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Deschamps C, Humbert D, Chalancon S, Achard C, Apper E, Denis S, Blanquet-Diot S. Large intestinal nutritional and physicochemical parameters from different dog sizes reshape canine microbiota structure and functions in vitro. Bioengineered 2024; 15:2325713. [PMID: 38471972 PMCID: PMC10936688 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2024.2325713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Different dog sizes are associated with variations in large intestinal physiology including gut microbiota, which plays a key role in animal health. This study aims to evaluate, using the CANIM-ARCOL (Canine Mucosal Artificial Colon), the relative importance of gut microbes versus physicochemical and nutritional parameters of the canine colonic environment in shaping microbiota structure and functions. CANIM-ARCOL was set up to reproduce nutrient availability, bile acid profiles, colonic pH, and transit time from small, medium, or large dogs according to in vivo data, while bioreactors were all inoculated with a fecal sample collected from medium size dogs (n = 2). Applying different dog size parameters resulted in a positive association between size and gas or SCFA production, as well as distinct microbiota profiles as revealed by 16S Metabarcoding. Comparisons with in vivo data from canine stools and previous in vitro results obtained when CANIM-ARCOL was inoculated with fecal samples from three dog sizes revealed that environmental colonic parameters were sufficient to drive microbiota functions. However, size-related fecal microbes were necessary to accurately reproduce in vitro the colonic ecosystem of small, medium, and large dogs. For the first time, this study provides mechanistic insights on which parameters from colonic ecosystem mainly drive canine microbiota in relation to dog size. The CANIM-ARCOL can be used as a relevant in vitro platform to unravel interactions between food or pharma compounds and canine colonic microbiota, under different dog size conditions. The potential of the model will be extended soon to diseased situations (e.g. chronic enteropathies or obesity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Deschamps
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS UCA-INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, France
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Blagnac Cedex, Haute-Garonne, France
| | | | - Sandrine Chalancon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS UCA-INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, France
| | - Caroline Achard
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Blagnac Cedex, Haute-Garonne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Apper
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Blagnac Cedex, Haute-Garonne, France
| | - Sylvain Denis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS UCA-INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS UCA-INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, France
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Acheampong OD, Ofori EK, Johnson SA, Egyam BC, Asare-Dompreh K, Amponsah SK, Asare-Anane H. Diagnostic utility of selected faecal biochemical parameters in the determination of acute diarrhoea and associated defecation stooling characteristics in dogs: An observational study. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 24:100353. [PMID: 38699217 PMCID: PMC11064610 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea, which is a clinical manifestation of various illnesses, is frequently observed in dogs. Regrettably, many dog owners find it difficult to provide comprehensive case histories, primarily because of limited interaction with their canine companions. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of faecal biochemical analytes in detecting and characterizing acute diarrhoea in dogs. Sixty-two domestic dogs were selected using the proportionate stratified sample technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic and clinical data. Faecal stool specimens from the dogs were obtained using the colon flush technique. The specimens were taken through biochemical analysis to determine urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, gamma-glutamyl transferase and uric acid levels. Results showed a significant association between the diarrhoea status of the participants and their age, weight, breed, body size, source of last diet, period of inappetence, and other gastrointestinal signs (p < 0.050, respectively). Dogs that had not eaten in at least three days were five times more likely (p < 0.05) to have diarrhoea. Furthermore, miniature breeds were about six times more likely to develop diarrhoea (p < 0.05). Of the seven selected biochemical parameters, total faecal cholesterol was the most predictive index in diagnosing acute diarrhoea in dogs, with a likelihood ratio of 6.5, and it was the most accurate in predicting defecation stooling frequency and texture. In summary, in situations of inadequate case histories, measuring total faecal cholesterol could assist veterinarians in detecting diarrhoea and predicting its faecal stooling texture and frequency in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obed D. Acheampong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel K. Ofori
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sherry A.M. Johnson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Bill C. Egyam
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kweku Asare-Dompreh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Seth K. Amponsah
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Henry Asare-Anane
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
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Marchi PH, Vendramini THA, Zafalon RVA, Príncipe LDA, Cesar CGL, Perini MP, Putarov TC, Gomes COMS, Balieiro JCDC, Brunetto MA. Effects of Increasing Levels of Purified Beta-1,3/1,6-Glucans on the Fecal Microbiome, Digestibility, and Immunity Variables of Healthy Adult Dogs. Microorganisms 2024; 12:113. [PMID: 38257940 PMCID: PMC10818568 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Yeast-purified beta-1,3/1,6-glucans (BG) can modulate dogs' immune systems and microbiome, but the optimal inclusion dose remains unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of 0.0, 0.07, 0.14, and 0.28% inclusion of BG in a dry extruded diet on the digestibility, immunity, and fecal microbiota of healthy adult dogs. Eight male and female border collies [n = 4; body condition score (BCS) = 5] and English cocker spaniels (n = 4; BCS = 5), aged 3.5 ± 0.5 years, were randomly distributed into two 4 × 4 balanced Latin squares. Fecal microbiota (using 16S rRNA sequencing, Illumina®), apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of nutrients, fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA), ammoniacal nitrogen, lactic acid, IgA and pH, lymphocyte immunophenotyping, intensity and percentage of phagocytosis and oxidative burst were determined. No differences were observed in Faith (p = 0.1414) and Pielou-evenness (p = 0.1151) between treatments, but beta diversity was different between 0.0% and 0.14% BG groups (p = 0.047). Moreover, the Firmicutes phylum was the most abundant in all groups and exhibited the highest relative abundance after the consumption of 0.14% BG, a finding considered beneficial for the canine microbiome. The Erysipelotrichaceae and Ruminococcaceae families, along with the Faecalibacterium and Prevotella genera, considered favorable for their involvement in butyrate production and other metabolites, showed increased abundance after the consumption of 0.14% BG. The potentially pathogenic Proteobacteria phylum displayed lower abundance after the consumption of 0.14% BG. Fecal concentrations of the evaluated compounds and pH did not differ after consumption of the BG at all percentages. Higher crude protein ADC was found after 0.14 and 0.28% BG consumption (p < 0.0001), but no differences were found for other nutrients. Phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and lymphocyte populations were not modulated by any of the treatments; however, 0.14% BG modulated the lymphocyte T CD4+:CD8+ ratio (p = 0.0368), an important marker of immune system efficiency. The inclusion of 0.14% BG resulted in the best responses and was the best dose evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Marchi
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Rafael Vessecchi Amorim Zafalon
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Leonardo de Andrade Príncipe
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Cinthia Gonçalves Lenz Cesar
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Mariana Pamplona Perini
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | | | | | - Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
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The Nexus of Diet, Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Dogs. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121176. [PMID: 36557214 PMCID: PMC9782517 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are of increasing interest in veterinary medicine. They refer to complex and debilitating conditions of dogs' gastrointestinal tract. Although little evidence for causal inferences is currently available, it is believed that IBD pathophysiology entails intricate interactions between environmental factors, the intestinal immune system, and the microbial communities that colonize the gut. To better understand the mechanisms underlying these disorders, leveraging factors associated with the development of these diseases is imperative. Of these factors, emerging evidence supports the role of dietary patterns as key players influencing the composition and function of gut microbes, with subsequent effects on health and disease. In this review, we particularly focus on addressing IBD in dogs and discuss how specific nutrients may elicit or relieve gut inflammation. Gaining mechanistic insights into such interplay and the underpinning mechanisms is key to inferring dietary recommendations, and setting up new and promising therapeutics.
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Xu J, Lan Y, Wang X, Shang K, Liu X, Wang J, Li J, Yue B, Shao M, Fan Z. Multi-omics analysis reveals the host-microbe interactions in aged rhesus macaques. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:993879. [PMID: 36238598 PMCID: PMC9551614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.993879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex multifactorial process that greatly affects animal health. Multi-omics analysis is widely applied in evolutionary biology and biomedical research. However, whether multi-omics can provide sufficient information to reveal comprehensive changes in aged non-human primates remains unclear. Here, we explored changes in host-microbe interactions with aging in Chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta lasiota, CRs) using multi-omics analysis. Results showed marked changes in the oral and gut microbiomes between young and aged CRs, including significantly reduced probiotic abundance and increased pathogenic bacterial abundance in aged CRs. Notably, the abundance of Lactobacillus, which can metabolize tryptophan to produce aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands, was decreased in aged CRs. Consistently, metabolomics detected a decrease in the plasma levels of AhR ligands. In addition, free fatty acid, acyl carnitine, heparin, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester levels were increased in aged CRs, which may contribute to abnormal fatty acid metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Transcriptome analysis identified changes in the expression of genes associated with tryptophan metabolism and inflammation. In conclusion, many potential links among different omics were found, suggesting that aged CRs face multiple metabolic problems, immunological disorders, and oral and gut diseases. We determined that tryptophan metabolism is critical for the physiological health of aged CRs. Our findings demonstrate the value of multi-omics analyses in revealing host-microbe interactions in non-human primates and suggest that similar approaches could be applied in evolutionary and ecological research of other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Xu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Shang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiying Shao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Phenotypic correlates of the working dog microbiome. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:66. [PMID: 35995802 PMCID: PMC9395329 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs have a key role in law enforcement and military work, and research with the goal of improving working dog performance is ongoing. While there have been intriguing studies from lab animal models showing a potential connection between the gut microbiome and behavior or mental health there is a dearth of studies investigating the microbiome-behavior relationship in working dogs. The overall objective of this study was to characterize the microbiota of working dogs and to determine if the composition of the microbiota is associated with behavioral and performance outcomes. Freshly passed stools from each working canine (Total n = 134) were collected and subject to shotgun metagenomic sequencing using Illumina technology. Behavior, performance, and demographic metadata were collected. Descriptive statistics and prediction models of behavioral/phenotypic outcomes using gradient boosting classification based on Xgboost were used to study associations between the microbiome and outcomes. Regarding machine learning methodology, only microbiome features were used for training and predictors were estimated in cross-validation. Microbiome markers were statistically associated with motivation, aggression, cowardice/hesitation, sociability, obedience to one trainer vs many, and body condition score (BCS). When prediction models were developed based on machine learning, moderate predictive power was observed for motivation, sociability, and gastrointestinal issues. Findings from this study suggest potential gut microbiome markers of performance and could potentially advance care for working canines.
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Evaluation of the Effect of Different Dietary Lipid Sources on Dogs’ Faecal Microbial Population and Activities. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111368. [PMID: 35681832 PMCID: PMC9179278 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Saturated fatty acids might be a valuable source of energy to guarantee all physiological functions in companion animals. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential in several metabolic processes and structural body functions. In this regard, hemp oil can be used as a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal diets. In this study, hemp seed oil and swine tallow were added to a commercial canned diet. These high-lipid-content diets (hemp diet: 55.1 g/100 kcal ME; tallow diet: 65.1 g/1000 kcal ME) were compared with one rich in starch. Following the recruitment of 12 dogs, three experimental groups were set up. At 30 days of diet administration, faeces samples were collected from each group to perform an in vitro trial and faecal bacteria count. In the first evaluation, the faecal inoculum obtained from dogs fed a diet supplemented with hemp showed higher fermentation activity and lower gas production at 24 h of incubation. The bacterial count demonstrated an increase in Lactobacillus when hemp group faeces were tested. Both in vivo and in vitro acetic acid production increased. The results obtained suggest an influence of the fatty acid profile on the microbial population. Abstract Lipids represent a significant energy source in dogs’ diets. Moreover, dogs need some essential fatty acids, such as linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acids, because they are not able to produce them endogenously. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different dietary lipid sources on faecal microbial populations and activities using different evaluations. Hemp seed oil and swine tallow were tested as lipid supplements in a commercial canned diet at a ratio of 3.5% (HL1 and HL2, respectively). These diets were compared with one rich in starch (HS). Twelve dogs were recruited and equally divided into three groups. Faeces samples at 30 days were used as inoculum and incubated with three different substrates (MOS, inulin, and cellulose) using the in vitro gas production technique. The faecal cell numbers of relevant bacteria and secondary metabolites were analysed (in vivo trial). In vitro evaluation showed that the faeces of the group fed the diet with hemp supplementation had better fermentability despite lower gas production. The in vivo faecal bacterial count showed an increase in Lactobacillus spp. In the HL1 group. Moreover, a higher level of acetate was observed in both evaluations (in vitro and in vivo). These results seem to indicate a significant effect of the dietary fatty acid profile on the faecal microbial population.
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Yang S, Liu Y, Yang N, Lan Y, Lan W, Feng J, Yue B, He M, Zhang L, Zhang A, Price M, Li J, Fan Z. The gut microbiome and antibiotic resistome of chronic diarrhea rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and its similarity to the human gut microbiome. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:29. [PMID: 35139923 PMCID: PMC8827259 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic diarrhea is a common disease causing morbidity and mortality of captive rhesus macaques (RMs, Macaca mulatta). Chronic diarrhea in RMs is typically characterized by long-term diarrhea and a weak response to antibiotic treatment. Diarrhea is also a common disease in humans and can cause death. However, the etiology of about half of diarrheal cases of humans is still unclear. Therefore, we performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing to characterize the differences in the gut microbiome and resistome of chronic diarrhea RMs and asymptomatic individuals. RESULTS Our results showed Lactobacillus spp. (mainly L. johnsonii, L. reuteri and L. amylovorus) were significantly depleted in chronic diarrhea RM guts compared to asymptomatic individuals (5.2 vs 42.4%). Functional annotation of genes suggested these Lactobacillus spp. carried genes involved in the adhesion of intestinal epithelial cells and production of bacteriocin. Chronic diarrhea RM guts also had a significantly greater abundance of many other gut bacteria, including mucin-degrading bacteria and opportunistic pathogens. The metabolic pathways of chronic diarrhea RM gut microbiome were enriched in aerobactin biosynthesis, while the metabolic pathways of asymptomatic RM gut microbiome were enriched in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Chronic diarrhea RM guts had a significantly greater abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), such as ermF, aph(3')-IIIa, ermB, and floR. The strains isolated from feces and tissue fluid of chronic diarrhea RMs had higher resistance rates to the majority of tested antibiotics, but not cephamycin and carbapenem antibiotics. Gut microbial composition comparisons showed that several captive nonhuman primate (NHP) guts were more similar to the guts of humans with a non-westernized diet than humans with a westernized diet. Chronic diarrhea RM gut microbiome was strikingly similar to rural-living humans with diarrhea and humans with a non-westernized diet than asymptomatic RMs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested chronic diarrhea significantly altered the composition and metabolic pathways of the RM gut microbiome. The frequent use of antibiotics caused antibiotic resistance in chronic diarrhea RM gut microbiome with serious consequences for individual treatment and survival. The findings of this study will help us to improve the effective prevention and treatment of diarrhea in RMs. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiqi Lan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinyi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Miao He
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Megan Price
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Isidori M, Corbee RJ, Trabalza-Marinucci M. Nonpharmacological Treatment Strategies for the Management of Canine Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy—A Narrative Review. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020037. [PMID: 35202290 PMCID: PMC8878421 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) refers to a heterogeneous group of idiopathic diseases of the dog characterised by persistent gastrointestinal (GI) clinical signs. If conventional dietary treatment alone would be unsuccessful, management of CIE is traditionally attained by the use of pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs. While being rather effective, however, these drugs are endowed with side effects, which may impact negatively on the animal’s quality of life. Therefore, novel, safe and effective therapies for CIE are highly sought after. As gut microbiota imbalances are often associated with GI disorders, a compelling rationale exists for the use of nonpharmacological methods of microbial manipulation in CIE, such as faecal microbiota transplantation and administration of pre-, pro-, syn- and postbiotics. In addition to providing direct health benefits to the host via a gentle modulation of the intestinal microbiota composition and function, these treatments may also possess immunomodulatory and epithelial barrier-enhancing actions. Likewise, intestinal barrier integrity, along with mucosal inflammation, are deemed to be two chief therapeutic targets of mesenchymal stem cells and selected vegetable-derived bioactive compounds. Although pioneering studies have revealed encouraging findings regarding the use of novel treatment agents in CIE, a larger body of research is needed to address fully their mode of action, efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Isidori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ronald Jan Corbee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Ciaravolo S, Martínez-López LM, Allcock RJN, Woodward AP, Mansfield C. Longitudinal Survey of Fecal Microbiota in Healthy Dogs Administered a Commercial Probiotic. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:664318. [PMID: 34235200 PMCID: PMC8255976 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.664318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this longitudinal microbiome study was to investigate the effects of a commercially available veterinary synbiotic product (Blackmore's® Paw DigestiCare 60™) on the fecal microbiome of healthy dogs using 16S rRNA gene microbial profiling. Fifteen healthy, privately-owned dogs participated in a 2-week trial administration of the product. Fecal samples were collected at different time points, including baseline (prior to treatment), during administration and after discontinuation of product. Large intra- and inter-individual variation was observed throughout the study, but microbiome composition at higher phylogenetic levels, alpha and beta diversity were not significantly altered after 2 weeks of probiotic administration, suggesting an absence of probiotic impact on microbial diversity. Administration of the synbiotic preparation did, however, result in transient increases in probiotic species from Enterococacceae and Streptococacceae families as well as an increase in Fusobacteria; with the fecal microbiota partially reverting to its baseline state 3-weeks after cessation of probiotic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ciaravolo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.,Peninsula Vet, Emergency and Referral Hospital, Mornington, VIC, Australia
| | - Lina María Martínez-López
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J N Allcock
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew P Woodward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline Mansfield
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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11
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Martínez-López LM, Pepper A, Pilla R, Woodward AP, Suchodolski JS, Mansfield C. Effect of sequentially fed high protein, hydrolyzed protein, and high fiber diets on the fecal microbiota of healthy dogs: a cross-over study. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:42. [PMID: 34116725 PMCID: PMC8194187 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary content and environmental factors can shape the gut microbiota, and consequently, the way the gut microbiota metabolizes fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, affecting overall health of the host. We evaluated the impact of 3 diets (all meat [raw], high-insoluble fiber dry extruded diet and hydrolyzed protein dry extruded diet) on the gut microbiota of healthy dogs in a cross-over sequential study. Results We showed that diet can have an effect on the gut microbiome in dogs, which was influenced by the order of feeding. High-protein (all meat) diets were characterized by an increase in bacteria belonging to the Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla, whereas a high-insoluble fiber commercial diet correlated with increases in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla. However, the individual dog’s baseline microbiota had the most impact on the magnitude and nature of the changes in response to dietary intervention. Conclusion Our results suggest that the dog fecal microbiota is driven by protein and fiber composition to different degrees in individual animals, and targeted modification of these patterns could be useful in the modulation of the gut microbiota in different diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-021-00101-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina María Martínez-López
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Amy Pepper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.,Veterinary Specialists of Sydney, Miranda, NSW, 2228, Australia
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Andrew P Woodward
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Caroline Mansfield
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.
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12
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Kilburn LR, Koester LR, Schmitz-Esser S, Serão NVL, Rossoni Serão MC. High-Fat Diets Led to OTU-Level Shifts in Fecal Samples of Healthy Adult Dogs. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:564160. [PMID: 33363518 PMCID: PMC7752866 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.564160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High fat diets have been reported to negatively affect the microbiota in both mice and humans. However, there is a lack of studies in canine models. The variation among the gastrointestinal (GI) tract anatomy/physiology and typical diet compositions of these animal species may lead to vastly different results. Due to the large inclusion rate of dietary fat in pet food, it is critical to understand its effects in a canine model. Therefore, the study objective was to report the effects of high fat, low carbohydrate diets on the fecal microbiota in healthy adult dogs. Eight adult beagles were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments within each 15-day period of a replicated 4x4 Latin Square design. Diets contained 32% (T1), 37% (T2), 42% (T3), and 47% (T4) fat. T2, T3, and T4 were created by adding increasing levels of canola oil to T1, a commercially manufactured canned canine diet, which served as the control diet. Fresh fecal samples were collected during the last 5 days of each period for microbial analysis. DNA was extracted from fecal samples and paired-end 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. When comparing whole microbial communities using PERMANOVA, no significant differences were observed among treatments (P = 0.735). Individual OTUs were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with fixed effects of diet and room, and the random effects of period and animal. Out of the 100 most abundant individual OTUs, 36 showed significant differences in abundance based on treatment (q < 0.05). Overall, OTUs assigned to genera related to fat digestion increased while OTUs assigned to genera involved in carbohydrate digestion decreased. In conclusion, the microbial community adapted to dietary intervention without jeopardizing the health of the animals, evaluated by body condition score, fecal characteristics, and blood parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan R Kilburn
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lucas R Koester
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nick V L Serão
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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13
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Van den Abbeele P, Moens F, Pignataro G, Schnurr J, Ribecco C, Gramenzi A, Marzorati M. Yeast-Derived Formulations Are Differentially Fermented by the Canine and Feline Microbiome As Assessed in a Novel In Vitro Colonic Fermentation Model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13102-13110. [PMID: 31909618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study evaluated the effect of five yeast-derived formulations (T1-T5) on microbial metabolism and composition of the canine and feline gut microbiota using a novel in vitro colonic incubation approach. This novel in vitro model allowed for growth of the entire spectrum of dog- and cat-derived bacteria from the inoculum, thus offering an excellent platform to evaluate effects of nutritional interventions on the gut microbiota. Further, yeast-derived ingredients differentially increased production of acetate, propionate, butyrate, ammonium, and branched short-chain fatty acids, with T5 and T1 consistently stimulating propionate and butyrate, respectively. 16S-targeted Illumina sequencing coupled with flow cytometry provided unprecedented high-resolution quantitative insights in canine and feline microbiota modulation by yeast-derived ingredients, revealing that effects on propionate production were related to Prevotellaceae, Tannerellaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Veillonellaceae members, while effects on butyrate production were related to Erysipelotrichaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Fusobacteriaceae. Overall, these findings strengthen the health-promoting potential of yeast-derived ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giulia Pignataro
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Judy Schnurr
- Sensient Global BioNutrients, Hoffman Estates, Illinois 60192, United States
| | - Cataldo Ribecco
- Research and Development Unit (NIL), C.I.A.M. srl, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gramenzi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Marzorati
- ProDigest bvba, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Minamoto Y, Kawas JR, Suchodolski JS, de Vos WM. Akkermansia and Microbial Degradation of Mucus in Cats and Dogs: Implications to the Growing Worldwide Epidemic of Pet Obesity. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020044. [PMID: 32326394 PMCID: PMC7355976 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is a mucin-degrading bacterium that has shown the potential to provide anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects in mouse and man. We here focus on companion animals, specifically cats and dogs, and evaluate the microbial degradation of mucus and its health impact in the context of the worldwide epidemic of pet obesity. A literature survey revealed that the two presently known Akkermansia spp., A. muciniphila and A. glycaniphila, as well as other members of the phylum of Verrucomicrobia seem to be neither very prevalent nor abundant in the digestive tract of cats and dog. While this may be due to methodological aspects, it suggests that bacteria related to Akkermansia are not the major mucus degraders in these pets and hence other mucus-utilizing taxa may deserve attention. Hence, we will discuss the potential of these endogenous mucus utilizers and dietary interventions to boost these as well as the use of Akkermansia spp. related bacteria or their components as strategies to target feline and canine obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F. Garcia-Mazcorro
- Research and Development, MNA de Mexico, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66477, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-81-8850-5204
| | | | - Jorge R. Kawas
- Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, General Escobedo, Nuevo Leon 66050, Mexico;
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA;
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Jha AR, Shmalberg J, Tanprasertsuk J, Perry L, Massey D, Honaker RW. Characterization of gut microbiomes of household pets in the United States using a direct-to-consumer approach. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227289. [PMID: 32078625 PMCID: PMC7032713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of gut microbiomes as important regulators of mammalian health is increasingly recognized, although feline and canine gut microbiomes remain poorly characterized. In this proof-of-concept study, we assessed the utility of a direct-to-consumer approach to executing pet microbiome studies. We characterized the gut microbiomes of 238 pets (46 cats and 192 dogs) by generating ~11 million merged reads that were mapped to the V4 region of 16S ribosomal RNA gene at a sequencing depth of 45,806 (±22,325) reads per sample. Analyses of these reads revealed that both feline and canine gut microbiomes are dominated by three major phyla, namely Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroides and that alpha diversity is higher in the feline gut. In addition to interspecies differences between the feline and canine gut, we also detected appreciable intraspecies bacterial variation within the canine population. While the dogs in this dataset could be assigned to three distinct clusters based on their gut microbiome, no clustering was observed within the feline population. Integration of additional data obtained from survey questionnaires revealed that geography and body weight may be associated with canine gut microbiome composition. Furthermore, we found that both the inter and intraspecies differences are more pronounced at finer taxonomic levels, indicating that strain-level investigations may be necessary in the future. This study demonstrates that the direct-to-consumer approach overcomes existing limitations in pet microbiome research, for example, it allows collection of large numbers of pet samples. The direct-to-consumer approach has proven successful in human genomics as well as human microbiomics and this study demonstrates that by building partnerships with an engaged general public this approach can also propel the field of pet microbiomics forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish R. Jha
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Justin Shmalberg
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jirayu Tanprasertsuk
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
| | - LeeAnn Perry
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
| | - Dan Massey
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
| | - Ryan W. Honaker
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
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16
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Xu H, Zhao F, Hou Q, Huang W, Liu Y, Zhang H, Sun Z. Metagenomic analysis revealed beneficial effects of probiotics in improving the composition and function of the gut microbiota in dogs with diarrhoea. Food Funct 2020; 10:2618-2629. [PMID: 31021333 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics on the composition and function of the gut microbiota in dogs with diarrhoea. Forty dogs with diarrhoea were randomly allocated to the treatment group or control group. Probiotics, containing Lactobacillus casei Zhang, Lactobacillus plantarum P-8, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis V9, were only fed to 20 treated dogs for 60 days. The faecal samples of all dogs at day 0 and day 60 were analyzed using a metagenomic approach. The results showed a significantly higher microbial diversity and an obvious change in the structure of the gut microbiota in the treatment group. There was also an increase in the abundance of some beneficial bacteria in differently aged dogs, such as Lactobacillus johnsonii (P < 0.05), Lactobacillus reuteri (P < 0.01), Lactobacillus acidophilus (P < 0.05) and Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum (P < 0.05), and a reduction in the abundance of many opportunistic pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens (P < 0.05) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (P < 0.05) with the supplementation of probiotics. Intriguingly, the correlated networks among some pathogenic bacteria decreased following the administration of probiotics. Additionally, metagenomic analysis revealed the upregulation of pathways involved in the metabolism of amino acids and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, accompanied by the downregulation of pathways associated with virulence of pathogenic bacteria and cell signaling, suggesting that probiotics could improve the health of dogs with diarrhoea through regulation of the gut microbiota. Our research provides new information relevant to the treatment of diarrhoea in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, P. R. China.
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17
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Ide K, Shinohara M, Yamagishi S, Endo A, Nishifuji K, Tochio T. Kestose supplementation exerts bifidogenic effect within fecal microbiota and increases fecal butyrate concentration in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 82:1-8. [PMID: 31761826 PMCID: PMC6983673 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kestose, a fructooligosaccharide (FOS) with one fructose monomer linked to sucrose, is a key component of the prebiotic activity of FOS. This study aimed to evaluate the prebiotic potential
of Kestose in terms of the impact on population change in the intestinal microbiota and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration in dogs. Kestose 2 g per dog was administered daily
with conventional diet to 6 healthy, adult beagle dogs for 8 weeks followed by 4 weeks of follow-up period without Kestose supplementation. Fresh fecal samples were obtained before and every
4 weeks until the end of the follow-up period. Genomic DNA extracted from the fecal samples was subjected to 16S rRNA gene analysis using next generation sequencer and to quantitative
polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Fecal acetate, propionate, butyrate, lactate and ethanol concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. 16S rRNA gene analysis and
qPCR showed increasing trend of genus Bifidobacterium after Kestose supplementation while genera Bacteroides and Sutterella decreased.
Clostridium perfringens decreased below the detection limit within first 4 weeks after starting Kestose supplementation. Fecal butyrate concentration was significantly
increased at week 8 and returned to the base level after 4 weeks of the washing period. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal effect of Kestose on the populational
changes in fecal microbiota and fecal butyrate concentration in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ide
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mikako Shinohara
- B Food Science Co., Ltd., 24-12 Kitahama, Chita, Aichi 478-0046, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamagishi
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Akihito Endo
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Koji Nishifuji
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takumi Tochio
- B Food Science Co., Ltd., 24-12 Kitahama, Chita, Aichi 478-0046, Japan
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18
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Jarett JK, Carlson A, Rossoni Serao M, Strickland J, Serfilippi L, Ganz HH. Diets with and without edible cricket support a similar level of diversity in the gut microbiome of dogs. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7661. [PMID: 31565574 PMCID: PMC6743483 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays an important role in the health of dogs. Both beneficial microbes and overall diversity can be modulated by diet. Fermentable sources of fiber in particular often increase the abundance of beneficial microbes. Banded crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) contain the fermentable polysaccharides chitin and chitosan. In addition, crickets are an environmentally sustainable protein source. Considering crickets as a potential source of both novel protein and novel fiber for dogs, four diets ranging from 0% to 24% cricket content were fed to determine their effects on healthy dogs’ (n = 32) gut microbiomes. Fecal samples were collected serially at 0, 14, and 29 days, and processed using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene PCR amplicons. Microbiomes were generally very similar across all diets at both the phylum and genus level, and alpha and beta diversities did not differ between the various diets at 29 days. A total of 12 ASVs (amplicon sequence variants) from nine genera significantly changed in abundance following the addition of cricket, often in a dose-response fashion with increasing amounts of cricket. A net increase was observed in Catenibacterium, Lachnospiraceae [Ruminococcus], and Faecalitalea, whereas Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiracaeae NK4A136 group and others decreased in abundance. Similar changes in Catenibacterium and Bacteroides have been associated with gut health benefits in other studies. However, the total magnitude of all changes was small and only a few specific taxa changed in abundance. Overall, we found that diets containing cricket supported the same level of gut microbiome diversity as a standard healthy balanced diet. These results support crickets as a potential healthy, novel food ingredient for dogs.
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19
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Wang B, Wang XL. Species diversity of fecal microbial flora in Canis lupus familiaris infected with canine parvovirus. Vet Microbiol 2019; 237:108390. [PMID: 31585652 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Parvovirosis is a highly contagious disease in dogs, often causing acute hemorrhagic enteritis and altering the intestinal microflora. In this study, real-time PCR was used to detect the viral copy numbers in dogs diagnosed with the disease. Hematological and hemobiochemical parameters were also determined. The species and abundances of the fecal microbial flora in both sick and healthy dogs were determined and compared via metagenomic sequencing. The viral copy numbers in the sick dogs were infected with little difference in the positive samples. The blood coagulation time was significantly shorter and the number of white blood cells was significantly greater in the sick dogs. The serum calcium content was slightly increased and the phosphorus content was reduced in the sick dogs. The LDH and CK activities were significantly elevated in the sick dogs. Metagenomic sequencing and analysis revealed relatively more Escherichia, Lachnoclostridium, gnavus group (Ruminococcus), and uncultured_bacterium_f_lachnospiraceae in the infected dogs, whereas the abundance of Collinsella was relatively reduced. Alloprevotella and Sutterella were absent among the fecal microorganisms of the infected dogs. The relative abundances of Romboutsia, Erysipelatoclostridium, Anaerotruncus, and Blautia were significantly increased in the infected dogs. Functional analysis of the metagenomes of the samples indicated a significant enrichment of the 'replication, recombination and repair', 'nucleotide transport and metabolism', 'transcription', and 'defense metabolism' functions in the fecal microbial flora of the infected dogs. In summary, this study provides a scientific theoretical basis for preventing and controlling diarrhea caused by the canine parvovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, PR China; Center of Conservation Medicine and Ecological Safety, Northeast Forestry University, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Long Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, PR China; Center of Conservation Medicine and Ecological Safety, Northeast Forestry University, PR China.
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20
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Scheraiber M, Grześkowiak Ł, Zentek J, Barbosa FF, Félix AP, da Silva AVF. Inclusion of IgY in a dog's diet has moderate impact on the intestinal microbial fermentation. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:996-1003. [PMID: 31287945 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the impact of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) in a diet on the systemic health and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of dogs. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixteen healthy 11-month-old Beagle dogs were distributed at random (eight animals per treatment) in two treatments groups: control (0 g kg-1 IgY) and test (2 g IgY per day). The animals were evaluated on days 0 and 40 for a complete blood count (CBC) and biochemical profiles (ALT, ALP, creatinine and urea). Faecal samples were collected from days 35 to 40 to measure nutrient digestibility, faecal characteristics, sialic acid, intestinal microbiota composition and microbial metabolites. The CBC, biochemical profiles, apparent nutrient digestibility and faecal characteristics did not differ between the two treatment groups (P > 0·05). Dog faeces that received IgY were characterized by lower sialic acid and n-valeric concentration, as well as an increase in n-butyric concentration, in contrast to dogs fed a diet without IgY (P < 0·05). The other microbial faecal metabolites did not differ between the two treatment groups (P > 0·05). There tended to be an increase in the copy number of Clostridium cluster XIVa (Clostridium coccoides group) in the IgY group in contrast to the control group (P = 0·07). The other bacteria analysed did not differ between the treatment groups (P > 0·05). The colonic pH in the IgY group was lower than in control group (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS The addition of IgY in the diet of healthy dogs maintains the microbial balance and has an interesting effect on microbial metabolites. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The use of IgY, antibodies produced by laying hens, in animal feed is an alternative for the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scheraiber
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ł Grześkowiak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - A P Félix
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A V Fischer da Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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21
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Sureshkumar S, Jung SK, Kim D, Oh KB, Yang H, Lee HC, Jin JY, Sun LH, Lee S, Byun SJ. Oral administration of Lactobacillus reuteri expressing a 3D8 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) enhances chicken growth and conserves immune homeostasis. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:282. [PMID: 31245246 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of 3D8 scFv-secreting Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) on growth performance, inflammatory responses, and intestinal microbial flora in chickens. To this end, a total of 14 healthy wild-type chickens were divided into two experimental groups. Each group was orally administrated with a daily dose of 109 colony-forming units (CFU) of 3D8 scFv-producing L. reuteri or wild-type (WT) for 35 days. Administration of L. reuteri/3D8 scFv significantly improved the body weight of chickens when compared to L. reuteri/WT group. The bacterial taxonomic composition of the fecal microbiota was determined by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria were dominant phyla in two experimental groups. However, in 3D8 L. reuteri treatment groups at genus level, the Lactobacillus was highly abundant, being represented by 18.12%. In addition, serum levels of primary cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IGF1 were markedly reduced in the probiotic L. reuteri 3D8 group. In summary, our results indicate that the administration of L. reuteri expressing 3D8 scFv has a modulatory effect on inflammatory responses, improves weight gain while not affecting the common microbial composition of the chicken intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Sureshkumar
- 1Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun, 441-706 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Keun Jung
- 1Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun, 441-706 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Kim
- 2Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Bong Oh
- 1Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun, 441-706 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Yang
- 1Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun, 441-706 Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi Cheul Lee
- 1Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun, 441-706 Republic of Korea
| | - Jo Yong Jin
- 1Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun, 441-706 Republic of Korea
| | - Lee Hae Sun
- 1Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun, 441-706 Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- 2Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Sung June Byun
- 1Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun, 441-706 Republic of Korea
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Jackson MI, Jewell DE. Balance of saccharolysis and proteolysis underpins improvements in stool quality induced by adding a fiber bundle containing bound polyphenols to either hydrolyzed meat or grain-rich foods. Gut Microbes 2018; 10:298-320. [PMID: 30376392 PMCID: PMC6546335 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1526580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber is a key component in gastrointestinal health maintenance partly due to its fermentation by the gut microbiome. The food-dependent effects of a novel fiber bundle added to hydrolyzed meat (HM) or grain-rich (GR) foods in healthy dogs (n = 16) or those with chronic enteritis/gastroenteritis (n = 16) were examined. Addition of fiber to either food improved stool quality in dogs regardless of health status; microbiome diversity of dogs with chronic enteritis/gastroenteritis became more similar to healthy dogs. The abundance of bacteria mediating beneficial saccharolytic processes (eg, Lachnospiraceae) significantly increased on addition of fiber to the GR food, while those mediating detrimental proteolytic catabolism (eg, Desulfovibrionaceae) significantly decreased. Fiber addition to the HM food led to significant changes in saccharolytic/proteolytic bacteria. Higher levels of free saccharides in feces upon fiber addition to either food indicated increased saccharolysis. Fiber addition to the GR food decreased levels of fecal free amino acids, indicating decreased proteolysis. Addition of fiber decreased fecal pH for both foods but likely by different mechanisms: addition of fiber to the HM food led to increased straight-chain short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and no significant change in proteolytic branched-chain SFCAs, while in the GR food, fiber mainly led to decreased proteolytic branched-chain SFCAs. Other postbiotics related to intestinal health were consistently altered when fiber was added to either food. Plant-derived bioactive molecules were enriched in feces from dogs fed either food with added fiber, which could account for the observed modulation of the canine gut microbiome and shifts in metabolic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew I. Jackson
- Pet Nutrition Center, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, USA,CONTACT Matthew I. Jackson Pet Nutrition Center, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., 1035 NE 43rd St., Topeka, KS, 66617-1587, USA
| | - Dennis E. Jewell
- Pet Nutrition Center, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, USA
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23
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Reddy KE, Jeong JY, Song J, Lee Y, Lee HJ, Kim DW, Jung HJ, Kim KH, Kim M, Oh YK, Lee SD, Kim M. Colon Microbiome of Pigs Fed Diet Contaminated with Commercial Purified Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10090347. [PMID: 30158450 PMCID: PMC6162637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) can seriously affect animal health, with potentially severe economic losses. Previous studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota plays a significant role in detoxification. We analyzed the colon contents from three groups of pigs (fed either a standard diet, or a diet with 8 mg/kg DON or ZEN). Bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons were obtained from the colon contents, and sequenced using next-generation sequencing on the MiSeq platform. Overall, 2,444,635 gene sequences were generated, with ≥2000 sequences examined. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in all three groups. The sequences of Lactobacillus, Megasphaera, and Faecalibacterium genera, and the unclassified Clostridiaceae family, represented more than 1.2% of the total, with significantly different abundances among the groups. Lactobacillus was especially more abundant in the DON (7.6%) and ZEN (2.7%) groups than in the control (0.2%). A total of 48,346 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified in the three groups. Two OTUs, classified as Lactobacillus, were the most dominant in the DON and ZEN groups. The abundances of the remaining OTUs were also significantly different among the groups. Thus, the mycotoxin-contaminated feed significantly affected the colon microbiota, especially Lactobacillus, which was the most abundant. Therefore, we speculate that Lactobacillus plays a major role in detoxification of these mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondreddy Eswar Reddy
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Jin Young Jeong
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Jaeyong Song
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Yookyung Lee
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Jeong Lee
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
- Department of Poultry Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, #1515 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54874, Korea.
| | - Hyun Jung Jung
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Minji Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Young Kyoon Oh
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Sung Dae Lee
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Minseok Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #1500 Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea.
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
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24
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Leis ML, Costa MO. Initial description of the core ocular surface microbiome in dogs: Bacterial community diversity and composition in a defined canine population. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:337-344. [PMID: 30095241 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the bacterial community residing on the conjunctiva of clinically healthy dogs. METHODS Bacterial DNA from conjunctival swabs of 10 dogs with normal ocular examinations (both OD and OS, n = 20) was extracted, and 16S rRNA amplicons were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq 600. Resulting data were subjected to quality control steps, and analyzed for bacterial community richness and diversity, within- and between-group dissimilarity, and relative taxonomic composition. RESULTS High-quality reads (2.22 million bp) resulted in a mean of 159 068 sequences per sample. Bacterial community evenness and diversity was high when compared to other species, and did not significantly differ when samples were grouped by dogs or eyes. As expected, within-dog samples were more similar than between-dog samples. Taxonomic classification revealed that >95% of the community consisted of Firmicutes (34.9 ± 8.8%), Actinobacteria (26.3 ± 7.1%), Proteobacteria (26.2 ± 6.6%), and Bacteroidetes (9.4 ± 2.4%). Key members of the dog ocular surface microbiome, found in all dogs and corresponding to >25% of all identified OTUs (operational taxonomic units), were part of the Bifidobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Moraxellaceae, Corynebacteriaceae families. Genera previously thought to account for the majority of the core ocular surface microbiome in the dog (Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., and Bacillus sp.) were associated with only 2.63% of overall reads. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the feasibility of conjunctival swabs and high-throughput sequencing to profile the bacterial community structure of the canine ocular surface. A core ocular surface microbiome was identified for this canine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Leis
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Matheus O Costa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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25
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Bacterial diversity in the feces of dogs with CPV infection. Microb Pathog 2018; 121:70-76. [PMID: 29709688 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a contagious disease in dogs that has high morbidity and mortality. In cases of infection, the pups tend to have a higher mortality and more severe clinical symptoms than the adult dogs because the dehydration is difficult for pups to bear. Following the natural infection, there is a rapid antibody response neutralizing the extracellular virus. As a result, virus titers in tissue and feces become markedly reduced. Hence, it is important to have an effective symptomatic therapy of supporting animals to survive in the early stages of CPV infection. Furthermore, the co-infection with bacteria could increase the severity of lesions and clinical signs as well. In this paper, we obtained the bacterial diversity in feces of CPV infected dogs with the enrichment of five bacteria genera (Shigella, Peptoclostridium, Peptostreptococcus, Streptococcus, Fusobacterium). These microorganisms may partly result in the intestinal pathology of the infection. In summary, the discussion of the bacterial biodiversity in feces of CPV infected dogs provides further insights into the pathology of CPV disease and the targets of developing more effective treatment strategies.
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Silva ROS, de Oliveira Júnior CA, Blanc DS, Pereira ST, de Araujo MCR, Vasconcelos A, Lobato FCF. Clostridioides difficile infection in dogs with chronic-recurring diarrhea responsive to dietary changes. Anaerobe 2018; 51:50-53. [PMID: 29621604 PMCID: PMC7111076 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Five dogs with chronic-recurring diarrhea were positive for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), but were unresponsive to treatment with metronidazole. One of these animals was subjected to a colonoscopy, which revealed eosinophilic infiltration of the colon. All five animals completely recovered after dietary changes. The present work suggests that CDI might occur in dogs with other intestinal alterations. In addition, this report suggests that dysbiosis should be considered in animals that have chronic-recurring diarrhea and test positive for C. difficile. C. difficile infection (CDI) in dogs are still largely unknown. Five dogs with chronic-recurring diarrhea were positive for CDI. All animals completely recovered after dietary changes. Dysbiosis should be considered in dogs with chronic-recurring diarrhea and CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Dominique S Blanc
- Service of Hospital Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Artur Vasconcelos
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
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27
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Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)/chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) (ME/CFS) is a disabling and debilitating disease of unknown aetiology. It is a heterogeneous disease characterized by various inflammatory, immune, viral, neurological and endocrine symptoms. Several microbiome studies have described alterations in the bacterial component of the microbiome (dysbiosis) consistent with a possible role in disease development. However, in focusing on the bacterial components of the microbiome, these studies have neglected the viral constituent known as the virome. Viruses, particularly those infecting bacteria (bacteriophages), have the potential to alter the function and structure of the microbiome via gene transfer and host lysis. Viral-induced microbiome changes can directly and indirectly influence host health and disease. The contribution of viruses towards disease pathogenesis is therefore an important area for research in ME/CFS. Recent advancements in sequencing technology and bioinformatics now allow more comprehensive and inclusive investigations of human microbiomes. However, as the number of microbiome studies increases, the need for greater consistency in study design and analysis also increases. Comparisons between different ME/CFS microbiome studies are difficult because of differences in patient selection and diagnosis criteria, sample processing, genome sequencing and downstream bioinformatics analysis. It is therefore important that microbiome studies adopt robust, reproducible and consistent study design to enable more reliable and valid comparisons and conclusions to be made between studies. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence supporting microbiome alterations in ME/CFS patients. Additionally, the pitfalls and challenges associated with microbiome studies are discussed.
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28
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Li F, Wang J, Huang L, Chen H, Wang C. Effects of Adding Clostridium sp. WJ06 on Intestinal Morphology and Microbial Diversity of Growing Pigs Fed with Natural Deoxynivalenol Contaminated Wheat. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120383. [PMID: 29186895 PMCID: PMC5744103 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is commonly detected in cereals, and is a threat to human and animal health. The effects of microbiological detoxification are now being widely studied. A total of 24 pigs (over four months) were randomly divided into three treatments. Treatment A was fed with a basal diet as the control group. Treatment B was fed with naturally DON-contaminated wheat as a negative control group. Treatment C was fed with a contaminated diet that also had Clostridium sp. WJ06, which was used as a detoxicant. Growth performance, relative organ weight, intestinal morphology, and the intestinal flora of bacteria and fungi were examined. The results showed that after consuming a DON-contaminated diet, the growth performance of the pigs decreased significantly (p < 0.05), the relative organ weight of the liver and kidney increased significantly (p < 0.05), and the integrity of the intestinal barrier was also impaired, though the toxic effects of the contaminated diets on growing pigs were relieved after adding Clostridium sp. WJ06. The data from MiSeq sequencing of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) gene suggested that the abundance of intestinal flora was significantly different across the three treatments. In conclusion, the application of Clostridium sp. WJ06 can reduce the toxic effects of DON and adjust the intestinal microecosystem of growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- FuChang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City 271018, China.
| | - JinQuan Wang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - LiBo Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City 271018, China.
| | - HongJu Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City 271018, China.
| | - ChunYang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City 271018, China.
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29
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Guard BC, Suchodolski JS. HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Canine intestinal microbiology and metagenomics: From phylogeny to function. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:2247-61. [PMID: 27285902 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent molecular studies have revealed a complex microbiota in the dog intestine. Convincing evidence has been reported linking changes in microbial communities to acute and chronic gastrointestinal inflammation, especially in canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The most common microbial changes observed in intestinal inflammation are decreases in the bacterial phyla Firmicutes (i.e., Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and ) and Bacteroidetes, with concurrent increases in Proteobacteria (i.e., ). Due to the important role of microbial-derived metabolites for host health, it is important to elucidate the metabolic consequences of gastrointestinal dysbiosis and physiological pathways implicated in specific disease phenotypes. Metagenomic studies have used shotgun sequencing of DNA as well as phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) to characterize functional changes in the bacterial metagenome in gastrointestinal disease. Furthermore, wide-scale and untargeted measurements of metabolic products derived by the host and the microbiota in intestinal samples allow a better understanding of the functional alterations that occur in gastrointestinal disease. For example, changes in bile acid metabolism and tryptophan catabolism recently have been reported in humans and dogs. Also, metabolites associated with the pentose phosphate pathway were significantly altered in chronic gastrointestinal inflammation and indicate the presence of oxidative stress in dogs with IBD. This review focuses on the advancements made in canine metagenomics and metabolomics and their implications in understanding gastrointestinal disease as well as the development of better treatment approaches.
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30
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Jugan MC, Rudinsky AJ, Parker VJ, Gilor C. Use of probiotics in small animal veterinary medicine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250:519-528. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.250.5.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Camilleri M, Sellin JH, Barrett KE. Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Management of Chronic Watery Diarrhea. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:515-532.e2. [PMID: 27773805 PMCID: PMC5285476 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic watery diarrhea poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge and is often a disabling condition for patients. Although acute diarrhea is likely to be caused by infection, the causes of chronic diarrhea (>4 weeks in duration) are more elusive. We review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic diarrhea. Drawing on recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of intestinal epithelial transport and barrier function, we discuss how diarrhea can result from a decrease in luminal solute absorption, an increase in secretion, or both, as well as derangements in barrier properties. We also describe the various extraepithelial factors that activate diarrheal mechanisms. Finally, clinical evaluation and tests used in the assessment of patients presenting with chronic diarrhea are reviewed, and an algorithm guiding therapeutic decisions and pharmacotherapy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Joseph H. Sellin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Kim E. Barrett
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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32
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Wang C, Zhu Y, Li F, Huang L. The Effect of Lactobacillus isolates on growth performance, immune response, intestinal bacterial community composition of growing Rex Rabbits. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 101:e1-e13. [PMID: 28066944 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus isolates on intestinal bacterial community composition of growing Rex Rabbits. A total of 120 weaned Rex Rabbits (30 days old, 30 per group) were used for the experiment, which started after an adaptation period of 7 days. The control group was fed with basal diet only, while the treatment I, II and III groups were fed with basal diet adding antibiotics, Lactobacillus zeae (LB1) and Lactobacillus casei (L3) respectively. Growth performance, immune response and intestinal flora have been examined. The results obtained were as follows: (i) F/G of the rabbits fed with Lactobacillus isolates was significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05). (ii) The concentration of ALT decreased significantly (p < 0.05) and that of IgG and IgM increased significantly (p < 0.05) after feeding rabbits with Lactobacillus isolates. (iii) Lactobacillus isolates had no influence on the number of mast cells in duodenum and jejunum, but increased the number of mast cells in caecum significantly (p < 0.05). (iv) The data from pyrosequencing-based analysis suggested that the bacterial community in the rabbit's intestinal flora can be changed by Lactobacillus isolates and antibiotics, especially for the microbial diversity and abundance in the caecum. In conclusion, the application of proper Lactobacillus isolates can improve the growth performance, enhance the immunological function and adjust the intestinal micro-ecosystem of growing Rex Rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Y Zhu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - F Li
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - L Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
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33
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Sabbioni A, Ferrario C, Milani C, Mancabelli L, Riccardi E, Di Ianni F, Beretti V, Superchi P, Ossiprandi MC. Modulation of the Bifidobacterial Communities of the Dog Microbiota by Zeolite. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1491. [PMID: 27713735 PMCID: PMC5031887 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During last decades canine health and well being is becoming an important issue for human owners. In dogs, several factors including diet, pathogenic bacterial and stress conditions can affect the composition of the gut microbiota. In this study, we evaluated the effect of dietary chabazitic zeolitite (CZ) supplementation on the contribution of bifidobacteria to the fecal microbiota in training hunting dogs. Fecal microbiota cataloging based on 16S rRNA microbial profiling analyses highlighted an increase of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in animals treated with CZ, with a simultaneous decrease of pathogens associated with dog gastrointestinal infections, such as Klebsiella and Enterobacter. A detailed profiling of the bifidobacterial population of dogs receiving CZ based on the ITS-based sequencing approach, revealed an enhancement bifidobacterial of species typical of animals such as Bifidobacterium animalis and B. pseudolongum. Moreover, these analyses identified the occurrence of putative new bifidobacterial taxa in both treated and untreated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sabbioni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of ParmaParma,Italy
| | - Chiara Ferrario
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of ParmaParma, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of ParmaParma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mancabelli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of ParmaParma, Italy
| | - Enzo Riccardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of ParmaParma,Italy
| | - Francesco Di Ianni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of ParmaParma,Italy
| | - Valentino Beretti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of ParmaParma,Italy
| | - Paola Superchi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of ParmaParma,Italy
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Kieft TL, Simmons KA. Allometry of animal-microbe interactions and global census of animal-associated microbes. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.0702. [PMID: 26108631 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals live in close association with microorganisms, mostly prokaryotes, living in or on them as commensals, mutualists or parasites, and profoundly affecting host fitness. Most animal-microbe studies focus on microbial community structure; for this project, allometry (scaling of animal attributes with animal size) was applied to animal-microbe relationships across a range of species spanning 12 orders of magnitude in animal mass, from nematodes to whales. Microbial abundances per individual animal were gleaned from published literature and also microscopically counted in three species. Abundance of prokaryotes/individual versus animal mass scales as a nearly linear power function (exponent = 1.07, R(2) = 0.94). Combining this power function with allometry of animal abundance indicates that macrofauna have an outsized share of animal-associated microorganisms. The total number of animal-associated prokaryotes in Earth's land animals was calculated to be 1.3-1.4 × 10(25) cells and the total of marine animal-associated microbes was calculated to be 8.6-9.0 × 10(24) cells. Animal-associated microbes thus total 2.1-2.3 × 10(25) of the approximately 10(30) prokaryotes on the Earth. Microbes associated with humans comprise 3.3-3.5% of Earth's animal-associated microbes, and domestic animals harbour 14-20% of all animal-associated microbes, adding a new dimension to the scale of human impact on the biosphere. This novel allometric power function may reflect underlying mechanisms involving the transfer of energy and materials between microorganisms and their animal hosts. Microbial diversity indices of animal gut communities and gut microbial species richness for 60 mammals did not indicate significant scaling relationships with animal body mass; however, further research in this area is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Kieft
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Karen A Simmons
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
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35
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Barka EA, Vatsa P, Sanchez L, Gaveau-Vaillant N, Jacquard C, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Klenk HP, Clément C, Ouhdouch Y, van Wezel GP. Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:1-43. [PMID: 26609051 PMCID: PMC4711186 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00019-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 936] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria are Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C DNA content that constitute one of the largest bacterial phyla, and they are ubiquitously distributed in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Many Actinobacteria have a mycelial lifestyle and undergo complex morphological differentiation. They also have an extensive secondary metabolism and produce about two-thirds of all naturally derived antibiotics in current clinical use, as well as many anticancer, anthelmintic, and antifungal compounds. Consequently, these bacteria are of major importance for biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture. Actinobacteria play diverse roles in their associations with various higher organisms, since their members have adopted different lifestyles, and the phylum includes pathogens (notably, species of Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Propionibacterium, and Tropheryma), soil inhabitants (e.g., Micromonospora and Streptomyces species), plant commensals (e.g., Frankia spp.), and gastrointestinal commensals (Bifidobacterium spp.). Actinobacteria also play an important role as symbionts and as pathogens in plant-associated microbial communities. This review presents an update on the biology of this important bacterial phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essaid Ait Barka
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Parul Vatsa
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Lisa Sanchez
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Nathalie Gaveau-Vaillant
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Cedric Jacquard
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Clément
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Yder Ouhdouch
- Faculté de Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Biotechnologie des Microorganismes, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Schmitz S, Suchodolski J. Understanding the canine intestinal microbiota and its modification by pro-, pre- and synbiotics - what is the evidence? Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:71-94. [PMID: 29067182 PMCID: PMC5645859 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and possibilities of its therapeutic modifications has soared over the last decade and more detailed knowledge specific to the canine microbiota at different mucosal sites including the gut is available. Probiotics, prebiotics or their combination (synbiotics) are a way of modifying the intestinal microbiota and exert effects on the host immune response. Probiotics are proposed to exert their beneficial effects through various pathways, for example production of antimicrobial peptides, enhancing growth of favourable endogenous microorganisms, competition for epithelial colonisation sites and immune‐modulatory functions. Despite widespread use of pro‐, pre‐ and synbiotics, scientific evidence of their beneficial effects in different conditions of the dog is scarce. Specific effects of different strains, their combination or their potential side‐effects have not been evaluated sufficiently. In some instances, in vitro results have been promising, but could not be transferred consistently into in vivo situations. Specific canine gastrointestinal (GI) diseases or conditions where probiotics would be beneficial, their most appropriate dosage and application have not been assessed extensively. This review summarises the current knowledge of the intestinal microbiome composition in the dog and evaluates the evidence for probiotic use in canine GI diseases to date. It wishes to provide veterinarians with evidence‐based information on when and why these products could be useful in preventing or treating canine GI conditions. It also outlines knowledge about safety and approval of commercial probiotic products, and the potential use of faecal microbial transplantation, as they are related to the topic of probiotic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schmitz
- Department of Internal MedicineSmall Animal HospitalJustus-Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Jan Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryDepartment of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
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Zhu Y, Wang C, Li F. Impact of dietary fiber/starch ratio in shaping caecal microbiota in rabbits. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:771-84. [PMID: 26361938 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine whether changing the dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF)/starch ratio affected caecal microbiota when 4 different diets (diet A: 2.3 NDF/starch, diet B: 1.9, diet C: 1.4, diet D: 1.0) were formulated. A total of 200 weaned rabbits (35 days old, 50 per group) were used for the experiment, which started after an adaptation period of 7 days (i.e., day 42). Caecal contents were obtained from rabbits fed different NDF/starch diets at 52, 62, 72, and 82 days of life. The bacterial community structure was characterized by high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Synergistetes, and Tenericutes did not significantly change with diet or age. However, Bacteroidetes (P < 0.05), Proteobacteria (P < 0.01), and Verrucomicrobia (P < 0.05) reads were significantly affected by diet, and Proteobacteria (P < 0.01) and Verrucomicrobia (P < 0.05) reads were significantly influenced by age. At the genus level, Escherichia/Shigella (P < 0.01) was overrepresented in diet A (high fiber) relative to diet D (high starch) in 52- and 62-day-old rabbits. Venn diagrams and heat map plot analyses revealed that the number of gut species shared between animals with different diet treatments increased with age. These results suggest that dietary fiber per starch ratios and age significantly alter the composition of caecal microbiota in growing rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Taian Daizong Road, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China.,Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Taian Daizong Road, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Taian Daizong Road, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China.,Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Taian Daizong Road, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchang Li
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Taian Daizong Road, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China.,Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Taian Daizong Road, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
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38
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Grześkowiak Ł, Endo A, Beasley S, Salminen S. Microbiota and probiotics in canine and feline welfare. Anaerobe 2015; 34:14-23. [PMID: 25863311 PMCID: PMC7111060 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dogs and cats have been cohabiting with us for thousands of years. They are the major human companions. Today, dogs and cats live in urban areas. Cats and most dogs are on high carbohydrate diets and face similar life-style challenges as the human beings. The health and well-being of companion animals, just as their owners, depends on the gut microbes. Providing a proper care and nutritionally balanced diet to companion animals is recognised as a part of our responsibility to maintain the health and well being of our pet. However, as microbiota differences may facilitate exposure to pathogens and harmful environmental influences, it is prudent to search for novel tools to protect dogs and cats and at the same time the human owners from pathogens. Specific probiotic strains and/or their defined combinations may be useful in the canine and feline nutrition, therapy, and care. Probiotic supplementations have been successful in the prevention and treatment of acute gastroenteritis, treatment of IBD, and prevention of allergy in companion animals. New challenges for probiotic applications include maintenance of obesity and overweight, urogenital tract infections, Helicobacter gastritis and parasitic infections. The probiotics of human origin appear to be among the new promising tools for the maintenance of pets' health. However, the host-derived microorganisms might be the most appropriate probiotic source. Therefore, more controlled trials are needed to characterise new and safe probiotic preparations with an impact on general health and well being as well as health maintenance in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akihito Endo
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Univeristy of Turku, Turku, Finland
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39
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Honneffer JB, Minamoto Y, Suchodolski JS. Microbiota alterations in acute and chronic gastrointestinal inflammation of cats and dogs. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16489-16497. [PMID: 25469017 PMCID: PMC4248192 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is the collection of the living microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses) inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. Novel bacterial identification approaches have revealed that the gastrointestinal microbiota of dogs and cats is, similarly to humans, a highly complex ecosystem. Studies in dogs and cats have demonstrated that acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are associated with alterations in the small intestinal and fecal microbial communities. Of interest is that these alterations are generally similar to the dysbiosis observed in humans with IBD or animal models of intestinal inflammation, suggesting that microbial responses to inflammatory conditions of the gut are conserved across mammalian host types. Studies have also revealed possible underlying susceptibilities in the innate immune system of dogs and cats with IBD, which further demonstrate the intricate relationship between gut microbiota and host health. Commonly identified microbiome changes in IBD are decreases in bacterial groups within the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and increases within Proteobacteia. Furthermore, a reduction in the diversity of Clostridium clusters XIVa and IV (i.e., Lachnospiraceae and Clostridium coccoides subgroups) are associated with IBD, suggesting that these bacterial groups may play an important role in maintenance of gastrointestinal health. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the functional changes associated with intestinal dysbiosis in dogs and cats.
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40
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Gut microbiota of humans, dogs and cats: current knowledge and future opportunities and challenges. Br J Nutr 2014; 113 Suppl:S6-17. [PMID: 25414978 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput DNA sequencing techniques allow for the identification and characterisation of microbes and their genes (microbiome). Using these new techniques, microbial populations in several niches of the human body, including the oral and nasal cavities, skin, urogenital tract and gastrointestinal tract, have been described recently. Very little data on the microbiome of companion animals exist, and most of the data have been derived from the analysis of the faeces of healthy laboratory animals. High-throughput assays provide opportunities to study the complex and dense populations of the gut microbiota, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa and viruses. Our laboratory and others have recently described the predominant microbial taxa and genes of healthy dogs and cats and how these respond to dietary interventions. In general, faecal microbial phylogeny (e.g. predominance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria) and functional capacity (e.g. major functional groups related to carbohydrate, protein, DNA and vitamin metabolism; virulence factors; and cell wall and capsule) of the canine and feline gut are similar to those of the human gut. Initial sequencing projects have provided a glimpse of the microbial super-organism that exists within the canine and feline gut, but leaves much to be explored and discovered. As DNA provides information only about potential functions, studies that focus on the microbial transcriptome, metabolite profiles, and how microbiome changes affect host physiology and health are clearly required. Future studies must determine how diet composition, antibiotics and other drug therapies, breed and disease affect or are affected by the gut microbiome and how this information may be used to improve diets, identify disease biomarkers and develop targeted disease therapies.
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Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M. Advances in Instrumental Analysis of Brominated Flame Retardants: Current Status and Future Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:651834. [PMID: 27433482 PMCID: PMC4897317 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the recent advances and methodological improvements in instrumental techniques applied for the analysis of different brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The literature search strategy was based on the recent analytical reviews published on BFRs. The main selection criteria involved the successful development and application of analytical methods for determination of the target compounds in various environmental matrices. Different factors affecting chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of brominated analytes were evaluated and discussed. Techniques using advanced instrumentation to achieve outstanding results in quantification of different BFRs and their metabolites/degradation products were highlighted. Finally, research gaps in the field of BFR analysis were identified and recommendations for future research were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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Gómez B, Gullón B, Remoroza C, Schols HA, Parajó JC, Alonso JL. Purification, characterization, and prebiotic properties of pectic oligosaccharides from orange peel wastes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9769-82. [PMID: 25207862 DOI: 10.1021/jf503475b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pectic oligosaccharides (POS) were obtained by hydrothermal treatment of orange peel wastes (OPW) and purified by membrane filtration to yield a refined product containing 90 wt % of the target products. AraOS (DP 3-21), GalOS (DP 5-12), and OGalA (DP 2-12, with variable DM) were identified in POS mixtures, but long-chain products were also present. The prebiotic potential of the concentrate was assessed by in vitro fermentation using human fecal inocula. For comparative purposes, similar experiments were performed using orange pectin and commercial fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) as substrates for fermentation. The dynamics of selected microbial populations was assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Gas generation, pH, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were also measured. Under the tested conditions, all of the considered substrates were utilized by the microbiota, and fermentation resulted in increased numbers of all the bacterial groups, but the final profile of the microbial population depended on the considered carbon source. POS boosted particularly the numbers of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, so that the ratio between the joint counts of both genera and the total cell number increased from 17% in the inocula to 27% upon fermentation. SCFA generation from POS fermentation was similar to that observed with FOS, but pectin fermentation resulted in reduced butyrate generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Gómez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) , As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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Kerr KR, Beloshapka AN, Swanson KS. 2011 and 2012 Early Careers Achievement Awards: use of genomic biology to study companion animal intestinal microbiota. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2504-11. [PMID: 23482581 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-6225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dogs and cats are quite different than many livestock species in that they have evolved by eating diets high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates, the gastrointestinal microbiota still play a key role in the gut and overall host health of these species. Early experiments in this field used culture-based techniques to evaluate the effects of dietary ingredients, such as fibers and prebiotics, on microbiota and indices of gut health (e.g., fecal scores, pH, fermentative end products). Such studies, however, were limited in scope and lacked precision as it pertained to the microbiota. The DNA-based techniques that have become available over the past decade have greatly upgraded research capabilities and have provided a more encompassing view of the canine and feline gastrointestinal microbiomes. High-throughput sequencing techniques that are much cheaper and faster than Sanger sequencing have been a key development in this progress. Sequence data not only allow for the identification of all microbial taxa but also provide information regarding functional capacity when a shotgun sequencing approach is used. The few canine and feline studies that have used 454 pyrosequencing have identified the predominant microbial taxa and metabolic functions present in healthy populations, differences between healthy and diseased dog and cat populations, and the effects of diet (e.g., dietary fibers, prebiotics, protein to carbohydrate ratio) on gastrointestinal microbiota. Although these studies have provided a foundation from which to work, more research is needed to increase our general understanding of the gastro-intestinal microbiome, how it impacts host health, how its composition and activity may be altered by age, genetic, or environmental factors, and test whether specific pathogens or disease signatures can be identified and used in diagnosis and/or treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Kerr
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Suchodolski JS, Markel ME, Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Unterer S, Heilmann RM, Dowd SE, Kachroo P, Ivanov I, Minamoto Y, Dillman EM, Steiner JM, Cook AK, Toresson L. The fecal microbiome in dogs with acute diarrhea and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51907. [PMID: 23300577 PMCID: PMC3530590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent molecular studies have revealed a highly complex bacterial assembly in the canine intestinal tract. There is mounting evidence that microbes play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic enteropathies of dogs, including idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial microbiota in dogs with various gastrointestinal disorders. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Fecal samples from healthy dogs (n = 32), dogs with acute non-hemorrhagic diarrhea (NHD; n = 12), dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea (AHD; n = 13), and dogs with active (n = 9) and therapeutically controlled idiopathic IBD (n = 10) were analyzed by 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and qPCR assays. Dogs with acute diarrhea, especially those with AHD, had the most profound alterations in their microbiome, as significant separations were observed on PCoA plots of unweighted Unifrac distances. Dogs with AHD had significant decreases in Blautia, Ruminococcaceae including Faecalibacterium, and Turicibacter spp., and significant increases in genus Sutterella and Clostridium perfringens when compared to healthy dogs. No significant separation on PCoA plots was observed for the dogs with IBD. Faecalibacterium spp. and Fusobacteria were, however, decreased in the dogs with clinically active IBD, but increased during time periods of clinically insignificant IBD, as defined by a clinical IBD activity index (CIBDAI). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study revealed a bacterial dysbiosis in fecal samples of dogs with various GI disorders. The observed changes in the microbiome differed between acute and chronic disease states. The bacterial groups that were commonly decreased during diarrhea are considered to be important short-chain fatty acid producers and may be important for canine intestinal health. Future studies should correlate these observed phylogenetic differences with functional changes in the intestinal microbiome of dogs with defined disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Dowd SE, Poulsen J, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS. Abundance and short-term temporal variability of fecal microbiota in healthy dogs. Microbiologyopen 2012; 1:340-7. [PMID: 23170232 PMCID: PMC3496977 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal variations of intestinal microorganisms have been investigated in humans, but limited information is available for other animal species. The aim of the study was to evaluate the abundance and short-term temporal variability of fecal microbiota in dogs. Two fecal samples were collected (15 days apart) from six healthy dogs. The microbiota was evaluated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and 454-pyrosequencing targeting the 16S rRNA and its gene. Pyrosequencing revealed 15 families comprising >80% of all microbiota, over time intraindividual coefficients of variation (%CV) ranged from 2% to 141% (median: 55%). In contrast, the interindividual %CV ranged from 62% to 230% (median: 145%). Relative proportions of Faecalibacterium (important for intestinal health) and Subdoligranulum were low (two dogs harbored 4-7% of Subdoligranulum, the remaining dogs had <1% of either genus). Conversely, FISH revealed that Faecalibacterium comprised a median of 5% of total counts (range: 0-8%, probe Fprau645). A novel FISH probe (Faecali 698) was tested that, compared with Fprau645, can detect in silico a similar percentage of Faecalibacterium but higher proportions of Subdoligranulum. This probe revealed a high percentage of Faecalibacterium-Subdoligranulum (median: 16% of total counts). Future studies should consider the observed variability and discrepancies in microbial abundance between FISH and 454-pyrosequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Garcia-Mazcorro
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University College Station, TX
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Jiménez-Pranteda M, Aguilera M, McCartney A, Hoyles L, Jiménez-Valera M, Náder-Macías M, Ramos-Cormenzana A, Monteoliva-Sánchez M. Investigation of the impact of feeding Lactobacillus plantarum CRL 1815 encapsulated in microbially derived polymers on the rat faecal microbiota. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:399-410. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A.L. McCartney
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Reading; UK
| | - L. Hoyles
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Reading; UK
| | - M. Jiménez-Valera
- Departamento de Microbiología; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Granada; Granada; Spain
| | - M.E. Náder-Macías
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET); Tucuman; Argentina
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) microbes have important roles in the nutritional, immunological, and physiologic processes of the host. Traditional cultivation techniques have revealed bacterial density ranges from 10(4) to 10(5) colony forming units (CFU)/g in the stomach, from 10(5) to 10(7) CFU/g in the small intestine, and from 10(9) to 10(11) CFU/g in the colon of healthy dogs. As a small number of bacterial species can be grown and studied in culture, however, progress was limited until the recent emergence of DNA-based techniques. In recent years, DNA sequencing technology and bioinformatics have allowed for better phylogenetic and functional/metabolic characterization of the canine gut microbiome. Predominant phyla include Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Studies using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene pyrosequencing have demonstrated spatial differences along the GI tract and among microbes adhered to the GI mucosa compared to those in intestinal contents or feces. Similar to humans, GI microbiome dysbiosis is common in canine GI diseases such as chronic diarrhea and inflammatory bowel diseases. DNA-based assays have also identified key pathogens contributing to such conditions, including various Clostridium, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia spp. Moreover, nutritionists have applied DNA-based techniques to study the effects of dietary interventions such as dietary fiber, prebiotics, and probiotics on the canine GI microbiome and associated health indices. Despite recent advances in the field, the canine GI microbiome is far from being fully characterized and a deeper characterization of the phylogenetic and functional/metabolic capacity of the GI microbiome in health and disease is needed. This paper provides an overview of recent studies performed to characterize the canine GI microbiome.
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Chaban B, Links MG, Hill JE. A molecular enrichment strategy based on cpn60 for detection of epsilon-proteobacteria in the dog fecal microbiome. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 63:348-57. [PMID: 21881944 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Members of the rare microbiome can be important components of complex microbial communities. For example, pet dog ownership is a known risk factor for human campylobacteriosis, and Campylobacter is commonly detected in dog feces by targeted assays. However, these organisms have not been detected by metagenomic methods. The goal of this study was to characterize fecal microbiota from healthy and diarrheic pet dogs using two different levels of molecular detection. PCR amplification and pyrosequencing of the universal cpn60 gene target was used to obtain microbial profiles from each dog. To investigate the relatively rare epsilon-proteobacteria component of the microbiome, a molecular enrichment was carried out using a PCR that first amplified the cpn10-cpn60 region from epsilon-proteobacteria, followed by universal cpn60 target amplification and pyrosequencing. From the non-enriched survey, the major finding was a significantly higher proportion of Bacteroidetes, notably Bacteroides vulgatus, in healthy dogs compared to diarrheic dogs. Epsilon-proteobacteria from the genera Helicobacter and Campylobacter were also detected at a low level in the non-enriched profiles of some dogs. Molecular enrichment increased the proportion of epsilon-proteobacteria sequences detected from each dog, as well as identified novel, presumably rare sequences not seen in the non-enriched profiles. Enriched profiles contained known species of Arcobacter, Campylobacter, Flexispira, and Helicobacter and identified two possibly novel species. These findings add to our understanding of the canine fecal microbiome in general, the epsilon-proteobacteria component specifically, and present a novel modification to traditional metagenomic approaches for study of the rare microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Chaban
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B4
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Jia J, Frantz N, Khoo C, Gibson GR, Rastall RA, McCartney AL. Investigation of the faecal microbiota of kittens: monitoring bacterial succession and effect of diet. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 78:395-404. [PMID: 22092177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a stressful process for kittens and is often associated with diarrhoea and the onset of infectious diseases. The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota plays an essential role in host well-being, including improving homoeostasis. Composition of the GI microbiota of young cats is poorly understood and the impact of diet on the kitten microbiota unknown. The aims of this study were to monitor the faecal microbiota of kittens and determine the effect(s) of diet on its composition. Bacterial succession was monitored in two groups of kittens (at 4 and 6 weeks, and 4 and 9 months of age) fed different foods. Age-related microbial changes revealed significantly different counts of total bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Desulfovibrionales, Clostridium cluster IX and Bacteroidetes between 4-week- and 9-month-old kittens. Diet-associated differences in the faecal microbiota of the two feeding groups were evident. In general, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated bifidobacteria, Atopobium group, Clostridium cluster XIV and lactic acid bacteria were dominant in kittens. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling showed highly complex and diverse faecal microbiotas for kittens, with age- and/or food-related changes seen in relation to species richness and similarity indices. Four-week-old kittens harboured more diverse and variable profiles than those of weaned kittens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jia
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK
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