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Yajun G, Yan Z, Yi Z, Si C, Yan L, Songtao D. Analysis of relevant factors influencing size of breast abscess cavity during lactation: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:138. [PMID: 38378627 PMCID: PMC10877753 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for the severity of breast abscess during lactation. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Questionnaire survey of breast abscess patients. According to whether the maximum abscess diameter > 5 cm, the patients were divided into two groups for univariate and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS 1805 valid questionnaires were included. Univariate and Binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that low education (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0, P = 0.005), non-exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.9, P = 0.004), fever > 37.5 ℃ (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.9, P = 0.003), flat or inverted nipples (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.9, P = 0.005), antibiotic used (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.9, P = 0.006), and non-medical massage (OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.4, P < 0.001) were the effective independent influencing factors for the maximum breast abscess diameter > 5 cm. CONCLUSION Low education, non-exclusive breastfeeding, fever > 37.5 ℃, inverted or flat nipples, antibiotic used, and non-medical massage history have adverse effects on the severity of breast abscess during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Yajun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Haidian District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Zou Yan
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Yi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Haidian District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Si
- Department of Breast Surgery, Haidian District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Haidian District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Songtao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Haidian District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China
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2
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Linz MS, Mattappallil A, Finkel D, Parker D. Clinical Impact of Staphylococcus aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030557. [PMID: 36978425 PMCID: PMC10044708 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen isolated in skin-and-soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) in the United States. Most S. aureus SSTIs are caused by the epidemic clone USA300 in the USA. These infections can be serious; in 2019, SSTIs with S. aureus were associated with an all-cause, age-standardized mortality rate of 0.5 globally. Clinical presentations of S. aureus SSTIs vary from superficial infections with local symptoms to monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis, which can cause systemic manifestations and may lead to serious complications or death. In order to cause skin infections, S. aureus employs a host of virulence factors including cytolytic proteins, superantigenic factors, cell wall-anchored proteins, and molecules used for immune evasion. The immune response to S. aureus SSTIs involves initial responders such as keratinocytes and neutrophils, which are supported by dendritic cells and T-lymphocytes later during infection. Treatment for S. aureus SSTIs is usually oral therapy, with parenteral therapy reserved for severe presentations; it ranges from cephalosporins and penicillin agents such as oxacillin, which is generally used for methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), to vancomycin for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Treatment challenges include adverse effects, risk for Clostridioides difficile infection, and potential for antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Linz
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Arun Mattappallil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, University Hospital, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Diana Finkel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Dane Parker
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +1-973-972-3047
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3
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Karahutová L, Bujňáková D. Occurrence and molecular surveillance of pathogenesis risk-associated factors in Staphylococcus aureus recovered from raw sheep's milk cheese. Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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4
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Abramov VM, Kosarev IV, Machulin AV, Priputnevich TV, Deryusheva EI, Nemashkalova EL, Chikileva IO, Abashina TN, Panin AN, Melnikov VG, Suzina NE, Nikonov IN, Selina MV, Khlebnikov VS, Sakulin VK, Samoilenko VA, Gordeev AB, Sukhikh GT, Uversky VN, Karlyshev AV. Limosilactobacillus fermentum 3872 That Produces Class III Bacteriocin Forms Co-Aggregates with the Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains and Induces Their Lethal Damage. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030471. [PMID: 36978338 PMCID: PMC10044573 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
LF3872 was isolated from the milk of a healthy lactating and breastfeeding woman. Earlier, the genome of LF3872 was sequenced, and a gene encoding unique bacteriocin was discovered. We have shown here that the LF3872 strain produces a novel thermolabile class III bacteriolysin (BLF3872), exhibiting antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Sequence analysis revealed the two-domain structural (lysozyme-like domain and peptidase M23 domain) organization of BLF3872. At least 25% residues of this protein are expected to be intrinsically disordered. Furthermore, BLF3872 is predicted to have a very high liquid-liquid phase separation. According to the electron microscopy data, the bacterial cells of LF3872 strain form co-aggregates with the S. aureus 8325-4 bacterial cells. LF3872 produced bacteriolysin BLF3872 that lyses the cells of the S. aureus 8325-4 mastitis-inducing strain. The sensitivity of the antibiotic-resistant S. aureus collection strains and freshly isolated antibiotic-resistant strains was tested using samples from women with lactation mastitis; the human nasopharynx and oral cavity; the oropharynx of pigs; and the cows with a diagnosis of clinical mastitis sensitive to the lytic action of the LF3872 strain producing BLF3872. The co-cultivation of LF3872 strain with various antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains for 24 h reduced the level of living cells of these pathogens by six log. The LF3872 strain was found to be able to co-aggregate with all studied S. aureus strains. The cell-free culture supernatant of LF3872 (CSLF3872) induced S. aureus cell damage and ATP leakage. The effectiveness of the bacteriolytic action of LF3872 strain did not depend on the origin of the S. aureus strains. The results reported here are important for the creation of new effective drugs against antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus circulating in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav M. Abramov
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Igor V. Kosarev
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Machulin
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Priputnevich
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenia I. Deryusheva
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Ekaterina L. Nemashkalova
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Irina O. Chikileva
- Laboratory of Cell Immunity, Blokhin National Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health RF, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana N. Abashina
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Panin
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav G. Melnikov
- Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya E. Suzina
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Ilia N. Nikonov
- Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after K.I. Skryabin, 109472 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V. Selina
- Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after K.I. Skryabin, 109472 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vadim K. Sakulin
- Institute of Immunological Engineering, 142380 Lyubuchany, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Samoilenko
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alexey B. Gordeev
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady T. Sukhikh
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Andrey V. Karlyshev
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Health, Science, Social Care and Education, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
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5
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Interactions between human milk oligosaccharides, microbiota and immune factors in milk of women with and without mastitis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1367. [PMID: 35079053 PMCID: PMC8789856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactational mastitis is an excellent target to study possible interactions between HMOs, immune factors and milk microbiota due to the infectious and inflammatory nature of this condition. In this work, microbiological, immunological and HMO profiles of milk samples from women with (MW) or without (HW) mastitis were compared. Secretor status in women (based on HMO profile) was not associated to mastitis. DFLNH, LNFP II and LSTb concentrations in milk were higher in samples from HW than from MW among Secretor women. Milk from HW was characterized by a low bacterial load (dominated by Staphylococcus epidermidis and streptococci), high prevalence of IL10 and IL13, and low sialylated HMO concentration. In contrast, high levels of staphylococci, streptococci, IFNγ and IL12 characterized milk from MW. A comparison between subacute (SAM) and acute (AM) mastitis cases revealed differences related to the etiological agent (S. epidermidis in SAM; Staphylococcus aureus in AM), milk immunological profile (high content of IL10 and IL13 in SAM and IL2 in AM) and milk HMOs profile (high content of 3FL in SAM and of LNT, LNnT, and LSTc in AM). These results suggest that microbiological, immunological and HMOs profiles of milk are related to mammary health of women.
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6
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Niedziela DA, Cormican P, Foucras G, Leonard FC, Keane OM. Bovine milk somatic cell transcriptomic response to Staphylococcus aureus is dependent on strain genotype. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:796. [PMID: 34740333 PMCID: PMC8571842 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mastitis is an economically important disease of dairy cows with Staphylococcus aureus a major cause worldwide. Challenge of Holstein-Friesian cows demonstrated that S. aureus strain MOK124, which belongs to Clonal Complex (CC)151, caused clinical mastitis, while strain MOK023, belonging to CC97, caused mild or subclinical mastitis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the host immune response utilising a transcriptomic approach. Milk somatic cells were collected from cows infected with either S. aureus MOK023 or MOK124 at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h post-infection (hpi) and analysed for differentially expressed (DE) genes in response to each strain. Results In response to MOK023, 1278, 2278, 1986 and 1750 DE genes were found at 24, 48, 72 and 168 hpi, respectively, while 2293, 1979, 1428 and 1544 DE genes were found in response to MOK124 at those time points. Genes involved in milk production (CSN1, CSN10, CSN1S2, CSN2, a-LACTA and PRLR) were downregulated in response to both strains, with a more pronounced decrease in the MOK124 group. Immune response pathways such as NF-κB and TNF signalling were overrepresented in response to both strains at 24 hpi. These immune pathways continued to be overrepresented in the MOK023 group at 48 and 72 hpi, while the Hippo signalling, extracellular matrix interaction (ECM) and tight junction pathways were overrepresented in the MOK124 group between 48 and 168 hpi. Cellular composition analysis demonstrated that a neutrophil response was predominant in response to MOK124, while M1 macrophages were the main milk cell type post-infection in the MOK023 group. Conclusions A switch from immune response pathways to pathways involved in maintaining the integrity of the epithelial cell layer was observed in the MOK124 group from 48 hpi, which coincided with the occurrence of clinical signs in the infected animals. The higher proportion of M1 macrophages in the MOK023 group and lack of substantial neutrophil recruitment in response to MOK023 may indicate immune evasion by this strain. The results of this study highlight that the somatic cell transcriptomic response to S. aureus is dependent on the genotype of the infecting strain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08135-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara A Niedziela
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Gilles Foucras
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, UMR1225, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Orla M Keane
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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7
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Afroj S, Brannen AD, Nasrin S, Al Mouslem A, Hathcock T, Maxwell H, Rasmussen-Ivey CR, Sandage MJ, Davis EW, Panizzi P, Wang C, Liles MR. Bacillus velezensis AP183 Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation and Proliferation in Murine and Bovine Disease Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:746410. [PMID: 34690995 PMCID: PMC8533455 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.746410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of S. aureus antimicrobial resistance has spurred interest in identifying alternative therapeutants. We investigated the S. aureus-inhibitory capacity of B. velezensis strains in mouse and bovine models. Among multiple B. velezensis strains that inhibited S. aureus growth in vitro, B. velezensis AP183 provided the most potent inhibition of S. aureus proliferation and bioluminescence in a mouse cutaneous wound (P = 0.02). Histology revealed abundant Gram-positive cocci in control wounds that were reduced in B. velezensis AP183-treated tissues. Experiments were then conducted to evaluate the ability of B. velezensis AP183 to prevent S. aureus biofilm formation on a tracheostomy tube substrate. B. velezensis AP183 could form a biofilm on a tracheostomy tube inner cannula substrate, and that this biofilm was antagonistic to S. aureus colonization. B. velezensis AP183 was also observed to inhibit the growth of S. aureus isolates originated from bovine mastitis cases. To evaluate the inflammatory response of mammary tissue to intramammary inoculation with B. velezensis AP183, we used high dose and low dose inocula in dairy cows. At the high dose, a significant increase in somatic cell count (SCC) and clinical mastitis was observed at all post-inoculation time points (P < 0.01), which resolved quickly compared to S. aureus-induced mastitis; in contrast, the lower dose of B. velezensis AP183 resulted in a slight increase of SCC and no clinical mastitis. In a subsequent experiment, all mammary quarters in four cows were induced to have grade 1 clinical mastitis by intramammary inoculation of a S. aureus mastitis isolate; following mastitis induction, eight quarters were treated with B. velezensis AP183 and milk samples were collected from pretreatment and post-treatment samples for 9 days. In groups treated with B. velezensis AP183, SCC and abundance of S. aureus decreased with significant reductions in S. aureus after 3 days post-inoculation with AP183 (P = 0.04). A milk microbiome analysis revealed significant reductions in S. aureus relative abundance in the AP183-treated group by 8 days post-inoculation (P = 0.02). These data indicate that B. velezensis AP183 can inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation and its proliferation in murine and bovine disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayma Afroj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Andrew D Brannen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Shamima Nasrin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Abdulaziz Al Mouslem
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Terri Hathcock
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Herris Maxwell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Mary J Sandage
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Edward W Davis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Peter Panizzi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Mark R Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Pace RM, Williams JE, Robertson B, Lackey KA, Meehan CL, Price WJ, Foster JA, Sellen DW, Kamau-Mbuthia EW, Kamundia EW, Mbugua S, Moore SE, Prentice AM, Kita DG, Kvist LJ, Otoo GE, Ruiz L, Rodríguez JM, Pareja RG, McGuire MA, Bode L, McGuire MK. Variation in Human Milk Composition Is Related to Differences in Milk and Infant Fecal Microbial Communities. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1153. [PMID: 34072117 PMCID: PMC8230061 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously published data from our group and others demonstrate that human milk oligosaccharide (HMOs), as well as milk and infant fecal microbial profiles, vary by geography. However, little is known about the geographical variation of other milk-borne factors, such as lactose and protein, as well as the associations among these factors and microbial community structures in milk and infant feces. Here, we characterized and contrasted concentrations of milk-borne lactose, protein, and HMOs, and examined their associations with milk and infant fecal microbiomes in samples collected in 11 geographically diverse sites. Although geographical site was strongly associated with milk and infant fecal microbiomes, both sample types assorted into a smaller number of community state types based on shared microbial profiles. Similar to HMOs, concentrations of lactose and protein also varied by geography. Concentrations of HMOs, lactose, and protein were associated with differences in the microbial community structures of milk and infant feces and in the abundance of specific taxa. Taken together, these data suggest that the composition of human milk, even when produced by relatively healthy women, differs based on geographical boundaries and that concentrations of HMOs, lactose, and protein in milk are related to variation in milk and infant fecal microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Pace
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
| | - Janet E. Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (J.E.W.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Bianca Robertson
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, Univeristy of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (B.R.); (L.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Univeristy of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Lackey
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
| | - Courtney L. Meehan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - William J. Price
- Statistical Programs, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
| | - James A. Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
| | - Daniel W. Sellen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | | | - Egidioh W. Kamundia
- Department of Human Nutrition, Egerton University, Nakuru 20115, Kenya; (E.W.K.-M.); (E.W.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Samwel Mbugua
- Department of Human Nutrition, Egerton University, Nakuru 20115, Kenya; (E.W.K.-M.); (E.W.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Sophie E. Moore
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara P.O. Box 273, Gambia;
| | - Andrew M. Prentice
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara P.O. Box 273, Gambia;
| | - Debela G. Kita
- Department of Anthropology, Hawassa University, Hawassa P.O. Box 27601, Ethiopia;
| | - Linda J. Kvist
- Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Gloria E. Otoo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra 00233, Ghana;
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan M. Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Mark A. McGuire
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (J.E.W.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Lars Bode
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, Univeristy of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (B.R.); (L.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Univeristy of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michelle K. McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
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Thomas A, Chothe S, Byukusenge M, Mathews T, Pierre T, Kariyawasam S, Luley E, Kuchipudi S, Jayarao B. Prevalence and distribution of multilocus sequence types of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk and cows with mastitis in Pennsylvania. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248528. [PMID: 33711052 PMCID: PMC7954355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 163 S. aureus isolates; 113 from mastitic milk (MM) and 50 from bulk tank milk (BTM) (2008, 2013–2015) submitted for bacteriologic analysis at the Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory were examined for their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis identified 16 unique sequence types (STs) which belonged to eight clonal complexes (CCs). Majority of the isolates were variants of CC97 (68.7%) and CC151 (25.1%). CC97 comprised of seven STs, of which two were new STs (ST3273, ST3274), while CC151 comprised of three STs of which ST3272 was identified for the first time. Several farms had more than one ST type that were either members of the same clonal complex or unrelated STs. On one farm, six different STs of both categories were seen over the years within the farm. It was observed that ST352 and ST151 were the two main clonal populations in cattle not only in Pennsylvania but also globally. Most isolates were susceptible to all the antibiotics evaluated. 6.7% of isolates showed resistance to vancomycin and penicillin. Two isolates of ST398 showed multidrug resistance (>3 antibiotics) against clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and penicillin. It was noted that 59 of 163 (36.2%) isolates encoded for enterotoxigenic genes. Enterotoxin genes seg/sei accounted for ~85% of enterotoxin positive isolates. Toxic shock syndrome gene tsst-1 alone was positive in two isolates (ST352, ST 2187). 97.5% of CC151 isolates were enterotoxin seg/sei positive. Most isolates were positive for lukED (95%) and lukAB (96.3%) leukotoxin genes. Bovine specific bi-component leucocidin lukMF’ was present in 54% of isolates. A prominent observation of this study was the explicit association of lukMF’ with lineages ST151 and ST352. In conclusion, the findings of the study, suggest that small number of S. aureus STs types (ST352, ST2187, ST3028, and ST151) are associated with majority of cases of bovine mastitis in Pennsylvania dairy farms. It was observed that one ST of S. aureus predominated in the herd and this ST can coexist with several other ST types of S. aureus strains. When STs were interpreted along with virulence, leucocidin genes and antimicrobial resistance, ST-variants allowed better interpretation of the S. aureus molecular epidemiologic findings specifically for tracing recurrence or persistence of infections in cow over time, among cows in the herd, and between herds in Pennsylvania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Thomas
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shubhada Chothe
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maurice Byukusenge
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tammy Mathews
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Traci Pierre
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Subhashinie Kariyawasam
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erin Luley
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Suresh Kuchipudi
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bhushan Jayarao
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Fernández L, Pannaraj PS, Rautava S, Rodríguez JM. The Microbiota of the Human Mammary Ecosystem. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:586667. [PMID: 33330129 PMCID: PMC7718026 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.586667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains a dynamic and complex site-specific microbiome, which is not assembled in an aleatory way, formed by organized microbial consortia and networks. Presence of some genera, such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Cutibacterium (formerly known as Propionibacterium), Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Bifidobacterium, has been detected by both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. DNA from some gut-associated strict anaerobes has also been repeatedly found and some studies have revealed the presence of cells and/or nucleic acids from viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa in human milk. Colostrum and milk microbes are transmitted to the infant and, therefore, they are among the first colonizers of the human gut. Still, the significance of human milk microbes in infant gut colonization remains an open question. Clinical studies trying to elucidate the question are confounded by the profound impact of non-microbial human milk components to intestinal microecology. Modifications in the microbiota of human milk may have biological consequences for infant colonization, metabolism, immune and neuroendocrine development, and for mammary health. However, the factors driving differences in the composition of the human milk microbiome remain poorly known. In addition to colostrum and milk, breast tissue in lactating and non-lactating women may also contain a microbiota, with implications in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and in some of the adverse outcomes associated with breast implants. This and other open issues, such as the origin of the human milk microbiome, and the current limitations and future prospects are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leónides Fernández
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pia S. Pannaraj
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samuli Rautava
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, New Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan M. Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Boix-Amorós A, Hernández-Aguilar MT, Artacho A, Collado MC, Mira A. Human milk microbiota in sub-acute lactational mastitis induces inflammation and undergoes changes in composition, diversity and load. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18521. [PMID: 33116172 PMCID: PMC7595153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sub-acute mastitis (SAM) is a prevalent disease among lactating women, being one of the main reasons for early weaning. Although the etiology and diagnosis of acute mastitis (AM) is well established, little is known about the underlying mechanisms causing SAM. We collected human milk samples from healthy and SAM-suffering mothers, during the course of mastitis and after symptoms disappeared. Total (DNA-based) and active (RNA-based) microbiota were analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR. Furthermore, mammary epithelial cell lines were exposed to milk pellets, and levels of the pro-inflammatory interleukin IL8 were measured. Bacterial load was significantly higher in the mastitis samples and decreased after clinical symptoms disappeared. Bacterial diversity was lower in SAM milk samples, and differences in bacterial composition and activity were also found. Contrary to AM, the same bacterial species were found in samples from healthy and SAM mothers, although at different proportions, indicating a dysbiotic ecological shift. Finally, mammary epithelial cell exposure to SAM milk pellets showed an over-production of IL8. Our work therefore supports that SAM has a bacterial origin, with increased bacterial loads, reduced diversity and altered composition, which partly recovered after treatment, suggesting a polymicrobial and variable etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Boix-Amorós
- Department of Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Paterna, Spain
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - Alejandro Artacho
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Paterna, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Paterna, Spain.
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12
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Angelopoulou A, Field D, Pérez-Ibarreche M, Warda AK, Hill C, Ross RP. Vancomycin and nisin A are effective against biofilms of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from human milk. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233284. [PMID: 32469943 PMCID: PMC7259672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk provides complete nutrition for infants and at the same time promotes the growth of specific bacteria in the infant gastrointestinal tract. Breastfeeding can often be discontinued due to mastitis which is an inflammation of the breast tissue. We isolated 18 Staphylococcus aureus strains from milk donated by healthy (n = 6), subclinical (n = 6), and mastitic (n = 6) mothers, two strains of which were VISA (Vancomycin Intermediate S. aureus). All tested strains (n = 12) were able to form biofilms. We then examined the impact of nisin A and vancomycin alone and in combination on biofilm formation and eradication of selected strains (n = 8). We observed strain-specific responses, with the combinatorial treatment at 1/4X MIC (for both singularly) significantly inhibiting biofilm formation for seven out of eight strains when compared with nisin A or vancomycin alone. None of the selected treatments were able to eradicate pre-formed biofilms. Finally, we selected two strains, namely a VISA (APC3814H) and a strong biofilm former (APC3912CM) and used confocal microscopy to evaluate the effects of the antimicrobial agents at 1X MIC on biofilm inhibition and eradication. All treatments inhibited biofilm formation of APC3814H but were ineffective in eradicating a pre-formed biofilm. Single treatments at 1X MIC against APC3912CM cells did not prevent biofilm formation whereas combination treatment caused increased death of APC3912CM cells. Finally, the combination treatment reduced the thickness of the pre-formed APC3912CM biofilm as compared with the single treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Angelopoulou
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Des Field
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Alicja K. Warda
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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13
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Angelopoulou A, Warda AK, O'Connor PM, Stockdale SR, Shkoporov AN, Field D, Draper LA, Stanton C, Hill C, Ross RP. Diverse Bacteriocins Produced by Strains From the Human Milk Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:788. [PMID: 32508758 PMCID: PMC7248182 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the infant gut is a convoluted process dependent on numerous contributing factors, including age, mode of delivery and diet among others that has lifelong implication for human health. Breast milk also contains a microbiome which acts as a source of colonizing bacteria for the infant. Here, we demonstrate that human milk harbors a wide diversity of bacteriocin-producing strains with the potential to compete among the developing gut microbiota of the infant. We screened 37 human milk samples and found isolates with antimicrobial activity and distinct cross-immunity profiles. From these isolates, we detected 73 putative gene clusters for bacteriocins of all known sub-classes, including 16 novel prepeptides. More specifically, we detected two novel lantibiotics, four sactibiotics and three class IIa bacteriocins with an unusual modification of the pediocin box that is composed of YDNGI instead of the highly conserved motif YGNGV. Moreover, we identified a novel class IIb bacteriocin, four novel class IIc and two class IId bacteriocins. In conclusion, human milk contains a variety of bacteriocin-producing strains which may provide them a competitive advantage in the colonization of the infant gut and suggests that the milk microbiota is a source of antimicrobial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Angelopoulou
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alicja K Warda
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paula M O'Connor
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | | | | | - Des Field
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
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14
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Kapourchali FR, Cresci GAM. Early-Life Gut Microbiome-The Importance of Maternal and Infant Factors in Its Establishment. Nutr Clin Pract 2020; 35:386-405. [PMID: 32329544 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The early-life microbiome is gaining appreciation as a major influencer in human development and long-term health. Multiple factors are known to influence the initial colonization, development, and function of the neonatal gut microbiome. In addition, alterations in early-life gut microbial composition is associated with several chronic health conditions such as obesity, asthma, and allergies. In this review, we focus on both maternal and infant factors known to influence early-life gut colonization. Also reviewed is the important role of infant feeding, including evidence-based strategies for maternal and infant supplementation with the goal to protect and/or restore the infant gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gail A M Cresci
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Center for Human Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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15
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Verdú-Expósito C, Romanyk J, Cuadros-González J, TesfaMariam A, Copa-Patiño JL, Pérez-Serrano J, Soliveri J. Study of susceptibility to antibiotics and molecular characterization of high virulence Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from a rural hospital in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230031. [PMID: 32163464 PMCID: PMC7067403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterised 80 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from human patients with SSTIs at a rural hospital in Ethiopia. Susceptibility to antibiotic of all strains was tested. The MLST method was used to type and a phylogenetic analysis was conducted employing the sequences of 7 housekeeping genes. PCR amplification was used to investigate the presence of the following virulence genes in all strains: hla (α-haemolysin), tstH (toxic shock syndrome toxin), luk PV (Panton-Valentine leukocidin), fnbA (fibronectin binding protein A) and mecA (methicillin resistance). Most of the strains were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin, but only 3 strains were resistant to oxacillin, and 1 of them was a true MRSA. The MLST results showed a high diversity of sequence types (ST), 55% of which were new, and ST152 was the most prevalent. A phylogeny study showed that many of the new STs were phylogenetically related to other previously described STs, but bore little relationship to the only ST from Ethiopia described in the database. Virulence gene detection showed a high prevalence of strains encoding the hla, fnbA and pvl genes (98.77%, 96.3% and 72.84%, respectively), a low prevalence of the tst gene (13.58%) and a markedly low prevalence of MRSA (1.25%). S. aureus strains isolated from patients in a rural area in Ethiopia showed low levels of antibiotic resistance, except to penicillin. Moreover, this study reveals new STs in Eastern Africa that are phylogenetically related to other previously described STs, and confirm the high prevalence of the pvl gene and the low prevalence of MRSA on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Verdú-Expósito
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Romanyk
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá-Meco, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Cuadros-González
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá-Meco, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abraham TesfaMariam
- Department of General Medicine, Gambo General Rural Hospital, West-Arsi, Ethiopia
| | - José Luis Copa-Patiño
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Serrano
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Soliveri
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Chakraborty S, Dhama K, Tiwari R, Iqbal Yatoo M, Khurana SK, Khandia R, Munjal A, Munuswamy P, Kumar MA, Singh M, Singh R, Gupta VK, Chaicumpa W. Technological interventions and advances in the diagnosis of intramammary infections in animals with emphasis on bovine population-a review. Vet Q 2020; 39:76-94. [PMID: 31288621 PMCID: PMC6830988 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1642546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, an inflammation of the udder, is a challenging problem in dairy animals accounting for high economic losses. Disease complexity, degree of economic losses and increasing importance of the dairy industries along with public health concerns envisages devising appropriate diagnostics of mastitis, which can offer rapid, accurate and confirmatory diagnosis. The various diagnostic tests of mastitis have been divided into general or phenotypic and specific or genotypic tests. General or phenotypic tests are those that identify general alterations, which are not specific to any pathogen. Genotypic tests are specific, hence confirmatory for diagnosis of mastitis and include specific culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its various versions (e.g. qRT-PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification, lateral flow assays, nucleotide sequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and other molecular diagnostic methods. However, for highly specific and confirmatory diagnosis, pure cultures still provide raw materials for more sophisticated diagnostic technological interventions like PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Diagnostic ability of like infra-red thermography (IRT) has been shown to be similar to California mastitis test and also differentiates clinical mastitis from subclinical mastitis cases. As such, IRT can become a convenient and portable diagnostic tool. Of note, magnetic nanoparticles-based colorimetric biosensor assay was developed by using for instance proteolytic activity of plasmin or anti-S. aureus antibody. Last but not least, microRNAs have been suggested to be potential biomarkers for diagnosing bovine mastitis. This review summarizes the various diagnostic tests available for detection of mastitis including diagnosis through general and specific technological interventions and advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry , West Tripura , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir , Srinagar , India
| | | | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Palanivelu Munuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - M Asok Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
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17
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Oda M, Yokotani A, Hayashi N, Kamoshida G. Role of Sphingomyelinase in the Pathogenesis of Bacillus cereus Infection. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:250-253. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Oda
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Atsushi Yokotani
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Go Kamoshida
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
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18
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Genotyping and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy ruminants: differences in the distribution of clonal types between cattle and small ruminants. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:115-125. [PMID: 31501949 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is part of the normal flora of animals, and represents one of the leading causes of contagious mastitis in dairy herds worldwide. Sixty-seven epidemiologically unrelated S. aureus isolates from nasal and mastitis milk samples of dairy-producing animals (32 cows, 25 sheep, and 10 goats) were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and spa typing followed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on representative isolates and SCCmec-typing on methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates. The highest resistance was observed to penicillin (64.2%, 43/67), followed by tetracycline (23.9%, 16/67), erythromycin (22.4%, 15/67), and streptomycin (17.9%, 12/67). In general, 18 spa types (including newly identified t16958) and 13 sequence types (STs) belonging to 8 clonal complexes (CCs) were detected. The cow-associated isolates were mainly assigned to CC5 (n = 18, related to t267-ST97, t521-ST352, t527-ST97, t304-ST6, and t084-ST15), followed by CC398 (n = 6, t937-ST291), CC45 (n = 3, t230-ST45), CC88 (n = 2, t2526-ST88), CC22 (n = 2, t3680-ST22), and CC522 (n = 1, t3576-ST522). Small ruminant isolates were mostly clustered into CC522 (n = 29, related to t3576, t1534, t16958, t7308, t7311, t7305 [ST522], t1534-ST2057, and t5428-ST2079). Two isolates from cows with mastitis were found to be MRSA, exhibited a composite profile of t937-ST291-SCCmecIV. No isolates carried the PVL and mecC genes. A significant difference in clonal types of S. aureus isolates from cows in comparison with those from small ruminants was found. This study demonstrated the circulation of diverse clones of S. aureus among dairy animals in Iran, with a different clonal composition between cows and small ruminants. The current study also reports MRSA-related mastitis in dairy cows, emphasizing the need for comprehensive surveillance.
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19
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Sakwinska O, Bosco N. Host Microbe Interactions in the Lactating Mammary Gland. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1863. [PMID: 31456777 PMCID: PMC6701204 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteria present in human milk constitute the human milk microbiome (hMM). Both the older culture-based work and the more recent studies using molecular detection of bacterial DNA have reached similar conclusions: the hMM mostly consists of commensal staphylococci such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, and streptococci. The prevalence of other bacterial groups such lactobacilli varies widely, while the abundance and prevalence of bifidobacteria is generally low. Recently, the hMM became accepted as a part of a physiologically normal state with suggested potential health benefits. Most research on the hMM has focused on its composition and potential effect on the breastfed infant. A major role as a microbiome inoculum for the infant gut has been proposed, but remains to be clearly demonstrated. Herein, we also discuss the emerging connection between the hMM and mammary gland physiology and lactation. Similarities between the mammary gland and mucosal interfaces are considerable, and in particular mucosal-like immune attributes of mammary gland. The potential role of hMM-host interactions in the mammary gland in maternal health is explored with a primary focus on lactational mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sakwinska
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nabil Bosco
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Nestlé Research Singapore Hub, Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Phylogenetic and Molecular Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bloodstream Infections in Northeast Brazil. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7070210. [PMID: 31336623 PMCID: PMC6680844 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious human pathogen associated with serious nosocomial and community-acquired infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, and sepsis, among others. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular profile, antimicrobial resistance, and clonal diversity of S. aureus isolated from the bloodstream. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antimicrobial was performed by an automated method. The presence of several virulence and resistance genes was evaluated by PCR. In addition, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to analyze the clonal diversity of S. aureus. A high resistance to oxacillin (78%), clindamycin (78%), erythromycin (70%), ciprofloxacin (61%), and gentamicin (52%) was observed among the isolates. In most of them, the following virulence genes were detected: hlb (83%), ebpS (61%), icaA (57%), fnbpA (17%), and clfA (13%). Only one isolate carried the pvl gene. MLST analysis identified five new sequence types (STs): 5429, 5430, 5431, 5432, and 5433, as well as another seven-ST5, ST97, ST398, ST101, ST30, ST461, and ST2779-among the remaining strains. These seven STs and the four new STs are clustered in four clonal complexes: CC1, CC2, CC7, and CC17. Phylogenetic analysis showed the genetic relationship of the five new ST strains with another 18 strains. Altogether, these analyses indicate the horizontal transfer acquisition of virulence factor genes and multidrug resistance.
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21
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Fernández L, Ruiz L, Jara J, Orgaz B, Rodríguez JM. Strategies for the Preservation, Restoration and Modulation of the Human Milk Microbiota. Implications for Human Milk Banks and Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2676. [PMID: 30473683 PMCID: PMC6237971 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies carried in the last years have revealed that human milk contains a site-specific microbiota and constitutes a source of potentially beneficial bacteria to the infant gut. Once in the infant gut, these bacteria contribute to the assembly of a physiological gut microbiota and may play several functions, contributing to infant metabolism, protection against infections, immunomodulation or neuromodulation. Many preterm neonates are fed with pasteurized donor’s human milk (DHM) or formula and, therefore, are devoid of contact with human milk microbes. As a consequence, new strategies are required to allow the exposition of a higher number of preterm infants to the human milk microbiota early in life. The first strategy would be to promote and to increase the use of own mother’s milk (OMM) in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). Even small quantities of OMM can be very valuable since they would be added to DHM in order to microbiologically “customize” it. When OMM is not available, a better screening of donor women, including routine cytomegalovirus (CMV) screening of milk, may help to avoid the pasteurization of the milk provided by, at least, a relevant proportion of donors. Finally, when pasteurized DHM or formula are the only feeding option, their supplementation with probiotic bacteria isolated from human milk, such as lactic acid bacteria or bifidobacteria, may be an alternative to try to restore a human milk-like microbiota before feeding the babies. In the future, the design of human milk bacterial consortia (minimal human milk microbiotas), including well characterized strains representative of a healthy human milk microbiota, may be an attractive strategy to provide a complex mix of strains specifically tailored to this target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leónides Fernández
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Josué Jara
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Orgaz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Juan M Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Mekonnen SA, Lam TJGM, Hoekstra J, Rutten VPMG, Tessema TS, Broens EM, Riesebos AE, Spaninks MP, Koop G. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk samples of dairy cows in small holder farms of North-Western Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:246. [PMID: 30139356 PMCID: PMC6107951 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a contagious, opportunistic pathogen that causes clinical or subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The genetic background and antimicrobial resistance of isolates from Ethiopian dairy farms has not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize S. aureus from Ethiopian hand milked dairy cows, by spa, MLST and virulence factor typing, and by assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 79 S. aureus isolates from intramammary infections was studied. A PCR was used to detect lukM-lukF’ and pvl genes encoding the bovine and human associated bi-component leukocidins, and the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene-1 (tst). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the broth microdilution method. Results Twenty different spa types were identified, most isolates were t042 (58%), and the closely related t15786 (11%). The proportion of isolates positive for lukM-lukF’, tst and pvl was low at 0.04, 0.10 and 0.09 respectively, with lukM-lukF’ often co-occurring with tst, but not with pvl. Methicillin-resistance was not found, but resistance to penicillin/ampicillin (86%) and tetracycline (54%) was very common. Conclusions We found a high degree of relatedness among bovine S. aureus isolates in North-Western Ethiopia, suggesting contagious within and between farm transmission of strains that are often resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. This highlights the need for effective preventive measures that aim at limiting transmission of bacteria rather than using antimicrobials to control S. aureus mastitis in Ethiopia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1558-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mekonnen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - T J G M Lam
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - J Hoekstra
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - T S Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - E M Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A E Riesebos
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M P Spaninks
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Mastitis can be an unwelcome and debilitating visitor to breastfeeding mothers. The mammary gland has its own microbiome that can be affected by reduced polymorphonuclear neutrophil recruitment during the first 3 months postpartum, as well as the receipt of antibiotics during the last trimester of pregnancy. This can leave the breast vulnerable to pathologic bacterial overgrowth. Mammary dysbiosis is a process whereby the population of potential pathogens increases at the expense of the normal mammary microbiota. Multiresistance to antibiotics plus tricky evasion techniques engaged in by bacterial agents can result in microbes that are elusive to antibiotic therapy. Therefore, new strategies are needed for the treatment of this threat to continued breastfeeding. Bacteriotherapy, targeting harmless bacteria to displace pathologic organisms, is an emerging therapeutic intervention that uses probiotics instead of antibiotics. Once more high-quality clinical trials of strain-specific probiotics have been conducted, bacteriotherapy may move into mainstream mastitis treatment.
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24
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Misra N, Wines TF, Knopp CL, Hermann R, Bond L, Mitchell B, McGuire MA, Tinker JK. Immunogenicity of a Staphylococcus aureus-cholera toxin A 2/B vaccine for bovine mastitis. Vaccine 2018; 36:3513-3521. [PMID: 29739718 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes a chronic, contagious disease of the udder, or mastitis, in dairy cows. This infection is often refractory to antibiotic treatment, and has a significant economic impact on milk production worldwide. An effective vaccine to prevent S. aureus mastitis would improve animal health, reduce antibiotic dependence and inform human vaccine approaches. The iron-regulated surface determinant A (IsdA) and clumping factor A (ClfA) are conserved S. aureus extracellular-matrix adhesins and target vaccine antigens. Here we report the results of two bovine immunogenicity trials using purified IsdA and ClfA-cholera toxin A2/B chimeras (IsdA-CTA2/B and ClfA-CTA2/B). Cows were intranasally inoculated with IsdA-CTA2/B + ClfA-CTA2/B at dry off and followed for 70 days. Trial 1 utilized three groups with one or two booster doses at a total concentration of 600 or 900 μg. Trial 2 utilized two groups with one booster at a total concentration of 1200 μg. Humoral immune responses in serum and milk were examined by ELISA. Responses in serum were significant between groups and provide evidence of antigen-specific IgG induction after vaccination in both trials. Cellular proliferation was detected by flow cytometry using antigen-stimulated PBMCs from day 60 of Trial 2 and revealed an increase in CD4+ T cells from vaccinated cows. IsdA and ClfA stimulation induced IL-4 expression, but not IFN-γ or IL-17, in PBMCs from day 60 as determined by cytokine expression analysis. Opsonophagocytosis of S. aureus confirmed the functional in vitro activity of anti-IsdA antibodies from Trial 2 serum and milk. The vaccine was well tolerated and safe, and results support the potential of mucosally-delivered CTA2/B chimeras to protect cows from mastitis caused by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Misra
- Biomolecular Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - T F Wines
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - C L Knopp
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - R Hermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA; Biomolecular Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - L Bond
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - B Mitchell
- DairyTeam Nutrition and Veterinary Consulting, Boise, ID, USA
| | - M A McGuire
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - J K Tinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA; Biomolecular Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA.
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25
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The microbiology and treatment of human mastitis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 207:83-94. [PMID: 29350290 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis, which is generally described as an inflammation of breast tissue, is a common and debilitating disease which frequently results in the cessation of exclusive breastfeeding and affects up to 33% of lactating women. The condition is a primary cause of decreased milk production and results in organoleptic and nutritional alterations in milk quality. Recent studies employing culture-independent techniques, including metagenomic sequencing, have revealed a loss of bacterial diversity in the microbiome of mastitic milk samples compared to healthy milk samples. In those infected, the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and members of corynebacteria have been identified as the predominant etiological agents in acute, subacute and granulomatous mastitis, respectively. The increased incidence of antibiotic resistance in the causative species is also a key cause of concern for treatment of the disease, thus leading to the need to develop novel therapies. In this respect, probiotics and bacteriocins have revealed potential as alternative treatments.
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26
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Marín M, Arroyo R, Espinosa-Martos I, Fernández L, Rodríguez JM. Identification of Emerging Human Mastitis Pathogens by MALDI-TOF and Assessment of Their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1258. [PMID: 28747897 PMCID: PMC5506187 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactational mastitis constitutes one of the main causes of undesired weaning, depriving the mother–infant pair from the benefits of breastfeeding; therefore, this condition should be considered a relevant public health issue. The role of specific microorganisms remains unclear since human milk cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) are not routinely performed, despite the fact that this would be key to ensure an early and effective diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this study was to describe the culturable microbial diversity in 647 milk samples from breastfeeding women with clinical symptoms of mastitis by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) VITEK MS technology and to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of a collection of isolates from these samples by the VITEK 2 AST system. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common species isolated from mastitis samples (87.6%), while Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 22.1%. Streptococci constituted the second (68.6%) most prevalent bacterial group, with Streptococcus mitis/oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus parasanguinis detected with frequencies of 40.8, 36.8, and 14.4%, respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of 642 staphylococcal isolates indicated a remarkable resistance to benzylpenicillin (88.3%) and erythromycin (67.3%) with differences between species. A high percentage of Staphylococcus isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic (Staphylococcus hominis, 100%; S. epidermidis, 98.2%; S. aureus, 92.9%; Staphylococcus lugdunensis, 90.5%) and the percentage of multidrug-resistance (MDR) isolates was noticeable (S. hominis, 81%; S. epidermidis, 64.4%; S. aureus, 11.5%; S. lugdunensis, 10.5%). In relation to streptococcal isolates (n = 524), AST revealed high or moderate percentages of resistance to erythromycin (68.7%), benzylpenicillin (63.7%), ampicillin (51.5%), and tetracycline (30.8%). Antibiotic resistance to at least one antibiotic was detected in 97.6% of S. parasanguinis, 92.6% of S. salivarius, 83.3% of S. mitis/oralis, and 72.4% of Streptococcus vestibularis isolates. A significant number of MDR streptococcal isolates was also found (S. parasanguinis, 51.2%; S. salivarius, 39.3%; S. mitis/oralis, 34.6%; and S. vestibularis, 19%). The results highlight the important role of coagulase-negative staphylococci and streptococci as human mastitis-causing agents. Moreover, the high rates of antimicrobial resistance among these microorganisms must be contemplated as an issue of clinical relevance in relation to treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Marín
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Leónides Fernández
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
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27
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Mediano P, Fernández L, Jiménez E, Arroyo R, Espinosa-Martos I, Rodríguez JM, Marín M. Microbial Diversity in Milk of Women With Mastitis: Potential Role of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci, Viridans Group Streptococci, and Corynebacteria. J Hum Lact 2017; 33:309-318. [PMID: 28418794 DOI: 10.1177/0890334417692968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactational mastitis constitutes a significant cause of premature weaning. However, its etiology, linked to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, has been scarcely reported. Research aim: The aim of this study was to describe the microbial diversity in milk samples from women suffering from lactational mastitis and to identify more accurately a collection of isolates belonging to coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci, and coryneform bacteria. METHODS This is a cross-sectional descriptive one-group study. A total of 5,009 isolates from 1,849 mastitis milk samples was identified by culture, biochemical, and/or molecular methods at the species or genus level. A more precise identification of a collection of 211 isolates was carried out by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Mean total bacterial count in milk samples was 4.11 log10 colony-forming units/ml, 95% confidence interval [4.08, 4.15]. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common species being isolated from 91.56% of the samples, whereas Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 29.74%. Streptococci and corynebacteria constituted the second (70.20%) and third (16.60%) most prevalent bacterial groups, respectively, found in this study. In contrast, Candida spp. was present in only 0.54% of the samples. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed a high diversity of bacterial species among identified isolates. CONCLUSION Many coagulase-negative staphylococci, viridans group streptococci, and corynebacteria, usually dismissed as contaminant bacteria, may play an important role as etiologic agents of mastitis. Proper diagnosis of mastitis should be established after performing microbiological testing of milk based on standardized procedures. A reliable analysis must identify the mastitis-causing pathogen(s) at the species level and its(their) concentration(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Mediano
- 1 Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonides Fernández
- 1 Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Jiménez
- 1 Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,2 Probisearch SL, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Arroyo
- 1 Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,2 Probisearch SL, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Espinosa-Martos
- 1 Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,2 Probisearch SL, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Rodríguez
- 1 Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Marín
- 1 Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Characterization and complete genome sequence analysis of a novel virulent Siphoviridae phage against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Xinjiang, China. Virus Genes 2017; 53:464-476. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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29
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Risk Factors Predicting Infectious Lactational Mastitis: Decision Tree Approach versus Logistic Regression Analysis. Matern Child Health J 2016; 20:1895-903. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-2000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Fernández L, Cárdenas N, Arroyo R, Manzano S, Jiménez E, Martín V, Rodríguez JM. Prevention of Infectious Mastitis by Oral Administration ofLactobacillus salivariusPS2 During Late Pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 62:568-573. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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31
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Spoor LE, Richardson E, Richards AC, Wilson GJ, Mendonca C, Gupta RK, McAdam PR, Nutbeam-Tuffs S, Black NS, O'Gara JP, Lee CY, Corander J, Ross Fitzgerald J. Recombination-mediated remodelling of host-pathogen interactions during Staphylococcus aureus niche adaptation. Microb Genom 2015; 1:e000036. [PMID: 28348819 PMCID: PMC5320625 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale recombination events have led to the emergence of epidemic clones of several major bacterial pathogens. However, the functional impact of the recombination on clonal success is not understood. Here, we identified a novel widespread hybrid clone (ST71) of livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus that evolved from an ancestor belonging to the major bovine lineage CC97, through multiple large-scale recombination events with other S. aureus lineages occupying the same ruminant niche. The recombination events, affecting a 329 kb region of the chromosome spanning the origin of replication, resulted in allele replacement and loss or gain of an array of genes influencing host–pathogen interactions. Of note, molecular functional analyses revealed that the ST71 hybrid clone has acquired multiple novel pathogenic traits associated with acquired and innate immune evasion and bovine extracellular matrix adherence. These findings provide a paradigm for the impact of large-scale recombination events on the rapid evolution of bacterial pathogens within defined ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Spoor
- The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Emily Richardson
- The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Amy C Richards
- The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Gillian J Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Chriselle Mendonca
- The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Ravi Kr Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas School for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Paul R McAdam
- The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Stephen Nutbeam-Tuffs
- The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Nikki S Black
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - James P O'Gara
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Chia Y Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas School for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Ross Fitzgerald
- The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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32
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Al-Shehri SS, Knox CL, Liley HG, Cowley DM, Wright JR, Henman MG, Hewavitharana AK, Charles BG, Shaw PN, Sweeney EL, Duley JA. Breastmilk-Saliva Interactions Boost Innate Immunity by Regulating the Oral Microbiome in Early Infancy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135047. [PMID: 26325665 PMCID: PMC4556682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xanthine oxidase (XO) is distributed in mammals largely in the liver and small intestine, but also is highly active in milk where it generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Adult human saliva is low in hypoxanthine and xanthine, the substrates of XO, and high in the lactoperoxidase substrate thiocyanate, but saliva of neonates has not been examined. RESULTS Median concentrations of hypoxanthine and xanthine in neonatal saliva (27 and 19 μM respectively) were ten-fold higher than in adult saliva (2.1 and 1.7 μM). Fresh breastmilk contained 27.3 ± 12.2 μM H2O2 but mixing baby saliva with breastmilk additionally generated >40 μM H2O2, sufficient to inhibit growth of the opportunistic pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. Oral peroxidase activity in neonatal saliva was variable but low (median 7 U/L, range 2-449) compared to adults (620 U/L, 48-1348), while peroxidase substrate thiocyanate in neonatal saliva was surprisingly high. Baby but not adult saliva also contained nucleosides and nucleobases that encouraged growth of the commensal bacteria Lactobacillus, but inhibited opportunistic pathogens; these nucleosides/bases may also promote growth of immature gut cells. Transition from neonatal to adult saliva pattern occurred during the weaning period. A survey of saliva from domesticated mammals revealed wide variation in nucleoside/base patterns. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION During breast-feeding, baby saliva reacts with breastmilk to produce reactive oxygen species, while simultaneously providing growth-promoting nucleotide precursors. Milk thus plays more than a simply nutritional role in mammals, interacting with infant saliva to produce a potent combination of stimulatory and inhibitory metabolites that regulate early oral-and hence gut-microbiota. Consequently, milk-saliva mixing appears to represent unique biochemical synergism which boosts early innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S Al-Shehri
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christine L Knox
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen G Liley
- Mater Research Institute, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David M Cowley
- Mater Research Institute, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John R Wright
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Michael G Henman
- Mater Research Institute, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Bruce G Charles
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul N Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma L Sweeney
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John A Duley
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Mater Research Institute, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
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Moles L, Gómez M, Jiménez E, Fernández L, Bustos G, Chaves F, Cantón R, Rodríguez JM, Del Campo R. Preterm infant gut colonization in the neonatal ICU and complete restoration 2 years later. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:936.e1-10. [PMID: 26086569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are exposed to multidrug-resistant bacteria previously adapted to the hospital environment. The aim of the present study was to characterize the bacterial antibiotic-resistant high-risk lineages colonizing preterm infants during their NICU stay and their persistence in faeces after 2 years. A total of 26 preterm neonates were recruited between October 2009 and June 2010 and provided 144 faecal samples. Milk samples (86 mother's milk, 35 human donor milk and 15 formula milk) were collected at the same time as faecal samples. An additional faecal sample was recovered in 16 infants at the age of 2 years. Samples were plated onto different selective media, and one colony per morphology was selected. Isolates were identified by 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence and MALDI-TOF. Antibiotic susceptibility (agar dilution), genetic diversity (RAPD, PFGE and MLST) and virulence factors (only in enterococcal and staphylococcal isolates) were determined by PCR. A high proportion of antibiotic-resistant high-risk clones was detected in both faecal and milk samples during the NICU admittance. Almost all infants were colonized by Enterococcus faecalis ST64 and Enterococcus faecium ST18 clones, while a wider genetic diversity was observed for the Gram-negative isolates. Multidrug-resistant high-risk clones were not recovered from the faecal samples of the 2-year-olds. In conclusion, the gut of preterm infants admitted to the NICU might be initially colonized by antibiotic-resistant and virulent high-risk lineages, which are later replaced by antibiotic-susceptible community ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moles
- Departmento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Gómez
- Departmento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Jiménez
- Departmento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; ProbiSearch, S.L., Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Fernández
- Departmento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; ProbiSearch, S.L., Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Bustos
- Servicio de Neonatología Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Red de Salud Materno-Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Chaves
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Cantón
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Rodríguez
- Departmento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; ProbiSearch, S.L., Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Del Campo
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Which are important targets in development of S. aureus mastitis vaccine? Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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The bicomponent pore-forming leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:199-230. [PMID: 24847020 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00055-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to produce water-soluble proteins with the capacity to oligomerize and form pores within cellular lipid bilayers is a trait conserved among nearly all forms of life, including humans, single-celled eukaryotes, and numerous bacterial species. In bacteria, some of the most notable pore-forming molecules are protein toxins that interact with mammalian cell membranes to promote lysis, deliver effectors, and modulate cellular homeostasis. Of the bacterial species capable of producing pore-forming toxic molecules, the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most notorious. S. aureus can produce seven different pore-forming protein toxins, all of which are believed to play a unique role in promoting the ability of the organism to cause disease in humans and other mammals. The most diverse of these pore-forming toxins, in terms of both functional activity and global representation within S. aureus clinical isolates, are the bicomponent leucocidins. From the first description of their activity on host immune cells over 100 years ago to the detailed investigations of their biochemical function today, the leucocidins remain at the forefront of S. aureus pathogenesis research initiatives. Study of their mode of action is of immediate interest in the realm of therapeutic agent design as well as for studies of bacterial pathogenesis. This review provides an updated perspective on our understanding of the S. aureus leucocidins and their function, specificity, and potential as therapeutic targets.
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Benito D, Lozano C, Jiménez E, Albújar M, Gómez A, Rodríguez JM, Torres C. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from faeces of healthy neonates and potential mother-to-infant microbial transmission through breastfeeding. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv007. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Fernández L, Arroyo R, Espinosa I, Marín M, Jiménez E, Rodríguez JM. Probiotics for human lactational mastitis. Benef Microbes 2014; 5:169-83. [PMID: 24463206 DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of culture-dependent and -independent techniques to study the human milk microbiota and microbiome has revealed a complex ecosystem with a much greater diversity than previously anticipated. The potential role of the milk microbiome appears to have implications not only for short- and long-term infant health but also for mammary health. In fact, mammary disbiosis, which may be triggered by a variety of host, microbial and medical factors, often leads to acute, subacute or subclinical mastitis, a condition that represents the first medical cause for undesired weaning. Multiresistance to antibiotics, together with formation of biofilms and mechanisms for evasion of the host immune response, is a common feature among the bacterial agents involved. This explains why this condition uses to be elusive to antibiotic therapy and why the development of new strategies for mastitis management based on probiotics is particularly appealing. In fact, selected lactobacilli strains isolated from breast milk have already shown a high efficacy for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fernández
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain Probisearch SL, C/ Santiago Grisolía 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - R Arroyo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Espinosa
- Probisearch SL, C/ Santiago Grisolía 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - M Marín
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Jiménez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain Probisearch SL, C/ Santiago Grisolía 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
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Zhang L, Bao H, Wei C, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Wang R. Characterization and partial genomic analysis of a lytic Myoviridae bacteriophage against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy cows with mastitis in Mid-east of China. Virus Genes 2014; 50:111-7. [PMID: 25328045 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Using bacteriophages as a tool to the control of pathogens is a complementary to antibiotic therapy. We have isolated a lytic bacteriophage, designated vB_SauM_JS25, from sewage effluent on a dairy farm in Jiangsu, Mid-east of China for use as a biocontrol agent against Staphylococcus aureus infections. Phage vB_SauM_JS25 was morphologically classified as Myoviridae. The phage showed broad host ranges within S. aureus strains, lysing 51 of 56 strains (91.1 %). Its latent period and burst size were approximately 20 min and 21 PFU/cell, respectively. Phage vB_SauM_JS25 was able to survive in a pH range between 6 and 9. However, a treatment of 70 or 80 °C for 10 min completely inactivated the phage. Moreover, morphologic analysis of vB_SauM_JS25 revealed that it was closely related to other Myoviridae phages infecting Staphylococcus species. The bacteriolytic activity of phage vB_SauM_JS25 at a multiplicity infection (MOI) 1 indicted its efficiency for reducing bacterial growth. These findings suggest that phage vB_SauM_JS25 could be considered a potential therapeutic or prophylactic candidate against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Key Open Laboratory of Edible Agricultural Products Safe Monitoring and Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
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Enjapoori AK, Grant TR, Nicol SC, Lefèvre CM, Nicholas KR, Sharp JA. Monotreme lactation protein is highly expressed in monotreme milk and provides antimicrobial protection. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:2754-73. [PMID: 25245409 PMCID: PMC4224336 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monotremes (platypus and echidna) are the descendants of the oldest ancestor of all extant mammals distinguished from other mammals by mode of reproduction. Monotremes lay eggs following a short gestation period and after an even briefer incubation period, altricial hatchlings are nourished over a long lactation period with milk secreted by nipple-less mammary patches located on the female’s abdomen. Milk is the sole source of nutrition and immune protection for the developing young until weaning. Using transcriptome and mass spectrometry analysis of milk cells and milk proteins, respectively, a novel Monotreme Lactation Protein (MLP) was identified as a major secreted protein in milk. We show that platypus and short-beaked echidna MLP genes show significant homology and are unique to monotremes. The MLP transcript was shown to be expressed in a variety of tissues; however, highest expression was observed in milk cells and was expressed constitutively from early to late lactation. Analysis of recombinant MLP showed that it is an N-linked glycosylated protein and biophysical studies predicted that MLP is an amphipathic, α-helical protein, a typical feature of antimicrobial proteins. Functional analysis revealed MLP antibacterial activity against both opportunistic pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and commensal Enterococcus faecalis bacteria but showed no effect on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Salmonella enterica. Our data suggest that MLP is an evolutionarily ancient component of milk-mediated innate immunity absent in other mammals. We propose that MLP evolved specifically in the monotreme lineage supporting the evolution of lactation in these species to provide bacterial protection, at a time when mammals lacked nipples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom R Grant
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stewart C Nicol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Kevin R Nicholas
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie A Sharp
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Hamilton E, Kruger JM, Schall W, Beal M, Manning SD, Kaneene JB. Acquisition and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria isolated from dogs and cats admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 243:990-1000. [PMID: 24050566 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.7.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess antimicrobial resistance among bacteria isolated from dogs and cats admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH), determine the incidence of acquisition of and frequency of persistent colonization by antimicrobial-resistant organisms among these animals, and identify risk factors associated with these variables. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal study. ANIMALS 622 dogs and 92 cats admitted to a VTH and expected to stay ≥ 48 hours. PROCEDURES Samples were collected with rectal and nasal or oropharyngeal swabs at admission and discharge. Isolates of enterococci, staphylococci, and Escherichia coli were tested for antimicrobial resistance via microbroth dilution methods. A subset of isolates was analyzed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. Significant trends in proportions of organisms with antimicrobial resistance over the 3-year study period were assessed. RESULTS The proportion of staphylococci with antimicrobial resistance increased, whereas the proportion of E coli with resistance decreased, over time; resistance among enterococci was more variable. For 506 dogs with paired admission and discharge samples, multidrug-resistant (MDR) E coli was acquired by 40 (8%) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was acquired by 7 (1.4%); hospitalization for > 3 days was significantly associated with both variables. Most (5/7 isolates) acquired MRSA was of sequence type (ST) 5. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Extended hospitalization was associated with increased risk of acquiring MDR E coli or MRSA, although few animals acquired MRSA. It is unclear whether associations were confounded by illness severity or use of infection control measures. Additionally, MRSA of ST5, which has been associated with small animal medicine, was the most commonly acquired MRSA in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hamilton
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Dias RS, Eller MR, Duarte VS, Pereira ÂL, Silva CC, Mantovani HC, Oliveira LL, de A. M Silva E, De Paula SO. Use of phages against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3930-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Dias
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - M. R. Eller
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - V. S. Duarte
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Â. L. Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - C. C. Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - H. C. Mantovani
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Microorganisms, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - L. L. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - E. de A. M Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - S. O. De Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Ward TL, Hosid S, Ioshikhes I, Altosaar I. Human milk metagenome: a functional capacity analysis. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:116. [PMID: 23705844 PMCID: PMC3679945 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk contains a diverse population of bacteria that likely influences colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies, however, have been limited to characterization of this microbial community by 16S rRNA analysis. In the present study, a metagenomic approach using Illumina sequencing of a pooled milk sample (ten donors) was employed to determine the genera of bacteria and the types of bacterial open reading frames in human milk that may influence bacterial establishment and stability in this primal food matrix. The human milk metagenome was also compared to that of breast-fed and formula-fed infants' feces (n = 5, each) and mothers' feces (n = 3) at the phylum level and at a functional level using open reading frame abundance. Additionally, immune-modulatory bacterial-DNA motifs were also searched for within human milk. RESULTS The bacterial community in human milk contained over 360 prokaryotic genera, with sequences aligning predominantly to the phyla of Proteobacteria (65%) and Firmicutes (34%), and the genera of Pseudomonas (61.1%), Staphylococcus (33.4%) and Streptococcus (0.5%). From assembled human milk-derived contigs, 30,128 open reading frames were annotated and assigned to functional categories. When compared to the metagenome of infants' and mothers' feces, the human milk metagenome was less diverse at the phylum level, and contained more open reading frames associated with nitrogen metabolism, membrane transport and stress response (P < 0.05). The human milk metagenome also contained a similar occurrence of immune-modulatory DNA motifs to that of infants' and mothers' fecal metagenomes. CONCLUSIONS Our results further expand the complexity of the human milk metagenome and enforce the benefits of human milk ingestion on the microbial colonization of the infant gut and immunity. Discovery of immune-modulatory motifs in the metagenome of human milk indicates more exhaustive analyses of the functionality of the human milk metagenome are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya L Ward
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sergey Hosid
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ilya Ioshikhes
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Illimar Altosaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
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Eriksson J, Espinosa-Gongora C, Stamphøj I, Larsen AR, Guardabassi L. Carriage frequency, diversity and methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in Danish small ruminants. Vet Microbiol 2013; 163:110-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus invasion into bovine mammary epithelial cells by contact with live Lactobacillus casei. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23183972 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03323-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen that is responsible for mastitis in dairy herds. S. aureus mastitis is difficult to treat and prone to recurrence despite antibiotic treatment. The ability of S. aureus to invade bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) is evoked to explain this chronicity. One sustainable alternative to treat or prevent mastitis is the use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as mammary probiotics. In this study, we tested the ability of Lactobacillus casei strains to prevent invasion of bMEC by two S. aureus bovine strains, RF122 and Newbould305, which reproducibly induce acute and moderate mastitis, respectively. L. casei strains affected adhesion and/or internalization of S. aureus in a strain-dependent manner. Interestingly, L. casei CIRM-BIA 667 reduced S. aureus Newbould305 and RF122 internalization by 60 to 80%, and this inhibition was confirmed for two other L. casei strains, including one isolated from bovine teat canal. The protective effect occurred without affecting bMEC morphology and viability. Once internalized, the fate of S. aureus was not affected by L. casei. It should be noted that L. casei was internalized at a low rate but survived in bMEC cells with a better efficiency than that of S. aureus RF122. Inhibition of S. aureus adhesion was maintained with heat-killed L. casei, whereas contact between live L. casei and S. aureus or bMEC was required to prevent S. aureus internalization. This first study of the antagonism of LAB toward S. aureus in a mammary context opens avenues for the development of novel control strategies against this major pathogen.
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45
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Jamrozy DM, Fielder MD, Butaye P, Coldham NG. Comparative genotypic and phenotypic characterisation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolated from animals and humans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40458. [PMID: 22792335 PMCID: PMC3394705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 among pigs in certain European countries and North America and its occurrence in other animal species raises a question concerning the molecular mechanisms mediating the success of this lineage. In this study a panel of S. aureus strains belonging to sequence type (ST) 5 (n = 4), ST8 (n = 5), ST15 (n = 5), ST22 (n = 8), clonal complex (CC) 30 (n = 8), CC97 (n = 8), CC130 (n = 4), CC151 (n = 4) and ST398 (n = 18) were screened by DNA microarray and PCR for the carriage of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Isolates belonging to the same sequence type/clonal complex (ST/CC) were found to share similar virulence gene profiles. The ST398 lineage displayed the lowest content of virulence genes, which consisted mainly of genes detected among the majority or all of the analysed lineages. All MRSA ST398 isolates lacked accessory virulence genes that were detected in other ST/CC. In contrast to virulence genotype, the antimicrobial resistance genes profiles varied between isolates belonging to the same ST/CC and profile similarities could be observed for isolates from different lineages. MRSA ST398 isolates in particular displayed significant diversity and high content of antimicrobial resistance genes. This was comparable with certain MRSA belonging to other sequence types particularly the equine MRSA ST8. The apparent lack of significant virulence genes among MRSA ST398 strains, demonstrates that the lineage features a unique genetic background but no ST398-specific virulence markers could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota M Jamrozy
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, United Kingdom.
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Watt AP, Sharp JA, Lefevre C, Nicholas KR. WFDC2 is differentially expressed in the mammary gland of the tammar wallaby and provides immune protection to the mammary gland and the developing pouch young. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:584-590. [PMID: 22024352 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
WAP four disulfide core domain 2 (WFDC2) is a four disulfide core (4-DSC) protein secreted in the milk of the tammar wallaby. It is comprised of two 4-DSC domains assigned domain III at the NH2-terminal end and domain II at the COOH-terminal end. The WFDC2 gene was expressed only during pregnancy, early lactation, towards the end of lactation and involution. The WFDC2 protein showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and this activity resided with domain II. There was no antibacterial activity detected against Enterococcus faecalis. The observed expression pattern of tammar WFDC2 and its antibacterial activity suggests a role to either reduce mastitis in the mammary gland caused by S. aureus or to protect the gut of the young at a time when it is not immune-competent. The latter effect could be achieved without disturbing the balance of commensal gut flora such as E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashalyn P Watt
- Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
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47
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Barlow J. Mastitis therapy and antimicrobial susceptibility: a multispecies review with a focus on antibiotic treatment of mastitis in dairy cattle. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:383-407. [PMID: 21984469 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis occurs in numerous species. Antimicrobial agents are used for treatment of infectious mastitis in dairy cattle, other livestock, companion animals, and humans. Mastitis is an economically important disease of dairy cattle and most mastitis research has focused on epidemiology and control of bovine mastitis. Antibiotic treatment of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle is an established component of mastitis control programs. Research on the treatment of clinical and subclinical mastitis in other dairy species such as sheep and goats has been less frequent, although the general principles of mastitis therapy in small ruminants are similar to those of dairy cattle. Research on treatment of clinical mastitis in humans is limited and as for other species empirical treatment of mastitis appears to be common. While antimicrobial susceptibility testing is recommended to direct treatment decisions in many clinical settings, the use of susceptibility testing for antibiotic selection for mastitis treatments of dairy cattle has been challenged in a number of publications. The principle objective of this review is to summarize the literature evaluating the question, "Does antimicrobial susceptibility predict treatment outcome for intramammary infections caused by common bacterial pathogens?" This review also addresses current issues related to antimicrobial use and treatment decisions for mastitis in dairy cattle. Information on treatment of mastitis in other species, including humans, is included although research appears to be limited. Issues related to study design, gaps in current knowledge and opportunities for future research are identified for bovine mastitis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Barlow
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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48
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Zadoks RN, Middleton JR, McDougall S, Katholm J, Schukken YH. Molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:357-72. [PMID: 21968538 PMCID: PMC3208832 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, can be caused by a wide range of organisms, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, mycoplasmas and algae. Many microbial species that are common causes of bovine mastitis, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus also occur as commensals or pathogens of humans whereas other causative species, such as Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae or Staphylococcus chromogenes, are almost exclusively found in animals. A wide range of molecular typing methods have been used in the past two decades to investigate the epidemiology of bovine mastitis at the subspecies level. These include comparative typing methods that are based on electrophoretic banding patterns, library typing methods that are based on the sequence of selected genes, virulence gene arrays and whole genome sequencing projects. The strain distribution of mastitis pathogens has been investigated within individual animals and across animals, herds, countries and host species, with consideration of the mammary gland, other animal or human body sites, and environmental sources. Molecular epidemiological studies have contributed considerably to our understanding of sources, transmission routes, and prognosis for many bovine mastitis pathogens and to our understanding of mechanisms of host-adaptation and disease causation. In this review, we summarize knowledge gleaned from two decades of molecular epidemiological studies of mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle and discuss aspects of comparative relevance to human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK.
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49
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Contreras GA, Rodríguez JM. Mastitis: comparative etiology and epidemiology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:339-56. [PMID: 21947764 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is broadly defined as the inflammation of the mammary gland; however, the concept of mastitis is customized to address its social and clinical impact in the case of humans and the health, welfare, and economic consequences for other mammals. There are many microbial, host, and environmental factors that influence the development of mastitis. Some are common to all mammals as well as inherent to each species. Together these factors influence the most prevalent etiological agents for each species and might determine the possibility of interspecies transmission with its consequences to public health. The present review will summarize and compare reports on mastitis etiology and its epidemiology in humans and food animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, D202 VMC, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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