1
|
Neutrophils in Streptococcus suis Infection: From Host Defense to Pathology. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112392. [PMID: 34835517 PMCID: PMC8624082 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a swine pathogen and zoonotic agent responsible for economic losses to the porcine industry. Infected animals may develop meningitis, arthritis, endocarditis, sepsis and/or sudden death. The pathogenesis of the infection implies that bacteria breach mucosal host barriers and reach the bloodstream, where they escape immune-surveillance mechanisms and spread throughout the organism. The clinical manifestations are mainly the consequence of an exacerbated inflammation, defined by an exaggerated production of cytokines and recruitment of immune cells. Among them, neutrophils arrive first in contact with the pathogens to combat the infection. Neutrophils initiate and maintain inflammation, by producing cytokines and deploying their arsenal of antimicrobial mechanisms. Furthermore, neutrophilic leukocytosis characterizes S. suis infection, and lesions of infected subjects contain a large number of neutrophils. Therefore, this cell type may play a role in host defense and/or in the exacerbated inflammation. Nevertheless, a limited number of studies addressed the role or functions of neutrophils in the context of S. suis infection. In this review, we will explore the literature about S. suis and neutrophils, from their interaction at a cellular level, to the roles and behaviors of neutrophils in the infected host in vivo.
Collapse
|
2
|
D'Alessandro B, Lery LMS, Krüger WMA, Lima A, Piccini C, Zunino P. Proteomic analysis of Proteus mirabilis outer membrane proteins reveals differential expression in vivo vs. in vitro conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:174-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno D'Alessandro
- Departamento de Microbiología; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable; Montevideo; Uruguay
| | - Leticia M. S. Lery
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Genômica; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Centro de Ciencias da Saúde - Bloco G Lab; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | - Wanda M. A. Krüger
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Genômica; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Centro de Ciencias da Saúde - Bloco G Lab; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | - Analía Lima
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas; Institut Pasteur de Montevideo/Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable; Montevideo; Uruguay
| | - Claudia Piccini
- Departamento de Microbiología; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable; Montevideo; Uruguay
| | - Pablo Zunino
- Departamento de Microbiología; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable; Montevideo; Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Surface-associated and secreted factors ofStreptococcus suisin epidemiology, pathogenesis and vaccine development. Anim Health Res Rev 2009; 10:65-83. [DOI: 10.1017/s146625230999003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AbstractStreptococcus suisis an invasive porcine pathogen associated with meningitis, arthritis, bronchopneumonia and other diseases. The pathogen constitutes a major health problem in the swine industry worldwide. Furthermore,S. suisis an important zoonotic agent causing meningitis and other diseases in humans exposed to pigs or pork. Current knowledge on pathogenesis is limited, despite the enormous amount of data generated by ‘omics’ research. Accordingly, immunprophylaxis (in pigs) is hampered by lack of a cross-protective vaccine against virulent strains of this diverse species. This review focuses on bacterial factors, both surface-associated and secreted ones, which are considered to contribute toS. suisinteraction(s) with host factors and cells. Factors are presented with respect to (i) their identification and features, (ii) their distribution amongS. suisand (iii) their significance for virulence, immune response and vaccination. This review also shows the enormous progress made in research onS. suisover the last few years, and it emphasizes the numerous challenging questions remaining to be answered in the future.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lima A, Zunino P, D'Alessandro B, Piccini C. An iron-regulated outer-membrane protein of Proteus mirabilis is a haem receptor that plays an important role in urinary tract infection and in in vivo growth. J Med Microbiol 2008; 56:1600-1607. [PMID: 18033826 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis, a common cause of urinary tract infections, expresses iron-regulated outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) in response to iron restriction. It has been suggested that a 64 kDa OMP is involved in haemoprotein uptake and that this might have a role in pathogenesis. In order to confirm this hypothesis, this study generated a P. mirabilis mutant strain (P7) that did not express the 64 kDa OMP, by insertion of the TnphoA transposon. The nucleotide sequence of the interrupted gene revealed that it corresponded to a haemin receptor precursor. Moreover, in vitro growth assays showed that the mutant was unable to grow using haemoglobin and haemin as unique iron sources. The authors also carried out in vivo growth and infectivity assays and demonstrated that P7 was not able to survive in an in vivo model and was less efficient than wild-type strain Pr 6515 in colonizing the urinary tract. These results confirmed that the P. mirabilis 64 kDa iron-regulated OMP is a haem receptor that has an important role for survival and multiplication of these bacteria in the mammalian host and in the development of urinary tract infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Analía Lima
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Zunino
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno D'Alessandro
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Piccini
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Av. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chabot-Roy G, Willson P, Segura M, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Phagocytosis and killing of Streptococcus suis by porcine neutrophils. Microb Pathog 2006; 41:21-32. [PMID: 16714092 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important swine pathogen responsible for diverse infections, mainly meningitis. Virulence factors and the pathogenesis of infection are not well understood. Neutrophils may play an important role in the pathogenesis of infection given that infiltration by neutrophils and mononuclear cells are frequently observed in lesions caused by S. suis. The objective of this work was to study the interactions between S. suis serotype 2 and porcine neutrophils. Results showed that suilysin is toxic to neutrophils and this could help S. suis evade innate immunity. Moreover, suilysin appears to affect complement-dependent killing by decreasing the opsonization of S. suis and the bactericidal capacity of neutrophils. Our results confirm that capsule polysaccharide protects S. suis against killing and phagocytosis by neutrophils. We also showed that the presence of specific IgG against S. suis serotype 2 promoted killing by neutrophils, indicating that the induction of a strong humoral response is beneficial for clearance of this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Chabot-Roy
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Qué., Canada J2S 2M2
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Smith HE, Buijs H, de Vries R, Wisselink HJ, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Smits MA. Environmentally regulated genes of Streptococcus suis: identification by the use of iron-restricted conditions in vitro and by experimental infection of piglets. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:271-280. [PMID: 11158344 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-2-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of environmentally regulated genes of Streptococcus suis by the use of iron-restricted conditions in vitro and by experimental infection of piglets is described. Eighteen unique iron-restriction-induced (iri) genes and 22 unique in-vivo-selected (ivs) genes of Strep. suis were found. None of the ivs genes was exclusively expressed in vivo. Four iri genes were identical to four clones selected in piglets. Two ivs genes were similar to genes for putative virulence factors. One of these ivs genes was identical to the epf gene of virulent Strep. suis serotype 2 strains and the other showed homology to a gene encoding a fibronectin-binding protein of Streptococcus gordonii. Two additional ivs genes showed homology to environmentally regulated genes previously identified by using an in vivo expression technology (IVET) selection system in other bacterial species. One of these showed similarity to the agrA gene of Staphylococcus aureus, a key locus involved in the regulation of numerous virulence proteins. The promoter selection system described in this paper has been successfully used for the identification of many environmentally regulated genes potentially involved in the pathogenesis of Strep. suis infections in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde E Smith
- Departments of Bacteriology1 and Immunology, Pathology and Epidemiology2, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Herma Buijs
- Departments of Bacteriology1 and Immunology, Pathology and Epidemiology2, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth de Vries
- Departments of Bacteriology1 and Immunology, Pathology and Epidemiology2, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Wisselink
- Departments of Bacteriology1 and Immunology, Pathology and Epidemiology2, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe-Zurwieden
- Departments of Bacteriology1 and Immunology, Pathology and Epidemiology2, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Mari A Smits
- Departments of Bacteriology1 and Immunology, Pathology and Epidemiology2, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith HE, Damman M, van der Velde J, Wagenaar F, Wisselink HJ, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Smits MA. Identification and characterization of the cps locus of Streptococcus suis serotype 2: the capsule protects against phagocytosis and is an important virulence factor. Infect Immun 1999; 67:1750-6. [PMID: 10085014 PMCID: PMC96524 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.4.1750-1756.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the role of the capsule of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in virulence, we generated two isogenic mutants disturbed in capsule production. For that purpose, we first cloned and characterized a major part of the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis (cps) locus of S. suis serotype 2. Based on the established sequence, 14 open reading frames (ORFs), designated Orf2Z, Orf2Y, Orf2X, and Cps2A to Cps2K, were identified. Twelve ORFs belonged to a single transcriptional unit. The gene products of 11 of these ORFs showed similarity to proteins involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis of other gram-positive microorganisms. Nonencapsulated isogenic mutants were generated in the cps2B and cps2EF genes by insertional mutagenesis. In contrast to the wild-type S. suis serotype 2 strain, the nonencapsulated strains were highly sensitive to ingestion by porcine alveolar lung macrophages in vitro. More importantly, the nonencapsulated mutant strains were completely avirulent in young germfree pigs after intranasal inoculation. These observations indicate that the capsule of S. suis serotype 2 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of S. suis serotype 2 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H E Smith
- Department of Bacteriology, Pathobiology and Epidemiology, DLO-Institute for Animal Science and Health, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rasmussen SR, Aarestrup FM, Jensen NE, Jorsal SE. Associations of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 ribotype profiles with clinical disease and antimicrobial resistance. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:404-8. [PMID: 9889228 PMCID: PMC84321 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.2.404-408.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 122 Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains were characterized thoroughly by comparing clinical and pathological observations, ribotype profiles, and antimicrobial resistance. Twenty-one different ribotype profiles were found and compared by cluster analysis, resulting in the identification of three ribotype clusters. A total of 58% of all strains investigated were of two ribotypes belonging to different ribotype clusters. A remarkable relationship existed between the observed ribotype profiles and the clinical-pathological observations because strains of one of the two dominant ribotypes were almost exclusively isolated from pigs with meningitis, while strains of the other dominant ribotype were never associated with meningitis. This second ribotype was isolated only from pigs with pneumonia, endocarditis, pericarditis, or septicemia. Cluster analysis revealed that strains belonging to the same ribotype cluster as one of the dominant ribotypes came from pigs that showed clinical signs similar to those of pigs infected with strains with the respective dominant ribotype profiles. Furthermore, strains belonging to different ribotype clusters had totally different patterns of resistance to antibiotics because strains isolated from pigs with meningitis were resistant to sulfamethazoxazole and strains isolated from pigs with pneumonia, endocarditis, pericarditis, or septicemia were resistant to tetracycline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Rasmussen
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Staats JJ, Plattner BL, Nietfeld J, Dritz S, Chengappa MM. Use of ribotyping and hemolysin activity to identify highly virulent Streptococcus suis type 2 isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:15-9. [PMID: 9431912 PMCID: PMC124799 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.1.15-19.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/1997] [Accepted: 10/01/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nineteen Streptococcus suis type 2 isolates were evaluated for their virulence in pigs and mice. Of these, seven were determined to be highly virulent in pigs on the basis of clinical sign scores and gross pathology and histopathology results. Clinical sign scores correlated with gross pathology and histopathology scores at P equal to 0.004 and P equal to 0.009, respectively. The virulence of highly virulent isolates in pigs compared somewhat with virulence in mice, but the correlation was not significant. No correlation of virulence was noted among the moderately virulent and avirulent isolates in pigs and mice. Chromosomal DNAs from all S. suis isolates were evaluated by PstI, PvuII, EcoRI, and HaeIII restriction enzyme digestion followed by hybridization with a digoxigenin-11-dUTP-labeled cDNA probe transcribed from 16S and 23S rRNAs from Escherichia coli. The hybridization patterns (ribotypes) varied depending upon the enzyme used, but a significant number of isolates determined to be highly virulent in pigs had unique hybridization patterns compared with those of the moderately virulent and avirulent isolates (P = 0.002). In addition, hemolysin activity showed a high correlation to virulence (P = 0.00008) and ribotype (P = 0.002).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Staats
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Charland N, Jacques M, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Characterization and protective activity of a monoclonal antibody against a capsular epitope shared by Streptococcus suis serotypes 1, 2 and 1/2. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 11):3607-3614. [PMID: 9387239 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-11-3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (mAb Z3) was produced using BALB/c mice immunized with whole cells of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 reference strain S735. Screening by dot-ELISA showed that mAb Z3, of isotype IgG2b, reacted only with reference strains and field isolates of S. suis serotypes 1, 2 and 1/2. The recognized epitope was demonstrated to be polysaccharide in nature by periodate oxidation, and located in the capsule, since mAb Z3 reacted with purified capsular material by immunoblotting and was able to stabilize the capsule as shown by electron microscopy. Further characterization indicated that mAb Z3 may react specifically with the sialic acid moiety of the capsule, a common constituent of the polysaccharidic capsular material of the three capsular types, since sialidase-treated cells did not react with mAb Z3 in immunoblotting or indirect ELISA. Purified mAb Z3 was shown to significantly increase the rate of phagocytosis of S. suis cells by porcine monocytes and to activate the clearance of bacteria from the circulation in experimentally infected mice. However, mAb Z3 only offered partial protection to mice challenged with a minimal lethal dose. Thus, even though the capsule of S. suis seems to be an important virulence factor, the epitope recognized by mAb Z3 does not appear to be involved in complete protection against infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Charland
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du PoreFacult de mdcine vtrinaireUniversit de MontralCP 5000 St-Hyacinthe, Qubec Canada J2S 7C6
| | - Mario Jacques
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du PoreFacult de mdcine vtrinaireUniversit de MontralCP 5000 St-Hyacinthe, Qubec Canada J2S 7C6
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du PoreFacult de mdcine vtrinaireUniversit de MontralCP 5000 St-Hyacinthe, Qubec Canada J2S 7C6
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du PoreFacult de mdcine vtrinaireUniversit de MontralCP 5000 St-Hyacinthe, Qubec Canada J2S 7C6
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Steptococcus suis is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic coccus that has been implicated as the cause of a wide range of clinical disease syndromes in swine and other domestic animals. In swine, the disease has spread worldwide but is more prevalent in countries with intensive swine management practices. The disease syndromes caused by S. suis in swine include arthritis, meningitis, pneumonia, septicaemia, endocarditis, polyserositis, abortions and abscesses. S. suis has also been implicated in disease in humans, especially among abattoir workers and swine and pork handlers. In humans, S. suis type 2 can cause meningitis, which may result in permanent hearing loss, septicaemia, endocarditis and death. The pathogenic mechanism of S. suis is not well defined. Several virulence factors have been identified, but their roles in pathogenesis and disease have not been well elucidated. Much work is in progress on characterization of virulence factors and mechanisms, with emphasis on the control of the disease. Because of the non-availability of suitable immunoprophylaxis, control of S. suis infection has depended mainly on the use of antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Staats
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brogden K, Clarke C. Increase of glycocalyx and altered lectin agglutination profiles of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 after incubation in bovine subcutaneous tissue chambers in vivo or in ruminant serum in vitro. Infect Immun 1997; 65:957-63. [PMID: 9038303 PMCID: PMC175075 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.3.957-963.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 (bovine strain OK) was incubated for 2 and 6 h in bovine subcutaneous tissue chambers in vivo, and ovine strain 82-25 and bovine strain L011 were incubated in vitro for 2 h in heat-inactivated ovine or bovine serum from which gamma globulin had been depleted by protein G affinity chromatography to assess changes in morphology and lectin agglutination profiles (strains 82-25 and L101 only). Cells, removed from chambers after 2 h, were covered with an extensive, dense glycocalyx extending approximately 0.5 microm from the cell surface. In many cells, the glycocalyx was separated from the cell surface by a clear, electron-transparent area. Cells, removed at 6 h, were covered with a sparse glycocalyx of fine fibers 0.2 to 0.3 microm from the cell surface. Strains 82-25 and L101, incubated for 2 h in heat-inactivated ovine or bovine serum or in heat-inactivated ovine or bovine serum depleted of gamma globulin by protein G affinity chromatography, were also covered with a glycocalyx. The glycocalyx did not bind protein A-colloidal gold and therefore did not contain aggregates of accumulated antibody. Strains 82-25 and L101 were incubated individually for 2 h in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 0.14 M NaCl, 0.5 mM CaCl2, and 0.15 mM MgCl2 or with this buffer and either 25% heat-inactivated, gamma globulin-depleted ovine serum or 25% heat-inactivated, gamma globulin-depleted bovine serum. Agglutination profiles were then determined with 17 lectins in 10 mM HEPES-buffered saline (pH 8.4) with 0.1 mM CaCl2 and 0.08% sodium azide. Profiles did not vary with 10 of 17 lectins. However, profiles did vary with peanut agglutinin, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, Sophora japonica agglutinin, Maackia amurensis lectin II, Narcissus pseudonarcissus (daffodil) lectin, Griffonia simplicifolia lectin I, and Pisum sativum agglutinin. Altered profiles indicate a change in the bacterial cell surface, possibly by adsorption or alteration of surface carbohydrate moieties by serum constituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Brogden
- National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Quessy S, Busque P, Higgins R, Jacques M, Dubreuil JD. Description of an albumin binding activity for Streptococcus suis serotype 2. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997; 147:245-50. [PMID: 9119200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the binding activity of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 to albumin. Using flow cytometry we observed a binding activity of S. suis to albumin for virulent as well as for avirulent isolates. Western immunoblots analysis revealed that a 39-kDa S. suis protein was responsible, at least in part, for this binding activity. This protein showed high N-terminal homology (95.6% for the first 23 residues) with a group A Streptococcus glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, the addition of albumin to the culture broth resulted in an increase in the virulence of S. suis strains in mice. These results suggest that an interaction with albumin could play a role in the pathogenesis of S. suis serotype 2 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Quessy
- Laboratoire d'hygiène vétérinaire et alimentaire, Agriculture et Agro-alimentaire Canada, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tikkanen K, Haataja S, Finne J. The galactosyl-(alpha 1-4)-galactose-binding adhesin of Streptococcus suis: occurrence in strains of different hemagglutination activities and induction of opsonic antibodies. Infect Immun 1996; 64:3659-65. [PMID: 8751914 PMCID: PMC174278 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.9.3659-3665.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of the galactose-(alpha 1-4)-galactose-specific adhesin in Streptococcus suis, a pig and human pathogen causing sepsis, meningitis, and other serious infections, was studied. Poly- and monoclonal anti-bodies to the purified adhesin, as well as pigeon ovomucoid, a specific probe for the adhesin activity, detected one single protein band in extracts of S. suis. The adhesin was detected in all 23 strains studied, representing pathogenic serotypes (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and nontypeable) and including several weakly hemagglutinating or nonhemagglutinating strains and phase variants. The amount of adhesin detected was not correlated with the hemagglutination activity of the intact bacteria. Extraction of cells showing no binding of pigeon ovomucoid by ultrasonic treatment resulted in extracts with pigeon ovomucoid binding activity, suggesting that the adhesin was not accessible to the probe on the intact cells. Analysis of the amount of capsular polysaccharide revealed an inverse relationship between the hemagglutination activity and expression of capsular polysaccharide, thus suggesting a factor influencing adhesin accessibility. The purified adhesin was highly immunogenic and induced in preliminary experiments bactericidal activity in mice. Thus, the adhesin, with its specific binding mechanism to host cells and a proposed pathogenic role, is widely expressed among strains of different serotypes and therefore appears to represent a novel promising candidate for the development of a vaccine against S. suis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Tikkanen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Charland N, Kobisch M, Martineau-Doizé B, Jacques M, Gottschalk M. Role of capsular sialic acid in virulence and resistance to phagocytosis of Streptococcus suis capsular type 2. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1996; 14:195-203. [PMID: 8856318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1996.tb00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis capsular type 2 has a capsule rich in sialic acid (NANA). Sialic acid, known to be an antiphagocytic factor for many bacterial species, inhibits the activation of the alternative complement pathway. The role of capsular NANA in virulence, resistance to phagocytosis and intracellular survival of S. suis capsular type 2 was evaluated. In general, a low concentration of NANA was observed for all the S. suis strains tested. In addition, no difference could be found in NANA concentrations between strains of different virulence degrees. Sialic acid concentration increased in the virulent strain 89-1591 and the avirulent strain 90-1330 after in vivo growth with an increased capsular material thickness compared to growth in vitro. No significant difference could be found in the phagocytosis rate by porcine blood monocytes of either strain and strain 89-1591 treated with sialidase or the sialic acid-binding lectin from Sambucus nigra (SNA I). Intracellular survival of strain 89-1591 decreased after treatments with sialidase or lectin, becoming comparable to that of strain 90-1330. Finally, no difference could be seen in virulence using a murine model, even if strain 89-1591 was treated with the enzyme or the lectin. Thus, NANA does not seem to be a critical virulence factor for S. suis capsular type 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Charland
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Qué., Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brazeau C, Gottschalk M, Vincelette S, Martineau-Doizé B. In vitro phagocytosis and survival of Streptococcus suis capsular type 2 inside murine macrophages. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1996; 142 ( Pt 5):1231-1237. [PMID: 8704963 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-142-5-1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, data on phagocytosis of Streptococcus suis and its survival inside macrophages are presented. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated in the presence of one of five different strains of S. suis capsular type 2: a virulent wild-type strain (1591), a non-capsulated non-virulent mutant strain (M2), a poorly capsulated non-virulent mutant strain (M42), a non-virulent capsulated strain (1330), and the wild-type reference (virulent) strain S735. Opsonized or non-opsonized bacteria were incubated with macrophages in vitro and samples were obtained after 1 and 3 h incubation. Phagocytosis as well as live and dead intracellular organisms were determined by acridine orange and crystal violet staining. After 1 h incubation, non-opsonized virulent and non-virulent capsulated bacteria were poorly phagocytosed (by less than 7% of the macrophages), whereas the non-capsulated non-virulent mutant strain was highly phagocytosed (by more than 68% of the macrophages). The M42 mutant strain was more phagocytosed than the capsulated strains but less than the non-capsulated M2 mutant strain (35%). In contrast, a higher percentage of live bacteria was observed inside macrophages for the capsulated strains (1591 and S735) than for the non- or poorly capsulated mutant strains (M2 and M42). Opsonization of bacteria with rabbit serum or heat-inactivated rabbit serum significantly increased phagocytosis. For every opsonized strain, after 3 h incubation, the percentage of live bacteria within macrophages was considerably lower than the corresponding non-opsonized strains. In conclusion, the capsule of S. suis type 2 appears to act as an important anti-phagocytic factor. However, virulent capsulated non-opsonized strains can be phagocytosed by mouse peritoneal macrophages within which they appear to survive for at least 3 h. Serum factors other than complement increase not only phagocytosis but also intracellular killing of S. suis of both capsulated and non-capsulated strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Brazeau
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - M Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - S Vincelette
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - B Martineau-Doizé
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Serhir B, Dubreuil D, Higgins R, Jacques M. Purification and characterization of a 52-kilodalton immunoglobulin G-binding protein from Streptococcus suis capsular type 2. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:3830-6. [PMID: 7601850 PMCID: PMC177103 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.13.3830-3836.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that group D streptococci exhibited immunoglobulin G (IgG)-binding activity and that a 52-kDa IgG-binding protein was present in all Streptococcus suis strains examined (B. Serhir, R. Higgins, B. Foiry, and M. Jacques, J. Gen. Microbiol. 139:2953-2958, 1993). The objective of the present study was to purify and characterize this protein. Pig IgG were immobilized through their Fab fragments to ECH-Sepharose 4B, and the protein was purified by affinity chromatography. Electron microscopy observations of the purified material showed filamentous structures with a diameter of approximately 4 nm; these structures were not observed when the material was treated with either urea or ethanolamine. Electrophoretic and Western immunoblot analyses showed that the 52-kDa protein constituted the bulk of the recovered material. This protein was stained with either Coomassie brilliant blue or silver nitrate; it reacted with a large variety of mammalian IgG, human IgG (Fc) fragments, human IgA, and other human plasma proteins. The 52-kDa protein exhibited lower IgG-binding affinities than protein A and protein G. However, it was able to compete with protein A and protein G for binding to human IgG. In addition, it bound chicken IgG with high affinity. This last property differentiated the 52-kDa protein of S. suis from the six IgG-binding proteins described to date. The 52-kDa protein displayed similar affinities for untreated and deglycosylated pig IgG. The N-terminal amino acid sequence (SIITDVYAXEVLDSXGNPTLEV) revealed no homology with any bacterial proteins in the Swiss-Prot database. Its isoelectric point of approximately 4.6 and its amino acid composition, rich in aspartic and glutamic acids, showed that it had some similarities with other IgG-binding proteins. In this report, we have purified and characterized a 52-kDa IgG-binding protein from S. suis capsular type 2. Although this protein shares some similarities with other IgG- and/or IgA-binding proteins, it is unique in reacting with chicken IgG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Serhir
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Platt MW, Scaletti J, Correa N. The effects of growth in human serum on an acapsular group B Streptococcus mutant. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1994; 9:245-51. [PMID: 7812272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1994.tb00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A Group B Streptococcus Type III (GBS) mutant which, when grown in Todd Hewitt broth (THB), does not produce any detectable capsule, produced a clearly visible polysaccharide capsule when grown in human serum. We isolated cytoplasmic membranes from GBS and separated the component membrane proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A significant change in membrane composition was found during growth in human serum. Several unique proteins were produced on serum growth and there was both up- and down-regulation of other proteins. We measured the intracellular levels of sialic acid for a variety of GBS serotype III isolates. Interestingly, while there was little difference between the intracellular sialic levels of most isolates, the sialic acid level of COH31-15 grown in THB was over 100% higher than that of any other isolate. When grown in serum this pool was reduced to a level similar to that in other strains. The concentration of bacterial cell sialic acid was directly correlated with the sialic acid content of the serum. Exogenous sialic acid content, in concert with other serum factors, plays a role in determining the capsular size in GBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Platt
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131
| | | | | |
Collapse
|