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Rahman A, Sardar S, Niaz Z, Khan A, Sheheryar S, Alrefaei AF, Hamayun M, Ali S. Lipase and Protease Production Ability of Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria Worsens the Outcomes of Wound Infections. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:1307-1316. [PMID: 38629357 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128302189240402043330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical site infections are one of the major clinical problems in surgical departments that cost hundreds of millions of dollars to healthcare systems around the world. AIM The study aimed to address the pressing issue of surgical site infections, which pose significant clinical and financial burdens on healthcare systems globally. Recognizing the substantial costs incurred due to these infections, the research has focused on understanding the role of lipase and protease production by multi-drug resistant bacteria isolated from surgical wounds in the development of post-surgical wound infections. METHODS For these purposes, 153 pus specimens were collected from patients with severe post-surgical wound infections having prolonged hospital stays. The specimens were inoculated on appropriate culture media. Gram staining and biochemical tests were used for the identification of bacterial growth on suitable culture media after 24 hours of incubation. The isolated pathogens were then applied for lipase and protease, key enzymes that could contribute to wound development, on tributyrin and skimmed milk agar, respectively. Following the CSLI guidelines, the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to assess antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The results revealed that a significant proportion of the samples (127 out of 153) showed bacterial growth of Gram-negative (n = 66) and Gram-positive (n = 61) bacteria. In total, isolated 37 subjects were declared MDR due to their resistance to three or more than three antimicrobial agents. The most prevalent bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (29.13%), followed by S. epidermidis (18.89%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.89%), Escherichia coli (14.96%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.23%), and Proteus mirabilis (7.87%). Moreover, a considerable number of these bacteria exhibited lipase and protease activity with 70 bacterial strains as lipase positive on tributyrin agar, whereas 74 bacteria showed protease activity on skimmed milk agar with P. aeruginosa as the highest lipase (69.23%) and protease (76.92%) producer, followed by S. aureus (lipase 62.16% and protease 70.27%). RESULTS The antimicrobial resistance was evaluated among enzyme producers and non-producers and it was found that the lipase and protease-producing bacteria revealed higher resistance to selected antibiotics than non-producers. Notably, fosfomycin and carbapenem were identified as effective antibiotics against the isolated bacterial strains. However, gram-positive bacteria displayed high resistance to lincomycin and clindamycin, while gram-negative bacteria were more resistant to cefuroxime and gentamicin. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the findings suggest that lipases and proteases produced by bacteria could contribute to drug resistance and act as virulence factors in the development of surgical site infections. Understanding the role of these enzymes may inform strategies for preventing and managing post-surgical wound infections more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attaur Rahman
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Department of Parasitology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Saiqa Sardar
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Departament of Parasitology, Institute Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Zeeshan Niaz
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Asif Khan
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sheheryar Sheheryar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Ali
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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2
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Harding CJ, Bischoff M, Bergkessel M, Czekster CM. An anti-biofilm cyclic peptide targets a secreted aminopeptidase from P. aeruginosa. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1158-1166. [PMID: 37386135 PMCID: PMC10449631 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes serious illness, especially in immunocompromised individuals. P. aeruginosa forms biofilms that contribute to growth and persistence in a wide range of environments. Here we investigated the aminopeptidase, P. aeruginosa aminopeptidase (PaAP) from P. aeruginosa, which is highly abundant in the biofilm matrix. PaAP is associated with biofilm development and contributes to nutrient recycling. We confirmed that post-translational processing was required for activation and PaAP is a promiscuous aminopeptidase acting on unstructured regions of peptides and proteins. Crystal structures of wild-type enzymes and variants revealed the mechanism of autoinhibition, whereby the C-terminal propeptide locks the protease-associated domain and the catalytic peptidase domain into a self-inhibited conformation. Inspired by this, we designed a highly potent small cyclic-peptide inhibitor that recapitulates the deleterious phenotype observed with a PaAP deletion variant in biofilm assays and present a path toward targeting secreted proteins in a biofilm context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher John Harding
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Marcus Bischoff
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Centre of Biophotonics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Clarissa Melo Czekster
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
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3
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Silva GPD, Fernandes DC, Vigliano MV, Pinto FA, Fonseca END, Santos SVM, Marques PR, Gayer CRM, Velozo LSM, Lima CKFD, Palhares de Miranda AL, Justo MDG, Sabino KCDC, Coelho MGP. Echinodorus macrophyllus: Hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives reduces neutrophil migration through modulation of cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandin in the air-pouch model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114757. [PMID: 34673225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Brazil, Echinodorus macrophyllus (Alismataceae), popularly known as chapéu-de-couro, is used to treat inflammatory diseases. Previous studies have shown a significant decrease in the acute inflammation for the aqueous extract of E. macrophyllus (AEEm) and its ethanolic fraction (Fr20). AIM OF THE STUDY This work fractionated Fr20, identified the fraction and substances responsible for the in vivo anti-inflammatory property, and demonstrated important immunomodulatory mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fr20 was fractionated using Sephadex LH-20, and the most active fraction was chromatographically analyzed (HPLC-DAD and UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS). Leukotriene B4, Prostaglandin E2, and cytokines were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and in vivo acute inflammation by the air pouch model. RESULTS The subfractions SF1, SF3, and mainly the SF4 decreased NO levels (p < 0.05). SF3 and SF4 showed high DPPH scavenger activity. SF1 was more effective than SF4 in reducing vasodilation, redness, and leukocyte migration into the 4-h air pouch. SF1 inhibited 90.5% (100 mg/kg) and SF4 54.0% (50 mg/kg), mainly affecting the number of neutrophils. SF1 and SF4 reduced the protein level in the exudate. SF1 was also more effective in inhibiting neutrophil migration in a transwell assay (46.3%) and reduced (86.1%) the Leukotriene B4 level in the exudate. After five days of treatment, some SF1 anti-inflammatory mechanisms were evaluated in the air pouch's 24 h exudate and tissue. Despite the high level of inflammation of the control group in this condition, SF1 confirmed the decrease in the protein level and neutrophils migration into the pouch. It decreased the number of bone marrow cells, indicating a systemic effect of SF1. SF1 also decreased TNF-α (87%), IL-1β (77%), CKCL1/KC (71.3%), and PGE2 (97.8%) and increased IL-10 (74.1%) levels in the air pouch exudate. Phytochemical analysis of SF1 indicates mainly hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives. CONCLUSION Hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives present in SF1 are related to the crucial anti-inflammatory mechanisms of E. macrophyllus, decreasing the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, CKCL1/KC, LTB4, and PGE2 on the exudate. These results explain the reduction of vasodilatation, erythema, and neutrophil migration into the air pouch model, confirming this plant's anti-inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girlaine Pereira da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Corrêa Fernandes
- Department of Biochemistry and, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Vieira Vigliano
- Department of Biochemistry and, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Araújo Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry and, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Nunes da Fonseca
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Shirley Vânia Moura Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Marques
- Department of Biochemistry and, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Machado Gayer
- Department of Biochemistry and, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leosvaldo Salazar Marques Velozo
- Department of Biochemistry and, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Luisa Palhares de Miranda
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Justo
- Department of Biochemistry and, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kátia Costa de Carvalho Sabino
- Department of Biochemistry and, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marsen Garcia Pinto Coelho
- Department of Biochemistry and, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Hammers D, Carothers K, Lee S. The Role of Bacterial Proteases in Microbe and Host-microbe Interactions. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:222-239. [PMID: 34370632 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210809094100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted proteases are an important class of factors used by bacterial to modulate their extracellular environment through the cleavage of peptides and proteins. These proteases can range from broad, general proteolytic activity to high degrees of substrate specificity. They are often involved in interactions between bacteria and other species, even across kingdoms, allowing bacteria to survive and compete within their niche. As a result, many bacterial proteases are of clinical importance. The immune system is a common target for these enzymes, and bacteria have evolved ways to use these proteases to alter immune responses for their benefit. In addition to the wide variety of human proteins that can be targeted by bacterial proteases, bacteria also use these secreted factors to disrupt competing microbes, ranging from outright antimicrobial activity to disrupting processes like biofilm formation. OBJECTIVE In this review, we address how bacterial proteases modulate host mechanisms of protection from infection and injury, including immune factors and cell barriers. We also discuss the contributions of bacterial proteases to microbe-microbe interactions, including antimicrobial and anti-biofilm dynamics. CONCLUSION Bacterial secreted proteases represent an incredibly diverse group of factors that bacteria use to shape and thrive in their microenvironment. Due to the range of activities and targets of these proteases, some have been noted for having potential as therapeutics. The vast array of bacterial proteases and their targets remains an expanding field of research, and this field has many important implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hammers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Katelyn Carothers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Shaun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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5
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McMahon DB, Carey RM, Kohanski MA, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. PAR-2-activated secretion by airway gland serous cells: role for CFTR and inhibition by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L845-L879. [PMID: 33655758 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00411.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway submucosal gland serous cells are important sites of fluid secretion in conducting airways. Serous cells also express the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates secretion from intact airway glands. We tested if and how human nasal serous cells secrete fluid in response to PAR-2 stimulation using Ca2+ imaging and simultaneous differential interference contrast imaging to track isosmotic cell shrinking and swelling reflecting activation of solute efflux and influx pathways, respectively. During stimulation of PAR-2, serous cells exhibited dose-dependent increases in intracellular Ca2+. At stimulation levels >EC50 for Ca2+, serous cells simultaneously shrank ∼20% over ∼90 s due to KCl efflux reflecting Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CaCC, likely TMEM16A)-dependent secretion. At lower levels of PAR-2 stimulation (<EC50 for Ca2+), shrinkage was not evident due to failure to activate CaCC. Low levels of cAMP-elevating VIP receptor (VIPR) stimulation, also insufficient to activate secretion alone, synergized with low-level PAR-2 stimulation to elicit fluid secretion dependent on both cAMP and Ca2+ to activate CFTR and K+ channels, respectively. Polarized cultures of primary serous cells also exhibited synergistic fluid secretion. Pre-exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa conditioned media inhibited PAR-2 activation by proteases but not peptide agonists in primary nasal serous cells, Calu-3 bronchial cells, and primary nasal ciliated cells. Disruption of synergistic CFTR-dependent PAR-2/VIPR secretion may contribute to reduced airway surface liquid in CF. Further disruption of the CFTR-independent component of PAR-2-activated secretion by P. aeruginosa may also be important to CF pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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6
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Development of chimeric peptides to facilitate the neutralisation of lipopolysaccharides during bactericidal targeting of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. Commun Biol 2020; 3:41. [PMID: 31974490 PMCID: PMC6978316 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli can cause fatal diarrheal diseases in both animals and humans. However, no antibiotics or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can adequately kill resistant bacteria and clear bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which leads to inflammation and sepsis. Here, the LPS-targeted smart chimeric peptides (SCPs)-A6 and G6 are generated by connecting LPS-targeting peptide-LBP14 and killing domain-N6 via different linkers. Rigid and flexible linkers retain the independent biological activities from each component. SCPs-A6 and G6 exert low toxicity and no bacterial resistance, and they more rapidly kill multiple-drug-resistant E. coli and more effectively neutralize LPS toxicity than N6 alone. The SCPs can enhance mouse survival more effectively than N6 or polymyxin B and alleviate lung injuries by blocking mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 activation. These findings uniquely show that SCPs-A6 and G6 may be promising dual-function candidates as improved antibacterial and anti-endotoxin agents to treat bacterial infection and sepsis. Wang ZL and Wang XM design bactericidal peptides in which an antimicrobial domain is fused to a domain that facilitates the neutralisation of lipoplysaccaride (LPS) to prevent inflammation associated with the targeting of Gram-negative bacteria. They characterise their properties and structures, and show their efficiency in vitro and in vivo.
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7
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Eisenhardt M, Schlupp P, Höfer F, Schmidts T, Hoffmann D, Czermak P, Pöppel AK, Vilcinskas A, Runkel F. The therapeutic potential of the insect metalloproteinase inhibitor against infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:316-328. [PMID: 30408181 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of the insect metalloproteinase inhibitor (IMPI) from Galleria mellonella, the only known specific inhibitor of M4 metalloproteinases. METHODS The fusion protein IMPI-GST (glutathione-S-transferase) was produced by fermentation in Escherichia coli and was tested for its ability to inhibit the proteolytic activity of the M4 metalloproteinases thermolysin and Pseudomonas elastase (PE), the latter a key virulence factor of the wound-associated and antibiotic-resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We also tested the ability of IMPI to inhibit the secretome (Sec) of a P. aeruginosa strain obtained from a wound. KEY FINDINGS We found that IMPI-GST inhibited thermolysin and PE in vitro and increased the viability of human keratinocytes exposed to Sec by inhibiting detachment caused by changes in cytoskeletal morphology. IMPI-GST also improved the cell migration rate in an in vitro wound assay and reduced the severity of necrosis caused by Sec in an ex vivo porcine wound model. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of virulence factors is a novel therapeutic approach against antibiotic resistant bacteria. Our results indicate that IMPI is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Eisenhardt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peggy Schlupp
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Höfer
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidts
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Bio-Resources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Pöppel
- Department of Bio-Resources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bio-Resources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Runkel
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
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Bastaert F, Kheir S, Saint-Criq V, Villeret B, Dang PMC, El-Benna J, Sirard JC, Voulhoux R, Sallenave JM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasB Subverts Alveolar Macrophage Activity by Interfering With Bacterial Killing Through Downregulation of Innate Immune Defense, Reactive Oxygen Species Generation, and Complement Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1675. [PMID: 30083156 PMCID: PMC6064941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.a) is a pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality, in particular, in hospital patients undergoing ventilation and in patients with cystic fibrosis. Among the virulence factors secreted or injected into host cells, the physiopathological relevance of type II secretions system (T2SS) is less studied. Although there is extensive literature on the destructive role of LasB in vitro on secreted innate immune components and on some stromal cell receptors, studies on its direct action on myeloid cells are scant. Using a variety of methods, including the use of bacterial mutants, gene-targeted mice, and proteomics technology, we show here, using non-opsonic conditions (thus mimicking resting and naïve conditions in the alveolar space), that LasB, an important component of the P.a T2SS is highly virulent in vivo, and can subvert alveolar macrophage (AM) activity and bacterial killing, in vitro and in vivo by downregulating important secreted innate immune molecules (complement factors, cytokines, etc.) and receptors (IFNAR, Csf1r, etc.). In particular, we show that LasB downregulates the production of C3 and factor B complement molecules, as well as the activation of reactive oxygen species production by AM. In addition, we showed that purified LasB impaired significantly the ability of AM to clear an unrelated bacterium, namely Streptococcus pneumoniae. These data provide a new mechanism of action for LasB, potentially partly explaining the early onset of P.a, alone, or with other bacteria, within the alveolar lumen in susceptible individuals, such as ventilated, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Bastaert
- INSERM, UMR1152, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Saadé Kheir
- INSERM, UMR1152, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vinciane Saint-Criq
- INSERM, UMR1152, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bérengère Villeret
- INSERM, UMR1152, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM UMR1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM UMR1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM, U1019, Lille, CNRS, UMR 8204, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Romé Voulhoux
- CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (IMM), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- INSERM, UMR1152, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Saint-Criq V, Villeret B, Bastaert F, Kheir S, Hatton A, Cazes A, Xing Z, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Garcia-Verdugo I, Edelman A, Sallenave JM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasB protease impairs innate immunity in mice and humans by targeting a lung epithelial cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator-IL-6-antimicrobial-repair pathway. Thorax 2017; 73:49-61. [PMID: 28790180 PMCID: PMC5738602 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections are a huge problem in ventilator-associated pneumonia, cystic fibrosis (CF) and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. This bacterium secretes virulence factors that may subvert host innate immunity. Objective We evaluated the effect of P. aeruginosa elastase LasB, an important virulence factor secreted by the type II secretion system, on ion transport, innate immune responses and epithelial repair, both in vitro and in vivo. Methods Wild-type (WT) or cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-mutated epithelial cells (cell lines and primary cells from patients) were treated with WT or ΔLasB pseudomonas aeruginosa O1 (PAO1) secretomes. The effect of LasB and PAO1 infection was also assessed in vivo in murine models. Results We showed that LasB was the most abundant protein in WT PAO1 secretomes and that it decreased epithelial CFTR expression and activity. In airway epithelial cell lines and primary bronchial epithelial cells, LasB degraded the immune mediators interleukin (IL)-6 and trappin-2, an important epithelial-derived antimicrobial molecule. We further showed that an IL-6/STAT3 signalling pathway was downregulated by LasB, resulting in inhibition of epithelial cell repair. In mice, intranasally instillated LasB induced significant weight loss, inflammation, injury and death. By contrast, we showed that overexpression of IL-6 and trappin-2 protected mice against WT-PAO1-induced death, by upregulating IL-17/IL-22 antimicrobial and repair pathways. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that PAO1 LasB is a major P. aeruginosa secreted factor that modulates ion transport, immune response and tissue repair. Targeting this virulence factor or upregulating protective factors such as IL-6 or antimicrobial molecules such as trappin-2 could be beneficial in P. aeruginosa-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinciane Saint-Criq
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Bérengère Villeret
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Bastaert
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Saadé Kheir
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Hatton
- INSERM U1151, Faculté de Médecine, site Necker, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Cazes
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Ignacio Garcia-Verdugo
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Aleksander Edelman
- INSERM U1151, Faculté de Médecine, site Necker, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
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10
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Lindsay S, Oates A, Bourdillon K. The detrimental impact of extracellular bacterial proteases on wound healing. Int Wound J 2017; 14:1237-1247. [PMID: 28745010 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to clinical signs of infection (e.g. inflammation, purulence and pain), a microbial count of ≥105 colony-forming units/g has historically been used to define wound infection. However, it is increasingly recognised that, rather than a high bioburden level alone being detrimental to wound healing, it is the virulence of the invading microorganism and the host's immune status that can affect clinical outcomes. Bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, have developed a range of virulence factors to help them overcome host defences and proliferate within the underlying soft tissue. More specifically, bacterial proteases are one such virulence factor that has been implicated in promoting the invasion and destruction of the host tissue. Because of the complexities of microorganisms, the proteases can negatively impact the wound environment, leading to delayed wound healing. The aim of the present paper is to describe various extracellular bacterial proteases; review the impact they have on the wound environment, the host immune response and biofilms; and discuss potential wound management strategies against them. The evidence discussed suggests that proteases may play a profound role in wound infections, contribute to the development of an inflammatory response and impede wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Lindsay
- Research & Development Department, Systagenix, Gargrave, UK
| | - Angela Oates
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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11
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Dabhade AR, Mokashe NU, Patil UK. Purification, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of nontoxic trypsin inhibitor from Albizia amara Boiv. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Ouidir T, Jouenne T, Hardouin J. Post-translational modifications in Pseudomonas aeruginosa revolutionized by proteomic analysis. Biochimie 2016; 125:66-74. [PMID: 26952777 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes severe infections in vulnerable individuals. It is known that post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a key role in bacterial physiology. Their characterization is still challenging and the recent advances in proteomics allow large-scale and high-throughput analyses of PTMs. Here, we provide an overview of proteomic data about the modified proteins in P. aeruginosa. We emphasize the significant contribution of proteomics in knowledge enhancement of PTMs (phosphorylation, N-acetylation and glycosylation) and we discuss their importance in P. aeruginosa physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassadit Ouidir
- CNRS, UMR 6270, Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces Laboratory, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Normandie Univ, UR, France; PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Thierry Jouenne
- CNRS, UMR 6270, Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces Laboratory, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Normandie Univ, UR, France; PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Julie Hardouin
- CNRS, UMR 6270, Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces Laboratory, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Normandie Univ, UR, France; PISSARO Proteomic Facility, IRIB, F-76820 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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13
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Moore JD, Rossi FM, Welsh MA, Nyffeler KE, Blackwell HE. A Comparative Analysis of Synthetic Quorum Sensing Modulators in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: New Insights into Mechanism, Active Efflux Susceptibility, Phenotypic Response, and Next-Generation Ligand Design. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14626-39. [PMID: 26491787 PMCID: PMC4665086 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a chemical signaling mechanism that allows bacterial populations to coordinate gene expression in response to social and environmental cues. Many bacterial pathogens use QS to initiate infection at high cell densities. Over the past two decades, chemical antagonists of QS in pathogenic bacteria have attracted substantial interest for use both as tools to further elucidate QS mechanisms and, with further development, potential anti-infective agents. Considerable recent research has been devoted to the design of small molecules capable of modulating the LasR QS receptor in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These molecules hold significant promise in a range of contexts; however, as most compounds have been developed independently, comparative activity data for these compounds are scarce. Moreover, the mechanisms by which the bulk of these compounds act are largely unknown. This paucity of data has stalled the choice of an optimal chemical scaffold for further advancement. Herein, we submit the best-characterized LasR modulators to standardized cell-based reporter and QS phenotypic assays in P. aeruginosa, and we report the first comprehensive set of comparative LasR activity data for these compounds. Our experiments uncovered multiple interesting mechanistic phenomena (including a potential alternative QS-modulatory ligand binding site/partner) that provide new, and unexpected, insights into the modes by which many of these LasR ligands act. The lead compounds, data trends, and mechanistic insights reported here will significantly aid the design of new small molecule QS inhibitors and activators in P. aeruginosa, and in other bacteria, with enhanced potencies and defined modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Francis M Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY Cortland , Cortland, New York 13045, United States
| | - Michael A Welsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kayleigh E Nyffeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Helen E Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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14
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Alexandre Y, Le Berre R, Barbier G, Le Blay G. Screening of Lactobacillus spp. for the prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infections. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:107. [PMID: 24766663 PMCID: PMC4040502 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that significantly increases morbidity and mortality in nosocomial infections and cystic fibrosis patients. Its pathogenicity especially relies on the production of virulence factors or resistances to many antibiotics. Since multiplication of antibiotic resistance can lead to therapeutic impasses, it becomes necessary to develop new tools for fighting P. aeruginosa infections. The use of probiotics is one of the ways currently being explored. Probiotics are microorganisms that exert a positive effect on the host's health and some of them are known to possess antibacterial activities. Since most of their effects have been shown in the digestive tract, experimental data compatible with the respiratory environment are strongly needed. The main goal of this study was then to test the capacity of lactobacilli to inhibit major virulence factors (elastolytic activity and biofilm formation) associated with P. aeruginosa pathogenicity. RESULTS Sixty-seven lactobacilli were isolated from the oral cavities of healthy volunteers. These isolates together with 20 lactobacilli isolated from raw milks, were tested for their capacity to decrease biofilm formation and activity of the elastase produced by P. aeruginosa PAO1. Ten isolates, particularly efficient, were accurately identified using a polyphasic approach (API 50 CHL, mass-spectrometry and 16S/rpoA/pheS genes sequencing) and typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The 8 remaining strains belonging to the L. fermentum (6), L. zeae (1) and L. paracasei (1) species were sensitive to all antibiotics tested with the exception of the intrinsic resistance to vancomycin. The strains were all able to grow in artificial saliva. CONCLUSION Eight strains belonging to L. fermentum, L. zeae and L. paracasei species harbouring anti-elastase and anti-biofilm properties are potential probiotics for fighting P. aeruginosa pulmonary infections. However, further studies are needed in order to test their innocuity and their capacity to behave such as an oropharyngeal barrier against Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Antibiosis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
- Female
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Lactobacillus/classification
- Lactobacillus/genetics
- Lactobacillus/isolation & purification
- Lactobacillus/physiology
- Male
- Mass Spectrometry
- Middle Aged
- Milk/microbiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mouth/microbiology
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/growth & development
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Youenn Alexandre
- Université de Brest, EA 3882-Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d’Écologie Microbienne (LUBEM), Faculté de Médecine, 22 avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Rozenn Le Berre
- Université de Brest, EA 3882-Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d’Écologie Microbienne (LUBEM), Faculté de Médecine, 22 avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29200 Brest, France
- Département de Médecine Interne et Pneumologie, CHRU La Cavale-Blanche, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Georges Barbier
- Université de Brest, EA 3882-Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d’Écologie Microbienne (LUBEM), Parvis Blaise Pascal, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Gwenaelle Le Blay
- Université de Brest, EA 3882-Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d’Écologie Microbienne (LUBEM), Parvis Blaise Pascal, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
- Université de Brest, CNRS, IFREMER, UMR 6197-Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnement Extrêmes (LMEE), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Place Nicolas Copernic, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
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15
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Bicyclic brominated furanones: a new class of quorum sensing modulators that inhibit bacterial biofilm formation. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1313-7. [PMID: 24485124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Both natural and synthetic brominated furanones are known to inhibit biofilm formation by bacteria, but their toxicity to mammalian cells is often not reported. Here, we designed and synthesized a new class of brominated furanones (BBFs) that contained a bicyclic structure having one bromide group with well-defined regiochemistry. This class of molecules exhibited reduction in the toxicity to mammalian cells (human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH) and did not inhibit bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) growth, but retained the inhibitory activity towards biofilm formation of bacteria. In addition, all the BBFs inhibited the production of virulence factor elastase B in P. aeruginosa. To explore the effect of BBFs on quorum sensing, we used a reporter gene assay and found that 6-BBF and 7-BBF exhibited antagonistic activities for LasR protein in the lasI quorum sensing circuit, while 5-BBF showed agonistic activity for the rhlI quorum sensing circuit. This study suggests that structural variation of brominated furanones can be designed for targeted functions to control biofilm formation.
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16
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Azghani AO, Neal K, Idell S, Amaro R, Baker JW, Omri A, Pendurthi UR. Mechanism of fibroblast inflammatory responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:547-555. [PMID: 24385476 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.075325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases, including the epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), are able to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) via several adaptor proteins and protein kinases such as Raf. EGFR can be activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli including neutrophil elastase, but we are aware of no report as to whether Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced elastase (PE) could elicit such signalling through EGFR activation. We sought to test the inference that PE modulates inflammatory responses in human lung fibroblasts and that the process occurs by activation of the EGFR/MAPK pathways. We utilized IL-8 cytokine expression as a pathway-specific end point measure of the fibroblast inflammatory response to PE. Western blot analysis was performed to detect phosphorylation of EGFR and signal transduction intermediates. Northern blot, real-time PCR, and ELISA methods were utilized to determine cytokine gene expression levels. We found that PE induces phosphorylation of the EGFR and the extracellular signal-regulated proteins (ERK1/2) of the MAPK pathway, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Furthermore, enzymically active PE enhances IL-8 mRNA and protein secretion. Pretreatment of the cells with specific inhibitors of EGFR, MAPK kinase and NF-κB markedly attenuated the PE-induced signal proteins phosphorylation and IL-8 gene expression and protein secretion. Collectively, the data show that PE produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa can modulate lung inflammation by exploiting the EGFR/ERK signalling cascades and enhancing IL-8 production in the lungs via NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali O Azghani
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Kourtney Neal
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Steven Idell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Rodolfo Amaro
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Jason W Baker
- Program in Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Usha R Pendurthi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
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17
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Dabhade A, Patel P, Patil U. Proteinaceous Protease Inhibitor from Lawsonia Inermis: Purification, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermo-stable, proteinaceous protease inhibitor (LPI) from Lawsonia inermis is reported. The LPI was purified from Lawsonia inermis seeds by subsequent ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Cellulose) and gel permeation chromatography (Sephadex-50). The purified protease inhibitor is effective against a wide range of proteases viz. papain, trypsin, pepsin and metallo-protease. The apparent molecular weight of the protease inhibitor is 19 kDa, determined by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The protease inhibitor was found to be stable at 70 °C for 30 min. It was also examined for antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 7926 and Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 2079; the IC50 values of the purified LPI were 11.4 μg/mL and 16.6 μg/mL respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Dabhade
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur 425405, India
| | - Priti Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur 425405, India
| | - Ulhas Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur 425405, India
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18
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Evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence as a result of phage predation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6110-6. [PMID: 23892756 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01421-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has attracted attention to bacteriophages for treating and preventing bacterial infections. Bacteriophages can drive the diversification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, giving rise to phage-resistant variants with different phenotypes from their ancestral hosts. In this study, we sought to investigate the effect of phage resistance on cytotoxicity of host populations toward cultured mammalian cells. The library of phage-resistant P. aeruginosa PAO1 variants used was developed previously via experimental evolution of an isogenic host population using phages PP7 and E79. Our results presented herein indicate that the phage-resistant variants developed in a heterogeneous phage environment exhibit a greater ability to impede metabolic action of cultured human keratinocytes and have a greater tendency to cause membrane damage even though they cannot invade the cells in large numbers. They also show a heightened resistance to phagocytosis by model murine macrophages. Furthermore, all isolates produced higher levels of at least one of the secreted virulence factors, namely, total proteases, elastase, phospholipase C, and hemolysins. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed upregulation in the transcription of a number of genes associated with virulence of P. aeruginosa for the phage-resistant variants. The results of this study indicate a significant change in the in vitro virulence of P. aeruginosa following phage predation and highlight the need for caution in the selection and design of phages and phage cocktails for therapeutic use.
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19
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Shetye GS, Singh N, Gao X, Bandyopadhyay D, Yan A, Luk YY. Structures and biofilm inhibition activities of brominated furanones for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Anti-inflammatory activity of hyperimmune plasma in a lipopolysaccharide-mediated rat air pouch model of inflammation. Inflammation 2012; 35:58-64. [PMID: 21213030 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils play key and interrelated roles in the inflammatory response against infectious agents. However, these entities can mediate significant tissue damage if their biological activity becomes deregulated. We have previously shown that canine hyperimmune frozen plasma (HFP) contains anti-TNFα activity that is attributable to elevated levels of soluble TNFα receptor 1 (sTNFR1). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of HFP on TNFα levels and neutrophil infiltration in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated rat air pouch model of inflammation. Rats were administered either HFP, HFP which had been pre-incubated with anti-sTNFR1 antibody (5 ng/ml), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), physiological saline (PS) at 2 ml/day or Carprofen at 5 mg/kg for 3 days prior to LPS challenge. Pouch fluid was withdrawn at 1, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h post-LPS challenge and assayed for TNFα by ELISA, and for total leukocytes and neutrophils by microscopic examination. At 6 h post-LPS challenge, both TNFα levels and neutrophil counts were significantly lower in HFP-treated rats than was found in FFP, PS or Carprofen treated animals (p<0.05). In a sTNFR1 blocking experiment, incubation of HFP with anti-sTNFR1 antibody resulted in significant increases in neutrophil numbers and TNFα levels, which suggests that the anti-TNFα activity observed in HFP may be due to elevated levels of sTNFR1. The data also revealed a significant inverse correlation between total leukocyte counts and sTNFR1 levels present in pouch fluid (r= -0.73, p<0.0001). Our observations suggest that HFP warrants further investigation as a possible means for modulating acute inflammatory processes where TNFα is a key mediator.
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21
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Le Berre R, Nguyen S, Nowak E, Kipnis E, Pierre M, Quenee L, Ader F, Lancel S, Courcol R, Guery BP, Faure K. Relative contribution of three main virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia*. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:2113-20. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31821e899f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Clark CA, Thomas LK, Azghani AO. Inhibition of protein kinase C attenuates Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase-induced epithelial barrier disruption. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:1263-71. [PMID: 21757681 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0459oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection compromises the human airway epithelium, and can be especially devastating to immunocompromised or debilitated individuals. We have reported earlier that P. aeruginosa elastase (PE) increases paracellular permeability in epithelial cell monolayers by mechanisms involving tight junction (TJ) disruption and cytoskeletal reorganization, leading to destruction of epithelial barrier function. The aim of this study was to investigate putative TJ targets and potential mechanisms by which PE induces barrier disruption. We found that PE decreased localization of TJ proteins, occludin and zonula occludens (ZO)-1, in membrane fractions, and induced reorganization of F-actin within 1 hour. Although inhibition of protein kinase (PK) C α/β signaling modestly altered the extent of cytoskeletal disruption and ZO-1 translocation, we found PKC signaling to play a significant role in decreased occludin functionality during PE exposure. Furthermore, elevated PKC levels correlated with decreased levels of TJ proteins in membrane fractions, and increased paracellular permeability in a time-dependent manner. Therefore, we conclude that PKC signaling is involved during PE-induced epithelial barrier disruption via TJ translocation and cytoskeletal reorganization. Specifically, occludin, as well as associated ZO-1 and F-actin, may be early targets of PE pathogenesis occurring via a PKC-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis A Clark
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler, 75799, USA
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23
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Novel inhibitors of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor LasB: a potential therapeutic approach for the attenuation of virulence mechanisms in pseudomonal infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:2670-8. [PMID: 21444693 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00776-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas elastase (LasB), a metalloprotease virulence factor, is known to play a pivotal role in pseudomonal infection. LasB is secreted at the site of infection, where it exerts a proteolytic action that spans from broad tissue destruction to subtle action on components of the host immune system. The former enhances invasiveness by liberating nutrients for continued growth, while the latter exerts an immunomodulatory effect, manipulating the normal immune response. In addition to the extracellular effects of secreted LasB, it also acts within the bacterial cell to trigger the intracellular pathway that initiates growth as a bacterial biofilm. The key role of LasB in pseudomonal virulence makes it a potential target for the development of an inhibitor as an antimicrobial agent. The concept of inhibition of virulence is a recently established antimicrobial strategy, and such agents have been termed "second-generation" antibiotics. This approach holds promise in that it seeks to attenuate virulence processes without bactericidal action and, hence, without selection pressure for the emergence of resistant strains. A potent inhibitor of LasB, N-mercaptoacetyl-Phe-Tyr-amide (K(i) = 41 nM) has been developed, and its ability to block these virulence processes has been assessed. It has been demonstrated that thes compound can completely block the action of LasB on protein targets that are instrumental in biofilm formation and immunomodulation. The novel LasB inhibitor has also been employed in bacterial-cell-based assays, to reduce the growth of pseudomonal biofilms, and to eradicate biofilm completely when used in combination with conventional antibiotics.
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Kim EH, Shim B, Kang S, Jeong G, Lee JS, Yu YB, Chun M. Anti-inflammatory effects of Scutellaria baicalensis extract via suppression of immune modulators and MAP kinase signaling molecules. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 126:320-331. [PMID: 19699788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY A herbal preparation using Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) Georgi (Huang Qin, SB) was formulated to effectively protect cancer patients from inflammatory reactions. Although SB, is one of the most widely used herbs in oriental medicine for anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-bacterial and tonifying the immune response, the underlying mechanism(s) by which these effects are induced remains unclear. RESULTS Here, we report that SB displays anti-inflammatory effects in a zymosan-induced mouse air-pouch model by reducing the expression of nitric oxide (NO), inducible NOS (iNOS), Cyclooxygenase2 (COX-2), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and IkappaBalpha as well as inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-alpha. In a similar manner, SB also reduced the production of nitric oxide, PGE2, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-alpha, by decreasing the expression of iNOS, COX-2, IkappaB kinase alphabeta (IKKalphabeta) phosphorylation, IkappaBalpha and IkappaBalpha phosphorylation in LPS-treated Raw 264.7 cells. Additionally, SB interfered with the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB p65 and p50, resulting in NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional repression. We further demonstrate that SB attenuated the activity of c-Raf-1/MEK1/2, Erk1/2, p38 and JNK phosphorylation in LPS-treated Raw 264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results confirm the strong anti-inflammatory properties of SB by inhibition of iNOS, COX-2, PGE2, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-alpha expression. This was achieved through the down-regulation of IKKalphabeta, IkappaBalpha, NF-kappaB activation via suppression of c-Raf-1/MEK1/2 (Mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase) and MAP kinase phosphorylation in the zymosan-induced mice air-pouch and Raw 264.7 cells. These results support the use of SB herbs for its potent anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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25
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Inhibitor profiling of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor LasB using N-alpha mercaptoamide template-based inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6230-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kukavica-Ibrulj I, Levesque RC. Animal models of chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: useful tools for cystic fibrosis studies. Lab Anim 2008; 42:389-412. [PMID: 18782827 DOI: 10.1258/la.2007.06014e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a defect in the transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein that functions as a chloride channel. Dysfunction of the CFTR protein results in salty sweat, pancreatic insufficiency, intestinal obstruction, male infertility and severe pulmonary disease. In most patients with CF life expectancy is limited due to a progressive loss of functional lung tissue. Early in life a persistent neutrophylic inflammation can be demonstrated in the airways. The cause of this inflammation, the role of CFTR and the cause of lung morbidity by different CF-specific bacteria, mostly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are not well understood. The lack of an appropriate animal model with multi-organ pathology having the characteristics of the human form of CF has hampered our understanding of the pathobiology and chronic lung infections of the disease for many years. This review summarizes the main characteristics of CF and focuses on several available animal models that have been frequently used in CF research. A better understanding of the chronic lung infection caused particularly by P. aeruginosa, the pathophysiology of lung inflammation and the pathogenesis of lung disease necessitates animal models to understand CF, and to develop and improve treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kukavica-Ibrulj
- Centre de Recherche sur la Fonction, Structure et Ingénierie des Protéines, Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand, Biologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
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Le Berre R, Nguyen S, Nowak E, Kipnis E, Pierre M, Ader F, Courcol R, Guery B, Faure K. Quorum-sensing activity and related virulence factor expression in clinically pathogenic isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14:337-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a weak enhancer of mucin secretion by human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 40:1379-88. [PMID: 18077203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PAR-2, a member of a family of G-protein-coupled receptors, can be activated by serine proteases via proteolytic cleavage. PAR-2 expression is known to be upregulated in respiratory epithelium subsequent to inflammation in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Since these diseases also are characterized by excessive mucus production and secretion, we investigated whether PAR-2 could be linked to mucin hypersecretion by airway epithelium. Normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells in primary culture or the human bronchial epithelial cell lines, NCI-H292 and HBE-1, were used. NHBE, NCI-H292, and HBE-1 cells expressed prominent levels of PAR-2 protein. Short-term (30min) exposure of cells to the synthetic PAR-2 agonist peptide (SLIGKV-NH2) elicited a small but statistically significant increase in mucin secretion at high concentrations (100microM and 1000microM), compared to a control peptide with reversed amino acid sequence (VKGILS-NH2). Neither human lung tryptase nor bovine pancreatic trypsin, both PAR-2 agonists, affected NHBE cell mucin secretion when added over a range of concentrations. Knockdown of PAR-2 expression by siRNA blocked the stimulatory effect of the AP. The results suggest that, since PAR-2 activation only weakly increases mucin secretion by human airway epithelial cells in vitro, PAR-2 probably is not a significant contributor to mucin hypersecretion in inflamed airways.
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Matheson NR, Potempa J, Travis J. Interaction of a novel form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alkaline protease (aeruginolysin) with interleukin-6 and interleukin-8. Biol Chem 2006; 387:911-5. [PMID: 16913841 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes several proteases considered as important virulence factors. In this report we present data indicating that two key proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8, are substrates for pseudolysin (elastase) and aeruginolysin (alkaline protease). While IL-6 was totally digested by both proteases, a long form of IL-8 (IL-8-77) was first rapidly processed into a 72-residue form with enhanced chemokine activity, then very slowly degraded. Interestingly, aeruginolysin bearing two additional residues at the N-terminus (Leu-Lys-aeruginolysin) in the absence of calcium degraded both IL-6 and IL-8-72 far more efficiently than the shorter form of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R Matheson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Kipnis E, Sawa T, Wiener-Kronish J. Targeting mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis. Med Mal Infect 2006; 36:78-91. [PMID: 16427231 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for ventilator-acquired pneumonia, acute lower respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised patients and chronic respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis patients. High incidence, infection severity and increasing resistance characterize P. aeruginosa infections, highlighting the need for new therapeutic options. One such option is to target the many pathogenic mechanisms conferred to P. aeruginosa by its large genome encoding many different virulence factors. This article reviews the pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapies targeting these mechanisms in P. aeruginosa respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kipnis
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room s-261, Medical Science Building, Box 0542, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Popov SG, Popova TG, Hopkins S, Weinstein RS, MacAfee R, Fryxell KJ, Chandhoke V, Bailey C, Alibek K. Effective antiprotease-antibiotic treatment of experimental anthrax. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5:25. [PMID: 15819985 PMCID: PMC1090577 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhalation anthrax is characterized by a systemic spread of the challenge agent, Bacillus anthracis. It causes severe damage, including multiple hemorrhagic lesions, to host tissues and organs. It is widely believed that anthrax lethal toxin secreted by proliferating bacteria is a major cause of death, however, the pathology of intoxication in experimental animals is drastically different from that found during the infectious process. In order to close a gap between our understanding of anthrax molecular pathology and the most prominent clinical features of the infectious process we undertook bioinformatic and experimental analyses of potential proteolytic virulence factors of B. anthracis distinct from lethal toxin. Methods Secreted proteins (other than lethal and edema toxins) produced by B. anthracis were tested for tissue-damaging activity and toxicity in mice. Chemical protease inhibitors and rabbit immune sera raised against B. anthracis proteases were used to treat mice challenged with B. anthracis (Sterne) spores. Results B. anthracis strain delta Ames (pXO1-, pXO2-) producing no lethal and edema toxins secrets a number of metalloprotease virulence factors upon cultivation under aerobic conditions, including those with hemorrhagic, caseinolytic and collagenolytic activities, belonging to M4 and M9 thermolysin and bacterial collagenase families, respectively. These factors are directly toxic to DBA/2 mice upon intratracheal administration at 0.5 mg/kg and higher doses. Chemical protease inhibitors (phosphoramidon and 1, 10-phenanthroline), as well as immune sera against M4 and M9 proteases of B. anthracis, were used to treat mice challenged with B. anthracis (Sterne) spores. These substances demonstrate a substantial protective efficacy in combination with ciprofloxacin therapy initiated as late as 48 h post spore challenge, compared to the antibiotic alone. Conclusion Secreted proteolytic enzymes are important pathogenic factors of B. anthrasis, which can be considered as effective therapeutic targets in the development of anthrax treatment and prophylactic approaches complementing anti-lethal toxin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei G Popov
- Advanced Biosystems, Inc., Manassas, VA, USA
- Current affiliation: National Center for Biodefense, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Taissia G Popova
- Advanced Biosystems, Inc., Manassas, VA, USA
- Current affiliation: National Center for Biodefense, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karl J Fryxell
- Center for Biomedical Genomics & Informatics, Department of Molecular & Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Vikas Chandhoke
- National Center for Biodefense, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Charles Bailey
- National Center for Biodefense, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Ken Alibek
- Advanced Biosystems, Inc., Manassas, VA, USA
- National Center for Biodefense, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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Supuran CT, Scozzafava A, Mastrolorenzo A. Bacterial proteases: current therapeutic use and future prospects for the development of new antibiotics. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.2.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Lanotte P, Mereghetti L, Lejeune B, Massicot P, Quentin R. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cystic fibrosis: correlation between exoenzyme production and patient's clinical state. Pediatr Pulmonol 2003; 36:405-12. [PMID: 14520723 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.10380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the correlation between the production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates of four exoenzymes (protease, elastase, neuraminidase, and phospholipase C (PLC)) and the clinical state of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We studied 212 P. aeruginosa isolates from 22 CF patients chronically infected with this bacterium. Patients were classified into three clinical groups according to a modified Shwachman-Kulczycki-Khaw (SKK) scoring system. The production of enzymes by isolates from patients in the three populations was analyzed and compared using four statistical tests: chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, principal component analysis, and discriminant analysis. Isolates from patients with excellent or good clinical status (group I, SKK score >/=71) had higher elastase and neuraminidase activities than isolates from the other patients. In contrast, PLC activity, a common characteristic of CF isolates, was higher in isolates from patients with poor or weak clinical status (group III, SKK score </=55). PLC also appeared to be the best parameter for differentiating between groups I and III. Enzyme production was highly variable in group II isolates (SKK score, 56-70). Our results suggest that P. aeruginosa isolates from patients with good clinical status produce large amounts of neuraminidase, and that PLC production may be involved in the decrease in pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lanotte
- Département de Microbiologie Médicale et Moléculaire, EA 3250, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France.
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Gambero A, Becker TL, Gurgueira SA, Benvengo YHB, Ribeiro ML, de Mendonça S, Pedrazzoli J. Acute inflammatory response induced byHelicobacter pyloriin the rat air pouch. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 38:193-8. [PMID: 14522454 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infection by Helicobacter pylori elicits persistent neutrophil infiltration in the gastric mucosa and stimulates the release of substances that may contribute to the establishment of gastritis. In this study, we used the rat air pouch model to evaluate the acute inflammatory response to H. pylori, in vivo. A pronounced neutrophil infiltration was observed 6 h and 12 h after the injection of H. pylori into the air pouch. Strains with different genotypes were able to induce cellular influx. This response was dependent upon the amount of bacteria injected and still occurred when heat-killed bacteria were employed. An increase in prostaglandin E(2) levels was observed, indicating that H. pylori induced cyclooxygenase 2 in this model. The production of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by leukocytes was also enhanced, suggesting that this model may be useful for studying the direct activation of neutrophils by H. pylori in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gambero
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, São Francisco University Medical School, Av São Francisco de Assis 218, 12916-900, Bragança Paulista SP, Brazil
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Yanagihara K, Tomono K, Kaneko Y, Miyazaki Y, Tsukamoto K, Hirakata Y, Mukae H, Kadota JI, Murata I, Kohno S. Role of elastase in a mouse model of chronic respiratory Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection that mimics diffuse panbronchiolitis. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:531-535. [PMID: 12748275 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa frequently colonizes the respiratory tract of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF) and diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB). However, the relationship between lung inflammation and extracellular products of P. aeruginosa is not well-defined. To assess the role of elastase released by P. aeruginosa in DPB, a murine model of DPB was employed in this study. Mice were inoculated with either P. aeruginosa PAO1 or PAO-E64; the latter produces elastase with greatly reduced enzymic activity. Throughout the 90-day experiments, counts of viable bacteria from the PAO1- and PAO-E64-infected mice were found to be equivalent. However, the number of lymphocytes isolated from the lungs of PAO-E64-infected mice was significantly lower than the number isolated from the lungs of PAO1-infected animals. Histopathological examination of the lungs of mice infected by PAO1 on day 90 revealed an intense accumulation of chronic respiratory cells surrounding the bronchi, in sharp contrast to the more localized inflammatory response found in those mice infected by PAO-E64. These data suggest that P. aeruginosa elastase (PE) is a potent inflammatory factor in a mouse model of DPB and that the control of PE release by P. aeruginosa may be beneficial for patients with DPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yanagihara
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan 2Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Phamaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan 3Division of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan#dReceived 16 December 2002 Accepted 11 March 2003
| | - Kazunori Tomono
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan 2Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Phamaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan 3Division of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan#dReceived 16 December 2002 Accepted 11 March 2003
| | - Yukihiro Kaneko
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan 2Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Phamaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan 3Division of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan#dReceived 16 December 2002 Accepted 11 March 2003
| | - Yoshitsugu Miyazaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan 2Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Phamaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan 3Division of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan#dReceived 16 December 2002 Accepted 11 March 2003
| | - Kazuhiro Tsukamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan 2Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Phamaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan 3Division of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan#dReceived 16 December 2002 Accepted 11 March 2003
| | - Yoichi Hirakata
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan 2Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Phamaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan 3Division of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan#dReceived 16 December 2002 Accepted 11 March 2003
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan 2Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Phamaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan 3Division of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan#dReceived 16 December 2002 Accepted 11 March 2003
| | - Jun-Ichi Kadota
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan 2Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Phamaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan 3Division of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan#dReceived 16 December 2002 Accepted 11 March 2003
| | - Ikuo Murata
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan 2Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Phamaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan 3Division of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan#dReceived 16 December 2002 Accepted 11 March 2003
| | - Shigeru Kohno
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan 2Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Phamaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan 3Division of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan#dReceived 16 December 2002 Accepted 11 March 2003
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Abstract
In the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis, repeated cycles of infection and inflammation are responsible for bronchial wall thickening, a major determinant of loss of FEV(1) and progressive damage to the small and large airways. Proteolytic degradation of elastin, collagen and fibronectin fibrils in the tissue matrix leads to the loss of normal tissue architecture and the development of bronchiectasis, the most commonly observed morphological change on high-resolution computed tomography examination. We have reviewed the evidence for increased expression of growth factors (TGF, HGF, FGF, EGF, VEGF) and activation of tissue repair processes in cystic fibrosis. Significantly higher concentrations of the growth factors compared with normal do not appear to prevent or reverse structural remodelling in the airways. The reasons why this process appears to be ineffective are discussed and we speculate on alternative strategies that might have a significant impact on the observed structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Shute
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
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Schmidtchen A, Holst E, Tapper H, Björck L. Elastase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa degrade plasma proteins and extracellular products of human skin and fibroblasts, and inhibit fibroblast growth. Microb Pathog 2003; 34:47-55. [PMID: 12620384 DOI: 10.1016/s0882-4010(02)00197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leg ulcers of venous origin represent a disease affecting 0.1-0.2% of the population. It is known that almost all chronic ulcers are colonized by different bacteria, such as staphylococci, enterococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We here report that P. aeruginosa, expressing the major metalloproteinase elastase, induces degradation of complement C3, various antiproteinases, kininogens, fibroblast proteins, and proteoglycans (PG) in vitro, thus mimicking proteolytic activity previously identified in chronic ulcer fluid in vivo. Elastase-producing P. aeruginosa isolates were shown to significantly degrade human wound fluid as well as human skin proteins ex vivo. Elastase-containing conditioned P. aeruginosa medium and purified elastase inhibited fibroblast cell growth. These effects, in conjunction with the finding that proteinase production was detected in wound fluid ex vivo, suggest that bacterial proteinases play a pathogenic role in chronic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Schmidtchen
- Section for Dermatology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Biomedical Center B14, Lund University, Tornavägen 10, S-22184 Lund, Sweden.
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Smith KM, Bu Y, Suga H. Induction and inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing by synthetic autoinducer analogs. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2003; 10:81-9. [PMID: 12573701 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(03)00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer analogs with variation targeted to the homoserine lactone (HSL) moiety and discovered a new agonist, 3-oxo-C(12)-(2-aminocyclohexanol), capable of activating LasR as a transcription factor. We reconstructed two sets of focused libraries against the quorum-sensing transcription factors LasR and RhlR, respectively. Opposing the prediction that both proteins should have the same binding site for HSL, it was surprising to find that these two related proteins respond to different structural motifs. This suggests that the HSL binding site differs in these proteins. We also found that subtle structural modifications to the agonists yielded compounds with antagonist activity. We performed a series of assays to show that inhibition of quorum sensing by these antagonists significantly reduced the production of virulence factors and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 14260, USA
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Abstract
Serine-, cysteine-, and metalloproteases are widely spread in many pathogenic bacteria, where they play critical functions related to colonization and evasion of host immune defenses, acquisition of nutrients for growth and proliferation, facilitation of dissemination, or tissue damage during infection. Since all the antibiotics used clinically at the moment share a common mechanism of action, acting as inhibitors of the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis or affecting protein synthesis on ribosomes, resistance to these pharmacological agents represents a serious medical problem, which might be resolved by using new generation of antibiotics, possessing a different mechanism of action. Bacterial protease inhibitors constitute an interesting such possibility, due to the fact that many specific as well as ubiquitous proteases have recently been characterized in some detail in both gram-positive as well as gram-negative pathogens. Few potent, specific inhibitors for such bacterial proteases have been reported at this moment except for some signal peptidase, clostripain, Clostridium histolyticum collagenase, botulinum neurotoxin, and tetanus neurotoxin inhibitors. No inhibitors of the critically important and ubiquitous AAA proteases, degP or sortase have been reported, although such compounds would presumably constitute a new class of highly effective antibiotics. This review presents the state of the art in the design of such enzyme inhibitors with potential therapeutic applications, as well as recent advances in the use of some of these proteases in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- University of Florence, Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Firenze, Italy.
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Walsh DE, Greene CM, Carroll TP, Taggart CC, Gallagher PM, O'Neill SJ, McElvaney NG. Interleukin-8 up-regulation by neutrophil elastase is mediated by MyD88/IRAK/TRAF-6 in human bronchial epithelium. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:35494-9. [PMID: 11461907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103543200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is characterized in the lungs by neutrophil-dominated inflammation mediated significantly by neutrophil elastase (NE). Previous work has shown that NE induces interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene expression and protein secretion in bronchial epithelial cells. We sought to determine the intracellular mechanisms by which NE up-regulates IL-8 in bronchial epithelial cells. The data show that stimulation of 16HBE14o(-) cells with NE induced IL-8 protein production and gene expression. Both responses were abrogated by actinomycin D, indicating that regulation is at the transcriptional level. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) was activated in 16HBE14o(-) cells stimulated with NE. Western blot analysis demonstrated that activation of NFkappaB by NE was preceded by phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB proteins, principally IkappaBbeta. In addition, we observed that interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) was degraded in 16HBE14o(-) cells stimulated with NE. Quantification of IL-8 reporter gene activity by luminometry demonstrated that dominant negative MyD88 (MyD88Delta) or TRAF-6 (TRAF-6Delta) inhibited IL-8 reporter gene expression in response to NE. Furthermore, MyD88Delta inhibited NE-induced IRAK degradation. These results show that NE induces IL-8 gene up-regulation in bronchial epithelial cells through an IRAK signaling pathway involving both MyD88 and TRAF-6, resulting in degradation of IkappaBbeta and nuclear translocation of NFkappaB. These findings may have implications for therapeutic treatments in the cystic fibrosis condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Walsh
- Respiratory Research Division, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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