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Rabelo JDS, Carvalho FCTD, Rebouças RH, Sousa OVD. Microbial ocean-atmosphere transfer: The influence of sewage discharge into coastal waters on bioaerosols from an urban beach in the subtropical Atlantic. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 202:106765. [PMID: 39357203 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
All over the world, the oceans are the final destination of sewage transported by river estuaries, rainwater and other coastal discharges. The risks to human health related to direct contact with water and consumption of contaminated fish are well known, but little is known about the potential for atmospheric exposure to pollutants and pathogens from contaminated seawater. The release of microbial particles from the sea into the atmosphere occurs mainly by the eruption of rising bubbles through the sea surface microlayer (SML) or by sea spray. We investigated the heterotrophic bacteria density and relative abundance in SML and bioaerosols originated on the seafront of Fortaleza (Atlantic coastal zone, northeastern Brazil) influenced by wastewater disposal. There was a difference in the density of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) according to the matrix analyzed during two seasons: the bacterial count was highest in the SML during the rainy season while the highest number of bacteria in bioaerosols samples was recorded during the dry season. Twenty-nine bacterial taxonomic groups were identified with variable abundance for both environments. These were the same in both matrices, with environmental variables influencing their abundance and composition. The contribution of the marine and continental environments in shaping the microbiota of the SML and coastal bioaerosols was clear, with the constant and representative presence of Enterobacteria standing out. The aerosolization of bacteria resulting from the discharge of untreated sewage is an important issue related to coastal environmental health and ecological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa Helena Rebouças
- Department of Fisheries Engineering, University of Delta do Parnaíba (UFDPar), Piauí, Brazil
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2
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Li Y, Schütte W, Dekeukeleire M, Janssen C, Boon N, Asselman J, Lebeer S, Spacova I, De Rijcke M. The immunostimulatory activity of sea spray aerosols: bacteria and endotoxins activate TLR4, TLR2/6, NF-κB and IRF in human cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171969. [PMID: 38547998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Frequent exposure to sea spray aerosols (SSA) containing marine microorganisms and bioactive compounds may influence human health. However, little is known about potential immunostimulation by SSA exposure. This study focuses on the effects of marine bacteria and endotoxins in SSA on several receptors and transcription factors known to play a key role in the human innate immune system. SSA samples were collected in the field (Ostend, Belgium) or generated in the lab using a marine aerosol reference tank (MART). Samples were characterized by their sodium contents, total bacterial counts, and endotoxin concentrations. Human reporter cells were exposed to SSA to investigate the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in HEK-Blue hTLR4 cells and TLR2/6 in HEK-Blue hTLR2/6 cells, as well as the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors (IRF) in THP1-Dual monocytes. These responses were then correlated to the total bacterial counts and endotoxin concentrations to explore dose-effect relationships. Field SSA contained from 3.0 × 103 to 6.0 × 105 bacteria/m3 air (averaging 2.0 ± 1.9 × 105 bacteria/m3 air) and an endotoxin concentration ranging from 7 to 1217 EU/m3 air (averaging 389 ± 434 EU/m3 air). In contrast, MART SSA exhibited elevated levels of total bacterial count (from 2.0 × 105 to 2.4 × 106, averaging 7.3 ± 5.5 × 105 cells/m3 air) and endotoxin concentration from 536 to 2191 (averaging 1310 ± 513 EU/m3 air). SSA samples differentially activated TLR4, TLR2/6, NF-κB and IRF. These immune responses correlated dose-dependently with the total bacterial counts, endotoxin levels, or both. This study sheds light on the immunostimulatory potential of SSA and its underlying mechanisms, highlighting the need for further research to deepen our understanding of the health implications of SSA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmeng Li
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Wyona Schütte
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Max Dekeukeleire
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Colin Janssen
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irina Spacova
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Rijcke
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium.
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Mohaimin AZ, Krishnamoorthy S, Shivanand P. A critical review on bioaerosols-dispersal of crop pathogenic microorganisms and their impact on crop yield. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:587-628. [PMID: 38001398 PMCID: PMC10920616 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioaerosols are potential sources of pathogenic microorganisms that can cause devastating outbreaks of global crop diseases. Various microorganisms, insects and viroids are known to cause severe crop diseases impeding global agro-economy. Such losses threaten global food security, as it is estimated that almost 821 million people are underfed due to global crisis in food production. It is estimated that global population would reach 10 billion by 2050. Hence, it is imperative to substantially increase global food production to about 60% more than the existing levels. To meet the increasing demand, it is essential to control crop diseases and increase yield. Better understanding of the dispersive nature of bioaerosols, seasonal variations, regional diversity and load would enable in formulating improved strategies to control disease severity, onset and spread. Further, insights on regional and global bioaerosol composition and dissemination would help in predicting and preventing endemic and epidemic outbreaks of crop diseases. Advanced knowledge of the factors influencing disease onset and progress, mechanism of pathogen attachment and penetration, dispersal of pathogens, life cycle and the mode of infection, aid the development and implementation of species-specific and region-specific preventive strategies to control crop diseases. Intriguingly, development of R gene-mediated resistant varieties has shown promising results in controlling crop diseases. Forthcoming studies on the development of an appropriately stacked R gene with a wide range of resistance to crop diseases would enable proper management and yield. The article reviews various aspects of pathogenic bioaerosols, pathogen invasion and infestation, crop diseases and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Zul'Adly Mohaimin
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Sarayu Krishnamoorthy
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Pooja Shivanand
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
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Pinheiro Alves de Souza Y, Schloter M, Weisser W, Schulz S. Deterministic Development of Soil Microbial Communities in Disturbed Soils Depends on Microbial Biomass of the Bioinoculum. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:2882-2893. [PMID: 37624441 PMCID: PMC10640511 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite its enormous importance for ecosystem services, factors driving microbial recolonization of soils after disturbance are still poorly understood. Here, we compared the microbial recolonization patterns of a disturbed, autoclaved soil using different amounts of the original non-disturbed soil as inoculum. By using this approach, we manipulated microbial biomass, but did not change microbial diversity of the inoculum. We followed the development of a new soil microbiome after reinoculation over a period of 4 weeks using a molecular barcoding approach as well as qPCR. Focus was given on the assessment of bacteria and archaea. We could show that 1 week after inoculation in all inoculated treatments bacterial biomass exceeded the values from the original soil as a consequence of high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the disturbed soil resulting from the disturbance. This high biomass was persistent over the complete experimental period. In line with the high DOC concentrations, in the first 2 weeks of incubation, copiotrophic bacteria dominated the community, which derived from the inoculum used. Only in the disturbed control soils which did not receive a microbial inoculum, recolonization pattern differed. In contrast, archaeal biomass did not recover over the experimental period and recolonization was strongly triggered by amount of inoculated original soil added. Interestingly, the variability between replicates of the same inoculation density decreased with increasing biomass in the inoculum, indicating a deterministic development of soil microbiomes if higher numbers of cells are used for reinoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Pinheiro Alves de Souza
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Science, Chair of Environmental Microbiology, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Science, Chair of Environmental Microbiology, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weisser
- Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Science, Chair of Terrestrial Ecology, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schulz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Guillemette R, Harwell MC, Brown CA. Metabolically active bacteria detected with click chemistry in low organic matter rainwater. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285816. [PMID: 37200308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rain contains encapsulated bacteria that can be transported over vast distances during relatively short periods of time. However, the ecological significance of bacteria in "precontact" rainwater-rainwater prior to contact with non-atmospheric surfaces-remains relatively undefined given the methodological challenges of studying low-abundance microbes in a natural assemblage. Here, we implement single-cell "click" chemistry in a novel application to detect the protein synthesis of bacteria in precontact rainwater samples as a measure of metabolic activity. Using epifluorescence microscopy, we find approximately 103-104 bacteria cells mL-1 with up to 7.2% of the observed cells actively synthesizing protein. Additionally, our measurement of less than 30 μM total organic carbon in the samples show that some rainwater bacteria can metabolize substrates in very low organic matter conditions, comparable to extremophiles in the deep ocean. Overall, our results raise new questions for the field of rainwater microbiology and may help inform efforts to develop quantitative microbial risk assessments for the appropriate use of harvested rainwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Guillemette
- Pacific Coastal Ecology Branch, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Newport, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matthew C Harwell
- Pacific Coastal Ecology Branch, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Newport, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A Brown
- Pacific Coastal Ecology Branch, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Newport, Oregon, United States of America
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Sorkheh M, Asgari HM, Zamani I, Ghanbari F. The Relationship Between Dust Sources and Airborne Bacteria in the Southwest of Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:82045-82063. [PMID: 35748994 PMCID: PMC9244375 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The biological agents are carried from deserts and dried lands to long distances by high dust volumes. Their adverse effects can be reduced by specifying and controlling dust sources and their related biological agents. Thus, the current work examined the relationship between the bacteria in air and soil samples by taking samples from the soil surface of two dust sources, as well as from air samples during spring from Khorramshahr and Abadan cities. The dust event is the most influential factor on airborne bacteria. There is an insignificant negative (-0.06), insignificant positive (0.14), and weak positive (0.24) correlation between airborne bacteria and UV radiation, relative humidity, and temperature, respectively. After preparing a 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clone library from the soil and air samples, operational taxonomic unit picking and taxonomic assignment were conducted using QIIME Virtual Box. In the present work, Bacillus was the dominant species. The relationship between dust sources and air samples was determined by principal component analysis. Bacteria in the Hoor-Al-Azim dust source and airborne bacteria on dusty and non-dusty days showed a more significant correlation compared to bacteria in the Shadegan dust source. Source Tracker software was used to estimate the contribution of dust sources. The primary source of dust was associated with the dried areas of Hoor-Al-Azim on the non-dusty and dusty days. Finally, the long transport of airborne bacteria was assessed by moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the back trajectory model of Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) data. The research findings can help decision-makers prioritize dust sources to control the adverse effects of dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sorkheh
- Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Hossein Mohammad Asgari
- Department of Marine Environment, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran.
| | - Isaac Zamani
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Oceanography, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Farshid Ghanbari
- Research Center for Environmental Contaminants (RCEC), Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
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7
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Salinity Influences Endophytic Bacterial Communities in Rice Roots from the Indian Sundarban Area. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:238. [PMID: 35779137 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In "Sundarbans", the coastal regions of the West Bengal, soil salinity has always been one of the major causes of reduction in yield in these regions. The use of endophytic is a well-demanded strategy to mitigate the problems of salt stress and rice productivity. The present study attempted to analyze rice root endogenous microbial diversity and their relationship with soil salinity and physicochemical factors in the salt stressed region of Sundarbans, India using amplicon metagenomics approaches. Our investigation indicates, that the unique microbiome slightly acidic nutrient enriched non-saline zone is characterized by microbial genera that reported either having plant growth promotion (Flavobacterium, Novosphingobium, and Kocuria) or biocontrol abilities (Leptotrichia), whereas high ionic alkaline saline stressed zone dominated with either salt-tolerant microbes or less characterized endophytes (Arcobacter and Vogesella). The number of genera represented by significantly abundant OTUs was higher in the non-saline zone compared to that of the saline stressed zone probably due to higher nutrient concentrations and the absence of abiotic stress factors including salinity. Physicochemical parameters like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were found significantly positively correlated with Muribaculaceae highly enriched in the non-saline zone. However, relative dissolved oxygen was found significantly negatively correlated with Rikenellaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae, enriched in the non-saline soil. This study first provides the detailed characterizations of rice root endophytic bacterial communities as well as their diversity contributed by measured environmental parameters in salinity Sundarbans areas. Since this study deals with two gradients of salinity, connecting the microbial diversity with the salinity range could be targeted for the use as "bioindicator" taxa and bio-fertilizer formulation in salt-affected regions.
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8
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Alsante AN, Thornton DCO, Brooks SD. Ocean Aerobiology. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:764178. [PMID: 34777320 PMCID: PMC8586456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.764178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean aerobiology is defined here as the study of biological particles of marine origin, including living organisms, present in the atmosphere and their role in ecological, biogeochemical, and climate processes. Hundreds of trillions of microorganisms are exchanged between ocean and atmosphere daily. Within a few days, tropospheric transport potentially disperses microorganisms over continents and between oceans. There is a need to better identify and quantify marine aerobiota, characterize the time spans and distances of marine microorganisms’ atmospheric transport, and determine whether microorganisms acclimate to atmospheric conditions and remain viable, or even grow. Exploring the atmosphere as a microbial habitat is fundamental for understanding the consequences of dispersal and will expand our knowledge of biodiversity, biogeography, and ecosystem connectivity across different marine environments. Marine organic matter is chemically transformed in the atmosphere, including remineralization back to CO2. The magnitude of these transformations is insignificant in the context of the annual marine carbon cycle, but may be a significant sink for marine recalcitrant organic matter over long (∼104 years) timescales. In addition, organic matter in sea spray aerosol plays a significant role in the Earth’s radiative budget by scattering solar radiation, and indirectly by affecting cloud properties. Marine organic matter is generally a poor source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), but a significant source of ice nucleating particles (INPs), affecting the formation of mixed-phase and ice clouds. This review will show that marine biogenic aerosol plays an impactful, but poorly constrained, role in marine ecosystems, biogeochemical processes, and the Earth’s climate system. Further work is needed to characterize the connectivity and feedbacks between the atmosphere and ocean ecosystems in order to integrate this complexity into Earth System models, facilitating future climate and biogeochemical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N Alsante
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Daniel C O Thornton
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sarah D Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Cao Y, Yu X, Ju F, Zhan H, Jiang B, Kang H, Xie Z. Airborne bacterial community diversity, source and function along the Antarctic Coast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142700. [PMID: 33069481 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antarctica is an isolated and relatively simple ecosystem dominated by microorganisms, providing a rare opportunity to study the spread of airborne microbes and to predict future global climate change. However, little is known about on the diversity and potential sources of microorganisms in the marine atmosphere along the Antarctica coast. Here we explored the airborne bacterial community (i.e., bacteriome) diversity, sources and functional potential along the Antarctic coast based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of 25 bioaerosol samples collected during the 33rd Xuelong Antarctic scientific expedition. The results showed that bacterial communities in the Antarctic bioaerosols i) were predominated by Proteobacteria (91.3%) including Sphingomonas, ii) showed relative low alpha-diversity but high spatiotemporal variabilities; and iii) were potentially immigrated with terrestrial, marine and Antarctic polar bacteria through long-range transport and sea-air exchange pathways. Moreover, canonical correspondence analysis of bacteriome composition showed that wind speed, temperature, and organic carbon had a significant effect on the bacterial community (P < 0.05), although bacterial richness (Richness index) and diversity (Simpson index and Shannon index) showed no statistically significant differences between rainy, cloudy and snowy weather conditions (Adjust P > 0.05, ANOVA, Tukey HSD test). iv) The functional profiles predicted by Tax4fun2 suggest high representation of function genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism, which is conducive to the formation of microlayers on the surface of the ocean and the survival and growth of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiawei Yu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Feng Ju
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resource Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Haicong Zhan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hui Kang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change & Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China.
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Xie W, Li Y, Bai W, Hou J, Ma T, Zeng X, Zhang L, An T. The source and transport of bioaerosols in the air: A review. FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 15:44. [PMID: 33589868 PMCID: PMC7876263 DOI: 10.1007/s11783-020-1336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent pandemic outbreak of the corona-virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised widespread concerns about the importance of the bioaerosols. They are atmospheric aerosol particles of biological origins, mainly including bacteria, fungi, viruses, pollen, and cell debris. Bioaerosols can exert a substantial impact on ecosystems, climate change, air quality, and public health. Here, we review several relevant topics on bioaerosols, including sampling and detection techniques, characterization, effects on health and air quality, and control methods. However, very few studies have focused on the source apportionment and transport of bioaerosols. The knowledge of the sources and transport pathways of bioaerosols is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the role microorganisms play in the atmosphere and control the spread of epidemic diseases associated with them. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the up to date progress on the source characteristics, source identification, and diffusion and transport process of bioaerosols. We intercompare three types of diffusion and transport models, with a special emphasis on a widely used mathematical model. This review also highlights the main factors affecting the source emission and transport process, such as biogeographic regions, land-use types, and environmental factors. Finally, this review outlines future perspectives on bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Xie
- School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region (Ministry of Education), Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Wenyan Bai
- School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Junli Hou
- School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Tianfeng Ma
- School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Xuelin Zeng
- School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054 China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region (Ministry of Education), Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006 China
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Ruiz-Gil T, Acuña JJ, Fujiyoshi S, Tanaka D, Noda J, Maruyama F, Jorquera MA. Airborne bacterial communities of outdoor environments and their associated influencing factors. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106156. [PMID: 33039877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbial entities (such bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses) within outdoor aerosols have been scarcely studied compared with indoor aerosols and nonbiological components, and only during the last few decades have their studies increased. Bacteria represent an important part of the microbial abundance and diversity in a wide variety of rural and urban outdoor bioaerosols. Currently, airborne bacterial communities are mainly sampled in two aerosol size fractions (2.5 and 10 µm) and characterized by culture-dependent (plate-counting) and culture-independent (DNA sequencing) approaches. Studies have revealed a large diversity of bacteria in bioaerosols, highlighting Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes as ubiquitous phyla. Seasonal variations in and dispersion of bacterial communities have also been observed between geographical locations as has their correlation with specific atmospheric factors. Several investigations have also suggested the relevance of airborne bacteria in the public health and agriculture sectors as well as remediation and atmospheric processes. However, although factors influencing airborne bacterial communities and standardized procedures for their assessment have recently been proposed, the use of bacterial taxa as microbial indicators of specific bioaerosol sources and seasonality have not been broadly explored. Thus, in this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in the study of airborne bacterial communities in outdoor environments and the possible factors influencing their abundance, diversity, and seasonal variation. Furthermore, airborne bacterial activity and bioprospecting in different fields (e.g., the textile industry, the food industry, medicine, and bioremediation) are discussed. We expect that this review will reveal the relevance and influencing factors of airborne bacteria in outdoor environments as well as stimulate new investigations on the atmospheric microbiome, particularly in areas where air quality is a public concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tay Ruiz-Gil
- Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jacquelinne J Acuña
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Network for Extreme Environment Research (NEXER), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - So Fujiyoshi
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Network for Extreme Environment Research (NEXER), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Microbial Genomics and Ecology, Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Jun Noda
- Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Japan; Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Network for Extreme Environment Research (NEXER), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Microbial Genomics and Ecology, Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Milko A Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Network for Extreme Environment Research (NEXER), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Japan.
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12
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Lee I, Jang GI, Cho Y, Yoon SJ, Pham HM, Nguyen AV, Lee YM, Park H, Rhee TS, Kim SH, Hwang CY. Sandaracinobacter neustonicus sp. nov., isolated from the sea surface microlayer in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean, and emended description of the genus Sandaracinobacter. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:4698-4703. [PMID: 32701426 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated PAMC 28131T, was isolated from a sea surface microlayer sample in the open water of the Pacific Ocean. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain PAMC 28131T revealed an affiliation to the genus Sandaracinobacter with the closest species Sandaracinobacter sibiricus RB16-17T (sequence similarity of 98.2 %). Strain PAMC 28131T was able to grow optimally with 0.5-1.0 % NaCl and at pH 6.5-7.0 and 30 °C. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified lipid. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were C18 : 1 ω6c and/or C18 : 1 ω7c, (42.6 %), C17 : 1 ω6c (19.3 %) and C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c (15.8 %), and the respiratory quinone was Q-10. The genomic DNA G+C content was 65.3 mol%. The phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data showed that strain PAMC 28131T could be clearly distinguished from S. sibiricus RB16-17T. Thus, strain PAMC 28131T should be classified as representing a novel species in the genus Sandaracinobacter, for which the name Sandaracinobacter neustonicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PAMC 28131T (=KCCM 43127T=JCM 30734T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Il Jang
- West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Incheon 22383, Republic of Korea
| | - Yirang Cho
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Yoon
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha My Pham
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Vu Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yung Mi Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Siek Rhee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Hun Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Yeon Hwang
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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13
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Liu M, Nobu MK, Ren J, Jin X, Hong G, Yao H. Bacterial compositions in inhalable particulate matters from indoor and outdoor wastewater treatment processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121515. [PMID: 31718810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment systems are critical microbial sources for urban air and play important roles in public health. In this study, bacterial communities in particulate matters (PM2.5, PM10) from wastewater/sludge treatment facilities of two full-scale wastewater treatment plants were analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Compared to the background ambient air, Campylobacteriadeceae, Aeromonadaceae, and Chlostridiaceae were the most enriched bacteria above wastewater treatment facilities. In sludge dewatering facilities, Comamonadaceae, Chitinophagaceae, Caldilineaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Methylocystaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Cryomorphaceae, and uncultured Class OPB56 were the most enriched. The dynamic bacterial compositions in aerosols were contributed by aerosolization and dispersion. Principal coordinate analysis and clustering analysis showed that the aerosol bacterial community from indoor sludge treatment were closely clustered with that of sludge, indicating that aerosolization dominated the indoor environments. In contrast, aerosols from outdoor wastewater treatment facilities clustered with background ambient aerosols, indicating that outdoor aerosol bacterial communities were mainly governed by dispersion. Aerosolization factor (the ratio of bacteria abundance in aerosols to those in wastewater/sludge) was used to evaluate the aerosolization potential and survival of bacteria. Rhodocyclaceae, Arcobacter, Comamonadaceae, Mycobacterium, and Citrobacter were not only preferentially aerosolized from wastewater/sludge, but also sustainable during dispersion in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Liu
- Beijing International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Pollution Control Techniques for Antibiotics and Resistance Genes, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China.; Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru K Nobu
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jia Ren
- Beijing International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Pollution Control Techniques for Antibiotics and Resistance Genes, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Gang Hong
- Shijiazhuang Environmental Monitoring Station, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Beijing International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Pollution Control Techniques for Antibiotics and Resistance Genes, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China..
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14
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Abstract
Prokaryotic microbes can become aerosolized and deposited into new environments located thousands of kilometers away from their place of origin. The Mediterranean Sea is an oligotrophic to ultra-oligotrophic marginal sea, which neighbors northern Africa (a major source of natural aerosols) and Europe (a source of mostly anthropogenic aerosols). Previous studies demonstrated that airborne bacteria deposited during dust events over the Mediterranean Sea may significantly alter the ecology and function of the surface seawater layer, yet little is known about their abundance and diversity during ‘background’ non-storm conditions. Here, we describe the abundance and genetic diversity of airborne bacteria in 16 air samples collected over an East-West transect of the entire Mediterranean Sea during non-storm conditions in April 2011. The results show that airborne bacteria represent diverse groups with the most abundant bacteria from the Firmicutes (Bacilli and Clostridia) and Proteobacteria (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria) phyla. Most of the bacteria in our samples have previously been observed in the air at other open ocean locations, in the air over the Mediterranean Sea during dust storms, and in the Mediterranean seawater. Airborne bacterial abundance ranged from 0.7 × 104 to 2.5 × 104 cells m−3 air, similar to abundances at other oceanic regimes. Our results demonstrate that airborne bacterial diversity is positively correlated with the mineral dust content in the aerosols and was spatially separated between major basins of the Mediterranean Sea. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive biogeographical dataset to assess the diversity and abundance of airborne microbes over the Mediterranean Sea. Our results shed light on the spatiotemporal distribution of airborne microbes and may have implications for dispersal and distribution of microbes (biogeography) in the ocean.
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15
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Yahya RZ, Arrieta JM, Cusack M, Duarte CM. Airborne Prokaryote and Virus Abundance Over the Red Sea. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1112. [PMID: 31214129 PMCID: PMC6554326 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeolian dust exerts a considerable influence on atmospheric and oceanic conditions negatively impacting human health, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions like Saudi Arabia. Aeolian dust is often characterized by its mineral and chemical composition; however, there is a microbiological component of natural aerosols that has received comparatively little attention. Moreover, the amount of materials suspended in the atmosphere is highly variable from day to day. Thus, understanding the variability of atmospheric dust loads and suspended microbes throughout the year is essential to clarify the possible effects of dust on the Red Sea ecosystem. Here, we present the first estimates of dust and microbial loads at a coastal site on the Red Sea over a 2-year period, supplemented with measurements from dust samples collected along the Red Sea basin in offshore waters. Weekly average dust loads from a coastal site on the Red Sea ranged from 4.6 to 646.11 μg m-3, while the abundance of airborne prokaryotic cells and viral-like particles (VLPs) ranged from 77,967 to 1,203,792 cells m-3 and from 69,615 to 3,104,758 particles m-3, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first estimates of airborne microbial abundance in this region. The elevated concentrations of resuspended dust particles and suspended microbes found in the air indicate that airborne microbes may potentially have a large impact on human health and on the Red Sea ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Z Yahya
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Red Sea Research Centre and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesús M Arrieta
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Center of The Canary Islands, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Michael Cusack
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Red Sea Research Centre and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Red Sea Research Centre and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Ferguson RMW, Garcia‐Alcega S, Coulon F, Dumbrell AJ, Whitby C, Colbeck I. Bioaerosol biomonitoring: Sampling optimization for molecular microbial ecology. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:672-690. [PMID: 30735594 PMCID: PMC6850074 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bioaerosols (or biogenic aerosols) have largely been overlooked by molecular ecologists. However, this is rapidly changing as bioaerosols play key roles in public health, environmental chemistry and the dispersal ecology of microbes. Due to the low environmental concentrations of bioaerosols, collecting sufficient biomass for molecular methods is challenging. Currently, no standardized methods for bioaerosol collection for molecular ecology research exist. Each study requires a process of optimization, which greatly slows the advance of bioaerosol science. Here, we evaluated air filtration and liquid impingement for bioaerosol sampling across a range of environmental conditions. We also investigated the effect of sampling matrices, sample concentration strategies and sampling duration on DNA yield. Air filtration using polycarbonate filters gave the highest recovery, but due to the faster sampling rates possible with impingement, we recommend this method for fine -scale temporal/spatial ecological studies. To prevent bias for the recovery of Gram-positive bacteria, we found that the matrix for impingement should be phosphate-buffered saline. The optimal method for bioaerosol concentration from the liquid matrix was centrifugation. However, we also present a method using syringe filters for rapid in-field recovery of bioaerosols from impingement samples, without compromising microbial diversity for high -throughput sequencing approaches. Finally, we provide a resource that enables molecular ecologists to select the most appropriate sampling strategy for their specific research question.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and EnvironmentCranfield UniversityCranfieldUK
| | | | - Corinne Whitby
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
| | - Ian Colbeck
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
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17
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Evans SE, Dueker ME, Logan JR, Weathers KC. The biology of fog: results from coastal Maine and Namib Desert reveal common drivers of fog microbial composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1547-1556. [PMID: 30180359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fog supplies water and nutrients to systems ranging from coastal forests to inland deserts. Fog droplets can also contain bacterial and fungal aerosols, but our understanding of fog biology is limited. Using metagenomic tools and culturing, we provide a unique look at fungal and bacterial communities in fog at two fog-dominated sites: coastal Maine (USA) and the Namib Desert (Namibia). Microbial communities in the fog at both sites were diverse, distinct from clear aerosols, and influenced by both soil and marine sources. Fog from both sites contained Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, commonly soil- and air-associated phyla, but also contained bacterial taxa associated with marine environments including Cyanobacteria, Oceanospirillales, Novosphingobium, Pseudoalteromonas, and Bradyrhizobiaceae. Marine influence on fog communities was greatest near the coast, but still evident in Namib fogs 50 km inland. In both systems, differences between pre- and post-fog aerosol communities suggest that fog events can significantly alter microbial aerosol diversity and composition. Fog is likely to enhance viability of transported microbes and facilitate their deposition, making fog biology ecologically important in fog-dominated environments. Fog may introduce novel species to terrestrial ecosystems, including human and plant pathogens, warranting further work on the drivers of this important and underrecognized aerobiological transfer between marine and terrestrial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Evans
- Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Integrative Biology, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA.
| | - M Elias Dueker
- Biology Program & Environmental and Urban Studies Program, Bard College, Campus Road, PO Box 5000, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY 12504, USA; Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545-0129, USA; Bard Center for the Study of Land, Air, and Water, Bard College, Campus Road, PO Box 5000, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY 12504, USA.
| | - J Robert Logan
- Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Integrative Biology, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA
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18
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Dueker ME, French S, O'Mullan GD. Comparison of Bacterial Diversity in Air and Water of a Major Urban Center. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2868. [PMID: 30555433 PMCID: PMC6282627 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of wind with aquatic and terrestrial surfaces is known to control the creation of microbial aerosols allowing for their entrainment into air masses that can be transported regionally and globally. Near surface interactions between urban waterways and urban air are understudied but some level of interaction among these bacterial communities would be expected and may be relevant to understanding both urban air and water quality. To address this gap related to patterns of local air-water microbial exchange, we utilized next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA genes from paired air and water samples collected from 3 urban waterfront sites and evaluated their relative bacterial diversity. Aerosol samples at all sites were significantly more diverse than water samples. Only 17–22% of each site’s bacterial aerosol OTUs were present at every site. These shared aerosol OTUs included taxa associated with terrestrial systems (e.g., Bacillus), aquatic systems (e.g., Planktomarina) and sewage (e.g., Enterococcus). In fact, sewage-associated genera were detected in both aerosol and water samples, (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Blautia, and Faecalibacterium), demonstrating the widespread influence of similar pollution sources across these urban environments. However, the majority (50–61%) of the aerosol OTUs at each site were unique to that site, suggesting that local sources are an important influence on bioaerosols. According to indicator species analysis, each site’s aerosols harbored the highest percentage of bacterial OTUs statistically determined to uniquely represent that site’s aquatic bacterial community, further demonstrating a local connection between water quality and air quality in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elias Dueker
- Biology and Environmental & Urban Studies Programs, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, United States.,Bard Center for the Study of Land, Air, and Water, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, United States.,Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, United States
| | - Shaya French
- Biology and Environmental & Urban Studies Programs, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, United States
| | - Gregory D O'Mullan
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, New York City, NY, United States
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19
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Liu H, Zhang X, Zhang H, Yao X, Zhou M, Wang J, He Z, Zhang H, Lou L, Mao W, Zheng P, Hu B. Effect of air pollution on the total bacteria and pathogenic bacteria in different sizes of particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:483-493. [PMID: 29101891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, air pollution events have occurred frequently in China during the winter. Most studies have focused on the physical and chemical composition of polluted air. Some studies have examined the bacterial bioaerosols both indoors and outdoors. But few studies have focused on the relationship between air pollution and bacteria, especially pathogenic bacteria. Airborne PM samples with different diameters and different air quality index values were collected in Hangzhou, China from December 2014 to January 2015. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA was used to categorize the airborne bacteria. Based on the NCBI database, the "Human Pathogen Database" was established, which is related to human health. Among all the PM samples, the diversity and concentration of total bacteria were lowest in the moderately or heavily polluted air. However, in the PM2.5 and PM10 samples, the relative abundances of pathogenic bacteria were highest in the heavily and moderately polluted air respectively. Considering the PM samples with different particle sizes, the diversities of total bacteria and the proportion of pathogenic bacteria in the PM10 samples were different from those in the PM2.5 and TSP samples. The composition of PM samples with different sizes range may be responsible for the variances. The relative humidity, carbon monoxide and ozone concentrations were the main factors, which affected the diversity of total bacteria and the proportion of pathogenic bacteria. Among the different environmental samples, the compositions of the total bacteria were very similar in all the airborne PM samples, but different from those in the water, surface soil, and ground dust samples. Which may be attributed to that the long-distance transport of the airflow may influence the composition of the airborne bacteria. This study of the pathogenic bacteria in airborne PM samples can provide a reference for environmental and public health researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiangwu Yao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhanfei He
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liping Lou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weihua Mao
- The Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Baolan Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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20
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Graham KE, Prussin AJ, Marr LC, Sassoubre LM, Boehm AB. Microbial community structure of sea spray aerosols at three California beaches. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:4810542. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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21
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Onshore Wind Speed Modulates Microbial Aerosols along an Urban Waterfront. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8110215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Rastelli E, Corinaldesi C, Dell'Anno A, Lo Martire M, Greco S, Cristina Facchini M, Rinaldi M, O'Dowd C, Ceburnis D, Danovaro R. Transfer of labile organic matter and microbes from the ocean surface to the marine aerosol: an experimental approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11475. [PMID: 28904380 PMCID: PMC5597575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface ocean bubble-bursting generates aerosols composed of microscopic salt-water droplets, enriched in marine organic matter. The organic fraction profoundly influences aerosols’ properties, by scattering solar radiations and nucleating water particles. Still little is known on the biochemical and microbiological composition of these organic particles. In the present study, we experimentally simulated the bursting of bubbles at the seawater surface of the North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean, analysing the organic materials and the diversity of the bacteria in the source-seawaters and in the produced aerosols. We show that, compared with seawater, the sub-micron aerosol particles were highly enriched in organic matter (up to 140,000x for lipids, 120,000x for proteins and 100,000x for carbohydrates). Also DNA, viruses and prokaryotes were significantly enriched (up to 30,000, 250 and 45x, respectively). The relative importance of the organic components in the aerosol did not reflect those in the seawater, suggesting their selective transfer. Molecular analyses indicate the presence of selective transfers also for bacterial genotypes, highlighting higher contribution of less abundant seawater bacterial taxa to the marine aerosol. Overall, our results open new perspectives in the study of microbial dispersal through marine aerosol and provide new insights for a better understanding of climate-regulating processes of global relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Rastelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Sciences and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urbanistics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Dell'Anno
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Lo Martire
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvestro Greco
- Istituto Superiore per la Ricerca Ambientale, ISPRA, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Facchini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics & Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Physics & Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy. .,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy.
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23
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Mayol E, Arrieta JM, Jiménez MA, Martínez-Asensio A, Garcias-Bonet N, Dachs J, González-Gaya B, Royer SJ, Benítez-Barrios VM, Fraile-Nuez E, Duarte CM. Long-range transport of airborne microbes over the global tropical and subtropical ocean. Nat Commun 2017; 8:201. [PMID: 28779070 PMCID: PMC5544686 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The atmosphere plays a fundamental role in the transport of microbes across the planet but it is often neglected as a microbial habitat. Although the ocean represents two thirds of the Earth’s surface, there is little information on the atmospheric microbial load over the open ocean. Here we provide a global estimate of microbial loads and air-sea exchanges over the tropical and subtropical oceans based on the data collected along the Malaspina 2010 Circumnavigation Expedition. Total loads of airborne prokaryotes and eukaryotes were estimated at 2.2 × 1021 and 2.1 × 1021 cells, respectively. Overall 33–68% of these microorganisms could be traced to a marine origin, being transported thousands of kilometres before re-entering the ocean. Moreover, our results show a substantial load of terrestrial microbes transported over the oceans, with abundances declining exponentially with distance from land and indicate that islands may act as stepping stones facilitating the transoceanic transport of terrestrial microbes. The extent to which the ocean acts as a sink and source of airborne particles to the atmosphere is unresolved. Here, the authors report high microbial loads over the tropical Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans and propose islands as stepping stones for the transoceanic transport of terrestrial microbes..
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mayol
- Department of Global Change Research, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research - University of the Balearic Islands (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain. .,Institute of Littoral, Environment and Societies (LIENSs), National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) - University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France.
| | - Jesús M Arrieta
- Department of Global Change Research, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research - University of the Balearic Islands (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Center of The Canary Islands, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38180, Spain
| | - Maria A Jiménez
- Department of Global Change Research, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research - University of the Balearic Islands (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain.,Department of Physics, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Adrián Martínez-Asensio
- Institute of Littoral, Environment and Societies (LIENSs), National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) - University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France.,Department of Physics, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Neus Garcias-Bonet
- Department of Global Change Research, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research - University of the Balearic Islands (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Belén González-Gaya
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry - Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQOG-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah-J Royer
- Institute of Marine Sciences - Spanish Council for Scientific Research (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography, Research and Education, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA
| | - Verónica M Benítez-Barrios
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Center of The Canary Islands, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38180, Spain.,OCEOMIC, Marine Bio and Technology S.L., Fuerteventura Technology Park, Puerto del Rosario, E35600, Spain
| | - Eugenio Fraile-Nuez
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Center of The Canary Islands, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38180, Spain
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Department of Global Change Research, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research - University of the Balearic Islands (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Concentrations and Size Distributions of Bacteria-Containing Particles over Oceans from China to the Arctic Ocean. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8050082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Fahlgren C, Gómez-Consarnau L, Zábori J, Lindh MV, Krejci R, Mårtensson EM, Nilsson D, Pinhassi J. Seawater mesocosm experiments in the Arctic uncover differential transfer of marine bacteria to aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 7:460-70. [PMID: 25682947 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic aerosols critically control atmospheric processes. However, although bacteria constitute major portions of living matter in seawater, bacterial aerosolization from oceanic surface layers remains poorly understood. We analysed bacterial diversity in seawater and experimentally generated aerosols from three Kongsfjorden sites, Svalbard. Construction of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from paired seawater and aerosol samples resulted in 1294 sequences clustering into 149 bacterial and 34 phytoplankton operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Bacterial communities in aerosols differed greatly from corresponding seawater communities in three out of four experiments. Dominant populations of both seawater and aerosols were Flavobacteriia, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Across the entire dataset, most OTUs from seawater could also be found in aerosols; in each experiment, however, several OTUs were either selectively enriched in aerosols or little aerosolized. Notably, a SAR11 clade OTU was consistently abundant in the seawater, but was recorded in significantly lower proportions in aerosols. A strikingly high proportion of colony-forming bacteria were pigmented in aerosols compared with seawater, suggesting that selection during aerosolization contributes to explaining elevated proportions of pigmented bacteria frequently observed in atmospheric samples. Our findings imply that atmospheric processes could be considerably influenced by spatiotemporal variations in the aerosolization efficiency of different marine bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Fahlgren
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Barlastgatan 11, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Laura Gómez-Consarnau
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Barlastgatan 11, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Julia Zábori
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science and the Bert Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus V Lindh
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Barlastgatan 11, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Radovan Krejci
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science and the Bert Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Monica Mårtensson
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science and the Bert Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Douglas Nilsson
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science and the Bert Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jarone Pinhassi
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Barlastgatan 11, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden
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26
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Metagenomic insights into the bioaerosols in the indoor and outdoor environments of childcare facilities. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126960. [PMID: 26020512 PMCID: PMC4447338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Airborne microorganisms have significant effects on human health, and children are more vulnerable to pathogens and allergens than adults. However, little is known about the microbial communities in the air of childcare facilities. Here, we analyzed the bacterial and fungal communities in 50 air samples collected from five daycare centers and five elementary schools located in Seoul, Korea using culture-independent high-throughput pyrosequencing. The microbial communities contained a wide variety of taxa not previously identified in child daycare centers and schools. Moreover, the dominant species differed from those reported in previous studies using culture-dependent methods. The well-known fungi detected in previous culture-based studies (Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Cladosporium) represented less than 12% of the total sequence reads. The composition of the fungal and bacterial communities in the indoor air differed greatly with regard to the source of the microorganisms. The bacterial community in the indoor air appeared to contain diverse bacteria associated with both humans and the outside environment. In contrast, the fungal community was largely derived from the surrounding outdoor environment and not from human activity. The profile of the microorganisms in bioaerosols identified in this study provides the fundamental knowledge needed to develop public health policies regarding the monitoring and management of indoor air quality.
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Behzad H, Gojobori T, Mineta K. Challenges and opportunities of airborne metagenomics. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:1216-26. [PMID: 25953766 PMCID: PMC4453059 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent metagenomic studies of environments, such as marine and soil, have significantly enhanced our understanding of the diverse microbial communities living in these habitats and their essential roles in sustaining vast ecosystems. The increase in the number of publications related to soil and marine metagenomics is in sharp contrast to those of air, yet airborne microbes are thought to have significant impacts on many aspects of our lives from their potential roles in atmospheric events such as cloud formation, precipitation, and atmospheric chemistry to their major impact on human health. In this review, we will discuss the current progress in airborne metagenomics, with a special focus on exploring the challenges and opportunities of undertaking such studies. The main challenges of conducting metagenomic studies of airborne microbes are as follows: 1) Low density of microorganisms in the air, 2) efficient retrieval of microorganisms from the air, 3) variability in airborne microbial community composition, 4) the lack of standardized protocols and methodologies, and 5) DNA sequencing and bioinformatics-related challenges. Overcoming these challenges could provide the groundwork for comprehensive analysis of airborne microbes and their potential impact on the atmosphere, global climate, and our health. Metagenomic studies offer a unique opportunity to examine viral and bacterial diversity in the air and monitor their spread locally or across the globe, including threats from pathogenic microorganisms. Airborne metagenomic studies could also lead to discoveries of novel genes and metabolic pathways relevant to meteorological and industrial applications, environmental bioremediation, and biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayedeh Behzad
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Katsuhiko Mineta
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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28
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Seifried JS, Wichels A, Gerdts G. Spatial distribution of marine airborne bacterial communities. Microbiologyopen 2015; 4:475-90. [PMID: 25800495 PMCID: PMC4475389 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial distribution of bacterial populations in marine bioaerosol samples was investigated during a cruise from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea via Skagerrak and Kattegat. The analysis of the sampled bacterial communities with a pyrosequencing approach revealed that the most abundant phyla were represented by the Proteobacteria (49.3%), Bacteroidetes (22.9%), Actinobacteria (16.3%), and Firmicutes (8.3%). Cyanobacteria were assigned to 1.5% of all bacterial reads. A core of 37 bacterial OTUs made up more than 75% of all bacterial sequences. The most abundant OTU was Sphingomonas sp. which comprised 17% of all bacterial sequences. The most abundant bacterial genera were attributed to distinctly different areas of origin, suggesting highly heterogeneous sources for bioaerosols of marine and coastal environments. Furthermore, the bacterial community was clearly affected by two environmental parameters – temperature as a function of wind direction and the sampling location itself. However, a comparison of the wind directions during the sampling and calculated backward trajectories underlined the need for more detailed information on environmental parameters for bioaerosol investigations. The current findings support the assumption of a bacterial core community in the atmosphere. They may be emitted from strong aerosolizing sources, probably being mixed and dispersed over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin S Seifried
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Antje Wichels
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Gunnar Gerdts
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Helgoland, Germany
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29
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30
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Mayol E, Jiménez MA, Herndl GJ, Duarte CM, Arrieta JM. Resolving the abundance and air-sea fluxes of airborne microorganisms in the North Atlantic Ocean. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:557. [PMID: 25400625 PMCID: PMC4215616 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne transport of microbes may play a central role in microbial dispersal, the maintenance of diversity in aquatic systems and in meteorological processes such as cloud formation. Yet, there is almost no information about the abundance and fate of microbes over the oceans, which cover >70% of the Earth's surface and are the likely source and final destination of a large fraction of airborne microbes. We measured the abundance of microbes in the lower atmosphere over a transect covering 17° of latitude in the North Atlantic Ocean and derived estimates of air-sea exchange of microorganisms from meteorological data. The estimated load of microorganisms in the atmospheric boundary layer ranged between 6 × 10(4) and 1.6 × 10(7) microbes per m(2) of ocean, indicating a very dynamic air-sea exchange with millions of microbes leaving and entering the ocean per m(2) every day. Our results show that about 10% of the microbes detected in the boundary layer were still airborne 4 days later and that they could travel up to 11,000 km before they entered the ocean again. The size of the microbial pool hovering over the North Atlantic indicates that it could play a central role in the maintenance of microbial diversity in the surface ocean and contribute significantly to atmospheric processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mayol
- Department of Global Change Research, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat de les Illes BalearsMallorca, Spain
| | - María A. Jiménez
- Department of Global Change Research, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat de les Illes BalearsMallorca, Spain
| | - Gerhard J. Herndl
- Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, Center of Ecology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Department of Global Change Research, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat de les Illes BalearsMallorca, Spain
- The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jesús M. Arrieta
- Department of Global Change Research, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat de les Illes BalearsMallorca, Spain
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31
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Dueker ME, O'Mullan GD. Aeration remediation of a polluted waterway increases near-surface coarse and culturable microbial aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 478:184-189. [PMID: 24531127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aeration remediation is currently used in polluted urban waterways to increase oxygen levels in the water column. Recent studies have provided increasing evidence that the bursting of bubbles at water surfaces introduced by aeration, or other surface disturbances, can transfer viable bacteria to the air. In heavily sewage-polluted waterways these water-originated bacterial aerosols may pose as a health risk to recreators in small boats or residents inhabiting the shoreline. Nonetheless, few studies have explored aerosols above active aeration remediation projects in waterways or investigated how bacterial aerosols change with vertical distance from aeration activities. This study, conducted at the Newtown Creek superfund site in Brooklyn, NY, USA, measured coarse aerosol particles and culturable bacteria in near-surface air above waters undergoing aeration remediation. Regardless of aeration operation culturable bacterial fallout was greater near-surface (0.6m above water) than previously-reported measurements made at 2.5m. Molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences from isolated bacteria demonstrates that water and air shared a large number of bacterial genera and that the genera present in the near-surface aerosols (0.6m) contained water-associated Vibrio and Caulobacter, which were not present at 2.5m, despite the smaller sequence library size from the near-surface. Also, the near-surface microbial assemblage had significantly greater association with sequences detected previously in aquatic environments compared to the 2.5m library. We found compelling evidence that aeration activity contributed to this vertical gradient in bacterial aerosol concentrations and identity. Similar to results from 2.5m, concentrations of near-surface respirable coarse aerosols (<10 um) increased significantly when aeration was occurring. Culturable bacterial aerosol fallout was also greater near-surface when the aerator was on compared to simultaneous measurements made at 2.5m. Furthermore, when the aerator was operating, the near-surface bacterial aerosol assemblage was statistically more similar to water assemblages than when the aerator was off. These findings highlight the potential for aeration remediation to increase exposure to viable bacterial aerosols in recreators (e.g. kayakers), a problem of greater concern where surface water is heavily polluted with sewage, as in Newtown Creek.
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Bottos EM, Woo AC, Zawar-Reza P, Pointing SB, Cary SC. Airborne bacterial populations above desert soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 67:120-8. [PMID: 24121801 PMCID: PMC3907674 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are assumed to disperse widely via aerosolized transport due to their small size and resilience. The question of microbial endemicity in isolated populations is directly related to the level of airborne exogenous inputs, yet this has proven hard to identify. The ice-free terrestrial ecosystem of Antarctica, a geographically and climatically isolated continent, was used to interrogate microbial bio-aerosols in relation to the surrounding ecology and climate. High-throughput sequencing of bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes was combined with analyses of climate patterns during an austral summer. In general terms, the aerosols were dominated by Firmicutes, whereas surrounding soils supported Actinobacteria-dominated communities. The most abundant taxa were also common to aerosols from other continents, suggesting that a distinct bio-aerosol community is widely dispersed. No evidence for significant marine input to bioaerosols was found at this maritime valley site, instead local influence was largely from nearby volcanic sources. Back trajectory analysis revealed transport of incoming regional air masses across the Antarctic Plateau, and this is envisaged as a strong selective force. It is postulated that local soil microbial dispersal occurs largely via stochastic mobilization of mineral soil particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Bottos
- />International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
- />Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Anthony C. Woo
- />Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris Descartes, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Peyman Zawar-Reza
- />International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
- />Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B. Pointing
- />International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
- />Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Stephen C. Cary
- />International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
- />Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Gonzalez-Martin C, Teigell-Perez N, Valladares B, Griffin DW. The Global Dispersion of Pathogenic Microorganisms by Dust Storms and Its Relevance to Agriculture. ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY 2014; 127. [PMCID: PMC7150032 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800131-8.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dust storms move an estimated 500–5000 Tg of soil through Earth’s atmosphere every year. Dust-storm transport of topsoils may have positive effects such as fertilization of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and the evolution of soils in proximal and distal environments. Negative effects may include the stripping of nutrient-rich topsoils from source regions, sandblasting of plant life in downwind environments, the fertilization of harmful algal blooms, and the transport of toxins (e.g., metals, pesticides, herbicides, etc.) and pathogenic microorganisms. With respect to the long-range dispersion of microorganisms and more specifically pathogens, research is just beginning to demonstrate the quantity and diversity of organisms that can survive this type of transport. Most studies to date have utilized different assays to identify microorganisms and microbial communities using predominately culture-based, and more recently nonculture-based, methodologies. There is a clear need for international-scale research efforts that apply standardized methods to advance this field of science. Here we present a review of dust-borne microorganisms with a focus on their relevance to agronomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gonzalez-Martin
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda, Astrofisico Francisco Sanchez, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Corresponding author: e-mail address:
| | - Nuria Teigell-Perez
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda, Astrofisico Francisco Sanchez, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Basilio Valladares
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda, Astrofisico Francisco Sanchez, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Winter C, Matthews B, Suttle CA. Effects of environmental variation and spatial distance on bacteria, archaea and viruses in sub-polar and arctic waters. THE ISME JOURNAL 2013; 7:1507-18. [PMID: 23552622 PMCID: PMC3721122 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of environmental parameters and spatial distance on bacterial, archaeal and viral community composition from 13 sites along a 3200-km long voyage from Halifax to Kugluktuk (Canada) through the Labrador Sea, Baffin Bay and the Arctic Archipelago. Variation partitioning was used to disentangle the effects of environmental parameters, spatial distance and spatially correlated environmental parameters on prokaryotic and viral communities. Viral and prokaryotic community composition were related in the Labrador Sea, but were independent of each other in Baffin Bay and the Arctic Archipelago. In oceans, the dominant dispersal mechanism for prokaryotes and viruses is the movement of water masses, thus, dispersal for both groups is passive and similar. Nevertheless, spatial distance explained 7-19% of the variation in viral community composition in the Arctic Archipelago, but was not a significant predictor of bacterial or archaeal community composition in either sampling area, suggesting a decoupling of the processes regulating community composition within these taxonomic groups. According to the metacommunity theory, patterns in bacterial and archaeal community composition suggest a role for species sorting, while patterns of virus community composition are consistent with species sorting in the Labrador Sea and suggest a potential role of mass effects in the Arctic Archipelago. Given that, a specific prokaryotic taxon may be infected by multiple viruses with high reproductive potential, our results suggest that viral community composition was subject to a high turnover relative to prokaryotic community composition in the Arctic Archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Winter
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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35
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Unravelling the bacterial diversity in the atmosphere. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4727-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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36
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Sagar S, Esau L, Hikmawan T, Antunes A, Holtermann K, Stingl U, Bajic VB, Kaur M. Cytotoxic and apoptotic evaluations of marine bacteria isolated from brine-seawater interface of the Red Sea. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:29. [PMID: 23388148 PMCID: PMC3598566 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background High salinity and temperature combined with presence of heavy metals and low oxygen renders deep-sea anoxic brines of the Red Sea as one of the most extreme environments on Earth. The ability to adapt and survive in these extreme environments makes inhabiting bacteria interesting candidates for the search of novel bioactive molecules. Methods Total 20 i.e. lipophilic (chloroform) and hydrophilic (70% ethanol) extracts of marine bacteria isolated from brine-seawater interface of the Red Sea were tested for cytotoxic and apoptotic activity against three human cancer cell lines, i.e. HeLa (cervical carcinoma), MCF-7 (Breast Adenocarcinoma) and DU145 (Prostate carcinoma). Results Among these, twelve extracts were found to be very active after 24 hours of treatment, which were further evaluated for their cytotoxic and apoptotic effects at 48 hr. The extracts from the isolates P1-37B and P3-37A (Halomonas) and P1-17B (Sulfitobacter) have been found to be the most potent against tested cancer cell lines. Conclusion Overall, bacterial isolates from the Red Sea displayed promising results and can be explored further to find novel drug-like molecules. The cell line specific activity of the extracts may be attributed to the presence of different polarity compounds or the cancer type i.e. biological differences in cell lines and different mechanisms of action of programmed cell death prevalent in different cancer cell lines.
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Garcias-Bonet N, Arrieta JM, de Santana CN, Duarte CM, Marbà N. Endophytic bacterial community of a Mediterranean marine angiosperm (Posidonia oceanica). Front Microbiol 2012; 3:342. [PMID: 23049528 PMCID: PMC3448135 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endophytes are crucial for the survival of many terrestrial plants, but little is known about the presence and importance of bacterial endophytes of marine plants. We conducted a survey of the endophytic bacterial community of the long-living Mediterranean marine angiosperm Posidonia oceanica in surface-sterilized tissues (roots, rhizomes, and leaves) by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). A total of 26 Posidonia oceanica meadows around the Balearic Islands were sampled, and the band patterns obtained for each meadow were compared for the three sampled tissues. Endophytic bacterial sequences were detected in most of the samples analyzed. A total of 34 OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) were detected. The main OTUs of endophytic bacteria present in P. oceanica tissues belonged primarily to Proteobacteria (α, γ, and δ subclasses) and Bacteroidetes. The OTUs found in roots significantly differed from those of rhizomes and leaves. Moreover, some OTUs were found to be associated to each type of tissue. Bipartite network analysis revealed differences in the bacterial endophyte communities present on different islands. The results of this study provide a pioneering step toward the characterization of the endophytic bacterial community associated with tissues of a marine angiosperm and reveal the presence of bacterial endophytes that differed among locations and tissue types.
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