an essential role in regulating lymphoid homeostasis. In fact, alteration of this gene causes severe immunodeficiency in humans and animals. Although soluble γc (sγc) was identified in the late 1990s, much remains unknown about its production. This study describes various mechanisms underlying the generation of sγc isoforms in different species. Our data demonstrate that mouse γc and the avian ortholog γc-a did not generate sγc. Moreover, two mouse isoforms, CRA-a and mγc-b, encoded by transcripts lacking a transmembrane region by alternative splicing, did not yield sγc. However, in ducks, sγc was produced from a γc-b transcript lacking a transmembrane region by alternative splicing. In chickens, sγc was produced in normal cells and cell lines by proteolytic shedding of the γc-b isoform containing intron 5, which displayed a relatively high probability of proteolytic cleavage of the ectodomain. This shedding was suppressed by leupeptin, serine and cysteine protease inhibitor. Compared to the chicken ortholog γc-a, expression of γc-b mRNA was differentially regulated according to tissue type, developmental stage, and antigen stimulation. These data demonstrate several mechanisms for producing sγc and suggest a potential role for sγc in avian lymphoid homeostatic responses to environmental antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipseol Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Woo H Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Cherry P Fernandez
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine & Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hee-Jong Woo
- Laboratory of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea.
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Hong C, Luckey MA, Ligons DL, Waickman AT, Park JY, Kim GY, Keller HR, Etzensperger R, Tai X, Lazarevic V, Feigenbaum L, Catalfamo M, Walsh STR, Park JH. Activated T cells secrete an alternatively spliced form of common γ-chain that inhibits cytokine signaling and exacerbates inflammation. Immunity 2014; 40:910-23. [PMID: 24909888 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The common γ-chain (γc) plays a central role in signaling by IL-2 and other γc-dependent cytokines. Here we report that activated T cells produce an alternatively spliced form of γc mRNA that results in protein expression and secretion of the γc extracellular domain. The soluble form of γc (sγc) is present in serum and directly binds to IL-2Rβ and IL-7Rα proteins on T cells to inhibit cytokine signaling and promote inflammation. sγc suppressed IL-7 signaling to impair naive T cell survival during homeostasis and exacerbated Th17-cell-mediated inflammation by inhibiting IL-2 signaling upon T cell activation. Reciprocally, the severity of Th17-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases was markedly diminished in mice lacking sγc. Thus, sγc expression is a naturally occurring immunomodulator that regulates γc cytokine signaling and controls T cell activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwan Hong
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Megan A Luckey
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Davinna L Ligons
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adam T Waickman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Grace Y Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hilary R Keller
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruth Etzensperger
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuguang Tai
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vanja Lazarevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lionel Feigenbaum
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Scott T R Walsh
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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12
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Faubion WA, Fletcher JG, O'Byrne S, Feagan BG, de Villiers WJ, Salzberg B, Plevy S, Proctor DD, Valentine JF, Higgins PD, Harris JM, Diehl L, Wright L, Tew GW, Luca D, Basu K, Keir ME. EMerging BiomARKers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EMBARK) study identifies fecal calprotectin, serum MMP9, and serum IL-22 as a novel combination of biomarkers for Crohn's disease activity: role of cross-sectional imaging. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108:1891-900. [PMID: 24126633 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2013.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In Crohn's disease (CD), clinical symptoms correspond poorly to inflammatory disease activity. Biomarkers reflective of mucosal and bowel wall inflammation would be useful to monitor disease activity. The EMBARK study evaluated disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and CD, and used endoscopy with or without cross-sectional imaging for biomarker discovery. METHODS UC (n=107) and CD (n=157) patients were characterized and underwent ileocolonoscopy (ICO). A subset of CD patients (n=66) also underwent computed tomography enterography (CTE). ICO and CTE were scored by a gastroenterologist and radiologist who incorporated findings of inflammation into a single score (ICO-CTE) for patients that underwent both procedures. Serum and fecal biomarkers were evaluated for association with the Mayo Clinic endoscopy score in UC patients and with ICO alone or ICO-CTE in CD patients. Individual biomarkers with a moderate degree of correlation (P≤0.3) were evaluated using multivariate analysis with model selection using a stepwise procedure. RESULTS In UC, ordinal logistic regression using Mayo Clinic endoscopy subscore selected the combination of fecal calprotectin and serum matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9; pseudo R(2)=0.353). In CD, we found that use of the ICO-CTE increased specificity of known biomarkers. Using ICO-CTE as the dependent variable for biomarker discovery, the selected biomarkers were the combination of fecal calprotectin, serum MMP9, and serum IL-22 (r=0.699). CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of both ICO and CTE into a single measure increased biomarker performance in CD. Combinations of fecal calprotectin and serum MMP9 for UC, and combinations of fecal calprotectin, serum MMP9, and serum interleukin-22 in CD, demonstrated the strongest association with imaging/endoscopy-defined inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Faubion
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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13
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Jeong J, Lee C, Yoo J, Koh PO, Kim YH, Chang HH, Choe NH, Lillehoj HS, Min W. Molecular identification of duck and quail common cytokine receptor γ chain genes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140:159-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Wu P, Miura Y, Hyodoh F, Nishimura Y, Hatayama T, Hatada S, Sakaguchi H, Kusaka M, Katsuyama H, Tomita M, Otsuki T. Reduced function of CD4+25+ regulatory T cell fraction in silicosis patients. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006; 19:357-68. [PMID: 16831302 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality and quantity of CD4+25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in silicosis patients (SIL) were examined and compared with results from healthy donors (HD) because SIL often develop autoimmune diseases along with pulmonary disorders. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 57 SIL and 50 HD were analyzed for Treg. Treg frequency and clinical parameters were subjected to a factor analysis. Treg and CD4+25- T cells (Tneg) from five HD and five SIL, sorted by flow-cytometer, were used for functional assays of Treg, the expression pattern of Treg specific genes (FoxP3, GITR and CTLA-4) and activation-related genes (CD122 and CD123). Although the actual frequency of Treg did not differ between SIL and HD, the age-corrected level was reduced in SIL. The factor analysis showed that Treg frequency was positively associated with the serum level of IL-2. The inhibitory effect of Treg on Tneg activation was decreased when the Treg:Tneg ratio was 1:1/4 to 1/2. In addition, Treg dominancy of FoxP3 and CTLA-4 expression and Tneg dominancy of CD132 expression found in HD were lost in SIL. These results indicated that the Treg fraction in SIL may be substituted with chronically activated T cells due to recurrent exposure to silica, resulting in a reduction in the frequency and function of Treg. Since the reduction of Treg may precede the clinical manifestation, as silicosis may be a pre-clinical status for autoimmune diseases, control of Treg function using cell and/or gene therapy may be a good way to manage autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wu
- Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
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Abstract
A soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) is a circulating form of a membrane receptor
localized on lymphoid and some cancer cells. The biological function of sIL-2R has
not been completely understood. Substantially, it seems to reflect T-lymphocyte
activation in diseases of different pathology. Moreover, the soluble receptor has been
considered, at least in part, responsible for unsuccessful immunotherapy with IL-2 in
cancers. Several lines of evidence indicate sIL-2R measurements to be useful in
determining disease progress and prognosis. This review summarizes current knowledge
on the sIL-2R behavior in RA and solid cancers of varied etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Witkowska
- Department of Food Commodities Science and Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
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16
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Min W, Lillehoj HS, Fetterer RH. Identification of an alternatively spliced isoform of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain in chickens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 299:321-7. [PMID: 12437989 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The common cytokine receptor gamma(gamma(c)) chain is shared by at least six cytokine receptors and plays a critical role in the regulation of immune responses. In this study, we discovered that, unlike mammals, chickens possess two different gamma(c) gene transcripts, chgamma(c)-a and chgamma(c)-b. Sequence comparisons between the cDNAs and a gamma(c) genomic clone isolated by PCR revealed that chgamma(c)-b contained an in-frame 78bp insertion between Gly-222 and Val-223 of the chgamma(c)-a sequence. This insertion most likely resulted from alternative splicing such that the fifth intron was not removed from the chgamma(c)-b transcript. Furthermore, while chgamma(c)-a and chgamma(c)-b transcripts were expressed equally in the spleen, thymus, bursa, and cecal tonsils, they were differentially expressed during the time course of Con A stimulation of splenic T lymphocytes. Western blot analysis of normal spleen lymphocytes identified 45, 53, and 64 kDa immunoreactive bands whereas only 64kDa band was detected in Con A-activated splenic lymphocytes. COS-7 cells transfected with chgamma(c)-b secreted approximately 42kDa proteins. Taken together, our results document that chickens express an alternative spliced gamma(c) receptor which is larger than the conventional transcript and this novel isoform generates soluble receptors in the transfected COS-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wongi Min
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Parasite Biology, Epidemiology, and Systematics Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Building 1040, BARC-East, 20705, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Lundin K, Tuukkanen AM, Jansson C, Nordström T, Lindqvist C. No soluble common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gamma(c)) in activated human lymphocyte cultures-comparison with soluble IL-2Ralpha. Immunol Lett 2002; 82:235-40. [PMID: 12036606 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a soluble form of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gamma(c)) in cell free supernatants from unstimulated and 1-6 days PHA stimulated peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) cultures was analyzed using a sandwich ELISA. No naturally produced soluble gamma(c) could be detected in these cell free culture supernatants, although a sensitivity in the nanogram range was achieved for recombinant baculovirus expressed human soluble gamma(c) with this assay (detection limit 0.2 ng hIL-2 sRgamma). Analysis of the very same supernatants for soluble IL-2Ralpha demonstrated increased concentrations (up to 20.4 ng/ml) of this other IL-2R member. The membrane-associated form of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain was detected in cell lysates prepared from stimulated PBL at a concentration of 3.5 ng per 0.5 x 10(6) cells. Analysis of a small panel of serum samples from patients with different disorders verified that the soluble form of hIL-2Ralpha, but not hIL-2 sRgamma, can be detected, which thereby strongly suggests that the human soluble gamma(c) seems to be a valuable marker only for a limited number of clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Lundin
- Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Tykistokatu 6, Fin-20520, Turku, Finland
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18
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Bank U, Ansorge S. More than destructive: neutrophil‐derived serine proteases in cytokine bioactivity control. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Bank
- Institute of Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Ansorge
- Institute of Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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Nielsen OH, Vainer B, Madsen SM, Seidelin JB, Heegaard NH. Established and emerging biological activity markers of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:359-67. [PMID: 10685736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.t01-1-01790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), i.e., ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is done using clinical parameters and various biological disease markers. Ideally, a disease marker must: be able to identify individuals at risk of a given disorder, be disease specific, mirror the disease activity and, finally, be easily applicable for routine clinical purposes. However, no such disease markers have yet been identified for IBD. In this article, classical disease markers including erythrocyte sedimentation rate, acute phase proteins (especially orosomucoid and CRP), leukocyte and platelet counts, albumin, neopterin, and beta2-microglobulin will be reviewed together with emerging disease markers such as antibodies of the ANCA/ASCA type, cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-2Ralpha, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and TNF-alpha receptors) and with various adhesion molecules. It is concluded that none of the pertinent laboratory surrogate markers of disease activity in IBD are specific or sensitive enough to replace basic clinical observation such as the number of daily bowel movements, general well-being, and other parameters in parallel. Further studies are highly warranted to identify and assess the clinical importance and applicability of new laboratory markers for the diagnosis or the disease activity of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Nielsen
- Department of Medicine CF, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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