1
|
Vlk AM, Prantner D, Shirey KA, Perkins DJ, Buzza MS, Thumbigere-Math V, Keegan AD, Vogel SN. M2a macrophages facilitate resolution of chemically-induced colitis in TLR4-SNP mice. mBio 2023; 14:e0120823. [PMID: 37768050 PMCID: PMC10653841 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01208-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, impacts millions of individuals worldwide and severely impairs the quality of life for patients. Dysregulation of innate immune signaling pathways reduces barrier function and exacerbates disease progression. Macrophage (Mφ) signaling pathways are potential targets for IBD therapies. While multiple treatments are available for IBD, (i) not all patients respond, (ii) responses may diminish over time, and (iii) treatments often have undesirable side effects. Genetic studies have shown that the inheritance of two co-segregating SNPs expressed in the innate immune receptor, TLR4, is associated with human IBD. Mice expressing homologous SNPs ("TLR4-SNP" mice) exhibited more severe colitis than WT mice in a DSS-induced colonic inflammation/repair model. We identified a critical role for M2a "tissue repair" Mφ in the resolution of colitis. Our findings provide insight into potential development of novel therapies targeting Mφ signaling pathways that aim to alleviate the debilitating symptoms experienced by individuals with IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Vlk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Prantner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Darren J. Perkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marguerite S. Buzza
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivek Thumbigere-Math
- Division of Periodontics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Taha SI, Shata AK, Baioumy SA, Fouad SH, Anis SG, Mossad IM, Moustafa NM, Abdou DM, Youssef MK. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Polymorphisms (896A/G and 1196C/T) as an Indicator of COVID-19 Severity in a Convenience Sample of Egyptian Patients. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6293-6303. [PMID: 34866927 PMCID: PMC8636845 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s343246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 is extremely variable. Thus, it is likely that the heterogeneity in the genetic make-up of the host may contribute to disease severity. Toll‐like receptor (TLR)-4 plays a vital role in the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The susceptibility of humans to severe COVID-19 concerning TLR-4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has not been well examined. Objective The goal of this research was to investigate the association between TLR-4 (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) SNPs and COVID-19 severity and progression as well as the cytokine storm in Egyptian patients. Methods We genotyped 300 adult COVID-19 Egyptian patients for TLR-4 (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) SNPs using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). We also measured interleukin (IL)-6 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as an indicator of the cytokine storm. Results The minor 299Gly (G) and 399Ile (T) alleles were associated with a significant (P < 0.001) positive risk of severe COVID-19 (OR = 3.14; 95% CI = 2.02–4.88 and OR = 2.75; 95% CI = 1.66–4.57), their frequency in the severe group were 71.8% (84/150) and 70.7% (58/150), respectively. We detected significant differences between TLR-4 (Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile) genotypes with regard to serum levels of IL-6. Levels of IL-6 increased significantly with the presence of the mutant 299Gly (G) and 399Ile (T) alleles to reach the highest levels in the Gly299Gly (GG) and the Ile399Ile (TT) genotypes (170 pg/mL (145–208.25) and 112 pg/mL (24–284.75), respectively). Conclusion The TLR-4 (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) minor alleles 299Gly (G) and 399Ile (T) are associated with COVID-19 severity, mortality, and the cytokine storm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Taha
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aalaa K Shata
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen A Baioumy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa H Fouad
- Department of Internal Medicine/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif G Anis
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Isis M Mossad
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nouran M Moustafa
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina M Abdou
- Department of Internal Medicine/Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariam K Youssef
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gomart A, Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y. Necrotizing Enterocolitis: LPS/TLR4-Induced Crosstalk Between Canonical TGF-β/Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways and PPARγ. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:713344. [PMID: 34712628 PMCID: PMC8547806 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.713344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) represents one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Several recent studies, however, have contributed to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this dreadful disease. Numerous intracellular pathways play a key role in NEC, namely: bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and PPARγ. In a large number of pathologies, canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and PPARγ operate in opposition to one another, so that when one of the two pathways is overexpressed the other is downregulated and vice-versa. In NEC, activation of TLR4 by LPS leads to downregulation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and upregulation of PPARγ. This review aims to shed light on the complex intracellular mechanisms involved in this pathophysiological profile by examining additional pathways such as the GSK-3β, NF-κB, TGF-β/Smads, and PI3K-Akt pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Gomart
- Département de Pédiatrie et Médecine de l'adolescent, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan S, Chen H, Wang Z, Zhao L. Association of two polymorphisms Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile in Toll-like receptor 4 with rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis. Int J Rheum Dis 2020; 23:1117-1125. [PMID: 32558389 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our meta-analysis aims to evaluate the association of Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility and severity. By manually searching 3 electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Web of Science), relevant articles were collected. After checking eligibility for every study, this meta-analysis on eligible studies was performed under 5 genetic models: (1) allelic contrast; (2) heterozygous model; (3) homozygous model; (4) dominant model; (5) recessive model. In Spanish populations, a significantly decreased RA risk was identified in allelic comparison (odds ratio [OR] = 0.73, 95% CI 0.55 ~ 0.96) and dominant model (OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.56 ~ 0.99) of Asp299Gly polymorphism. A trend of reduced risk was also observed under the heterozygous model (OR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.58 ~ 1.03). As for Thr399Ile, it might also have a protective effect on Spanish populations in allelic comparison (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.44 ~ 1.15). In contrast, for both Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile, a higher risk of RA was detected in Chinese Han populations. The frequency of both Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile increased in rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive subjects in Chinese patients (Asp299Gly, RF+:RF- = 0.165:0.145; Thr399Ile, RF+:RF- = 0.170:0.161) and decreased in Spanish patients (Asp299Gly, RF+:RF- = 0.060:0.073; Thr399Ile, RF+:RF- = 0.046:0.056), but not to a statistically significant extent. Our meta-analysis suggested that both Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile might have a protective effect on Spanish populations, but the 2 polymorphisms could act as a susceptible factor in Chinese Han populations. To confirm our results, further investigation concerning the functional impacts of Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile are still needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunchao Yan
- Clinical Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Haobo Chen
- Basic Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zixian Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Linshan Zhao
- Clinical Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ferguson LR. Inflammatory bowel disease: why this provides a useful example of the evolving science of nutrigenomics. J R Soc N Z 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2020.1728345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette R. Ferguson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre and Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Matsushima N, Takatsuka S, Miyashita H, Kretsinger RH. Leucine Rich Repeat Proteins: Sequences, Mutations, Structures and Diseases. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:108-131. [PMID: 30526451 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666181208170027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the genes encoding Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) containing proteins are associated with over sixty human diseases; these include high myopia, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, and Crohn's disease. These mutations occur frequently within the LRR domains and within the regions that shield the hydrophobic core of the LRR domain. The amino acid sequences of fifty-five LRR proteins have been published. They include Nod-Like Receptors (NLRs) such as NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRP14, and Nod-2, Small Leucine Rich Repeat Proteoglycans (SLRPs) such as keratocan, lumican, fibromodulin, PRELP, biglycan, and nyctalopin, and F-box/LRR-repeat proteins such as FBXL2, FBXL4, and FBXL12. For example, 363 missense mutations have been identified. Replacement of arginine, proline, or cysteine by another amino acid, or the reverse, is frequently observed. The diverse effects of the mutations are discussed based on the known structures of LRR proteins. These mutations influence protein folding, aggregation, oligomerization, stability, protein-ligand interactions, disulfide bond formation, and glycosylation. Most of the mutations cause loss of function and a few, gain of function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norio Matsushima
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.,Institute of Tandem Repeats, Noboribetsu 059-0464, Japan
| | - Shintaro Takatsuka
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miyashita
- Institute of Tandem Repeats, Noboribetsu 059-0464, Japan.,Hokubu Rinsho Co., Ltd, Sapporo 060-0061, Japan
| | - Robert H Kretsinger
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu LCH. Microbiota dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancers: exploring a common ground hypothesis. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:79. [PMID: 30413188 PMCID: PMC6234774 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease which arises as a result of the interaction of genetic, environmental, barrier and microbial factors leading to chronic inflammation in the intestine. Patients with IBD had a higher risk of developing colorectal carcinoma (CRC), of which the subset was classified as colitis-associated cancers. Genetic polymorphism of innate immune receptors had long been considered a major risk factor for IBD, and the mutations were also recently observed in CRC. Altered microbial composition (termed microbiota dybiosis) and dysfunctional gut barrier manifested by epithelial hyperpermeability and high amount of mucosa-associated bacteria were observed in IBD and CRC patients. The findings suggested that aberrant immune responses to penetrating commensal microbes may play key roles in fueling disease progression. Accumulative evidence demonstrated that mucosa-associated bacteria harbored colitogenic and protumoral properties in experimental models, supporting an active role of bacteria as pathobionts (commensal-derived opportunistic pathogens). Nevertheless, the host factors involved in bacterial dysbiosis and conversion mechanisms from lumen-dwelling commensals to mucosal pathobionts remain unclear. Based on the observation of gut leakiness in patients and the evidence of epithelial hyperpermeability prior to the onset of mucosal histopathology in colitic animals, it was postulated that the epithelial barrier dysfunction associated with mucosal enrichment of specific bacterial strains may predispose the shift to disease-associated microbiota. The speculation of leaky gut as an initiating factor for microbiota dysbiosis that eventually led to pathological consequences was proposed as the "common ground hypothesis", which will be highlighted in this review. Overall, the understanding of the core interplay between gut microbiota and epithelial barriers at early subclinical phases will shed light to novel therapeutic strategies to manage chronic inflammatory disorders and colitis-associated cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Suite 1020, #1 Jen-Ai Rd. Sec. 1, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fu Z, Shen Y, Lin L, Chen Y, Li Y, Que R. Association between Toll-Like Receptor 4 T399I Gene Polymorphism and the Susceptibility to Crohn's Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Digestion 2018; 97:250-259. [PMID: 29421805 DOI: 10.1159/000485027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This article was undertaken to investigate the association of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) polymorphism (Thr399Ile) and risk of Crohn's disease (CD) by performing a meta-analysis. METHODS Articles were chosen based on PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Internet, and Chinese Wanfang databases (up to 12th October 2016). Specific inclusion criteria were used to evaluate articles. Meta-analysis was performed by using a random or fixed effect model. Fifteen eligible case-control studies were finally included into this meta-analysis. We estimated the summary OR with its corresponding 95% CI to assess the association. RESULTS Summary results of this meta-analysis showed a moderate association between the TLR4 T399I polymorphism and the risk of CD (allele model: OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.50, p = 0.009; heterozygote model: OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.11-1.66, p = 0.003; dominant model: OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.10-1.64, p = 0.004; homozygote model: OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.44-2.64, p = 0.866; recessive model: OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.40-2.35, p = 0.946). Stratified analysis on geographical area, ethnicity, and genotypic methods suggested that the polymorphism was associated with increased risk of CD in Asia and Asians, and "T" allele only moderately increased CD risk within polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis suggests that TLR4 T399I polymorphism is moderately associated with susceptibility to CD, and more studies are needed to confirm our conclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanting Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liubing Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yirong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Renye Que
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Toll-Like Receptors: Regulators of the Immune Response in the Human Gut. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020203. [PMID: 29438282 PMCID: PMC5852779 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are powerful molecular regulators by which the immune system may "sense" the environment and protect the host from pathogens or endogenous threats. In mammalian cells, several TLRs were identified with a tissue and cell type-specific distribution. Understanding the functions of specific TLRs is crucial for the development and discovery of compounds useful to maintaining or re-establishing homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Due to their relevance in regulating the inflammatory response in the GIT, we will focus here on TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5. In particular, we describe (a) the molecular pathways activated by the stimulation of these receptors with their known bacterial ligands; (b) the non-bacterial ligands known to interact directly with TLR2 and TLR4 and their soluble forms. The scope of this minireview is to highlight the importance of bacterial and non-bacterial compounds in affecting the gut immune functions via the activation of the TLRs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kordjazy N, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Rohani MM, Gelfand EW, Rezaei N, Abdolghaffari AH. Role of toll-like receptors in inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacol Res 2017; 129:204-215. [PMID: 29155256 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, studies of the interplay between the adaptive and innate immune responses have provided a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory disorders such as IBD, as well as identification of novel targets for more potent interventions. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a significant role in the innate immune system and are involved in inflammatory processes. Activation of TLR signal transduction pathways lead to the induction of numerous genes that function in host defense, including those for inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antigen presenting molecules. It was proposed that TLR mutations and dysregulation are major contributing factors to the predisposition and susceptibility to IBD. Thus, modulating TLRs represent an innovative immunotherapeutic approach in IBD therapy. This article outlines the role of TLRs in IBD, focusing on both animal and human studies; the role of TLR-targeted agonists or antagonists as potential therapeutic agents in the different stages of the disease is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Kordjazy
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shahid Beheshti Universtity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Haj-Mirzaian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mojtaba Rohani
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Török HP, Bellon V, Konrad A, Lacher M, Tonenchi L, Siebeck M, Brand S, De Toni EN. Functional Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2 polymorphisms in the susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175180. [PMID: 28388655 PMCID: PMC5384663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggest significant genetic overlap with complex mycobacterial diseases like tuberculosis or leprosy. TLR variants have previously been linked to susceptibility for mycobacterial diseases. Here we investigated the contribution to IBD risk of two TLR2 polymorphisms, the low-prevalence variant Arg753Gln and the GTn microsatellite repeat polymorphism in intron 2. We studied association with disease, possible correlations with phenotype and gene-gene interactions. Methodology/Principal findings We conducted a large study in 843 patients with Crohn’s disease, 426 patients with ulcerative colitis and 805 healthy, unrelated controls, all of European origin. Overall, the frequency for carriers of shorter GTn repeats in intron 2 of the TLR2 gene, which have previously been associated with low TLR2 expression and high IL-10 production, was slightly elevated in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis compared to healthy controls (16.0% resp. 16.7% vs. 12.8%). The highest frequency of short GTn carriers was noted among IBD patients on anti TNF-alpha therapy. However, none of these differences was significant in the multivariate analysis. The Arg753Gln polymorphism showed no association with any clinical subtype of IBD, including extensive colitis, for which such an association was previously described. We found no association with specific phenotypic disease subgroups. Also, epistasis analysis revealed no significant interactions between the two TLR2 variants and confirmed IBD susceptibility genes. Conclusions The two functional relevant polymorphisms in TLR2, the GTn microsatellite repeat polymorphism in intron 2 and the Arg753Gln variant do not seem to play a role in the susceptibility to Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helga Paula Török
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Victor Bellon
- MINES ParisTech, PSL-Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Fontainebleau, France
- Institut Curie, Paris,France
- INSERM U900, Paris, France
| | - Astrid Konrad
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Lacher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laurian Tonenchi
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Siebeck
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chua KH, Ng JG, Ng CC, Hilmi I, Goh KL, Kee BP. Association of NOD1, CXCL16, STAT6 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms with Malaysian patients with Crohn's disease. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1843. [PMID: 27069792 PMCID: PMC4824893 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a prominent type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. CD is known to have higher prevalence in the Western countries, but the number of cases has been increasing in the past decades in Asia, including Malaysia. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the underlining causes of CD that may shed light on its prevention and treatment. In this study, genetic polymorphisms in NOD1 (rs2075820), CXCL16 (rs2277680), STAT6 (rs324015) and TLR4 (rs4986791) genes were examined in a total of 335 individuals (85 CD patients and 250 healthy controls) with PCR-RFLP approach. There was no significant association observed between NOD1 rs2075820 and STAT6 rs324015 with the onset of CD in the studied cohort. However, the G allele of CXCL16 rs2277680 was found to have a weak association with CD patients (P = 0.0482; OR = 1.4310). The TLR4 rs4986791 was also significantly associated to CD. Both the homozygous C genotype (P = 0.0029; OR = 0.3611) and C allele (P = 0.0069; OR = 0.4369) were observed to confer protection against CD. On the other hand, the heterozygous C/T genotype was a risk genotype (P = 0.0015; OR = 3.1392). Further ethnic-stratified analysis showed that the significant associations in CXCL16 rs2277680 and TLR4 rs4986791 were accounted by the Malay cohort. In conclusion, the present study reported two CD-predisposing loci in the Malay CD patients. However, these loci were not associated to the onset of CD in Chinese and Indian patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Jin Guan Ng
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Ching Ching Ng
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Ida Hilmi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Khean Lee Goh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Boon Pin Kee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dlugosz A, Nowak P, D'Amato M, Mohammadian Kermani G, Nyström J, Abdurahman S, Lindberg G. Increased serum levels of lipopolysaccharide and antiflagellin antibodies in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1747-54. [PMID: 26387872 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immune responses to conserved microbial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagellin are likely important in microbial-host interactions and intestinal homeostasis. We hypothesized that bacterial translocation and activation of mucosal immunity against common microbial antigens might be involved in the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We therefore compared serum levels of LPS, soluble CD14 (sCD14), and flagellin antibodies between patients with different subtypes of IBS and healthy controls. METHODS We analyzed serum obtained from 88 patients (74 females) aged 19(43)-73 years and 106 healthy volunteers (77 females) aged 19(38)-62 years. Diarrhea-predominant IBS (D-IBS) was present in 32 patients (36%), 23 patients (26%) had constipation-predominant IBS (C-IBS), and 33 patients (38%) had A-IBS. We used ELISA for sCD14 and antiflagellin immunoglobulin G and limulus amebocyte assay for LPS. Abdominal symptoms and psychiatric comorbidities were assessed using validated questionnaires. KEY RESULTS We found a significantly higher serum level of LPS in patients with D-IBS compared to controls (p = 0.0155). The level of antibodies to flagellin was higher in patients with IBS than in controls (mainly driven by higher levels in D-IBS, p = 0.0018). The levels of sCD14 were lower in D-IBS patients compared to controls (p = 0.0498). We found a weak, but significant correlation between the levels of antiflagellin antibodies and anxiety among IBS patients (ρ = 0.38; p = 0.0045). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our results support the concept that immune reactivity to luminal antigens may have a role in the development of D-IBS. The serum level of antiflagellin antibodies was found to correlate with patients' self-reported anxiety score.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dlugosz
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine and Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Nowak
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M D'Amato
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Mohammadian Kermani
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine and Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Nyström
- Karolinska Institutet, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Abdurahman
- Department of Science and Technology, Örebro Life Science Center, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - G Lindberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine and Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nayfach S, Bradley PH, Wyman SK, Laurent TJ, Williams A, Eisen JA, Pollard KS, Sharpton TJ. Automated and Accurate Estimation of Gene Family Abundance from Shotgun Metagenomes. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004573. [PMID: 26565399 PMCID: PMC4643905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shotgun metagenomic DNA sequencing is a widely applicable tool for characterizing the functions that are encoded by microbial communities. Several bioinformatic tools can be used to functionally annotate metagenomes, allowing researchers to draw inferences about the functional potential of the community and to identify putative functional biomarkers. However, little is known about how decisions made during annotation affect the reliability of the results. Here, we use statistical simulations to rigorously assess how to optimize annotation accuracy and speed, given parameters of the input data like read length and library size. We identify best practices in metagenome annotation and use them to guide the development of the Shotgun Metagenome Annotation Pipeline (ShotMAP). ShotMAP is an analytically flexible, end-to-end annotation pipeline that can be implemented either on a local computer or a cloud compute cluster. We use ShotMAP to assess how different annotation databases impact the interpretation of how marine metagenome and metatranscriptome functional capacity changes across seasons. We also apply ShotMAP to data obtained from a clinical microbiome investigation of inflammatory bowel disease. This analysis finds that gut microbiota collected from Crohn’s disease patients are functionally distinct from gut microbiota collected from either ulcerative colitis patients or healthy controls, with differential abundance of metabolic pathways related to host-microbiome interactions that may serve as putative biomarkers of disease. Microbial communities perform a wide variety of functions, from marine photosynthesis to aiding digestion in the human gut. Shotgun “metagenomic” sequencing can be used to sample millions of short DNA sequences from such communities directly, without needing to first culture its constituents in the laboratory. Using these data, researchers can survey which functions are encoded by mapping these short sequences to known protein families and pathways. Several tools for this annotation already exist. But, annotation is a multi-step process that includes identification of genes in a metagenome and determination of the type of protein each gene encodes. We currently know little about how different choices of parameters during annotation influences the final results. In this work, we systematically test how several key decisions affect the accuracy and speed of annotation, and based on these results, develop new software for annotation, which we named ShotMAP. We then use ShotMAP to functionally characterize marine communities and gut communities in a clinical cohort of inflammatory bowel disease. We find several functions are differentially represented in the gut microbiome of Crohn’s disease patients, which could be candidates for biomarkers and could also offer insight into the pathophysiology of Crohn’s. ShotMAP is freely available (https://github.com/sharpton/shotmap).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Nayfach
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick H. Bradley
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stacia K. Wyman
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Laurent
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alex Williams
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Eisen
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine S. Pollard
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KSP); (TJS)
| | - Thomas J. Sharpton
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KSP); (TJS)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gene/environment interactions in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity: New insights on the role of Toll-like receptors. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:971-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
16
|
Cheng Y, Zhu Y, Huang X, Zhang W, Han Z, Liu S. Association between TLR2 and TLR4 Gene Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility to Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126803. [PMID: 26023918 PMCID: PMC4449210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The associations between toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) polymorphisms and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility remain controversial. A meta-analysis was performed to assess these associations. Methods A systematic search was performed to identify all relevant studies relating TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms and IBD susceptibility. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Subgroup analyses were performed by ethnicity and publication quality. Results Thirty-eight eligible studies, assessing 10970 cases and 7061 controls were included. No TLR2 Arg677Trp polymorphism was found. No significant association was observed between TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism and Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) in all genetic models. Interestingly, TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism was significantly associated with increased risk of CD and UC in all genetic models, except for the additive one in CD. In addition, a statistically significant association between TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism and IBD was observed among high quality studies evaluating Caucasians, but not Asians. Associations between TLR4 Thr399Ile polymorphisms and CD risk were found only in the allele and dominant models. The TLR4 Thr399Ile polymorphism was associated with UC risk in pooled results as well as subgroup analysis of high quality publications assessing Caucasians, in allele and dominant models. Conclusions The meta-analysis provides evidence that TLR2 Arg753Gln is not associated with CD and UC susceptibility in Asians; TLR4 Asp299Gly is associated with CD and UC susceptibility in Caucasians, but not Asians. TLR4 Thr399Ile may be associated with IBD susceptibility in Caucasians only. Additional well-powered studies of Asp299Gly and other TLR4 variants are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- First clinical college, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Liver Tumor Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiuping Huang
- First clinical college, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- First clinical college, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zelong Han
- First clinical college, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Side Liu
- Department of Digestion, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Role of TLR4 rs4986790A>G and rs4986791C>T Polymorphisms in the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:141070. [PMID: 26089865 PMCID: PMC4451775 DOI: 10.1155/2015/141070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. The present meta-analysis investigated the contribution of TLR4 rs4986790A>G and rs4986791C>T genetic polymorphisms in increasing the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods. Databases were searched using a combination of keywords related to TLR4 and IBD. Relevant studies were selected based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of the data extracted from the selected studies was performed using CMA 2.0 statistical analysis software. Results. Out of the 70 studies retrieved by database search, only 13 studies were eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis and these 13 studies contained a total number of 4409 IBD patients and 5693 healthy controls. The meta-analysis results demonstrated that TLR4 rs4986790A>G polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of IBD (allele model: OR = 1.268, 95% CI = 1.124~1.431, and P < 0.001; dominant model: OR = 1.240, 95% CI = 1.090~1.409, and P = 0.001). Similarly, TLR4 rs4986791C>T polymorphism also conferred an increased risk of IBD (allele model: OR = 1.259, 95% CI = 1.092~1.453, and P = 0.002; dominant model: OR = 1.246, 95% CI = 1.072~1.447, and P = 0.004). Conclusion. Our meta-analysis results demonstrate that TLR4 rs4986790A>G and rs4986791C>T genetic polymorphisms are associated with the etiopathogenesis of IBD.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kopp TI, Andersen V, Tjonneland A, Vogel U. Polymorphisms in NFKB1 and TLR4 and interaction with dietary and life style factors in relation to colorectal cancer in a Danish prospective case-cohort study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116394. [PMID: 25705893 PMCID: PMC4337910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of a balance between commensal bacteria and the mucosal immune system is crucial and intestinal dysbiosis may be a key event in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important pattern-recognition receptor that regulates inflammation and barrier function in the gut by a mechanism that involves activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factor. Dietary and life style factors may impact these functions. We therefore used a Danish prospective case-cohort study of 1010 CRC cases and 1829 randomly selected participants from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort to investigate three polymorphisms in NFKB1 and TLR4 and their possible interactions with diet and life style factors in relation to risk of CRC. Homozygous carriage of the variant allele of the TLR4/rs5030728 polymorphism was associated with increased risk of CRC (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-1.60; P = 0.02 (gene-dose model); IRR = 1.24; 95%CI: 1.01-1.51; P = 0.04 (recessive model)). Del-carriers of the NFKB1/rs28362491 polymorphism had a 17% (95%CI: 1.03-1.34; P = 0.02) increased risk of CRC compared to homozygous carriers of the ins-allele. However, none of these risk estimates withstood adjustment for multiple comparisons. We found no strong gene-environment interactions between the examined polymorphism and diet and life style factors in relation to CRC risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tine Iskov Kopp
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Andersen
- Organ Center, Hospital of Southern Jutland, 6200 Aabenraa, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Medical Department, Regional Hospital Viborg, 8800 Viborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjonneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The innate immune system is a key factor in understanding the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and in the hopes of improving its treatment. NOD2, a pattern recognition receptor, was one of the first major susceptibility genes identified in Crohn's disease (CD). This discovery has been followed by genome-wide association studies that have identified other genes involved in innate immune responses. Most notably, polymorphisms in the interleukin (IL)-23 receptor have also been linked to IBD - both CD and ulcerative colitis. At the core of the innate immune defects associated with IBD is a lack of generating a robust response to control invasive commensal or pathogenic bacteria. The defect sometimes lies in a failure of the epithelium to express antimicrobial peptides or in defective control of intracellular bacteria by phagocytic cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, or neutrophils. The recent identification of innate lymphoid cells that express the IL-23 receptor and generate both proinflammatory and protective or regulatory responses to commensal or pathogenic bacteria provides another layer of complexity to the interplay of host protection and dysregulated inflammation. Although inhibition of tumor necrosis factor has been highly successful as a strategy in treating IBD, we must better understand the nuanced role of other innate cytokines before we may incorporate these in the treatment of IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Davies
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami Fl , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Senhaji N, Diakité B, Serbati N, Zaid Y, Badre W, Nadifi S. Toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms: New data and a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:206. [PMID: 25492126 PMCID: PMC4279599 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-014-0206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves interactions between the host genetic susceptibility, intestinal microflora and mucosal immune responses through the pattern recognition receptor. Polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induce an aberrant immune response to indigenous intestinal flora, which might favor IBD development. In this study, we aimed to determine whether TLR4 gene was associated with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) among Moroccan patients, and evaluated its correlation with clinical manifestation of the disease. Methods The study population comprised 117 patients with IBD and 112 healthy unrelated blood donors. TLR4 polymorphisms: Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. PCR products were cleaved with Nco I for the Asp299Gly polymorphism and Hinf I for the Thr399Ile polymorphism. Meta-analysis was performed to test the association of 299Gly and 399Ileu carriage with CD, UC and the overall IBD risk. Results Our study revealed that the frequency of Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile did not differ significantly between patients and controls in the Moroccan population. However, meta-analysis demonstrated significantly higher frequencies of both Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile SNPs in IBD and CD and for 399Ileu carriage in UC patients. Conclusion The meta-analysis provides evidence that TLR4 polymorphisms confer a significant increased risk for the overall IBD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nezha Senhaji
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Pathology (LGPM), Medical School, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Brehima Diakité
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Pathology (LGPM), Medical School, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Nadia Serbati
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Pathology (LGPM), Medical School, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Younes Zaid
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, QC, H1T 1C8, Canada.
| | - Wafaa Badre
- Gastroenterology Department, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Sellama Nadifi
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Pathology (LGPM), Medical School, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Complement is well appreciated to be a potent innate immune defense against microbes and is important in the housekeeping act of removal of apoptotic and effete cells. It is also understood that hyperactivation of complement, or the lack of regulators, may underlie chronic inflammatory diseases. A pipeline of products to intervene in complement activation, some already in clinical use, is being studied in various chronic inflammatory diseases. To date, the role of complement in inflammatory bowel disease has not received a lot of research interest. Novel genetically modified laboratory animals and experiments using antagonists to complement effector molecules have kindled important research observations implicating the complement system in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. We review the evidence base for the role and potential therapeutic manipulation of the complement cascade in inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
|
22
|
Association between nucleotide oligomerisation domain two (Nod2) gene polymorphisms and canine inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 161:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
23
|
Jabłońska A, Paradowska E, Studzińska M, Suski P, Nowakowska D, Wiśniewska-Ligier M, Woźniakowska-Gęsicka T, Wilczyński J, Leśnikowski ZJ. Relationship between toll-like receptor 2 Arg677Trp and Arg753Gln and toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphisms and cytomegalovirus infection. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 25:11-5. [PMID: 24813591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association among specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR2 (Arg677Trp, Arg753Gln) and TLR4 (Asp299Gln) and human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was studied in infants and adults. METHODS The TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms were genotyped in 151 patients with CMV infections and in 78 unrelated healthy individuals. Genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR-amplified fragments. The viral load was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Almost all of the patients with CMV infections were wild-type homozygotes without TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms. No significant differences in TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms were observed between infants with or without CMV infection. Compared with adults with CMV infections, heterozygosity for the TLR2 Arg677Trp and TLR4 Asp299Gly SNPs was detected more frequently in healthy individuals (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the wild-type TLR2 genotype was associated with an increased risk of CMV infection and that heterozygosity for TLR2 and TLR4 SNPs diminished the risk of CMV infection in adult patients. An association between CMV load and the TLR4 SNP was found. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the wild-type TLR2 genotype may be a risk factor for CMV replication in adult patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jabłońska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Mirosława Studzińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Patrycja Suski
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowakowska
- Department of Foetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynaecology, Third Chair of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical University, Lodz, Poland; Department of Foetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynaecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | - Jan Wilczyński
- Department of Foetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynaecology, Third Chair of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical University, Lodz, Poland; Department of Foetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynaecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew J Leśnikowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Relevance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in human TLR genes to infectious and inflammatory diseases and cancer. Genes Immun 2014; 15:199-209. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
25
|
Li P, Lv H, Yang H, Qian JM. IRF5, but not TLR4, DEFB1, or VDR, is associated with the risk of ulcerative colitis in a Han Chinese population. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:1145-51. [PMID: 23971939 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.828775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. IRF5, TLR4, DEFB1, and VDR genetic variations have been associated with ulcerative colitis (UC) in several European patient cohorts. As distinct genetic backgrounds may play a role in different ethnicities, we evaluated the effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes and their interactions in UC patients of Han Chinese descent. MATERIAL AND METHODS. DNA samples from 300 UC patients and 302 healthy control subjects from Peking Union Medical College Hospital were genotyped for 14 tag SNPs, which were selected based on haplotype analysis of IRF5, TLR4, DEFB1, and VDR. Multidimensionality reductions were used to explore gene-gene interactions. RESULTS. The only observed association with UC was for IRF5. On an allelic level, SNP rs3807306 was associated with UC risk (p = 6.7 × 10(-3)). On a genotypic level, the CC genotype of SNP rs3807306 (p = 0.03) was associated with protection from UC, and the AA genotype of SNP rs4728142 (p = 7.6 × 10(-3)) was associated with a risk of UC. In the haplotype analysis, GGATT was highly correlated with UC risk (p-Value = 2.0 × 10(-4)). No significant multilocus interactions were detected among these four genes. CONCLUSIONS. Our study confirmed the association of IRF5 with UC in Han Chinese patients. Han Chinese UC patients share part of their genetic susceptibility with Caucasian patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lin YT, Verma A, Hodgkinson CP. Toll-like receptors and human disease: lessons from single nucleotide polymorphisms. Curr Genomics 2013; 13:633-45. [PMID: 23730203 PMCID: PMC3492803 DOI: 10.2174/138920212803759712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a large group of proteins which recognize various pathogen-associated molecular patterns, are critical for the normal function of the innate immune system. Following their discovery many single nucleotide polymorphisms within TLRs and components of their signaling machinery have been discovered and subsequently implicated in a wide range of human diseases including atherosclerosis, sepsis, asthma, and immunodeficiency. This review discusses the effect of genetic variation on TLR function and how they may precipitate disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tzu Lin
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center & Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wagner J, Skinner NA, Catto-Smith AG, Cameron DJS, Michalski WP, Visvanathan K, Kirkwood CD. TLR4, IL10RA, and NOD2 mutation in paediatric Crohn’s disease patients: an association with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and TLR4 and IL10RA expression. Med Microbiol Immunol 2013; 202:267-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-013-0290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
28
|
Manolakis AC, Kapsoritakis AN, Kapsoritaki A, Tiaka EK, Oikonomou KA, Lotis V, Vamvakopoulou D, Davidi I, Vamvakopoulos N, Potamianos SP. Readressing the role of Toll-like receptor-4 alleles in inflammatory bowel disease: colitis, smoking, and seroreactivity. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:371-80. [PMID: 22918682 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms, and especially TLR-4 Asp299Gly and TLR-4 Thr399Ile, have been linked with Crohn's disease (CD) and to a lesser extent with ulcerative colitis (UC), CD behavior, and compromised seroreactivity to microbial antigens. Available data, however, are conflicting. AIMS To address these issues, the distribution of TLR-4 polymorphic alleles was assessed in patients with UC, CD, and healthy controls (HC), considering patient and disease characteristics as well as related serological markers. METHODS TLR-4 Asp299Gly and TLR-4 Thr399Ile polymorphisms were determined in 187 UC and 163 CD patients and 274 randomly selected HC. C reactive protein, anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies, anti-mannobioside carbohydrate antibodies, anti-laminariobioside carbohydrate antibodies IgG, and anti-chitobioside carbohydrate antibodies (ACCA) IgA levels were also assessed. RESULTS UC and especially pancolitis patients carried the mutant alleles more frequently compared to CD patients and HC or UC patients with different disease extents (P = 0.002 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Involvement of the colon was more frequent in CD patients with mutant TLR-4 compared to those with wild-type alleles (P = 0.004). Levels and positivity rates of ACCA IgA were lower in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients carrying the mutant compared to those with wild-type alleles (0.075 < P < 0.05). Despite the mutant TLR-4 predisposition for UC pancolitis, smoking was associated with more limited disease (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The presence of TLR-4 Asp299Gly and TLR-4 Thr399Ile polymorphisms is related to UC pancolitis, involvement of the colon in CD, and lower ACCA IgA levels. Smoking reduces the extent of UC, even in the presence of mutant alleles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastassios C Manolakis
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, School of Medicine, 41110, Larissa, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Savva A, Kanni T, Damoraki G, Kotsaki A, Giatrakou S, Grech I, Katoulis A, Papadavid E, Giamarellos-Bourboulis E. Impact of Toll-like receptor-4 and tumour necrosis factor gene polymorphisms in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168:311-7. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
30
|
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are chronically relapsing, immune-mediated disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. A major challenge in the treatment of IBD is the heterogenous nature of these pathologies. Both, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are of multifactorial etiology and feature a complex interaction of host genetic susceptibility and environmental factors such as diet and gut microbiota. Genome-wide association studies identified disease-relevant single-nucleotide polymorphisms in approximately 100 genes, but at the same time twin studies also clearly indicated a strong environmental impact in disease development. However, attempts to link dietary factors to the risk of developing IBD, based on epidemiological observations showed controversial outcomes. Yet, emerging high-throughput technologies implying complete biological systems might allow taking nutrient-gene interactions into account for a better classification of patient subsets in the future. In this context, 2 new scientific fields, "nutrigenetics" and "nutrigenomics" have been established. "Nutrigenetics," studying the effect of genetic variations on nutrient-gene interactions and "Nutrigenomics," describing the impact of nutrition on physiology and health status on the level of gene transcription, protein expression, and metabolism. It is hoped that the integration of both research areas will promote the understanding of the complex gene-environment interaction in IBD etiology and in the long-term will lead to personalized nutrition for disease prevention and treatment. This review briefly summarizes data on the impact of nutrients on intestinal inflammation, highlights nutrient-gene interactions, and addresses the potential of applying "omic" technologies in the context of IBD.
Collapse
|
31
|
Neuman MG, Nanau RM. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease. Transl Res 2012; 160:45-64. [PMID: 22687962 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Strong evidence indicates that inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, is a result of an inappropriate inflammatory response in which genetic and environmental factors play important roles. This review discusses several single-nucleotide polymorphisms with either susceptibility or protective effects on inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela G Neuman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, and In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, MaRS, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy: overlapping pathways. Transl Res 2012; 160:65-83. [PMID: 22687963 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported on the association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth. The exact mechanisms of action are unclear; however, several pathways and processes are involved in both IBD and pregnancy that may help explain this. In this review, we discuss the immune system's T helper cells and human leukocyte antigens, inflammation, its function, and the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and prostaglandins in the inflammatory response. For each of these topics, we consider their involvement in IBD and pregnancy, and we speculate as to how they can lead to preterm birth. Finally, we review briefly corticosteroids, biologic therapies, and immunosuppressants for the treatment of IBD, as well as their safety in use during pregnancy, with special focus on preterm birth.
Collapse
|
33
|
Sánchez E, García-Bermúdez M, Jiménez-Alonso J, de Ramón E, Sánchez-Román J, Ortego-Centeno N, Witte T, D'Alfonso S, Pons-Estel B, Anders HJ, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Martín J. Association study of IRAK-M and SIGIRR genes with SLE in a large European-descent population. Lupus 2012; 21:1166-71. [PMID: 22634523 DOI: 10.1177/0961203312449494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the relevance of genetic variants of interleukin receptor-associated kinase-M (IRAK-M) (rs11465955, rs1624395, rs1152888 and rs1370128) and single immunoglobulin IL1-1R-related molecule (SIGIRR) (rs3210908) genes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in four independent European-descent populations. METHODS Our study population consisted of a total of 2033 SLE patients and 2357 healthy controls from Spain, Germany, Italy and Argentina. The genotyping was performed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system with pre-developed TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Genetic association between the genotyped markers was determined by PLINK v1.07. RESULTS After a meta-analysis including these four populations, a trend of association between rs11465955 (P(meta) (-analysis) = 0.06), rs1370128 (P(meta) (-analysis) = 0.07) and rs1624395 (P(meta) (-analysis) = 0.06) polymorphisms was found. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance. In addition, we did not find any association between SLE and the rs1152888 IRAK-M (P(meta) (-analysis) = 0.13) and the rs3210908 SIGIRR (P(meta) (-analysis) = 0.40) polymorphisms after the meta-analysis. No evidence of association with IRAK-M haplotypes was found. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the tested variations of IRAK-M and SIGIRR genes do not confer a relevant role in the susceptibility to SLE in European-descent populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Sánchez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yu LCH, Wang JT, Wei SC, Ni YH. Host-microbial interactions and regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier function: From physiology to pathology. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2012; 3:27-43. [PMID: 22368784 PMCID: PMC3284523 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v3.i1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the largest reservoir of commensal bacteria in the human body, providing nutrients and space for the survival of microbes while concurrently operating mucosal barriers to confine the microbial population. The epithelial cells linked by tight junctions not only physically separate the microbiota from the lamina propria, but also secrete proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species in response to pathogen invasion and metabolic stress and serve as a sentinel to the underlying immune cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that commensal bacteria are involved in various physiological functions in the gut and microbial imbalances (dysbiosis) may cause pathology. Commensal bacteria are involved in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cell turnover, promotion of epithelial restitution and reorganization of tight junctions, all of which are pivotal for fortifying barrier function. Recent studies indicate that aberrant bacterial lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling in gut mucosa may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. Our perception of enteric commensals has now changed from one of opportunistic pathogens to active participants in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. This review attempts to explain the dynamic interaction between the intestinal epithelium and commensal bacteria in disease and health status.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kathrani A, Werling D, Allenspach K. Canine breeds at high risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease in the south-eastern UK. Vet Rec 2011; 169:635. [PMID: 21896567 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d5380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetics are an important factor in the development of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, there is very little information available regarding the role of genetics in canine IBD. The purpose of this study was to gather information about which canine breeds in the south-eastern UK are at a high risk for developing IBD. Determination of such breeds may help further genetic research in this complex disease. The computer medical records at the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College dating from August 1, 2003 to December 31, 2009 were retrospectively searched for cases diagnosed with IBD. Five hundred and forty-six dogs with IBD were identified, representing 86 different breeds. The comparison group consisted of all dogs from these same 86 breeds without IBD admitted to the hospital during the same period that amounted to 27,463 dogs. The breeds at significantly higher risk of developing IBD compared with mixed-breed dogs consisted of weimaraner (odds ratio [OR]=3.6797, 95 per cent confidence interval [CI]=2.0167 to 6.7141, P<0.0001), rottweiler (OR=2.9697, 95 per cent CI=1.7569 to 5.0196, P<0.0001), German shepherd dog (GSD) (OR=2.4101, 95 per cent CI=1.5826 to 3.36705, P<0.0001), border collie (OR=1.9936, 95 per cent CI=1.1655 to 3.4101, P=0.0118) and boxer (OR=1.6961, 95 per cent CI=1.0441 to 2.755, P=0.0328). This study demonstrates for the first time canine breeds in the south-eastern UK that are highly susceptible to developing IBD. Identification of such breeds may allow for a more focused investigation of genetic mutations associated with canine IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kathrani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease whose etiology is still unknown. It is widely believed that UC is a kind of non-specific inflammatory disease which is caused by environmental factors and autoimmune disorders in people who carry susceptibility genes. Epidemiologic data, such as familial aggregation, twin studies, and racial/ethnic differences in disease prevalence, indicate that there are genetic contributions to UC pathogenesis. In this article, we will review the recent progress in research of genes associated with susceptibility to UC.
Collapse
|
37
|
Alvarez-Rodriguez L, Lopez-Hoyos M, Beares I, Muñoz Cacho P, Mata C, Calvo-Alen J, Corrales A, Tripathi G, Blanco R, Garcia-Unzueta M, Villa I, Martinez-Taboada VM. Lack of association between Toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphisms and giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50:1562-8. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
38
|
Kathrani A, House A, Catchpole B, Murphy A, Werling D, Allenspach K. Breed-independent toll-like receptor 5 polymorphisms show association with canine inflammatory bowel disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 78:94-101. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
39
|
Ferguson LR, Hu R, Lam WJ, Munday K, Triggs CM. Tailoring foods to match people's genes in New Zealand: opportunities for collaboration. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2011; 3:305-11. [PMID: 21474961 DOI: 10.1159/000324369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
40
|
Macrophages from IBD patients exhibit defective tumour necrosis factor-α secretion but otherwise normal or augmented pro-inflammatory responses to infection. Immunobiology 2011; 216:961-70. [PMID: 21269730 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Defects in macrophage function have been implicated in the establishment of Crohn's disease (CD). However, the response of macrophages from CD patients to live bacteria, particularly Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), has not been addressed. Considering MAP has long been associated to CD, our objective was to assess whether macrophages from CD patients showed impaired inflammatory response to infection by MAP comparing to M. avium subsp. avium (MA) and other live intestinal commensal bacteria. Human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages were obtained from CD patients, ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and controls. Following in vitro infection with MAP, MA, Escherichia coli or Enterococcus faecalis, cytokine levels and cell surface receptor expression were evaluated at different time points. Macrophages from CD patients showed impaired TNF-α secretion in response to bacterial challenge, but augmented IL-23 secretion and preserved IL-12 secretion and CD-40 expression. In addition, CD macrophages showed low IL-10 secretion. Macrophages from IBD patients showed increased expression of TLR-2 and -4, unaffected by infection. Differences in cytokine secretion observed after bacterial challenge were not MAP-specific, as other bacteria (E. coli and MA) showed similar effects. Macrophages from UC patients showed a less compromised TNF-α synthesis in response to mycobacterial infection than CD macrophages, with increased constitutive IL-12 secretion, and preserved IL-10 secretion. The increased IL-23 levels in response to infection and decreased IL-10 production observed in macrophages from CD patients may contribute to the inflammatory exacerbation observed in those patients.
Collapse
|
41
|
McDonnell M, Liang Y, Noronha A, Coukos J, Kasper DL, Farraye FA, Ganley-Leal LM. Systemic Toll-like receptor ligands modify B-cell responses in human inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:298-307. [PMID: 20806343 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria have a central, although poorly understood, role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Host-bacteria interactions primarily take place in the gastrointestinal tract, but cells may also encounter translocated bacteria in the bloodstream. IBD is associated with activated, circulating Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4-expressing B cells suggesting that blood-borne microbial TLR ligands modulate B cell responses. METHODS Serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/endotoxin and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an endogenous TLR ligand, were quantified in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Responses of purified B cells to LPS and HMGB1 were correlated with levels of systemic TLR ligands and clinical parameters of disease. RESULTS While IBD patients have increased levels of blood LPS, the net effect of endotoxemia has unexpected characteristics illustrating that LPS has both pro- and antiinflammatory roles through TLR4+ B cells. Experimental treatment of B cells demonstrates that the antiinflammatory effect of LPS is due to its hypo-acylation of lipid A suggesting an increased prevalence of systemic, hypo-acylated LPS in CD. In contrast, high levels of LPS are associated with disease activity in UC. HMGB1 activates B cells through TLR2 and CD36. Serum levels of HMGB1 correlate with spontaneous IL-8 production by B cells suggesting that blood-borne TLR2 ligands increase B-cell activation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Systemic TLR ligands modulate B cells towards either proinflammatory or antiinflammatory activity depending on the predominant ligand(s). Further, the circulating B cell may represent an important proxy for quantifying the LPS lipid A acylation burden in patients with IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie McDonnell
- Section of Endocrinology, Evans Biomedical Research Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Henderson P, van Limbergen JE, Wilson DC, Satsangi J, Russell RK. Genetics of childhood-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:346-61. [PMID: 20839313 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nearly a third of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients present in childhood or adolescence, with epidemiological and natural history studies clearly demonstrating a rising incidence in this population. Although early-onset disease has a distinct phenotype, such as more extensive disease at onset and rapid progression, two recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) carried out exclusively in this age group have demonstrated marked genetic similarities to adult disease. Although these parallels exist, this review will focus on the novel regions associated with early-onset IBD susceptibility identified by these early-onset GWAS. These new loci reaffirm the dysregulated pathways previously implicated in adult IBD pathogenesis and provide further insight into the pathophysiology of intestinal inflammation. The newly identified loci and expression data suggest mutations in genes encoding IL-27, which is involved in Th17 effector cell physiology; MTMR3, which we demonstrate is an essential component of autophagy; and CAPN10, which is necessary in regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, the roles of PSMG1, TNFRSF6B, ZMIZ1 and SMAD3 are also discussed in relation to abnormal protein degradation and the secondary immune response. It is clear that with increasing technology our understanding of IBD pathogenesis is deepening at the genomic level and that the use of early patient selection coupled with ongoing work on therapeutic targets will lead to improved disease-modifying treatments in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Henderson
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Henderson P, van Limbergen JE, Schwarze J, Wilson DC. Function of the intestinal epithelium and its dysregulation in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:382-95. [PMID: 20645321 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium not only acts as a physical barrier to commensal bacteria and foreign antigens but is also actively involved in antigen processing and immune cell regulation. The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by inflammation at this mucosal surface with well-recognized defects in barrier and secretory function. In addition to this, defects in intraepithelial lymphocytes, chemokine receptors, and pattern recognition receptors promote an abnormal immune response, with increased differentiation of proinflammatory cells and a dysregulated relationship with professional antigen-presenting cells. This review focuses on recent developments in the structure of the epithelium, including a detailed account of the apical junctional complex in addition to the role of the enterocyte in antigen recognition, uptake, processing, and presentation. Recently described cytokines such as interleukin-22 and interleukin-31 are highlighted as is the dysregulation of chemokines and secretory IgA in IBD. Finally, the effect of the intestinal epithelial cell on T effector cell proliferation and differentiation are examined in the context of IBD with particular focus on T regulatory cells and the two-way interaction between the intestinal epithelial cell and certain immune cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Henderson
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kathrani A, House A, Catchpole B, Murphy A, German A, Werling D, Allenspach K. Polymorphisms in the TLR4 and TLR5 gene are significantly associated with inflammatory bowel disease in German shepherd dogs. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15740. [PMID: 21203467 PMCID: PMC3009732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is considered to be the most common cause of vomiting and diarrhoea in dogs, and the German shepherd dog (GSD) is particularly susceptible. The exact aetiology of IBD is unknown, however associations have been identified between specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and human IBD. However, to date, no genetic studies have been undertaken in canine IBD. The aim of this study was to investigate whether polymorphisms in canine TLR 2, 4 and 5 genes are associated with IBD in GSDs. Mutational analysis of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 was performed in 10 unrelated GSDs with IBD. Four non-synonymous SNPs (T23C, G1039A, A1571T and G1807A) were identified in the TLR4 gene, and three non-synonymous SNPs (G22A, C100T and T1844C) were identified in the TLR5 gene. The non-synonymous SNPs identified in TLR4 and TLR5 were evaluated further in a case-control study using a SNaPSHOT multiplex reaction. Sequencing information from 55 unrelated GSDs with IBD were compared to a control group consisting of 61 unrelated GSDs. The G22A SNP in TLR5 was significantly associated with IBD in GSDs, whereas the remaining two SNPs were found to be significantly protective for IBD. Furthermore, the two SNPs in TLR4 (A1571T and G1807A) were in complete linkage disequilibrium, and were also significantly associated with IBD. The TLR5 risk haplotype (ACC) without the two associated TLR4 SNP alleles was significantly associated with IBD, however the presence of the two TLR4 SNP risk alleles without the TLR5 risk haplotype was not statistically associated with IBD. Our study suggests that the three TLR5 SNPs and two TLR4 SNPs; A1571T and G1807A could play a role in the pathogenesis of IBD in GSDs. Further studies are required to confirm the functional importance of these polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Kathrani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Impact of Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms on risk of cancer. Hum Immunol 2010; 72:193-206. [PMID: 21081146 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is one of the key immune system effectors playing the main role in recognition of viruses and bacteria. Dysregulation of the TLR4 signaling owing to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may alter the ligand binding and balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby modulating the risk of chronic inflammation and cancer. TLR4 polymorphisms may be associated with at least nine types of cancer. The most intensively investigating TLR4 polymorphisms are Asp299Gly (rs4986790) and Thr399Ile (rs4986791). It seems to be that Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile are related to increased risk of precancerous gastric lesions, and, possibly, gastric cancer. Thr399Ile also may be connected with gallbladder cancer, and both of these polymorphisms apparently have no impact on risk of prostate cancer. However, the data about many SNPs and their associations with different types of cancer are conflicting, and further large, well-designed, comprehensive studies in various populations are necessary for solution of this problem. The short list of TLR4 SNPs for further investigation may include TLR4_896A/G (Asp299Gly, rs4986790), TLR4_1196C/T (Thr399Ile, rs4986791), Thr135Ala, TLR4_1859 G/A (rs11536858), TLR4_2032T/C (rs10116253), TLR4_2437A/G (rs1927914), TLR4_2856T/C (rs10759932), TLR4_3725 G/C (rs11536889), TLR4_7764 G/A (rs1927911), TLR4_11350G/C, TLR4_11912 G/T (rs2149356), TLR4_16649G/C (rs7873784), and TLR4_17050T/C (rs11536891).
Collapse
|
46
|
Guo J, Friedman SL. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in liver injury and hepatic fibrogenesis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2010; 3:21. [PMID: 20964825 PMCID: PMC2984459 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-3-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of transmembrane pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that play a key role in innate and adaptive immunity by recognizing structural components unique to bacteria, fungi and viruses. TLR4 is the most studied of the TLRs, and its primary exogenous ligand is lipopolysaccharide, a component of Gram-negative bacterial walls. In the absence of exogenous microbes, endogenous ligands including damage-associated molecular pattern molecules from damaged matrix and injured cells can also activate TLR4 signaling. In humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TLR4 gene have an effect on its signal transduction and on associated risks of specific diseases, including cirrhosis. In liver, TLR4 is expressed by all parenchymal and non-parenchymal cell types, and contributes to tissue damage caused by a variety of etiologies. Intact TLR4 signaling was identified in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the major fibrogenic cell type in injured liver, and mediates key responses including an inflammatory phenotype, fibrogenesis and anti-apoptotic properties. Further clarification of the function and endogenous ligands of TLR4 signaling in HSCs and other liver cells could uncover novel mechanisms of fibrogenesis and facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Guo
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee JJ, Essers JB, Kugathasan S, Escher JC, Lettre G, Butler JL, Stephens MC, Ramoni MF, Grand RJ, Hirschhorn J. Association of linear growth impairment in pediatric Crohn's disease and a known height locus: a pilot study. Ann Hum Genet 2010; 74:489-97. [PMID: 20846217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of growth impairment in Crohn's disease (CD) has been inadequately explained by nutritional, hormonal, and/or disease-related factors, suggesting that genetics may be an additional contributor. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate genetic variants associated with linear growth in pediatric-onset CD. We genotyped 951 subjects (317 CD patient-parent trios) for 64 polymorphisms within 14 CD-susceptibility and 23 stature-associated loci. Patient height-for-age Z-score < -1.64 was used to dichotomize probands into growth-impaired and nongrowth-impaired groups. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was used to study association to growth impairment. There was a significant association between growth impairment in CD (height-for-age Z-score < -1.64) and a stature-related polymorphism in the dymeclin gene DYM (rs8099594) (OR = 3.2, CI [1.57-6.51], p = 0.0007). In addition, there was nominal over-transmission of two CD-susceptibility alleles, 10q21.1 intergenic region (rs10761659) and ATG16L1 (rs10210302), in growth-impaired CD children (OR = 2.36, CI [1.26-4.41] p = 0.0056 and OR = 2.45, CI [1.22-4.95] p = 0.0094, respectively). Our data indicate that genetic influences due to stature-associated and possibly CD risk alleles may predispose CD patients to alterations in linear growth. This is the first report of a link between a stature-associated locus and growth impairment in CD.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Differential alteration of Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was first described 10 years ago. Since then, studies from many groups have led to the current concept that TLRs represent key mediators of innate host defense in the intestine, involved in maintaining mucosal as well as commensal homeostasis. Recent findings in diverse murine models of colitis have helped to reveal the mechanistic importance of TLR dysfunction in IBD pathogenesis. It has become evident that environment, genetics, and host immunity form a multidimensional and highly interactive regulatory triad that controls TLR function in the intestinal mucosa. Imbalanced relationships within this triad may promote aberrant TLR signaling, critically contributing to acute and chronic intestinal inflammatory processes in IBD colitis and associated cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Cario
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital of Essen, and Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Pimentel-Nunes P, Soares JB, Roncon-Albuquerque R, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Leite-Moreira AF. Toll-like receptors as therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:347-68. [PMID: 20146632 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003642027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immunity receptors that recognize several different antigens, initiating immunological/inflammatory responses. Recent evidence associates numerous pathophysiological processes and diseases with dysregulated activation of these receptors, conferring a potential therapeutic value to their modulation. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The aim of this systematic review that covers literature from the past 10 years is to address the role of TLRs in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases as well as the therapeutic potential of modulating TLRs' signaling pathways in GI pathology. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review shows that TLRs play an important role in the pathophysiology of several GI diseases and that modulating TLRs signaling pathways may have an enormous therapeutic potential. Different methods for modulation of TLRs' activity in GI tract, with direct agonists/antagonists but also with non-specific substances, like antibiotics or probiotics, are presented. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Even though TLRs modulators have been used for therapy in some GI diseases, further research, particularly in humans, is needed in order to establish the precise role of the different TLRs in the diverse GI diseases and to motivate clinical trials that consider TLRs as therapeutic targets in GI pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pimentel-Nunes
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research & Development Unit, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|