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Jafari Z, Sadeghi S, Dehaghi MM, Bigham A, Honarmand S, Tavasoli A, Hoseini MHM, Varma RS. Immunomodulatory activities and biomedical applications of melittin and its recent advances. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300569. [PMID: 38251938 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Melittin (MLT), a peptide containing 26 amino acids, is a key constituent of bee venom. It comprises ∼40%-60% of the venom's dry weight and is the main pricing index for bee venom, being the causative factor of pain. The unique properties of MLT extracted from bee venom have made it a very valuable active ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry as this cationic and amphipathic peptide has propitious effects on human health in diverse biological processes. It has the ability to strongly impact the membranes of cells and display hemolytic activity with anticancer characteristics. However, the clinical application of MLT has been limited by its severe hemolytic activity, which poses a challenge for therapeutic use. By employing more efficient mechanisms, such as modifying the MLT sequence, genetic engineering, and nano-delivery systems, it is anticipated that the limitations posed by MLT can be overcome, thereby enabling its wider application in therapeutic contexts. This review has outlined recent advancements in MLT's nano-delivery systems and genetically engineered cells expressing MLT and provided an overview of where the MLTMLT's platforms are and where they will go in the future with the challenges ahead. The focus is on exploring how these approaches can overcome the limitations associated with MLT's hemolytic activity and improve its selectivity and efficacy in targeting cancer cells. These advancements hold promise for the creation of innovative and enhanced therapeutic approaches based on MLT for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jafari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mirzarazi Dehaghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Bigham
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Shokouh Honarmand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Tavasoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mostafa Haji Molla Hoseini
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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Calderón-Pardo DE, Serafini MR, Alves IA, Aragón DM. New Molecules of Importance in the Prevention and Treatment of Acne: A Systematic Patent Review (2016-2020). Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:3182-3197. [PMID: 37592768 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230817155906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne is a highly prevalent disease that mainly affects the pilosebaceous units associated with sebaceous glands, causing inflammatory skin lesions and affecting the self-esteem, mental health, and quality of life of those who suffer from this disease. Different treatments exist today to prevent, reduce, and improve symptoms; however, over the years, there have been problems with bacterial resistance and slight effectiveness with prolonged use. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is based on the review of patents of new products of principal topical administration for the treatment of acne in recent years 2016-2020, to evaluate and analyze novel synthetic molecules and semi-synthetics with potential therapeutic and preventive in the acne treatment. METHODS A systematic review of patents was conducted through the official database of the European Patent Office - Espacenet, where the search focused on the keywords: "acne and bacteria" in the title or abstract. Only patents granted between the years 2016-2020 were included, with products having molecules with a synthetic and semi-synthetic origin, without considering natural, biological products or those used as diagnostic means. RESULTS A total of 19 patents were selected, most with principally antimicrobial and antiinflammatory action, where the reduction in the appearance of resistance by C. acnes is verified, and its action is complemented by inhibiting the different pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to the worsening of the disease. CONCLUSION Novel approaches in the treatment and prevention of acne, mainly topically, are focused on the reduction of bacterial resistance and irritation compared to current treatments. The use of combined formulations provides better results with additional benefits, improving treatment times and patient adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mairim Russo Serafini
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Diana Marcela Aragón
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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Lim C, Lee S, Shin Y, Cho S, Park C, Shin Y, Song EC, Kim WK, Ham C, Kim SB, Kwon YS, Oh KT. Development and application of novel peptide-formulated nanoparticles for treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:10131-10146. [PMID: 37830254 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01202f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by skin inflammation, itching, and redness. Although various treatments can alleviate symptoms, they often come with side effects, highlighting the need for new treatments. Here, we discovered a new peptide-based therapy using the intra-dermal delivery technology (IDDT) platform developed by Remedi Co., Ltd (REMEDI). The platform screens and identifies peptides derived from proteins in the human body that possess cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) properties. We screened over 1000-peptides and identified several derived from the Speckled protein (SP) family that have excellent CPP properties and have anti-inflammatory effects. We assessed these peptides for their potential as a treatment for atopic dermatitis. Among them, the RMSP1 peptide showed the most potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways while possessing CPP properties. To further improve efficacy and stability, we developed a palmitoylated version called Pal-RMSP1. Formulation studies using liposomes (Pal-RMSP1 LP) and micelles (Pal-RMSP1 DP) demonstrated improved anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and enhanced therapeutic effects in vivo. Our study indicates that nano-formulated Pal-RMSP1 could have the potential to become a new treatment option for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaemin Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488 Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuseon Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Cho
- Remedi Co., Ltd. Research Center, Songdo 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Remedi Co., Ltd. Research Center, Songdo 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Yungyeong Shin
- Remedi Co., Ltd. Research Center, Songdo 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Ee Chan Song
- Remedi Co., Ltd. Research Center, Songdo 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Ki Kim
- Remedi Co., Ltd. Research Center, Songdo 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Ham
- Rare Isotope Science Project, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34000, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Su Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kyung Taek Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Wang X, Chen X, Wang ZJ, Zhuang M, Zhong L, Fu C, Garcia R, Müller R, Zhang Y, Yan J, Wu D, Huo L. Discovery and Characterization of a Myxobacterial Lanthipeptide with Unique Biosynthetic Features and Anti-inflammatory Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37466996 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of myxobacteria harbor a variety of biosynthetic gene clusters encoding numerous secondary metabolites, including ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) with diverse chemical structures and biological activities. However, the biosynthetic potential of RiPPs from myxobacteria remains barely explored. Herein, we report a novel myxobacteria lanthipeptide myxococin identified from Myxococcus fulvus. Myxococins represent the first example of lanthipeptides, of which the characteristic multiple thioether rings are installed by employing a Class II lanthipeptide synthetase MfuM and a Class I lanthipeptide cyclase MfuC in a cascaded way. Unprecedentedly, we biochemically characterized the first M61 family aminopeptidase MfuP involved in RiPP biosynthesis, demonstrating that MfuP showed the activity of an endopeptidase activity. MfuP is leader-independent but strictly selective for the multibridge structure of myxococin A and responsible for unwrapping two rings via amide bond hydrolysis, yielding myxococin B. Furthermore, the X-ray crystal structure of MfuP and structural analysis, including active-site mutations, are reported. Finally, myxococins are evaluated to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages without detectable cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Zong-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Mengwei Zhuang
- Department of Diagnostics, Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Chin
| | - Chengzhang Fu
- Helmholtz International Laboratory, Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ronald Garcia
- Helmholtz International Laboratory, Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz International Laboratory, Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Youming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Diagnostics, Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Dalei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Liujie Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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Savitri D, Djawad K, Hatta M, Wahyuni S, Bukhari A. Active compounds in kepok banana peel as anti-inflammatory in acne vulgaris: Review article. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 84:104868. [PMID: 36582904 PMCID: PMC9793233 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting the pilosebaceous units characterized by recurrent comedones, erythematous papules and pustules. The disease is benign however may produce scarring, erythema, and hyperpigmentation resulting in physical and psychological problems. Conventional therapy may reduce the symptoms of AV nevertheless, has a possibility of resistance, unwanted side effects, and has high cost. Thus, utilizing natural remedies may be a useful. Methods The data in this study were collect by search the keyword combinations of medical subject heading (mesh) of "inhibition", "antimicrobial", "banana peel", "acne vulgaris" and "antiinflammation" and relevant reference lists were manually searched in PubMed, EMBRASE and Scopus database. All relevant articles in data base above were included and narratively discussed in this review article. Objective To discuss the bioactive potential of banana peel as an inflammatory modulator in acne vulgaris. Results Banana peel contains many bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic and non-phenolic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, carotene, and cyanidin) which are pivotal in removing inflammatory products by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS), protecting protease inhibitors from oxidative damage, and preventing fibroblasts degradation. Banana peel also contains anti-inflammatory agents such as trigonelline which inhibits bacterial enzymes and nucleic acid synthesis; isovanillic acid which suppresses TNF-α production; and ferulic acid which inhibits the production of proinflammatory signaling and cytokines. Conclusion Banana peel contains many bioactive compounds which demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties through several processes of the inflammatory pathway. However further research is needed to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwiana Savitri
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Khairuddin Djawad
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Hatta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
- Corresponding author. Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
| | - Sitti Wahyuni
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Agussalim Bukhari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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S100 Proteins as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Psoriasis and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196640. [PMID: 36235175 PMCID: PMC9572071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases affecting about 1-3% of the population. One of the characteristic abnormalities in psoriasis is the excessive production of antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which play an essential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins can be expressed differently in normal and diseased skin, reflecting their usefulness as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, due to their very important functions in innate immunity, members of host defense peptides and proteins are currently considered to be promising new therapeutic targets for many inflammatory diseases. Koebnerisin (S100A15) belongs to an S100 family of antimicrobial proteins, which constitute the multigenetic group of calcium-binding proteins involved in ion-dependent cellular functions and regulation of immune mechanisms. S100A15 was first discovered to be overexpressed in 'koebnerized' psoriatic skin, indicating its involvement in the disease phenotype and the same promising potential as a new therapeutic target. This review describes the involvement of antimicrobial peptides and proteins in inflammatory diseases' development and therapy. The discussion focuses on S100 proteins, especially koebnerisin, which may be involved in the underlying mechanism of the Köebner phenomenon in psoriasis, as well as other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases described in the last decade.
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Wu J, Guo R, Chai J, Xiong W, Tian M, Lu W, Xu X. The Protective Effects of Cath-MH With Anti-Propionibacterium Acnes and Anti-Inflammation Functions on Acne Vulgaris. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:788358. [PMID: 34955858 PMCID: PMC8696257 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.788358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a common adolescent skin condition which is mainly caused by Propionibacterium acnes overcolonization and subsequent inflammation. Our previous studies have demonstrated that Cath-MH, an antimicrobial peptide from the skin of the frog Microhyla heymonsivogt, possesses potential antimicrobial, LPS-binding, and anti-septicemic properties. However, its protective effects and potential mechanisms against acne vulgaris are still unclear. In the present study, its anti-P. acnes effects were measured by two-fold broth dilution method, agglutination assay, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy experiments. Its treatment potential for acne vulgaris was further evaluated in mice ear inoculated by P. acnes. In addition, the binding ability between Cath-MH and LTA was measured by the Circular Dichroism and antibacterial assay. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory efficiency of Cath-MH was evaluated in LTA- and LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Cath-MH was found to kill P. acnes with a MIC value of about 1.56 μM by membrane disruption mechanism. It also exhibited agglutination activity against P. acnes. Cath-MH was able to bind LTA as well as LPS, inhibit LTA/LPS-stimulated TLR2/4 expression, and subsequently decreased the inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells. As expected, Cath-MH alleviated the formation of edema and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in acne mouse model with concurrent suppression of P. acnes growth and inflammatory cytokines expression in vivo. The potent P. acnes inhibition activity combined with powerful anti-inflammatory effect of Cath-MH indicates its potential as a novel therapeutic option for acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiena Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyin Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Chai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weichen Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maolin Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wancheng Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Surfactin-oleogel with therapeutic potential for inflammatory acne vulgaris induced by Propionibacterium acnes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:549-562. [PMID: 34939137 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggested that suppression of Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation was a promising strategy to alleviate acne vulgaris. This study evaluated the alleviating effect of surfactin-oleogel on P. acnes-induced inflammatory acne vulgaris in mice. Epidermis morphology and histopathological examination showed that surfactin-oleogel effectively ameliorated the P. acnes-induced epidermis swelling and erythema. Surfactin-oleogel reduced the epidermis thickness to 48.52% compared to the model control group. The colony of P. acnes in the epidermis was decreased by 1 log CFU/mL after receiving surfactin-oleogel treatment. Furthermore, surfactin-oleogel attenuated oxidative stress in the epidermis by increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. In addition, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase-2, pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β), and nuclear factor kappa-B in the epidermis were reduced after treating with surfactin-oleogel. Moreover, total cholesterol and free fatty acids were decreased, whereas the treatment of surfactin-oleogel increased triglycerides and linoleic acid content. Besides, immunohistochemical assay and real-time PCR analysis indicated that surfactin-oleogel blocked the TLR2-mediated NF-κB signalling pathways in the epidermis. Consequently, our results demonstrated that surfactin-oleogel had antibacterial and anti-inflammation activities to treat P. acnes-induced inflammatory acne vulgaris.Key points• Surfactin-oleogel effectively relieves inflammation and oxidative stress caused by P. acnes.• Surfactin-oleogel effectively reduced the P. acnes colony.• Surfactin-oleogel relieves P. acnes-induced inflammation by inactivated the TLR-mediated NF-κB.
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Golonka I, Greber KE, Oleksy-Wawrzyniak M, Paleczny J, Dryś A, Junka A, Sawicki W, Musiał W. Antimicrobial and Antioxidative Activity of Newly Synthesized Peptides Absorbed into Bacterial Cellulose Carrier against Acne vulgaris. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147466. [PMID: 34299085 PMCID: PMC8306634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing search for effective treatment of Acne vulgaris is concentrated, i.a., on natural peptides with antimicrobial properties. The aim of this work was the development of new amino acid derivatives with potential activity on dermal infections against selected microorganisms, including the facultative anaerobe C. acne. The peptides P1–P6 were synthesized via Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis using Rink amide AM resin, analyzed by RP-HPLC-MS, FTIR, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and evaluated against C. acne and S. aureus, both deposited and non-deposited in BC. Peptides P1–P6 presented a lack of cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, or antioxidative properties correlated with selected structural properties. P2 and P4–P6 sorption in BC resulted in variable data, i.a., confirming the prospective topical application of these peptides in a BC carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Golonka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Katarzyna E. Greber
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.E.G.); (W.S.)
| | - Monika Oleksy-Wawrzyniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.O.-W.); (J.P.); (A.J.)
| | - Justyna Paleczny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.O.-W.); (J.P.); (A.J.)
| | - Andrzej Dryś
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Adam Junka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.O.-W.); (J.P.); (A.J.)
| | - Wiesław Sawicki
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.E.G.); (W.S.)
| | - Witold Musiał
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.G.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-717-840-231
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Jayathilaka EHTT, Rajapaksha DC, Nikapitiya C, De Zoysa M, Whang I. Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Peptide Octominin for Controlling Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105353. [PMID: 34069596 PMCID: PMC8161146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a serious nosocomial pathogen with multiple drug resistance (MDR), the control of which has become challenging due to the currently used antibiotics. Our main objective in this study is to determine the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the antimicrobial peptide, Octominin, against MDR A. baumannii and derive its possible modes of actions. Octominin showed significant bactericidal effects at a low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 5 and 10 µg/mL, respectively. Time-kill kinetic analysis and bacterial viability tests revealed that Octominin showed a concentration-dependent antibacterial activity. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis revealed that Octominin treatment altered the morphology and membrane structure of A. baumannii. Propidium iodide (PI) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation assays showed that Octominin increased the membrane permeability and ROS generation in A. baumannii, thereby causing bacterial cell death. Further, a lipopolysaccharides (LPS) binding assay showed an Octominin concentration-dependent LPS neutralization ability. Biofilm formation inhibition and eradication assays further revealed that Octominin inhibited biofilm formation and showed a high biofilm eradication activity against A. baumannii. Furthermore, up to a concentration of 100 µg/mL, Octominin caused no hemolysis and cell viability changes in mammalian cells. An in vivo study in zebrafish showed that the Octominin-treated group had a significantly higher relative percentage survival (54.1%) than the untreated group (16.6%). Additionally, a reduced bacterial load and fewer alterations in histological analysis confirmed the successful control of A. baumannii by Octominin in vivo. Collectively, these data suggest that Octominin exhibits significant antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against the multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, and this AMP can be developed further as a potent AMP for the control of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. H. T. Thulshan Jayathilaka
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (E.H.T.T.J.); (D.C.R.); (C.N.)
| | - Dinusha C. Rajapaksha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (E.H.T.T.J.); (D.C.R.); (C.N.)
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (E.H.T.T.J.); (D.C.R.); (C.N.)
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (E.H.T.T.J.); (D.C.R.); (C.N.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.Z.); (I.W.)
| | - Ilson Whang
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), 75, Jangsan-ro 101 beon-gil, Janghang-eup, Seochun-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.D.Z.); (I.W.)
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11
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Jenab A, Roghanian R, Emtiazi G. Bacterial Natural Compounds with Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties (Mini Review). Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:3787-3801. [PMID: 32982183 PMCID: PMC7509312 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s261283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is part of the body's complex biological response to harmful stimuli such as damaged cells, pathogens, or irritants. It is a protective response involving blood cells, immune cells, and molecular mediators. The inflammation not only can eliminate the primary cause of cell injury but also clears out necrotic cells, tissue damaged from the original insults and inflammatory process. Furthermore, it can initiate tissue repair. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced predominantly by activated macrophages and are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory reactions. They are involved in further regulating inflammatory reactions. There is ample evidence that some pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), are involved in the pathological pain process. Some of the natural compounds promote cytokines production and inhibit inflammatory responses. The natural compounds which are produced from microorganisms such as omega-3 fatty acid, cyclic peptide, antimicrobial peptide, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides can reduce inflammation and could be easily incorporated into the diet without any adverse effects. For example, SCFA (short-chain fatty acids), peptide bacteriocin, and polycyclic peptide bacteriocin (nisin) could be used in the treatment of atherosclerosis, orthopedic postoperative infections, and mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, respectively. Also, fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) can be introduced as anti-inflammatory drugs. This review article summarizes bacterial natural compounds with modulating effects on cytokines that are surveyed which may have potential anti-inflammatory drug-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Jenab
- Biological Science and Technology, Department of Cellular and Microbiology, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Roghanian
- Biological Science and Technology, Department of Cellular and Microbiology, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Giti Emtiazi
- Biological Science and Technology, Department of Cellular and Microbiology, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib, Isfahan, Iran
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12
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Bharti S, Vadlamudi HC. A strategic review on the involvement of receptors, transcription factors and hormones in acne pathogenesis. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:105-116. [PMID: 32787477 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1805626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a very common pilosebaceous inflammatory disease occurring primarily on the face and also rare on the upper arms, trunk, and back, which is caused by Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and other species. Pathophysiology of acne comprises of irregular keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, increased sebum output, bacterial antigens and cytokines induced inflammatory response. Treatment of acne requires proper knowledge on the pathophysiology then only the clinician can come out with a proper therapeutic dosage regimen. Understanding the pathophysiology not only includes the mechanism but also involvement of receptors. Thus, this review is framed in such a way that the authors have focused on the disease acne vulgaris, pathophysiology, transcription factors viz. the Forkhead Box O1 (FoxO1) Transcription Factor, hormones like androgens and receptors such as Histamine receptors, Retinoic receptor, Fibroblast growth factor receptors, Toll like receptor, Androgen receptor, Liver X-receptor, Melanocortin receptor, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and epidermal growth factor receptors involvement in the progression of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Bharti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India
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13
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Ye T, Wu J, Xu Z, Chai J, Zeng Q, Zeng B, Gao Y, Guo R, Chen X, Xu X. Esc-1GN shows therapeutic potentials for acne vulgaris and inflammatory pain. J Pept Sci 2020; 26:e3269. [PMID: 32558003 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory response plays important roles in acne vulgaris and pain pathogenesis. In previous study, Esc-1GN with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and lipopolysacchride (LPS) binding activity was identified from the skin of the frog Hylarana guentheri. Here, we report its therapeutic potentials for acne vulgaris and inflammatory pain. Esc-1GN destroyed the cell membrane of Propionibacteria acnes in the membrane permeability assays. In addition, bacterial agglutination test suggested that Esc-1GN triggered the agglutination of P. acnes, which was affected by LPS and Ca2+ . Meanwhile, in vivo anti-P. acnes and anti-inflammatory effects of Esc-1GN were confirmed by reducing the counts of P. acnes in mice ear, relieving P. acnes-induced mice ear swelling, decreasing mRNA expression and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and attenuating the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Moreover, Esc-1GN also displayed antinociceptive effect in mice induced by acetic acid and formalin. Therefore, Esc-1GN is a promising candidate drug for treatment of acne vulgaris and inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiaofei Ye
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jiena Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zhengnan Xu
- Guangzhou Zhixin High School, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jinwei Chai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qingye Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Baishuang Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yahua Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Ruiyin Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Xueqing Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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14
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Kim CH, Kim EJ, Nam YK. Subfunctionalization and evolution of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) isoform genes in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii), a primitive chondrostean fish species. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:161-173. [PMID: 31319209 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) isoforms were characterized in a primitive chondrostean sturgeon species, Acipenser baerii (Acipenseriformes). A. baerii LEAP2 isoforms represented essentially common structures shared by their vertebrate orthologs at both genomic (i.e., tripartite organization) and peptide (two conserved disulfide bonds) levels. A. baerii LEAP2 isoforms (designed LEAP2AB and LEAP2C, respectively) phylogenetically occupy the most basal position in the actinopterygian lineage and represent an intermediate character between teleostean and tetrapodian LEAP2s in the sequence alignment. Molecular phylogenetic analysis including LEAP2s from extant primitive fish species indicated that the evolutionary origin of ancestral LEAP2 in vertebrate groups should date back to earlier than the actinopterygian-sarcopterygian split. Gene expression assays under both basal and stimulated conditions suggested that A. baerii LEAP2 isoforms have undergone substantial subfunctionalization in tissue distribution pattern, developmental/ontogenetic expression, and immune responses. LEAP2AB showed a predominant liver expression, while LEAP2C exhibited the highest level of expression in the intestine. LEAP2C was a more dominantly expressed isoform during embryonic development and prelarval ontogeny. The LEAP2AB isoform is more closely associated with innate immune response to microbial invasion, compared with LEAP2C, as evidenced by results from LPS, poly(I:C) and Aeromonas hydrophila challenges. Synthetic mature peptides of LEAP2AB displayed a more potent antimicrobial activity than did LEAP2C. Data from this study could be useful not only to provide deeper insights into the evolutionary mechanism of LEAP2 in the actinopterygian lineage but also to better understand the innate immunity of this commercially important chondrostean species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Hee Kim
- Department of Marine Bio-Materials & Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Kim
- Department of Marine Bio-Materials & Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Yoon Kwon Nam
- Department of Marine Bio-Materials & Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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15
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Valente Duarte De Sousa IC. New and emerging drugs for the treatment of acne vulgaris in adolescents. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:1009-1024. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1584182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Taute H, Bester MJ, Gaspar ARM. The dual functionality of antimicrobial peptides Os and Os-C in human leukocytes. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3156. [PMID: 30740816 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), Os and Os-C, have been identified as multifunctional peptides with antibacterial, antiendotoxin, and anti-inflammatory properties. For further development of Os and Os-C as therapeutic peptides, it is essential to evaluate these effects in human mononuclear (MN) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. The cytotoxicity and the effects of both peptides on MN and PMN morphology were determined with the Alamar-Blue assay and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The ability of Os and Os-C to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to protect against 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-induced oxidative damage in both cell populations was evaluated using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA). Using fluorescently labeled peptides, the ability of the peptides to cross the cell membranes of MN and PMN was also evaluated. At the minimum bactericidal concentrations of Os and Os-C, neither peptide was cytotoxic. Os caused morphological features of toxicity at 100 μM, entered MN cells, and also protected these cells against oxidative damage. Os-C caused MN and PMN leukocyte activation associated with ROS formation and was unable to penetrate cell membranes, indicating extracellular membrane interactions. This study confirms that both Os and Os-C at less than 100 μM are not cytotoxic. The MN-specific uptake of Os identifies it as a cell-specific cargo-carrier peptide, with additional anti-inflammatory properties. In contrast, the ability of Os-C to activate MN and PMN cells implies that this peptide should be further evaluated as an AMP, which, in addition to its ability to eradicate infection, can further enhance host immunity. These novel characteristics of Os and Os-C indicate that these AMPs as peptides can be further developed for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Taute
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Megan J Bester
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anabella R M Gaspar
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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17
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Alencar-Silva T, Braga MC, Santana GOS, Saldanha-Araujo F, Pogue R, Dias SC, Franco OL, Carvalho JL. Breaking the frontiers of cosmetology with antimicrobial peptides. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2019-2031. [PMID: 30118811 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are mostly endogenous, cationic, amphipathic polypeptides, produced by many natural sources. Recently, many biological functions beyond antimicrobial activity have been attributed to AMPs, and some of these have attracted the attention of the cosmetics industry. AMPs have revealed antioxidant, self-renewal and pro-collagen effects, which are desirable in anti-aging cosmetics. Additionally, AMPs may also be customized to act on specific cellular targets. Here, we review the recent literature that highlights the many possibilities presented by AMPs, focusing on the relevance and impact that this potentially novel class of active cosmetic ingredients might have in the near future, creating new market outlooks for the cosmetic industry with these molecules as a viable alternative to conventional cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuany Alencar-Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Mariana Carolina Braga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Oliveira Silva Santana
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saldanha-Araujo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Robert Pogue
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Simoni Campos Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília/DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lott Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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18
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Li J, Koh JJ, Liu S, Lakshminarayanan R, Verma CS, Beuerman RW. Membrane Active Antimicrobial Peptides: Translating Mechanistic Insights to Design. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:73. [PMID: 28261050 PMCID: PMC5306396 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising next generation antibiotics that hold great potential for combating bacterial resistance. AMPs can be both bacteriostatic and bactericidal, induce rapid killing and display a lower propensity to develop resistance than do conventional antibiotics. Despite significant progress in the past 30 years, no peptide antibiotic has reached the clinic yet. Poor understanding of the action mechanisms and lack of rational design principles have been the two major obstacles that have slowed progress. Technological developments are now enabling multidisciplinary approaches including molecular dynamics simulations combined with biophysics and microbiology toward providing valuable insights into the interactions of AMPs with membranes at atomic level. This has led to increasingly robust models of the mechanisms of action of AMPs and has begun to contribute meaningfully toward the discovery of new AMPs. This review discusses the detailed action mechanisms that have been put forward, with detailed atomistic insights into how the AMPs interact with bacterial membranes. The review further discusses how this knowledge is exploited toward developing design principles for novel AMPs. Finally, the current status, associated challenges, and future directions for the development of AMP therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Ocular Chemistry and Anti-Infectives, Singapore Eye Research InstituteSingapore, Singapore
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Bioinformatics InstituteSingapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, SRP Neuroscience and BDSingapore, Singapore
| | - Jun-Jie Koh
- Ocular Chemistry and Anti-Infectives, Singapore Eye Research InstituteSingapore, Singapore
| | - Shouping Liu
- Ocular Chemistry and Anti-Infectives, Singapore Eye Research InstituteSingapore, Singapore
| | | | - Chandra S. Verma
- Ocular Chemistry and Anti-Infectives, Singapore Eye Research InstituteSingapore, Singapore
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Bioinformatics InstituteSingapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore, Singapore
| | - Roger W. Beuerman
- Ocular Chemistry and Anti-Infectives, Singapore Eye Research InstituteSingapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, SRP Neuroscience and BDSingapore, Singapore
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19
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Ryu S, Han HM, Song PI, Armstrong CA, Park Y. Suppression of Propionibacterium acnes Infection and the Associated Inflammatory Response by the Antimicrobial Peptide P5 in Mice. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26197393 PMCID: PMC4510379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cutaneous inflammation associated with acne vulgaris is caused by the anaerobic bacterium Propionibacterium acnes through activation of the innate immune system in the skin. Current standard treatments for acne have limitations that include adverse effects and poor efficacy in many patients, making development of a more effective therapy highly desirable. In the present study, we demonstrate the protective effects of a novel customized α-helical cationic peptide, P5, against P. acnes-induced inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Application of P5 significantly reduced expression of two inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α in P. acnes-treated primary human keratinocytes, where P5 appeared to act in part by binding to bacterial lipoteichoic acid, thereby suppressing TLR2-to-NF-κB signaling. In addition, in a mouse model of acne vulgaris, P5 exerted both anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects against P. acnes, but exerted no cytotoxic effects against skin cells. These results demonstrate that P5, and perhaps other cationic antimicrobial peptides, offer the unique ability to reduce numbers P. acnes cells in the skin and to inhibit the inflammation they trigger. This suggests these peptides could potentially be used to effectively treat acne without adversely affecting the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhyo Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyo Mi Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Peter I. Song
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Armstrong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YP); (CA)
| | - Yoonkyung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
- * E-mail: (YP); (CA)
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20
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Otvos L, Ostorhazi E. Therapeutic utility of antibacterial peptides in wound healing. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:871-81. [PMID: 25835521 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1033402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides were first thought to fight infection in animal models by disintegrating bacterial peptides and later by inhibiting bacteria-specific intracellular processes. However, ever increasing evidences indicate that cationic peptides accumulate around and modulate the immune system both systemically and in cutaneous and mucosal surfaces where injuries and infections occur. Native and designer antibacterial peptides as well as cationic peptides, never considered as antibiotics, promote wound healing at every step of cutaneous tissue regeneration. This article provides an introductory list of examples of how cationic peptides are involved in immunostimulation and epithelial tissue repair, eliminating wound infections and promoting wound healing in potential therapeutic utility in sight. Although a few antimicrobial peptides reached the Phase II clinical trial stage, toxicity concerns limit the potential administration routes. Resistance induction to both microbiology actions and the integrity of the innate immune system has to be carefully monitored.
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21
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Lim HS, Chun SM, Soung MG, Kim J, Kim SJ. Antimicrobial efficacy of granulysin-derived synthetic peptides in acne vulgaris. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:853-62. [PMID: 25601314 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial peptides are considered as a potential alternative to antibiotic treatment in acne vulgaris because the development of a resistant strain of Propionibacterium acnes is problematic. Granulysin can be regarded as an ideal substance with which to treat acne because it has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. OBJECTIVES This study was performed to explore the effectiveness of granulysin-derived peptides (GDPs) in killing P. acnes in vitro under a standard microbiologic assay and to evaluate their potential use in a topical agent for the treatment of acne vulgaris. METHODS Twenty different peptides based on the known sequence of a GDP were synthesized and tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity. Thirty patients with facial acne vulgaris were instructed to apply a topical formulation containing synthetic GDP to acne lesions twice per day for 12 weeks. RESULTS A newly synthesized peptide in which aspartic acid was substituted with arginine, and methionine was substituted with cysteine, showed the highest antimicrobial activity against P. acnes. Moreover, it was effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro. After treatment with the topical formulation containing 50 ppm of synthetic peptide for 12 weeks, a significant reduction in the number of pustules was observed, regardless of the increase in the number of comedones. In addition, a significant reduction in the clinical grade of acne based on the Korean Acne Grading System (KAGS) was evident. CONCLUSIONS Synthesized GDP shows strong antimicrobial activity against P. acnes in vitro. The clinical improvement observed suggests a topical formulation containing the GDP has therapeutic potential for the improvement of inflammatory-type acne vulgaris by its antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sun Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seung-Min Chun
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Min-Gyu Soung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Cellicon Laboratory, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jenny Kim
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Seong-Jin Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
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22
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Harder J, Tsuruta D, Murakami M, Kurokawa I. What is the role of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) in acne vulgaris? Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:386-91. [PMID: 23711061 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is the most common disorder of the pilosebaceous unit leading to inflamed skin characterized by the formation of comedones, papules, pustules and scarring. There is increasing evidence that the abundance of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) in the inflamed acne lesions triggers inflammation. Therefore, in addition to treatment with retinoids, the use of antimicrobial agents has been established as a treatment option for acne. This indicates that antimicrobial mechanisms to control the growth of P. acnes may have an important influence on the severity of inflammatory acne. One import antimicrobial innate defense system comprises the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMP), small molecules with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity as well as immunomodulatory properties. Although the role of AMP in acne is still emerging, there is increasing evidence that AMP may be of importance in acne. The aim of this viewpoint is to provide some hypotheses about the potential function of AMP in the pathogenesis of acne and to discuss potential AMP-based therapies for the treatment of acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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23
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Lee WJ, Park KH, Sohn MY, Lee WC, Lee SJ, Kim DW. Ultraviolet B irradiation increases the expression of inflammatory cytokines in cultured sebocytes. J Dermatol 2013; 40:993-7. [PMID: 24304049 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous gland hyperplasia and increased sebum secretion after irradiation of ultraviolet (UV)-B has been widely accepted. This study was performed to clarify expression of inflammatory cytokines after irradiating UV-B in cultured sebocytes. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to measure gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α, in cultured sebocytes after exposure to 40 and 70 mJ/cm(2) UV-B. Protein expression of inflammatory cytokines and lipid production in cultured sebocytes after exposure to UV-B were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay and lipid analysis kit. The expression of inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1β and IL-8, was significantly increased in cultured sebocytes after treatment with UV-B. Many more studies on the effect of UV-B on sebaceous glands should be performed to reveal the pathogenic mechanism of acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weon Ju Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Ostorhazi E, Voros E, Nemes-Nikodem E, Pinter D, Sillo P, Mayer B, Wade JD, Otvos L. Rapid systemic and local treatments with the antibacterial peptide dimer A3-APO and its monomeric metabolite eliminate bacteria and reduce inflammation in intradermal lesions infected with Propionibacterium acnes and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 42:537-43. [PMID: 24074727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
When administered intramuscularly, the designer antibacterial peptide dimer A3-APO is highly efficacious in mouse models of Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus burn infections. Here we compared the efficacy of A3-APO and its monomeric metabolite in mouse models of S. aureus and Propionibacterium acnes intradermal infections following administration as intramuscular (i.m.) or topical treatments. In the animal models, either (i) the ears of CD-1 mice were infected with P. acnes or (ii) S. aureus was injected into burn wounds inflicted to the back. A3-APO or the monomer were injected intramuscularly at 5 mg/kg one to three times or were applied three times as 1% local treatment in phosphate-buffered saline or Vaseline(®). Despite being inactive against the strains in vitro, in vivo the skin conditions of the mice were dramatically improved upon peptide treatment regardless of dosing frequency, administration mode or drug valency. In the P. acnes study, A3-APO statistically significantly reduced ear thickness and ear bacterial counts. The amount of ear connective tissue and epithelial macrophages correlated with therapeutic success. Bacterial load in the lesions was more representative of physical improvement than ear dimensions. In the S. aureus model, both peptides eliminated wound bacteria from >10(7) CFU/mg to almost background levels, with monomer treatment being somewhat more successful. In conclusion, A3-APO and its monomeric metabolite very efficiently ameliorate resistant aerobic and anaerobic intradermal infections, but the protection is apparently not due to direct bacterial killing. Immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory actions are likely involved. Nevertheless, topical and i.m. administrations are equally effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Ostorhazi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, Claudel JP, Leccia MT, Del Giudice P, Dreno B. Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:271-8. [PMID: 23905540 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been made in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acne and the role of Propionibacterium acnes. With this review, the authors aim to provide an update on the current understanding of the role of P. acnes in the development of acne lesions and analysing the potential implications for future treatments. A total of 188 articles published between January 1980 and March 2013 were searched using key words such as acne, P. acnes, microbiology, Corynebacterium acnes, acne vulgaris, pathogenesis, antibiotic, vaccination and a combination of those key words. From those articles, 77 were analysed in depth. Recent data confirm that P. acnes has a strong proinflammatory activity and targets molecules involved in the innate cutaneous immunity, keratinocytes and sebaceous glands of the pilosebaceous follicle and leads to the development of comedones. Furthermore, the profile of its different strains may differ between healthy subjects and acne patients. The better understanding of the role of P. acnes may allow for new perspectives in the treatment of acne. Novel therapies should target molecules implicated in the activation of innate immunity, including toll-like receptors, protease-activated receptors and topical antimicrobial peptides; the latter may be an alternative to topical antibiotics and thus a solution for limiting bacterial resistance induced by topical macrolides. Vaccines may also be promising. However, the most appropriate candidate remains to be selected.
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Lee WJ, Choi YH, Sohn MY, Lee SJ, Kim DW. Expression of Inflammatory Biomarkers from Cultured Sebocytes was Influenced by Treatment with Vitamin D. Indian J Dermatol 2013; 58:327. [PMID: 23919024 PMCID: PMC3726901 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.113959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory cytokines are the key factor in the pathophysiology of acne. It is well known that keratinocytes synthesize many kinds of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, it is reported that inflammatory cytokines are also expressed from sebocytes, which originate from the same stem cells with keratinocytes. AIM To clarify changes in the expression of inflammatory biomarkers from cultured sebocytes after treatment with vitamin D. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was done to measure changes in the expression of inflammatory biomarkers, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and several subtypes of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after treatment of a group of cultured sebocytes with vitamin D. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) small interfering RNA (siRNA) was added in the other group of cultured sebocytes to assure the role of vitamin D on the expression of inflammatory biomarkers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was also performed in the vitamin D-treated sebocytes. RESULTS Cultured sebocytes showed non-significant changes in the gene expression of inflammatory biomarkers after treatment with vitamin D. In cultured sebocytes treated with a VDR siRNA, the expression of inflammatory biomarkers was not blocked after treatment with vitamin D. ELISA showed a significant decrease in the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-9, but a significant increase in the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, after treatment with vitamin D (10(-6) M). CONCLUSION Expression of inflammatory biomarkers is influenced by treatment with vitamin D in cultured sebocytes, but not through VDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weon Ju Lee
- From the Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hyuk Choi
- From the Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Yeung Sohn
- From the Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jong Lee
- From the Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Won Kim
- From the Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Méndez-Samperio P. Recent advances in the field of antimicrobial peptides in inflammatory diseases. Adv Biomed Res 2013; 2:50. [PMID: 24516850 PMCID: PMC3905337 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.114192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are cationic molecules, which participate in multiple aspects of the immune response including the control of inflammatory diseases, characteristic that make these molecules attractive as therapeutic tools. These peptides are produced in bacteria, insects, plants and vertebrates, and are classified together due to their capacity to directly inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and to regulate the immune response by inducing the secretion of chemokines and cytokines. Various families of antimicrobial peptides have been identified including the cathelicidins and defensins, the most investigated human antimicrobial peptides. This review will cover the main biological functions of antimicrobial and cell-penetrating peptides in inflammation, and describe the importance and utility of antimicrobial peptides as therapeutics for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Méndez-Samperio
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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Kim SJ, Kim JS, Lee YS, Sim DW, Lee SH, Bahk YY, Lee KH, Kim EH, Park SJ, Lee BJ, Won HS. Structural characterization of de novo designed L5K5W model peptide isomers with potent antimicrobial and varied hemolytic activities. Molecules 2013; 18:859-76. [PMID: 23344198 PMCID: PMC6270530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18010859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to develop short antimicrobial peptides with simple amino acid compositions, we generated a series of undecapeptide isomers having the L5K5W formula. Amino acid sequences were designed to be perfectly amphipathic when folded into a helical conformation by converging leucines onto one side and lysines onto the other side of the helical axis. The single tryptophans, whose positions were varied in the primary structures, were located commonly at the critical amphipathic interface in the helical wheel projection. Helical conformations and the tryptophanyl environments of the 11 L5K5W peptides were confirmed and characterized by circular dichroism, fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All of the isomers exhibited a potent, broad-spectrum of antibacterial activity with just a slight variance in individual potency, whereas their hemolytic activities against human erythrocytes were significantly diversified. Interestingly, helical dispositions and fluorescence blue shifts of the peptides in aqueous trifluoroethanol solutions, rather than in detergent micelles, showed a marked linear correlation with their hemolytic potency. These results demonstrate that our de novo design strategy for amphipathic helical model peptides is effective for developing novel antimicrobial peptides and their hemolytic activities can be estimated in correlation with structural parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Jin Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Yoo-Sup Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Dae-Won Sim
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Young-Yil Bahk
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Korea
| | - Sung-Jean Park
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 534-2 Yeonsu 3-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Korea
| | - Bong-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Won
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-43-840-3589; Fax: +82-43-852-3616
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Korting H, Schöllmann C, Stauss-Grabo M, Schäfer-Korting M. Antimicrobial Peptides and Skin: A Paradigm of Translational Medicine. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25:323-34. [DOI: 10.1159/000341990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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The Potential of Frog Skin Antimicrobial Peptides for Development into Therapeutically Valuable Anti-Infective Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1095.ch003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Popovic S, Urbán E, Lukic M, Conlon JM. Peptides with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities that have therapeutic potential for treatment of acne vulgaris. Peptides 2012; 34:275-82. [PMID: 22374306 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acne vulgaris is multifactorial involving infection of the pilosebaceous unit with Propionibacterium acnes and a cytokine-mediated inflammatory response. Five frog skin-derived antimicrobial peptides ([D4k]ascaphin-8, [G4K]XT-7, [T5k]temporin-DRa, brevinin-2GU, and B2RP-ERa), chosen for their low hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes, were assessed for their effects on the growth of clinical isolates of P. acnes and on the release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells. All peptides inhibited the growth of P. acnes with the highest potency exhibited by [D4k]ascaphin-8 (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC=3-12.5 μM). Release of TNF-α from concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated PBM cells was significantly reduced by [D4k]ascaphin-8, [G4K]XT-7, brevinin-2GU, and B2RP-ERa (1 and 20 μg/ml) and by [T5k]temporin-DRa (20 μg/ml). Release of IFN-γ from unstimulated PBM cells was significantly reduced by [D4k]ascaphin-8 and brevinin-2GU (1 and 20 μg/ml). No peptide showed significant effects on Il-17 release. Release of the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-10 from both unstimulated and ConA-treated PBM cells was significantly increased by [T5k]temporin-DRa and B2RP-ERa (1 and 20μg/ml). The potent activities of [D4k]ascaphin-8 and [T5k]temporin-DRa in inhibiting the growth of P. acnes and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and in stimulating the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines suggest a possible therapeutic role in the treatment of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Popovic
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Chen L, Guang H, Li Z, Yang H, Li J, You D, Yu H, Lai R. Cathelicidin-BF, a snake cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, could be an excellent therapeutic agent for acne vulgaris. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22120. [PMID: 21789223 PMCID: PMC3137605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides acting as multifunctional effector molecules in innate immunity. Cathelicidin-BF has been purified from the snake venoms of Bungarus fasciatus and it is the first identified cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in reptiles. In this study, cathelicidin-BF was found exerting strong antibacterial activities against Propionibacterium acnes. Its minimal inhibitory concentration against two strains of P. acnes was 4.7 µg/ml. Cathelicidin-BF also effectively killed other microorganisms including Staphylococcus epidermidis, which was possible pathogen for acne vulgaris. Cathelicidin-BF significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory factors secretion in human monocytic cells and P. acnes-induced O2.− production of human HaCaT keratinocyte cells. Observed by scanning electron microscopy, the surfaces of the treated pathogens underwent obvious morphological changes compared with the untreated controls, suggesting that this antimicrobial peptide exerts its action by disrupting membranes of microorganisms. The efficacy of cathelicidin-BF gel topical administering was evaluated in experimental mice skin colonization model. In vivo anti-inflammatory effects of cathelicidin-BF were confirmed by relieving P. acnes-induced mice ear swelling and granulomatous inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effects combined with potent antimicrobial activities and O2.− production inhibition activities of cathelicidin-BF indicate its potential as a novel therapeutic option for acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Wang
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiye Zhang
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huijuan Guang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxu Li
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dewen You
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Haining Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail: (HY); (RL)
| | - Ren Lai
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail: (HY); (RL)
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Arora MK, Yadav A, Saini V. Role of hormones in acne vulgaris. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:1035-1040. [PMID: 21763298 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.06.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of endogenous hormones like testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, insulin-like growth factor, insulin and glucocorticoids in a common skin condition acne vulgaris. DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature and abstracted the data for every published cut point. RESULTS We screened more than 1000 studies and found that serum testosterone, progesterone, glucocorticoids, insulin and insulin-like growth factors are increased in patients with acne vulgaris and serum estrogen levels are low in patients. CONCLUSIONS Various endogenous hormones play important role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Thus, in the clinical practice it is important to evaluate serum levels of these hormones and patients must be treated accordingly to avoid serious endocrine disorders at an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kataria Arora
- Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India.
| | - Amita Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Tzellos T, Zampeli V, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC. Treating acne with antibiotic-resistant bacterial colonization. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12:1233-47. [PMID: 21355786 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2011.553192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acne is a chronic skin disorder of the pilosebaceous unit; it has a multifactorial pathogenesis. Propionibacterium acnes within the follicle is considered to be a triggering factor of inflammation in acne. Antibiotics have been the primary treatment against P. acnes for more than 40 years. However, a gradual increase in the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains of P. acnes has been observed. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the pathophysiology of antibiotic-resistant acne development. It focuses on strategies to minimize the development of resistance and, most importantly, confront the development of antibiotic-resistant acne. The literature search was conducted up to August 2010, using the search terms 'acne', 'antibiotic-resistant acne' and 'bacterial resistance'. EXPERT OPINION Antibiotic-resistant acne is a real phenomenon. Strategies to prevent and confront it should include not only the use of certain treatment regimens but also rational prescribing policies, combination therapies, use of antibacterial non-antibiotic agents and treatment options targeting all the pathogenetic components of acne. Benzoyl-peroxide-based treatment is the most evidence-based approach. Oral isotretinoin remains the most efficacious option for severe acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thrasivoulos Tzellos
- Dessau Medical Center, Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Auenweg Dessau, Germany.
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Bettoli V, Sarno O, Zauli S, Borghi A, Minghetti S, Ricci M, Mantovani L, Toni G, Virgili A. What's new in acne? New therapeutic approaches. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(10)70054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Mechanisms mediating bactericidal properties and conditions that enhance the potency of a broad-spectrum oligo-acyl-lysyl. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:688-95. [PMID: 21078924 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00666-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have established the potential of the oligo-acyl-lysyl (OAK) concept in generating simple chemical mimics of host defense peptides (HDPs) with improved antimicrobial properties. We investigated the antibacterial properties of such an OAK, C(16(ω7))-KK-C(12)-K(amide), to obtain a better understanding of the complex mode(s) of action of cationic antibacterial peptides. The average MIC, determined against a multispecies panel of 50 strains, was 6 ± 5 μg/ml. However, although the OAK exerted an essentially dose-dependent bactericidal effect (time-kill curves typically exhibited 99% death within 2 h), marked differences in the killing rates occurred among inter- and intraspecies strains. Mechanistic comparison between equally sensitive and related strains revealed death of one strain to stem from the OAK's capacity to breach the cell membrane permeability barrier, whereas the death of the related strain resulted from the OAK's direct interference with DNA functions in vivo, without detectable membrane damage. These findings therefore support the notion that the antibacterial mechanism of action of a single HDP can vary among inter- and intraspecies strains. In addition, we present data illustrating the differential effects of environmental conditions (pH, ionic strength and temperature), on the OAK's antibacterial properties, and ultimately demonstrate potency enhancement (by orders of magnitude) through selection of optimal incubation conditions. Such attributes might be useful in a variety of antibacterial applications.
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Bettoli V, Sarno O, Zauli S, Borghi A, Minghetti S, Ricci M, Mantovani L, Toni G, Virgili A. Quoi de neuf dans l’acné ? Nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2010; 137 Suppl 2:S81-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(10)70033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Oo TZ, Cole N, Garthwaite L, Willcox MDP, Zhu H. Evaluation of synergistic activity of bovine lactoferricin with antibiotics in corneal infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:1243-51. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Assay systems for measurement of anti-inflammatory activity. Methods Mol Biol 2010. [PMID: 20094874 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-594-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that cationic antimicrobial peptides possess potent microbicidal properties. Recent studies show that in addition to their antimicrobial action, these peptides can exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of this chapter is to describe in vivo ear inflammation models that can be used for evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of antimicrobial peptides. The models are based on different mechanisms of inflammation development and include irritant dermatitis (a model induced by a single application of 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate [TPA]) and allergic dermatitis, or delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (a model induced by repetitive application of oxazolone).
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Yu PL, van der Linden DS, Sugiarto H, Anderson RC. Antimicrobial peptides isolated from the blood of farm animals. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ea07185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial resistance by pathogenic bacteria has fuelled the search for alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Endogenous antimicrobial peptides have the potential to be used as new antimicrobial substances because they have low minimum inhibitory concentration in vitro, have broad-spectrum activity, neutralise lipopolysaccharides, promote wound healing and have synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics. Farm animals, in particular the blood that is a by-product of the meat and poultry industries, are an abundant, and currently underutilised, source of such antimicrobial peptides. These antimicrobial peptides could be isolated and developed into high-value products such as biopreservatives, topical neutraceutical products and pharmaceuticals. There have been some clinical trials of antimicrobial peptides as pharmaceutical products, but up to now, the trials have shown disappointing results. Further research and development is still needed before such peptides can be commercialised and full advantage taken of this waste product of the meat and poultry industries.
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Pan CY, Chen JY, Lin TL, Lin CH. In vitro activities of three synthetic peptides derived from epinecidin-1 and an anti-lipopolysaccharide factor against Propionibacterium acnes, Candida albicans, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Peptides 2009; 30:1058-68. [PMID: 19463737 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic epinecidin-1(22-42) peptide was derived from positions 22-42 of Epinephelus coioides epinecidin-1. The synthetic SALF(55-76) cyclic peptide (csSALF(55-76)) and SALF(55-76) linear peptide (lsSALF(55-76)) contained sequences from positions 55 to 76 of the Penaeus monodon anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF), respectively. We studied the in vitro activities of epinecidin-1(22-42), csSALF(55-76), and lsSALF(55-76) against Propionibacterium acnes, Candida albicans, and Trichomonas vaginalis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of epinecidin-1(22-42) for the test pathogen strains ranged 12.5-200 microg/ml, those of csSALF(55-76) ranged 100-200 microg/ml, and those of lsSALF(55-76) ranged 25-200 microg/ml. epinecidin-1(22-42) exhibited cytotoxicity towards P. acnes, C. albicans, and T. vaginalis (one strain of which was a metronidazole-resistant strain, while the other strain was not), suggesting that epinecidin-1 functions like a lytic peptide. Similar cytotoxicity was identified against T. vaginalis treated with the csSALF(55-76) and lsSALF(55-76) peptides. The antimicrobial activities of these peptides were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a viable cell count assay, and flow cytometric analysis. TEM and SEM examinations of T. vaginalis treated with these three peptides showed that severe swelling preceded cell death and breakage of the outer membrane, and the intracellular inclusion was found to have effluxed extracellularly. This phenomenon was also found with epinecidin-1(22-42) treatment of P. acnes and C. albicans. Our results suggest that the epinecidin-1(22-42), csSALF(55-76), and lsSALF(55-76) peptides may be good candidates for treating trichomoniasis, and epinecidin-1(22-42) may have potential as a drug supporting therapy for acne and candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yu Pan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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Kang BS, Seo JG, Lee GS, Kim JH, Kim SY, Han YW, Kang H, Kim HO, Rhee JH, Chung MJ, Park YM. Antimicrobial activity of enterocins from Enterococcus faecalis SL-5 against Propionibacterium acnes, the causative agent in acne vulgaris, and its therapeutic effect. J Microbiol 2009; 47:101-9. [PMID: 19229497 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A lactic acid bacterial strain was isolated from human fecal specimen and identified as Enterococcus faecalis SL-5. The isolated strain showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive pathogens assayed, especially the highest activity against Propionibacterium acnes. The antimicrobial substance was purified and verified as a bacteriocin (named ESL5) of E. faecalis SL-5 by activity-staining using P. acnes as an indicator. N-terminal sequence of ESL5 was determined (MGAIAKLVAK) and sequence analysis revealed that it is almost identical to the some of enterocins including L50A/B of E. faecium L50 and MR10A/B of E. faecalis MRR 10-3. From the sequencing data of L50A/B structural genes, the nucleotide sequence showed 100% identity with that of the MR10A/B structural genes, implying that ESL5 is an equivalent of enterocin MR10. Meanwhile, we also tested the therapeutic effect of anti-P. acnes activity in patients with mild to moderate acne because of its pathogenic role to acne vulgaris. For this purpose, a concentrated powder of CBT SL-5 was prepared using cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) of E. faecalis SL-5 and included in a lotion for application in the patients. The study showed that CBT SL-5 lotion significantly reduced the inflammatory lesions like pustules compared to the placebo lotion. Therefore our results indicate that the anti-P. acnes activity produced by E. faecalis SL-5 has potential role to the treatment of acne as an alternative to topical antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Seon Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul 137-040, Republic of Korea
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Lai Y, Gallo RL. AMPed up immunity: how antimicrobial peptides have multiple roles in immune defense. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:131-41. [PMID: 19217824 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 840] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are widely expressed and rapidly induced at epithelial surfaces to repel assault from diverse infectious agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Much information suggests that AMPs act by mechanisms that extend beyond their capacity to serve as gene-encoded antibiotics. For example, some AMPs alter the properties of the mammalian membrane or interact with its receptors to influence diverse cellular processes including cytokine release, chemotaxis, antigen presentation, angiogenesis and wound healing. These functions complement their antimicrobial action and favor resolution of infection and repair of damaged epithelia. Opposing this, some microbes have evolved mechanisms to inactivate or avoid AMPs and subsequently become pathogens. Thus, AMPs are multifunctional molecules that have a central role in infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Lai
- Division of Dermatology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Lee WJ, Jung HD, Lee HJ, Kim BS, Lee SJ, Kim DW. Influence of substance-P on cultured sebocytes. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 300:311-6. [PMID: 18427822 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-008-0854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acne is a complex, chronic and common skin disorder of pilosebaceous units. Although it is known that exacerbation of acne results from emotional stress, the nature of the association between stress and acne remains unclear. This is due in part to the lack of substantial evidence regarding the participation of cutaneous neurogenic factors in the pathogenesis of acne. Culture of sebocytes provides a new insight into the participation of neuropeptides, notably substance P (SP), in the pathophysiology of acne. To examine the possible involvement of neurogenic factors in the pathogenesis of acne, we used immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR to compare the expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), peroxisome proliferators activated receptors-gamma (PPAR-gamma) on the cultured sebocytes stimulated by SP. IL-1 is primarily proinflammatory cytokines to stimulate the expression of genes associated with inflammation. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with a wide range of biological activities and regulates inflammation. TNF-alpha is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine that exerts multiple biologic effects. PPAR-gamma is a nuclear hormone receptor and plays a unique role in stimulating sebocyte lipogenesis. More numerous immunoreactivity to IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and PPAR-gamma and increased RNA amplification for IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and PPAR-gamma were observed after addition of SP compared with the control. This study reveals that SP is involved in the pathogenesis of acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weon Ju Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Jung-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Propionibacterium acnes Stimulates Pro-Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Expression through Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:846-54. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Conlon JM, Al-Ghaferi N, Abraham B, Leprince J. Strategies for transformation of naturally-occurring amphibian antimicrobial peptides into therapeutically valuable anti-infective agents. Methods 2007; 42:349-57. [PMID: 17560323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of strains of pathogenic microorganisms with resistance to commonly used antibiotics has necessitated a search for novel types of antimicrobial agents. Many frog species produce amphipathic alpha-helical peptides with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity in the skin but their therapeutic potential is limited by varying degrees of cytolytic activity towards eukaryotic cells. Methods for development of such peptides into anti-infective drugs are illustrated by the example of temporin-1DRa (HFLGTLVNLAK KIL.NH(2)). Studies with model alpha-helical peptides have shown that increase in cationicity promotes antimicrobial activity whereas increases in hydrophobicity, helicity and amphipathicity promote hemolytic activity and loss of selectivity for microorganisms. Analogs of temporin-1DRa in which each amino acid is replaced by L-lysine and D-lysine were synthesized and their cytolytic activities tested against a range of microorganisms and human erythrocytes. Small changes in structure produced marked changes in conformation, as determined by retention time on reversed-phase HPLC, and in biological activity. However, peptides containing the substitutions (Val(7) -->L-Lys), (Thr(5)-->D-Lys) and (Asn(8)-->D-Lys) retained the high solubility and potent, broad spectrum antimicrobial activity of the naturally occurring peptide but were appreciably (up to 10-fold) less hemolytic. In contrast, analogs in which Leu(9) and Ile(13) were replaced by the more hydrophobic cyclohexylglycine residue showed slightly increased antimicrobial potencies (up to 2-fold) but a 4-fold increase in hemolytic activity. The data suggest a strategy of selective increases in cationicity concomitant with decreases in helicity and hydrophobicity in the transformation of naturally-occurring antimicrobial peptides into non-toxic therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Conlon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, 17666 Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Haruta I, Hashimoto E, Shibata N, Kato Y, Kobayashi M, Shiratori K. Lipoteichoic acid may affect the pathogenesis of PBC-like bile duct damage and might be involved in systemic multifocal epithelial inflammations in chronic colitis-harboring TCRalpha-/-xAIM-/- mice. Autoimmunity 2007; 40:372-9. [PMID: 17612899 PMCID: PMC2409170 DOI: 10.1080/08916930701402392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic colitis-harboring TCRα−/− × AIM−/− mice showed PBC-like bile duct damage in the liver. Bacterial infection is one of the candidates for the pathogenesis of PBC. We demonstrated that the bacterial cell wall component lipotheicoic acid (LTA)was detected at sites of inflammation around damaged bile ducts in PBC patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathophysiology of the liver and other organs in TCRα−/− × AIM−/− mice. Methods Thirteen female TCRα−/− × AIM−/− mice were sacrificed at 24 weeks of age. The liver, stomach, small intestine, colon, pancreas, kidney and spleen were studied for pathological examination. Using anti-LTA antibody as the primary antibody,an immunohistochemical study was carried out. Results In the liver, LTA was mainly detected in the portal area with inflammation, and some of the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Inflammations were also observed in the stomach, intestine, pancreas and kidney. Throughout the gastrointestinal tract, from the stomach to the colon, LTA was detected in the epithelium at sites of inflammation. Furthermore, LTA was detected around both pancreatic ducts with inflammation and distal renal tubules with inflammation. Conclusions The development of inflammations in the liver as well as extensive organs, strongly suggests a close relationship between bile duct damage and systemic multifocal epithelial inflammations, perhaps involving bacterial LTA, in TCRα−/− × AIM−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Haruta
- Department of Medicine and Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Dennison SR, Morton LHG, Harris F, Phoenix DA. Antimicrobial properties of a lipid interactive alpha-helical peptide VP1 against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Biophys Chem 2007; 129:279-83. [PMID: 17640795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical analysis indicates that peptide VP1 forms a membrane interactive amphiphilic alpha-helix with antibacterial properties. Fourier transform infra-red based analyses showed VP1 to be alpha-helical (45%) in the presence of vesicle mimics of membranes from Staphylococcus aureus and to induce increases in the fluidity of these vesicles, as indicated by a rise in wavenumber of circa 0.5 to 1.0 cm(-1). The peptide induced surface pressure increases of 5 mN m(-1) in monolayer mimics of S. aureus membranes confirm the formation of a membrane interactive alpha-helix. These interactions appeared to involve significant hydrophobic and electrostatic contributions as VP1 induced comparable surface pressure changes in anionic (5.5 mN m(-1)) and zwitterionic (4 mN m(-1)) lipid monolayers. It is suggested that whilst efficacy requires further sequence specific information, the peptides generic structure provides the basis for its broad antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Dennison
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
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Urbán E, Nagy E, Pál T, Sonnevend A, Conlon JM. Activities of four frog skin-derived antimicrobial peptides (temporin-1DRa, temporin-1Va and the melittin-related peptides AR-23 and RV-23) against anaerobic bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29:317-21. [PMID: 17196372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
The activities of two antimicrobial peptides belonging to the temporin family (temporin-1DRa from Rana draytonii and temporin-1Va from Rana virgatipes) and two peptides with structural similarity to the bee venom peptide melittin (AR-23 from Rana tagoi and RV-23 from R. draytonii) were evaluated against a range of reference strains and clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria. These peptides were selected because they show broad-spectrum growth inhibitory activity against reference strains of several medically important aerobic microorganisms and against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. All peptides showed relatively high potency (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) </=25 microM) against the Gram-positive bacilli Propionibacterium acnes and Clostridium tertium and the Gram-positive cocci Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. Activity was lower and more variable against Clostridium septicum, Clostridium perfringens and Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus. Growth of the Gram-negative bacilli Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium spp. was poorly inhibited, but all the peptides were active (MIC</=25 microM) against Prevotella melaninogenica. The clinical utility of the melittin-related peptides is limited by their toxicities, but temporin-1DRa and temporin-1Va have relatively low haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes and so represent candidates for drug development, particularly for topical therapy of infected surface lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Urbán
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Zaiou M. Multifunctional antimicrobial peptides: therapeutic targets in several human diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:317-29. [PMID: 17216206 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have emerged as promising agents against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. They represent essential components of the innate immunity and permit humans to resist infection by microbes. These gene-encoded peptides are found mainly in phagocytes and epithelial cells, showing a direct activity against a wide range of microorganisms. Their role has now broadened from that of simply endogenous antibiotics to multifunctional mediators, and their antimicrobial activity is probably not the only primary function. Although antimicrobial peptide deficiency, dysregulation, or overproduction is not known to be a direct cause of any single human disease, numerous studies have now provided compelling evidence for their involvement in the complex network of immune responses and inflammatory diseases, thereby influencing diverse processes including cytokine release, chemotaxis, angiogenesis, wound repair, and adaptive immune induction. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent literature, showing that antimicrobial peptides are associated with several human conditions including infectious and inflammatory diseases, and to discuss current clinical development of peptide-based therapeutics for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zaiou
- INSERM 525 E4, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy I, 30 Rue Lionnois, 54000, Nancy, France.
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