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Qiu Q, Yang M, Gong D, Liang H, Chen T. Potassium and calcium channels in different nerve cells act as therapeutic targets in neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1258-1276. [PMID: 38845230 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system, information integration center of the body, is mainly composed of neurons and glial cells. The neuron is one of the most basic and important structural and functional units of the central nervous system, with sensory stimulation and excitation conduction functions. Astrocytes and microglia belong to the glial cell family, which is the main source of cytokines and represents the main defense system of the central nervous system. Nerve cells undergo neurotransmission or gliotransmission, which regulates neuronal activity via the ion channels, receptors, or transporters expressed on nerve cell membranes. Ion channels, composed of large transmembrane proteins, play crucial roles in maintaining nerve cell homeostasis. These channels are also important for control of the membrane potential and in the secretion of neurotransmitters. A variety of cellular functions and life activities, including functional regulation of the central nervous system, the generation and conduction of nerve excitation, the occurrence of receptor potential, heart pulsation, smooth muscle peristalsis, skeletal muscle contraction, and hormone secretion, are closely related to ion channels associated with passive transmembrane transport. Two types of ion channels in the central nervous system, potassium channels and calcium channels, are closely related to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Accordingly, various drugs that can affect these ion channels have been explored deeply to provide new directions for the treatment of these neurological disorders. In this review, we focus on the functions of potassium and calcium ion channels in different nerve cells and their involvement in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, depression, epilepsy, autism, and rare disorders. We also describe several clinical drugs that target potassium or calcium channels in nerve cells and could be used to treat these disorders. We concluded that there are few clinical drugs that can improve the pathology these diseases by acting on potassium or calcium ions. Although a few novel ion-channel-specific modulators have been discovered, meaningful therapies have largely not yet been realized. The lack of target-specific drugs, their requirement to cross the blood-brain barrier, and their exact underlying mechanisms all need further attention. This review aims to explain the urgent problems that need research progress and provide comprehensive information aiming to arouse the research community's interest in the development of ion channel-targeting drugs and the identification of new therapeutic targets for that can increase the cure rate of nervous system diseases and reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Danfeng Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian Province, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zhao C, Fu X, Yang Z, Zhang Q, Yuanzheng Z. ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, Nicorandil, inhibits NF-κB/AIM2/GSDMD pathway activation to protect against neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2024:105810. [PMID: 39069080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The Absent in Melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome contributes to ischemic brain injury by inducing cell pyroptosis and inflammatory responses. Our research group has previously demonstrated that ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channels) openers can modulate neuronal synaptic plasticity post-ischemic stroke for neuroprotection. However, the specific mechanisms of KATP channels in the inflammatory response following ischemic stroke remain unclear. Here, we assessed cellular damage by observing changes in BV-2 morphology and viability. TTC staining, mNSS scoring, Nissl staining, and TUNEL staining were used to evaluate behavioral deficits, brain injury severity, and neuronal damage in mice subjected to Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO). Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assessed AIM2 expression after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R), while Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) measured pyroptosis-related protein expression, Nuclear Factor-kappa B/Inhibitor of κB alpha (NF-κB/IκBα) signaling activation, and inflammatory cytokine secretion during the acute ischemic phase. We observed an increase in NF-κB nuclear translocation and activation of the NF-κB/IκBα inflammatory pathway after OGD/R. Furthermore, AIM2 protein expression was upregulated and localized within the cytoplasm of BV-2 cells. Notably, low-dose Nicorandil treatment reduced pyroptosis-related protein expression, including AIM2, cleaved cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease-1 (cleaved caspase-1), Gasdermin D Full-length (GSDMD-FL), and Gasdermin D N-terminal (GSDMD-NT), reducing the pore-forming rupture rate of BV-2 cells. Further investigations revealed that the KATP channel inhibitor 5-HD upregulated p-NF-κB p65, NF-κB p65, and p-IκBα expression, promoting microglial cell activation, pyroptosis, and inflammatory factor secretion, attenuating Nicorandil's neuroprotective effect in vivo. Overall, our results suggest that opening KATP channels can improve post-ischemic neurological function by inhibiting AIM2 inflammasome-induced microglial pyroptosis and NF-κB/IκBα signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenming Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Fu
- Department of Neurology, Xinxiang Central Hospital, The Fourth Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Zhuoying Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Qiujun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhao Yuanzheng
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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Xu Y, Wen L, Tang Y, Zhao Z, Xu M, Wang T, Chen Z. Sodium butyrate activates the K ATP channels to regulate the mechanism of Parkinson's disease microglia model inflammation. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1194. [PMID: 38501544 PMCID: PMC10949401 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has emerged as an involving mechanism at the initiation and development of PD. Activation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP ) channels can protect dopaminergic neurons from damage. Sodium butyrate (NaB) shows anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in some animal models of brain injury and regulates the KATP channels in islet β cells. In this study, we aimed to verify the anti-inflammatory effect of NaB on PD and further explored potential molecular mechanisms. METHODS We established an in vitro PD model in BV2 cells using 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+ ). The effects of MPP+ and NaB on BV2 cell viability were detected by cell counting kit-8 assays. The morphology of BV2 cells with or without MPP+ treatment was imaged via an optical microscope. The expression of Iba-1 was examined by the immunofluorescence staining. The intracellular ATP content was estimated through the colorimetric method, and Griess assay was conducted to measure the nitric oxide production. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and KATP channel subunits were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. RESULTS NaB (5 mM) activated the KATP channels through elevating Kir6.1 and Kir6.1 expression in MPP+ -challenged BV2 cells. Both NaB and pinacidil (a KATP opener) suppressed the MPP+ -induced activation of BV2 cells and reduced the production of nitrite and pro-inflammatory cytokines in MPP+ -challenged BV2 cells. CONCLUSION NaB treatment alleviates the MPP+ -induced inflammatory responses in microglia via activation of KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical UniversityHaikouHainanChina
| | - Laofu Wen
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical UniversityHaikouHainanChina
| | - Yunyi Tang
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical UniversityHaikouHainanChina
| | - Zhenqiang Zhao
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical UniversityHaikouHainanChina
| | - Miaojing Xu
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical UniversityHaikouHainanChina
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Tan Wang
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical UniversityHaikouHainanChina
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical UniversityHaikouHainanChina
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Kang Q, Zhu Z, Liu Z, Li F, He Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Lei S, Yuan Z, Zhu X. A novel hydrogen sulfide donor reduces neuroinflammation and seizures by activating ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Neurosci Res 2024; 199:21-29. [PMID: 37442198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder worldwide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been found to have anti-seizure effects. However, its mechanism remains to be explored. In the present study, we showed that a novel H2S donor attenuated neuroinflammation by up-regulating ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) expression to reduce seizures. The novel H2S donor significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α and increased the expression of IL-10 in LPS-treated BV2 cells and the hippocampus of pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice. The modulatory effects of the H2S donor on inflammatory cytokines were prevented by glibenclamide, a common KATP channels blocker. The H2S donor promoted the expression of KATP channel subunits SUR2 and Kir6.1 in LPS-treated BV2 cells and the hippocampus of pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice. In addition, the H2S donor reduced the electroencephalography amplitude of hippocampal epileptic waves and reduced seizures in pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice, which were also attenuated by glibenclamide. These results indicated that the novel H2S donor reduced seizures and regulated microglial inflammatory cytokines by activating KATP channels, which may provide a prospective therapeutic strategy for the anti-seizure effects of H2S donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Kang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziting Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510120 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongrui Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaru Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xutao Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuisheng Lei
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Dermatology, The Fifth Afliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510700 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zishu Yuan
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Health Management, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China.
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Mustafa AM, Shaheen AM, Zaki HF, Rabie MA. Nicorandil and carvedilol mitigates motor deficits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced multiple sclerosis: Role of TLR4/TRAF6/MAPK/NF-κB signalling cascade. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111387. [PMID: 38134593 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating neurodegenerative disease that negatively affects neurotransmission. It can be pathologically mimicked by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model. ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) plays a crucial role in the control of neuronal damage, however their role in MS are still obscure. Additionally, Carvedilol showed a promising neuroprotective activity against several neurological disorders. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of KATP channel opener (nicorandil) as well as α and β adrenoceptor antagonist (Carvedilol) against EAE induced neurodegeneration in mice. Mice was treated with nicorandil (6 mg/kg/day; p.o.) and carvedilol (10 mg/kg/day; p.o.) for 14 days. Nicorandil and carvedilol showed improvement in clinical scoring, behaviour and motor coordination as established by histopathological investigation and immunohistochemical detection of MBP. Furthermore, both treatments downregulated the protein expression of TLR4/ MYD88/TRAF6 signalling cascade with downstream inhibition of (pT183/Y185)-JNK/p38 (pT180/Y182)-MAPK axis leading to reduction of neuroinflammatory status, as witnessed by reduction of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 contents. Moreover, nicorandil and carvedilol attenuated oxidative damage by increasing Nrf2 content and SOD activity together with reduction of MDA content. In addition, an immunomodulating effect via inhibiting the gene expression of CD4, TGF-β, and IL-17 as well as TGF-β, IL-17, and IL-23 contents along with anti-apoptotic effect by decreasing Bax protein expression and Caspase-3 content and increasing Bcl-2 protein expression was observed with nicorandil and carvedilol treatments. In conclusion, nicorandil and carvedilol exerted a neuroprotective activity against EAE induced neuronal loss via inhibition of TLR4/MYD88/TRAF6/JNK/p38-MAPK axis besides antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya M Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya M Shaheen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala F Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Rabie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Pain P, Spinelli F, Gherardi G. Mitochondrial Cation Signalling in the Control of Inflammatory Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16724. [PMID: 38069047 PMCID: PMC10706693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the bioenergetic organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and have also been found to be associated with inflammation. They are necessary to induce and maintain innate and adaptive immune cell responses, acting as signalling platforms and mediators in effector responses. These organelles are also known to play a pivotal role in cation homeostasis as well, which regulates the inflammatory responses through the modulation of these cation channels. In particular, this review focuses on mitochondrial Ca2+ and K+ fluxes in the regulation of inflammatory response. Nevertheless, this review aims to understand the interplay of these inflammation inducers and pathophysiological conditions. In detail, we discuss some examples of chronic inflammation such as lung, bowel, and metabolic inflammatory diseases caused by a persistent activation of the innate immune response due to a dysregulation of mitochondrial cation homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaia Gherardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (P.P.); (F.S.)
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Strogulski NR, Portela LV, Polster BM, Loane DJ. Fundamental Neurochemistry Review: Microglial immunometabolism in traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2023; 167:129-153. [PMID: 37759406 PMCID: PMC10655864 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating neurological disorder caused by a physical impact to the brain that promotes diffuse damage and chronic neurodegeneration. Key mechanisms believed to support secondary brain injury include mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic neuroinflammation. Microglia and brain-infiltrating macrophages are responsible for neuroinflammatory cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after TBI. Their production is associated with loss of homeostatic microglial functions such as immunosurveillance, phagocytosis, and immune resolution. Beyond providing energy support, mitochondrial metabolic pathways reprogram the pro- and anti-inflammatory machinery in immune cells, providing a critical immunometabolic axis capable of regulating immunologic response to noxious stimuli. In the brain, the capacity to adapt to different environmental stimuli derives, in part, from microglia's ability to recognize and respond to changes in extracellular and intracellular metabolite levels. This capacity is met by an equally plastic metabolism, capable of altering immune function. Microglial pro-inflammatory activation is associated with decreased mitochondrial respiration, whereas anti-inflammatory microglial polarization is supported by increased oxidative metabolism. These metabolic adaptations contribute to neuroimmune responses, placing mitochondria as a central regulator of post-traumatic neuroinflammation. Although it is established that profound neurometabolic changes occur following TBI, key questions related to metabolic shifts in microglia remain unresolved. These include (a) the nature of microglial mitochondrial dysfunction after TBI, (b) the hierarchical positions of different metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, glutaminolysis, and lipid oxidation during secondary injury and recovery, and (c) how immunometabolism alters microglial phenotypes, culminating in chronic non-resolving neuroinflammation. In this basic neurochemistry review article, we describe the contributions of immunometabolism to TBI, detail primary evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic impairments in microglia and macrophages, discuss how major metabolic pathways contribute to post-traumatic neuroinflammation, and set out future directions toward advancing immunometabolic phenotyping in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. Strogulski
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luis V. Portela
- Neurotrauma and Biomarkers Laboratory, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Brian M. Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Advances in NURR1-Regulated Neuroinflammation Associated with Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416184. [PMID: 36555826 PMCID: PMC9788636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease (PD). Glial cell activation and subsequent adaptive immune involvement are neuroinflammatory features in familial and idiopathic PD, resulting in the death of dopaminergic neuron cells. An oxidative stress response, inflammatory mediator production, and immune cell recruitment and activation are all hallmarks of this activation, leading to chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Several studies in PD patients' cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood revealed alterations in inflammatory markers and immune cell populations that may lead to or exacerbate neuroinflammation and perpetuate the neurodegenerative process. Most of the genes causing PD are also expressed in astrocytes and microglia, converting their neuroprotective role into a pathogenic one and contributing to disease onset and progression. Nuclear receptor-related transcription factor 1 (NURR1) regulates gene expression linked to dopaminergic neuron genesis and functional maintenance. In addition to playing a key role in developing and maintaining neurotransmitter phenotypes in dopaminergic neurons, NURR1 agonists have been shown to reverse behavioral and histological abnormalities in animal PD models. NURR1 protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammation-induced degeneration, specifically attenuating neuronal death by suppressing the expression of inflammatory genes in microglia and astrocytes. This narrative review highlights the inflammatory changes in PD and the advances in NURR1-regulated neuroinflammation associated with PD. Further, we present new evidence that targeting this inflammation with a variety of potential NURR1 target therapy medications can effectively slow the progression of chronic neuroinflammation-induced PD.
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Sarkar S. Microglial ion channels: Key players in non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105861. [PMID: 36115552 PMCID: PMC9617777 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a critical pathophysiological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Microglia, the first responders of the brain, are the drivers of this neuroinflammation. Microglial activation, leading to induction of pro-inflammatory factors, like Interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), nitrites, and others, have been shown to induce neurodegeneration. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to reduce the risk of developing PD, but the mechanism underlying the microglial activation is still under active research. Recently, microglial ion channels have come to the forefront as potential drug targets in multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including AD and PD. Microglia expresses a variety of ion channels, including potassium channels, calcium channels, chloride channels, sodium channels, and proton channels. The diversity of channels present on microglia is responsible for the dynamic nature of these immune cells of the brain. These ion channels regulate microglial proliferation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, antigen recognition and presentation, apoptosis, and cell signaling leading to inflammation, among other critical functions. Understanding the role of these ion channels and the signaling mechanism these channels regulate under pathological conditions is an active area of research. This review will be focusing on the roles of different microglial ion channels, and their potential role in regulating microglial functions in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvarish Sarkar
- Dept. of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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ShamsEldeen AM, El-Aal SAA, Aboulhoda BE, AbdAllah H, Gamal SM, Hassan FE, Mehesen MN, Rashed LA, Mostafa A, Sadek NB. Combined Systemic Intake of K-ATP Opener (Nicorandil) and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Preconditioned With Nicorandil Alleviates Pancreatic Insufficiency in a Model of Bilateral Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Physiol 2022; 13:934597. [PMID: 35812319 PMCID: PMC9260271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.934597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We used nicorandil, a K-ATP channel opener, to study the role of these channels in the amelioration of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced pancreatic injury, and the possible involvement of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Forty-two male Wistar rats were included in this study, six were sacrificed for extraction of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and conducting the in-vitro work, the others were included in vivo study and equally divided into six groups. Group 1 (sham control), but groups 2–6 were subjected to bilateral renal I/R: Group 2 (I/R); Group 3 (I/R-NC), treated with nicorandil; Group 4 (I/R-MSCs), treated with BM-MSCs; Group 5 (I/R-MSCC), treated with nicorandil-preconditioned BM-MSCs; Group 6 (I/R-NC-MSCC), treated with both systemic nicorandil and preconditioned BM-MSCC. Renal injury and subsequent pancreatic damage were detected in the I/R group by a significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, fasting glucose, and pancreatic enzymes. The pancreatic tissues showed a reduction in cellularity and a significant decrease in the expression of the cell survival pathway, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, in the I/R group compared to the control. Preconditioning MSCs with nicorandil significantly enhanced the proliferation assay and decreased their apoptotic markers. Indeed, combined systemic nicorandil and nicorandil-preconditioning maintained survival of MSC in the pancreatic tissue and amelioration of apoptotic markers and pancreatic TNF-α production. Histologically, all treated groups revealed better pancreatic architecture, and increased area % of anti-insulin antibody and CD31, which were all best observed in the NC-MSCC group. Thus, using K-ATP channel opener was efficient to enhance PI3K/Akt/mTOR expression levels (in vivo and in vitro).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Mohammed ShamsEldeen
- Department of Physiology, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Asmaa Mohammed ShamsEldeen, , , , orcid.org/0000-0002-4250-0818
| | | | - Basma Emad Aboulhoda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hend AbdAllah
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara Mahmoud Gamal
- Department of Physiology, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatma E. Hassan
- Department of Physiology, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Nagi Mehesen
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Laila Ahmed Rashed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abeer Mostafa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nermeen Bakr Sadek
- Department of Physiology, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Maejima Y, Horita S, Yokota S, Yamachi M, Shimizu M, Ono T, Yu Z, Tomita H, Shimomura K. Surface translocation of Kir2.1 channel induces IL-1β secretion in microglia. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 120:103734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Kim J, Park JH, Shah K, Mitchell SJ, Cho K, Hoe HS. The Anti-diabetic Drug Gliquidone Modulates Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Microglial Neuroinflammatory Responses by Inhibiting the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:754123. [PMID: 34776934 PMCID: PMC8587901 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.754123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sulfonylurea drug gliquidone is FDA approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Binding of gliquidone to ATP-sensitive potassium channels (SUR1, Kir6 subunit) in pancreatic β-cells increases insulin release to regulate blood glucose levels. Diabetes has been associated with increased levels of neuroinflammation, and therefore the potential effects of gliquidone on micro- and astroglial neuroinflammatory responses in the brain are of interest. Here, we found that gliquidone suppressed LPS-mediated microgliosis, microglial hypertrophy, and proinflammatory cytokine COX-2 and IL-6 levels in wild-type mice, with smaller effects on astrogliosis. Importantly, gliquidone downregulated the LPS-induced microglial NLRP3 inflammasome and peripheral inflammation in wild-type mice. An investigation of the molecular mechanism of the effects of gliquidone on LPS-stimulated proinflammatory responses showed that in BV2 microglial cells, gliquidone significantly decreased LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine levels and inhibited ERK/STAT3/NF-κB phosphorylation by altering NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In primary astrocytes, gliquidone selectively affected LPS-mediated proinflammatory cytokine expression and decreased STAT3/NF-κB signaling in an NLRP3-independent manner. These results indicate that gliquidone differentially modulates LPS-induced microglial and astroglial neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells, primary astrocytes, and a model of neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Park
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Keshvi Shah
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea.,UK-Dementia Research Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott John Mitchell
- UK-Dementia Research Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kwangwook Cho
- UK-Dementia Research Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
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13
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Fu J, Mu G, Liu X, Ou C, Zhao J. Ischemic postconditioning reduces spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury through ATP-sensitive potassium channel. Spinal Cord 2021; 60:326-331. [PMID: 34616009 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-021-00714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Animal study. OBJECTIVES Explore the neuroprotective effect of remote limb ischemic postconditioning (Post C) in spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury (SCII) and related mechanisms. SETTING Anesthesiology Laboratory of Southwest Medical University. METHODS We established a rabbit SCII model and processed it with Post C. To evaluate the neural function, spinal cord tissue was taken 48 h later, normal neurons were evaluated by HE staining, and the expression of ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) marker molecule Kir6.2 was detected by Western blot. Immunofluorescence detection of spinal cord Iba-1 expression, ELISA detection of M1 type microglia marker iNOS and M2 type microglia marker Arg, and Western blot detection of NF-κB and IL-1β expression. Through these experiments, we will explore the protective effect of Post C in SCII, observe the changes in the protective effect after using KATP blockers, and verify that Post C can play a neuroprotective effect in SCII by activating KATP. RESULTS We observed that Post C significantly improved exercise ability and the number of spinal motor neurons in the SCII model. Microglia are activated and expression of M1 microglia in the spinal cord was decreased, while M2 was increased. This neuroprotective effect was reversed by the nonspecific KATP inhibitor. CONCLUSION Post C has a neuroprotective effect on SCII, and maybe a protective effect produced by activating KATP to regulate spinal microglia polarization and improve neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fu
- Department of Pain Management, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guo Mu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, China.
| | - Xiangbo Liu
- Department of Pain Management, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Cehua Ou
- Department of Pain Management, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiaomei Zhao
- Department of Pain Management, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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14
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Li J, Shui X, Sun R, Wan L, Zhang B, Xiao B, Luo Z. Microglial Phenotypic Transition: Signaling Pathways and Influencing Modulators Involved in Regulation in Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:736310. [PMID: 34594188 PMCID: PMC8476879 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.736310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are macrophages that reside in the central nervous system (CNS) and belong to the innate immune system. Moreover, they are crucially involved in CNS development, maturation, and aging; further, they are closely associated with neurons. In normal conditions, microglia remain in a static state. Upon trauma or lesion occurrence, microglia can be activated and subsequently polarized into the pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotype. The phenotypic transition is regulated by numerous modulators. This review focus on the literature regarding the modulators and signaling pathways involved in regulating the microglial phenotypic transition, which are rarely mentioned in other reviews. Hence, this review provides molecular insights into the microglial phenotypic transition, which could be a potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Shui
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruizheng Sun
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lily Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Boxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Failed, Interrupted, or Inconclusive Trials on Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Treatment Strategies in Multiple Sclerosis: Update 2015-2020. Drugs 2021; 81:1031-1063. [PMID: 34086251 PMCID: PMC8217012 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01526-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the recent past, a plethora of drugs have been approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). These therapeutics are mainly confined to immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive strategies but do not sufficiently address remyelination and neuroprotection. However, several neuroregenerative agents have shown potential in pre-clinical research and entered Phase I to III clinical trials. Although none of these compounds have yet proceeded to approval, understanding the causes of failure can broaden our knowledge about neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in MS. Moreover, most of the investigated approaches are characterised by consistent mechanisms of action and proved convincing efficacy in animal studies. Therefore, learning from their failure will help us to enforce the translation of findings acquired in pre-clinical studies into clinical application. Here, we summarise trials on MS treatment published since 2015 that have either failed or were interrupted due to a lack of efficacy, adverse events, or for other reasons. We further outline the rationale underlying these drugs and analyse the background of failure to gather new insights into MS pathophysiology and optimise future study designs. For conciseness, this review focuses on agents promoting remyelination and medications with primarily neuroprotective properties or unconventional approaches. Failed clinical trials that pursue immunomodulation are presented in a separate article.
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16
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Sarkar S. Mechanism of Gene-Environment Interactions Driving Glial Activation in Parkinson's Diseases. Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 8:203-211. [PMID: 34043217 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent motor disorder and is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region of the brain. Though the pathology of PD is well established, the cause of this neuronal loss is not well understood. Approximately 90% of PD cases are sporadic, and the environment plays a significant role in disease pathogenesis. The etiology of PD is highly complex, with neuroinflammation being one of the most critical factors implicated in PD. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation and its interaction with environmental factors are unclear. RECENT FINDINGS Astroglia and microglia are the two principal cells that play an essential role in maintaining neuronal health in many ways, including through immunological means. Exposure to environmental stressors from various sources affects these glial cells leading to chronic and sustained inflammation. Recent epidemiological studies have identified an interaction among environmental factors and glial genes in Parkinson's disease. Mechanistic studies have shown that exposure to pesticides like rotenone and paraquat, neurotoxic metals like manganese and lead, and even diesel exhaust fumes induce glial activation by regulating various key inflammatory pathways, including the inflammasomes, NOX pathways, and others. This review aims to discuss the recent advances in understanding the mechanism of glial induction in response to environmental stressors and discuss the potential role of gene-environment interaction in driving glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvarish Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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17
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Maqoud F, Scala R, Hoxha M, Zappacosta B, Tricarico D. ATP-sensitive potassium channel subunits in the neuroinflammation: novel drug targets in neurodegenerative disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:130-149. [PMID: 33463481 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210119095626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acids and its metabolites modulate plenty of ligand-gated, voltage-dependent ion channels, and metabolically regulated potassium channels including ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP). KATP channels are hetero-multimeric complexes of sulfonylureas receptors (SUR1, SUR2A or SUR2B) and the pore-forming subunits (Kir6.1 and Kir6.2) likewise expressed in the pre-post synapsis of neurons and inflammatory cells, thereby affecting their proliferation and activity. KATP channels are involved in amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced pathology, therefore emerging as therapeutic targets against Alzheimer's and related diseases. The modulation of these channels can represent an innovative strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders; nevertheless, the currently available drugs are not selective for brain KATP channels and show contrasting effects. This phenomenon can be a consequence of the multiple physiological roles of the different varieties of KATP channels. Openings of cardiac and muscular KATP channel subunits, is protective against caspase-dependent atrophy in these tissues and some neurodegenerative disorders, whereas in some neuroinflammatory diseases benefits can be obtained through the inhibition of neuronal KATP channel subunits. For example, glibenclamide exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in respiratory, digestive, urological, and central nervous system (CNS) diseases, as well as in ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with abnormal SUR1-Trpm4/TNF-α or SUR1-Trpm4/ Nos2/ROS signaling. Despite this strategy is promising, glibenclamide may have limited clinical efficacy due to its unselective blocking action of SUR2A/B subunits also expressed in cardiovascular apparatus with pro-arrhythmic effects and SUR1 expressed in pancreatic beta cells with hypoglycemic risk. Alternatively, neuronal selective dual modulators showing agonist/antagonist actions on KATP channels can be an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Maqoud
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70125-I. Italy
| | - Rosa Scala
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70125-I. Italy
| | - Malvina Hoxha
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel", Tirana. Albania
| | - Bruno Zappacosta
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel", Tirana. Albania
| | - Domenico Tricarico
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70125-I. Italy
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18
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The role of KATP channel blockade and activation in the protection against neurodegeneration in the rotenone model of Parkinson's disease. Life Sci 2020; 257:118070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Diazoxide blocks or reduces microgliosis when applied prior or subsequent to motor neuron injury in mice. Brain Res 2020; 1741:146875. [PMID: 32389588 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diazoxide (DZX), an anti-hypertonic and anti-hypoglycemic drug, was shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in several injured cell types outside the central nervous system. In the brain, the neuroprotective potential of DZX is well described, however, its anticipated anti-inflammatory effect after acute injury has not been systematically analyzed. To disclose the anti-inflammatory effect of DZX in the central nervous system, an injury was induced in the hypoglossal and facial nuclei and in the oculomotor nucleus by unilateral axonal transection and unilateral target deprivation (enucleation), respectively. On the fourth day after surgery, microglial analysis was performed on tissue in which microglia were DAB-labeled and motoneurons were labeled with immunofluorescence. DZX treatment was given either prophylactically, starting 7 days prior to the injury and continuing until the animals were sacrificed, or postoperatively only, with daily intraperitoneal injections (1.25 mg/kg; in 10 mg/ml dimethyl sulfoxide in distilled water). Prophylactically + postoperatively applied DZX completely eliminated the microglial reaction in each motor nuclei. If DZX was applied only postoperatively, some microglial activation could be detected, but its magnitude was still significantly smaller than the non-DZX-treated controls. The effect of DZX could also be demonstrated through an extended period, as tested in the hypoglossal nucleus on day 7 after the operation. Neuronal counts, determined at day 4 after the operation in the hypoglossal nucleus, demonstrated no loss of motor neurons, however, an increased Feret's diameter of mitochondria could be measured, suggesting increased oxidative stress in the injured cells. The increase of mitochondrial Feret's diameter could also be prevented with DZX treatment.
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20
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Dexmedetomidine attenuates the induction and reverses the progress of 6-hydroxydopamine- induced parkinsonism; involvement of KATP channels, alpha 2 adrenoceptors and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 382:114743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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21
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Rifampicin attenuates rotenone-treated microglia inflammation via improving lysosomal function. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 63:104690. [PMID: 31648047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that lysosome dysfunction promotes the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases via hampering autophagy flux. While regulation of autophagy in microglia may affect chronic inflammation involved in Parkinson's disease (PD). Our previous studies have reported rifampicin inhibits rotenone-induced microglia inflammation by enhancing autophagy, however the precise mechanism remains unclear. Human microglia (HM) cells were pretreated with 100 μM rifampicin for 2 h followed by exposure to 0.1 μM rotenone. We found that rifampicin pretreatment suppressed the gene expression of IL-1β and IL-6 via inhibiting activation of JNK after rotenone induction, but the anti-inflammatory effect of rifampicin was reversed by chloroquine. Moreover, rifampicin pretreatment not only improved the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I in rotenone-treated cells, but also increased autolysosomes and decreased autophagosomes in RFP-GFP-LC3B transfected HM cells exposed to rotenone, thus indicating rifampicin improves autophagy flux in rotenone-treated HM cells. Finally, we verified rifampicin pretreatment enhanced ATP6V0A1 expression when compared to that exposed to rotenone alone. ATP6V0A1 knockdown inhibited the effect of rifampicin on maintaining lysosome acidification and autophagosome-lysosome fusion in rotenone-treated microglia. Taken together, our results indicated that rifampicin attenuates rotenone-induced microglia inflammation partially via elevating ATP6V0A1. Modulation of lysosomal function by rifampicin may be a novel therapeutic strategy for PD.
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22
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Fisher C, Johnson K, Okerman T, Jurgenson T, Nickell A, Salo E, Moore M, Doucette A, Bjork J, Klein AH. Morphine Efficacy, Tolerance, and Hypersensitivity Are Altered After Modulation of SUR1 Subtype K ATP Channel Activity in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1122. [PMID: 31695594 PMCID: PMC6817471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are found in the nervous system and are downstream targets of opioid receptors. KATP channel activity can effect morphine efficacy and may beneficial for relieving chronic pain in the peripheral and central nervous system. Unfortunately, the KATP channels exists as a heterooctomers, and the exact subtypes responsible for the contribution to chronic pain and opioid signaling in either dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or the spinal cord are yet unknown. Chronic opioid exposure (15 mg/kg morphine, s.c., twice daily) over 5 days produces significant downregulation of Kir6.2 and SUR1 in the spinal cord and DRG of mice. In vitro studies also conclude potassium flux after KATP channel agonist stimulation is decreased in neuroblastoma cells treated with morphine for several days. Mice lacking the KATP channel SUR1 subunit have reduced opioid efficacy in mechanical paw withdrawal behavioral responses compared to wild-type and heterozygous littermates (5 and 15 mg/kg, s.c., morphine). Using either short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or SUR1 cre-lox strategies, downregulation of SUR1 subtype KATP channels in the spinal cord and DRG of mice potentiated the development of morphine tolerance and withdrawal. Opioid tolerance was attenuated with intraplantar injection of SUR1 agonists, such as diazoxide and NN-414 (100 μM, 10 μL) compared to vehicle treated animals. These studies are an important first step in determining the role of KATP channel subunits in antinociception, opioid signaling, and the development of opioid tolerance, and shed light on the potential translational ability of KATP channel targeting pharmaceuticals and their possible future clinical utilization. These data suggest that increasing neuronal KATP channel activity in the peripheral nervous system may be a viable option to alleviate opioid tolerance and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Fisher
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Kayla Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Travis Okerman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Taylor Jurgenson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Austin Nickell
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Erin Salo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Madelyn Moore
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Alexis Doucette
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - James Bjork
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Amanda H Klein
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
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23
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Mahneva O, Caplan SL, Ivko P, Dawson-Scully K, Milton SL. NO/cGMP/PKG activation protects Drosophila cells subjected to hypoxic stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 223:106-114. [PMID: 31150868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The anoxia-tolerant fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has routinely been used to examine cellular mechanisms responsible for anoxic and oxidative stress resistance. Nitric oxide (NO), an important cellular signaling molecule, and its downstream activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG) has been implicated as a protective mechanism against ischemic injury in diverse animal models from insects to mammals. In Drosophila, increased PKG signaling results in increased survival of animals exposed to anoxic stress. To determine if activation of the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway is protective at the cellular level, the present study employed a pharmacological protocol to mimic hypoxic injury in Drosophila S2 cells. The commonly used S2 cell line was derived from a primary culture of late stage (20-24 h old) Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Hypoxic stress was induced by exposure to either sodium azide (NaN3) or cobalt chloride (CoCl2). During chemical hypoxic stress, NO/cGMP/PKG activation protected against cell death and this mechanism involved modulation of downstream mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium ion channels (mitoKATP). The cellular protection afforded by NO/cGMP/PKG activation during ischemia-like stress may be an adaptive cytoprotective mechanism and modulation of this signaling cascade could serve as a potential therapeutic target for protection against hypoxia or ischemia-induced cellular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Mahneva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
| | - Stacee Lee Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
| | - Polina Ivko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
| | - Ken Dawson-Scully
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
| | - Sarah L Milton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
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24
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Ji T, Han Y, Yang W, Xu B, Sun M, Jiang S, Yu Y, Jin Z, Ma Z, Yang Y, Hu W. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and NLRP3 inflammasome: Crosstalk in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14773-14782. [PMID: 30746697 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
When endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is disrupted, known as ER stress (ERS), the ER generates an adaptive signaling pathway called the unfolded protein response to maintain the homeostasis of this organelle. However, if homeostasis is not restored, the ER initiates death signaling pathways, which contribute to the pathogenesis of various disorders. The activation of inflammatory mechanisms is also emerging as a crucial component of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has attracted more attention than others and is the best-characterized member of the NLR family of inflammasomes to date. ERS intersects with many different inflammatory pathways, particularly the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this review, we focus on the interactions between ERS and the NLRP3 inflammasome. The pharmacologic and nonpharmaceutical manipulation of these two processes may offer novel opportunities for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuehu Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baoping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxiao Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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25
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The pore-forming subunit Kir6.1 of the K-ATP channel negatively regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome to control insulin resistance by interacting with NLRP3. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-13. [PMID: 31387986 PMCID: PMC6802643 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is a key component contributing to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activation and regulation remain poorly defined. The objective of this study was to explore the possible function of the K+ channel pore-forming subunit Kir6.1 in regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation and insulin resistance. Here, we demonstrate that Kir6.1 depletion markedly activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, whereas enhanced Kir6.1 expression produces opposing effects both in mice in vivo and in primary cells in vitro. We also demonstrate that Kir6.1 controls insulin resistance by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mice. We further show that Kir6.1 physically associates with NLRP3 and thus inhibits the interactions between the NLRP3 inflammasome subunits. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized function of Kir6.1 as a negative regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome and insulin resistance, which is mediated by virtue of its ability to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. These data provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and suggest that Kir6.1 is a promising therapeutic target for inflammasome-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway, formation of Lewy bodies, and microgliosis. During the past decades multiple cellular pathways have been associated with PD pathology (i.e., oxidative stress, endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and immune response), yet disease-modifying treatments are not available. We have recently used genetic data from familial and sporadic cases in an unbiased approach to build a molecular landscape for PD, revealing lipids as central players in this disease. Here we extensively review the current knowledge concerning the involvement of various subclasses of fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and lipoproteins in PD pathogenesis. Our review corroborates a central role for most lipid classes, but the available information is fragmented, not always reproducible, and sometimes differs by sex, age or PD etiology of the patients. This hinders drawing firm conclusions about causal or associative effects of dietary lipids or defects in specific steps of lipid metabolism in PD. Future technological advances in lipidomics and additional systematic studies on lipid species from PD patient material may improve this situation and lead to a better appreciation of the significance of lipids for this devastating disease.
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Zhong CJ, Chen MM, Lu M, Ding JH, Du RH, Hu G. Astrocyte-specific deletion of Kir6.1/K-ATP channel aggravates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice. Exp Neurol 2018; 311:225-233. [PMID: 30315808 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels, coupling cell metabolism to cell membrane potential, are involved in brain diseases including stroke. Emerging evidence shows that astrocytes play important roles in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Kir6.1, a pore-forming subunit of K-ATP channel, is prominently expressed in astrocytes and participates in regulating its function. However, the exact role of astrocytic Kir6.1-containg K-ATP channel (Kir6.1/K-ATP) in ischemic stroke remains unclear. Here, we found that astrocytic Kir6.1 knockout (KO) mice exhibited larger infarct areas and more severe brain edema and neurological deficits in middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. Both activated gliosis and neuronal loss were aggravated in astrocytic Kir6.1 KO mice. Furthermore, the protein levels of pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 associated X (Bax) and active caspase-3 were up-regulated and the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was down-regulated in astrocytic Kir6.1 KO mice. This is accompanied by enhanced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) responses in brain tissues and in astrocytes during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Finally, inhibition of ER stress rescued astrocyte apoptosis induced by Kir6.1 deletion during I/R injury. Collectively, our findings reveal that astrocytic Kir6.1/K-ATP channel protects brain from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibiting ER stress and suggest that astrocytic Kir6.1/K-ATP channel is a promising therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Jin Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Miao-Miao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Jian-Hua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Ren-Hong Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China.
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin, PR China.
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Szeto V, Chen NH, Sun HS, Feng ZP. The role of K ATP channels in cerebral ischemic stroke and diabetes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:683-694. [PMID: 29671418 PMCID: PMC5943906 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are ubiquitously expressed on the plasma membrane of cells in multiple organs, including the heart, pancreas and brain. KATP channels play important roles in controlling and regulating cellular functions in response to metabolic state, which are inhibited by ATP and activated by Mg-ADP, allowing the cell to couple cellular metabolic state (ATP/ADP ratio) to electrical activity of the cell membrane. KATP channels mediate insulin secretion in pancreatic islet beta cells, and controlling vascular tone. Under pathophysiological conditions, KATP channels play cytoprotective role in cardiac myocytes and neurons during ischemia and/or hypoxia. KATP channel is a hetero-octameric complex, consisting of four pore-forming Kir6.x and four regulatory sulfonylurea receptor SURx subunits. These subunits are differentially expressed in various cell types, thus determining the sensitivity of the cells to specific channel modifiers. Sulfonylurea class of antidiabetic drugs blocks KATP channels, which are neuroprotective in stroke, can be one of the high stoke risk factors for diabetic patients. In this review, we discussed the potential effects of KATP channel blockers when used under pathological conditions related to diabetics and cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Szeto
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Nai-hong Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hong-shuo Sun
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
- Surgery
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Zhong-ping Feng
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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Abstract
Classical activation (M1 phenotype) and alternative activation (M2 phenotype) are the two polars of microglial activation states that can produce either neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects in the immune pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Exploiting the beneficial properties of microglia cells by modulating their polarization states provides great potential for the treatment of PD. However, the mechanism that regulates microglia polarization remains elusive. Here we demonstrated that Kir6.1-containing ATP-sensitive potassium (Kir6.1/K-ATP) channel switched microglia from the detrimental M1 phenotype toward the beneficial M2 phenotype. Kir6.1 knockdown inhibited M2 polarization and simultaneously exaggerated M1 microglial inflammatory responses, while Kir6.1 overexpression promoted M2 polarization and synchronously alleviated the toxic phase of M1 microglia polarization. Furthermore, we observed that the Kir6.1 deficiency dramatically exacerbated dopaminergic neuron death companied by microglia activation in mouse model of PD. Mechanistically, Kir6.1 deficiency enhanced the activation of p38 MAPK–NF-κB pathway and increased the ratio of M1/M2 markers in the substantia nigra compacta of mouse model of PD. Suppression of p38 MAPK in vivo partially rescued the deleterious effects of Kir6.1 ablation on microglia phenotype and dopaminergic neuron death. Collectively, our findings reveal that Kir6.1/K-ATP channel modulates microglia phenotypes transition via inhibition of p38 MAPK–NF-κB signaling pathway and Kir6.1/K-ATP channel may be a promising therapeutic target for PD.
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Vidal-Taboada JM, Pugliese M, Salvadó M, Gámez J, Mahy N, Rodríguez MJ. K ATP Channel Expression and Genetic Polymorphisms Associated with Progression and Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7962-7972. [PMID: 29492846 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel directly regulates the microglia-mediated inflammatory response following CNS injury. To determine the putative role of the KATP channel in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology, we investigated whether ALS induces changes in KATP channel expression in the spinal cord and motor cortex. We also characterized new functional variants of human ABCC8, ABCC9, KCNJ8, and KCNJ11 genes encoding for the KATP channel and analyzed their association with ALS risk, rate of progression, and survival in a Spanish ALS cohort. The expression of ABCC8 and KCNJ8 genes was enhanced in the spinal cord of ALS samples, and KCNJ11 increased in motor cortex of ALS samples, as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We then sequenced the exons and regulatory regions of KATP channel genes from a subset of 28 ALS patients and identified 50 new genetic variants. For the case-control association analysis, we genotyped five selected polymorphisms with predicted functional relevance in 185 Spanish ALS (134 spinal ALS and 51 bulbar ALS) patients and 493 controls. We found that bulbar ALS patients presenting the G/G genotype of the rs4148646 variant of ABCC8 and the T/T genotype of the rs5219 variant of KCNJ11 survived longer than other ALS patients presenting other genotypes. Also, the C/C genotype of the rs4148642 variant of ABCC8 and the T/C genotype of the rs148416760 variant of ABCC9 modified the progression rate in spinal ALS patients. Our results suggest that the KATP channel plays a role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Vidal-Taboada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Pugliese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Salvadó
- ALS Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron - VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Gámez
- ALS Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron - VHIR, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole Mahy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel J Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Unitat de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Department of Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, UB, c/ Casanova 143, E-08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Oncotic cell death or oncosis represents a major mechanism of cell death in ischaemic stroke, occurring in many central nervous system (CNS) cell types including neurons, glia and vascular endothelial cells. In stroke, energy depletion causes ionic pump failure and disrupts ionic homeostasis. Imbalance between the influx of Na+ and Cl- ions and the efflux of K+ ions through various channel proteins and transporters creates a transmembrane osmotic gradient, with ensuing movement of water into the cells, resulting in cell swelling and oncosis. Oncosis is a key mediator of cerebral oedema in ischaemic stroke, contributing directly through cytotoxic oedema, and indirectly through vasogenic oedema by causing vascular endothelial cell death and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Hence, inhibition of uncontrolled ionic flux represents a novel and powerful strategy in achieving neuroprotection in stroke. In this review, we provide an overview of oncotic cell death in the pathology of stroke. Importantly, we summarised the therapeutically significant pathways of water, Na+, Cl- and K+ movement across cell membranes in the CNS and their respective roles in the pathobiology of stroke.
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Qu J, Tao XY, Teng P, Zhang Y, Guo CL, Hu L, Qian YN, Jiang CY, Liu WT. Blocking ATP-sensitive potassium channel alleviates morphine tolerance by inhibiting HSP70-TLR4-NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:228. [PMID: 29178967 PMCID: PMC5702153 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term use of morphine induces analgesic tolerance, which limits its clinical efficacy. Evidence indicated morphine-evoked neuroinflammation mediated by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) - NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was important for morphine tolerance. In our study, we investigated whether other existing alternative pathways caused morphine-induced activation of TLR4 in microglia. We focused on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), which was released from various cells upon stimulations under the control of KATP channel and bound with TLR4-inducing inflammation. Glibenclamide, a classic KATP channel blocker, can improve neuroinflammation by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Our present study investigated the effect and possible mechanism of glibenclamide in improving morphine tolerance via its specific inhibition on the release of HSP70 and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome induced by morphine. METHODS CD-1 mice were used for tail-flick test to evaluate morphine tolerance. The microglial cell line BV-2 and neural cell line SH-SY5Y were used to investigate the pharmacological effects and the mechanism of glibenclamide on morphine-induced neuroinflammation. The activation of microglia was accessed by immunofluorescence staining. Neuroinflammation-related cytokines were measured by western blot and real-time PCR. The level of HSP70 and related signaling pathway were evaluated by western blot and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Morphine induced the release of HSP70 from neurons. The released HSP70 activated microglia and triggered TLR4-mediated inflammatory response, leading to the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Moreover, anti-HSP70 neutralizing antibody partly attenuated chronic morphine tolerance. The secretion of HSP70 was under the control of MOR/AKT/KATP/ERK signal pathway. Glibenclamide as a classic KATP channel blocker markedly inhibited the release of HSP70 induced by morphine and suppressed HSP70-TLR4-NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation, which consequently attenuated morphine tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that morphine-induced extracellular HSP70 was an alternative way for the activation of TLR4-NLRP3 in analgesic tolerance. The release of HSP70 was regulated by MOR/AKT/KATP/ERK pathway. Our study suggested a promising target, KATP channel and a new leading compound, glibenclamide, for treating morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qu
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xue-You Tao
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated with Yangzhou Medical University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Teng
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.,Research Division of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ci-Liang Guo
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Yan-Ning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Yi Jiang
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| | - Wen-Tao Liu
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China. .,Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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K ATP channel block inhibits the Toll-like receptor 2-mediated stimulation of NF-κB by suppressing the activation of Akt, mTOR, JNK and p38-MAPK. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:190-201. [PMID: 28923349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the KATP channel activity have been shown to regulate inflammation and immune responses. Using human keratinocytes, we investigated the effect of KATP channel inhibition on inflammatory mediator production in relation to the Toll like receptor-2-mediated-Akt, mTOR and NF-κB pathways, as well as JNK and p38-MAPK, which regulate the transcription genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. 5-Hydroxydecanoate (a selective KATP channel blocker), glibenclamide (a cell surface and mitochondrial KATP channel inhibitor), the Akt inhibitor, rapamycin, Bay 11-7085 and N-acetylcysteine reduced the lipoteichoic acid- or peptidoglycan-induced production of cytokines and chemokines, and production of reactive oxygen species and increased the levels and activities of Kir 6.2, NF-κB, phosphorylated-Akt and mTOR, and the activation of JNK and p38-MAPK in keratinocytes. Inhibitors of c-JNK (SP600125) and p38-MAPK (SB203580) attenuated the lipoteichoic acid- or peptidoglycan-induced production of inflammatory mediators, the activation of the JNK and p38-MAPK, and the production of reactive oxygen species in keratinocytes. The results show that KATP channel blockers may reduce the bacterial component-stimulated production of inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes by suppressing the Toll-like receptor-2-mediated activation of the Akt, mTOR and NF-κB pathways, as well as JNK and p38-MAPK. The suppressive effect of KATP channel blockers appears to be achieved by the inhibition of reactive oxygen species production.
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Acute action of rotenone on excitability of catecholaminergic neurons in rostral ventrolateral medulla. Brain Res Bull 2017; 134:151-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Opening of the Adenosine Triphosphate-sensitive Potassium Channel Attenuates Morphine Tolerance by Inhibiting JNK and Astrocyte Activation in the Spinal Cord. Clin J Pain 2017; 32:617-23. [PMID: 26626290 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the present study, we investigated the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in chronic morphine tolerance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male mice were injected intrathecally with morphine or saline, respectively (each in 10 μL). Different doses of the KATP opener cromakalim (0.3, 1, or 3 μg/10 μL/mouse) were administered 15 minutes before the morphine (10 μg/10 μL/mouse) challenge daily for 7 consecutive days. Half an hour after morphine injection, the tail-flick latency was measured to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of morphine. On the seventh day, mice were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital (100 mg/kg) at 1 hour after morphine injection, and their spinal cords were removed for the assays of Western blot, immunofluorescence, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Opening of the KATP channel attenuates chronic morphine tolerance, suppresses astrocyte activation inhibits the increase in interleukin-1β at the transcriptional and the translational levels, and reduces the upregulation of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase in the spinal cord after chronic morphine treatment. Moreover, transcriptional levels of spinal cord astrocyte KATP channel subunits, named the inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) 6.1 and sulfonylurea receptor 1, are decreased in morphine-tolerant mice. DISCUSSION Cromakalim suppresses morphine-induced astrocyte activation significantly by suppressing the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway, resulting in a reduced release of interleukin-1β and the attenuation of morphine chronic antinociceptive tolerance.
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Martínez-Moreno M, Batlle M, Ortega FJ, Gimeno-Bayón J, Andrade C, Mahy N, Rodríguez MJ. Diazoxide enhances excitotoxicity-induced neurogenesis and attenuates neurodegeneration in the rat non-neurogenic hippocampus. Neuroscience 2016; 333:229-43. [PMID: 27471195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diazoxide, a well-known mitochondrial KATP channel opener with neuroprotective effects, has been proposed for the effective and safe treatment of neuroinflammation. To test whether diazoxide affects the neurogenesis associated with excitotoxicity in brain injury, we induced lesions by injecting excitotoxic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) into the rat hippocampus and analyzed the effects of a daily oral administration of diazoxide on the induced lesion. Specific glial and neuronal staining showed that NMDA elicited a strong glial reaction associated with progressive neuronal loss in the whole hippocampal formation. Doublecortin immunohistochemistry and bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-NeuN double immunohistochemistry revealed that NMDA also induced cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the lesioned non-neurogenic hippocampus. Furthermore, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in the injured hippocampus expressed transcription factor Sp8 indicating that the excitotoxic lesion elicited the migration of progenitors from the subventricular zone and/or the reprograming of reactive astrocytes. Diazoxide treatment attenuated the NMDA-induced hippocampal injury in rats, as demonstrated by decreases in the size of the lesion, neuronal loss and microglial reaction. Diazoxide also increased the number of BrdU/NeuN double-stained cells and elevated the number of Sp8-positive cells in the lesioned hippocampus. These results indicate a role for KATP channel activation in regulating excitotoxicity-induced neurogenesis in brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez-Moreno
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Batlle
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F J Ortega
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Gimeno-Bayón
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Andrade
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Mahy
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M J Rodríguez
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Xiong Y, Xu C, Liu X, Lin J, Mu G, Xu S, Liu W. Sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channel protects cardiac myocytes against lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:758-66. [PMID: 27430376 PMCID: PMC4990318 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive K+ (sarcKATP) channel plays a cardioprotective role during stress. However, the role of the sarcKATP channel in the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and association with mitochondrial calcium remains unclear. For this purpose, we developed a model of LPS-induced sepsis in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCs). The TUNEL assay was performed in order to detect the apoptosis of cardiac myocytes and the MTT assay was performed to determine cellular viability. Exposure to LPS significantly decreased the viability of the NRCs as well as the expression of Bcl-2, whereas it enhanced the activity and expression of the apoptosis-related proteins caspase-3 and Bax, respectively. The sarcKATP channel blocker, HMR-1098, increased the apoptosis of NRCs, whereas the specific sarcKATP channel opener, P-1075, reduced the apoptosis of NRCs. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitor ruthenium red (RR) partially inhibited the pro-apoptotic effect of HMR-1098. In order to confirm the role of the sarcKATP channel, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus vector carrying the sarcKATP channel mutant subunit Kir6.2AAA to inhibit the channel activity. Kir6.2AAA adenovirus infection in NRCs significantly aggravated the apoptosis of myocytes induced by LPS. Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of the sarcKATP channel in apoptosis may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic targets and strategies for the management of sepsis and cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Cardiac Signaling Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yiqun Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Chaoying Xu
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Xinliang Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lin
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Guiping Mu
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Shaogang Xu
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Wenhe Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
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Ren Y, Ye M, Chen S, Ding J. CD200 Inhibits Inflammatory Response by Promoting KATP Channel Opening in Microglia Cells in Parkinson's Disease. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1733-41. [PMID: 27213506 PMCID: PMC4917312 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) principally impacts the motor system in approximately 7 million patients worldwide. The present study aimed to explore the effects of cluster of differentiation (CD200) on adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels and inflammatory response in PD mice. Material/Methods We created an in vivo PD model by intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg/day 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP. HCL) for 5 consecutive days, and we created an in vitro PD model by injection of 100 μM 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) in primary microglia cells. Expression level of CD200/CD200R, inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir6.1/6.2), and sulfonylurea receptor (Sur1/2) were detected by Western blot (WB). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was utilized to assess CD11b (microglia marker) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, a marker reveals dopamine level in neurons) expression levels. An in vitro PD model was applied to detect the influence of CD200 on ATP and inflammatory factors released from microglia. Interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β mRNA levels were explored by realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-QPCR), and their protein levels were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results WB exhibited time-dependent down-regulation of CD200/CD200R in cerebra of PD mice compared to control mice, with Kir 6.1 and SUR 2 expressed mainly in microglia. IHC showed that CD11b reached a peak at the 1st day after MPTP treatment, followed by time-dependent reduction, and TH decreased noticeably after MPTP induction. RT-QPCR demonstrated that compared with controls, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β mRNA levels were significantly elevated at MPTP-1d, was reduced at MPTP-3d, and then returned to baseline at MPTP-7d. IHC showed that MPP+ significantly elevated microglia release of ATP. Similar to the effect of pinacidil (K+ channel opener), CD200 remarkably depressed MPP+-induced ATP release. ELISA showed that MPP+ significantly increased IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β release, and CD200 and pinacidil remarkably suppressed this elevation. Conclusions Our results show a novel role of CD200 in promoting opening of the KATP channel, inhibiting microglia activation and release of ATP, as well as inflammatory factors, thus protecting dopaminergic (DA) neurons against damage and alleviating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Min Ye
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Benq Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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Ye J, Jiang Z, Chen X, Liu M, Li J, Liu N. Electron transport chain inhibitors induce microglia activation through enhancing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Exp Cell Res 2016; 340:315-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sensitivity of KATP channels to cellular metabolic disorders and the underlying structural basis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:134-42. [PMID: 26725741 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels formed by a combination of SUR/Kir6.x subunits play a crucial role in protection against hypoxic or ischemic injuries resulting from cell metabolic disorders. In this study we investigated the effects of Na-azide, a metabolic inhibitor, on KATP channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and explored the structure basis for their sensitivity to cell metabolic disorders. METHODS Six subtypes of KATP channels (wild SUR1/Kir6.2, SUR2B/Kir6.2, SUR1/Kir6.1, SUR2B/Kir6.1, SUR2A/Kir6.2 and SUR2A/Kir6.1), as well as eleven subtypes of KATP channels with mutant subunits were expressed in Xenopus oocytes. KATP currents were recorded using a two-electrode voltage clamp recording technique. The drugs were applied through bath. RESULTS Except SUR2A/Kir6.1, five subtypes of KATP channels were activated by Na-azide (3 mmol/L) with an order of the responses: SUR1/Kir6.2>SUR2B/Kir6.2>SUR1/Kir6.1>SUR2B/Kir6.1>SUR2A/Kir6.2, and the opening rate (t1/2) was SUR1/Kir6.x>SUR2B/Kir6.x>SUR2A/Kir6.2. Furthermore, Kir6.2, rather than Kir6.1, had intrinsic sensitivity to Na-azide, and the residues involved in ATP-binding (R50 and K185) or pH-sensing (H175) were associated with the sensitivity of the Kir6.2 subunit to Na-azide. Moreover, the residues (K707 and K1348) within the Walker A (WA) motifs of two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) were essential for SUR2B/Kir6.x (especially SUR2B/Kir6.1) channel activation by Na-azide, suggesting a key role for Mg-adenine nucleotide binding and/or hydrolysis in the SUR2B subunit. CONCLUSION Among the six subtypes of KATP channels, SUR1/Kir6.2 is the most sensitive, whereas SUR2A/Kir6.1 is insensitive, to cell metabolic disorders. The Kir6.2 subunit, rather than the Kir6.1 subunit, has intrinsic sensitivity to cell metabolic disorders. The residues (K707 and K1348) within the WA motifs of SUR2B are important for the sensitivity of SUR2B/Kir6.x channels to cell metabolic disorders.
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Liu Z, Cai H, Dang Y, Qiu C, Wang J. Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels and cardiomyopathies (Review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1447-54. [PMID: 26707080 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies have been indicated to be one of the leading causes of heart failure. Though it was indicated that genetic defects, viral infection and trace element deficiency were among the causes of cardiomyopathy, the etiology has remained to be fully elucidated. Cardiomyocytes require large amounts of energy to maintain their normal biological functions. Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels (KATP), composed of inward-rectifier potassium ion channel and sulfonylurea receptor subunits, are present on the cell surface and mitochondrial membrane of cardiac muscle cells. As metabolic sensors sensitive to changes in intracellular energy levels, KATP adapt electrical activities to metabolic challenges, maintaining normal biological functions of myocytes. It is implied that malfunctions, mutations and altered expression of KATP are associated with the pathogenesis of conditions including c hypertrophy, diabetes as well as dilated, ischemic and endemic cardiomyopathy. However, the current knowledge is only the tip of the iceberg and the roles of KATP in cardiomyopathies largely remain to be elucidated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yonghui Dang
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112‑2705, LA, USA
| | - Junkui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
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Nelson PT, Jicha GA, Wang WX, Ighodaro E, Artiushin S, Nichols CG, Fardo DW. ABCC9/SUR2 in the brain: Implications for hippocampal sclerosis of aging and a potential therapeutic target. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:111-25. [PMID: 26226329 PMCID: PMC4661124 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ABCC9 gene and its polypeptide product, SUR2, are increasingly implicated in human neurologic disease, including prevalent diseases of the aged brain. SUR2 proteins are a component of the ATP-sensitive potassium ("KATP") channel, a metabolic sensor for stress and/or hypoxia that has been shown to change in aging. The KATP channel also helps regulate the neurovascular unit. Most brain cell types express SUR2, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, vascular smooth muscle, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Thus it is not surprising that ABCC9 gene variants are associated with risk for human brain diseases. For example, Cantu syndrome is a result of ABCC9 mutations; we discuss neurologic manifestations of this genetic syndrome. More common brain disorders linked to ABCC9 gene variants include hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging), sleep disorders, and depression. HS-Aging is a prevalent neurological disease with pathologic features of both neurodegenerative (aberrant TDP-43) and cerebrovascular (arteriolosclerosis) disease. As to potential therapeutic intervention, the human pharmacopeia features both SUR2 agonists and antagonists, so ABCC9/SUR2 may provide a "druggable target", relevant perhaps to both HS-Aging and Alzheimer's disease. We conclude that more work is required to better understand the roles of ABCC9/SUR2 in the human brain during health and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; University of Kentucky, Department of Pathology, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; University of Kentucky, Department of Neurology, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Eseosa Ighodaro
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sergey Artiushin
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Nam YJ, Lee DH, Lee MS, Lee CS. KATP channel block prevents proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:582-591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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The interplay between metabolic homeostasis and neurodegeneration: insights into the neurometabolic nature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. CELL REGENERATION 2015; 4:5. [PMID: 26322226 PMCID: PMC4551561 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-015-0019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the selective degeneration of upper motor neurons and lower spinal motor neurons, resulting in the progressive paralysis of all voluntary muscles. Approximately 10 % of ALS cases are linked to known genetic mutations, with the remaining 90 % of cases being sporadic. While the primary pathology in ALS is the selective death of upper and lower motor neurons, numerous studies indicate that an imbalance in whole body and/or cellular metabolism influences the rate of progression of disease. This review summarizes current research surrounding the impact of impaired metabolic physiology in ALS. We extend ideas to consider prospects that lie ahead in terms of how metabolic alterations may impact the selective degeneration of neurons in ALS and how targeting of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels may represent a promising approach for obtaining neuroprotection in ALS.
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Simó R, Sáez-López C, Barbosa-Desongles A, Hernández C, Selva DM. Novel insights in SHBG regulation and clinical implications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:376-83. [PMID: 26044465 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is produced and secreted by the liver into the bloodstream where it binds sex steroids and regulates their bioavailability. Traditionally, body mass index (BMI) was thought to be the major determinant of SHBG concentrations and hyperinsulinemia the main cause for low SHBG levels found in obesity. However, no mechanisms have ever been described. Emerging evidence now shows that liver fat content rather than BMI is a strong determinant of circulating SHBG. In this review we discuss evidence demonstrating that insulin might not regulate SHBG production, describe putative molecular mechanisms by which proinflammatory cytokines downregulate SHBG, and comment on recent findings suggesting dietary SHBG regulation. Finally, clinical implications of all of these findings and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Simó
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Sáez-López
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Barbosa-Desongles
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David M Selva
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhu X, Liu J, Gao Y, Cao S, Shen S. ATP-sensitive potassium channels alleviate postoperative pain through JNK-dependent MCP-1 expression in spinal cord. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1257-65. [PMID: 25812598 PMCID: PMC4380206 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels have been proven to be involved in regulating postoperative pain, the underlying mechanism remains to be investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of spinal KATP channels in the control of mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat pain model, in which rats were subjected to skin/muscle incision and retraction (SMIR) surgery, as well as in LPS-stimulated astrocytes. The results showed that KATP channel subunits Kir6.1, SUR1 and SUR2 were normally expressed in the spinal cord and significantly downregulated after SMIR. SMIR caused a marked increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA expression and in the protein level of p-JNK in the spinal cord. Intrathecal administration of a KATP channel opener pinacidil (Pina) suppressed mechanical allodynia after SMIR and significantly downregulated the MCP-1 mRNA expression and the protein level of p-JNK induced by SMIR. Inverted fluorescence microscopy showed that Kir6.1 was co-localized with astrocytes only and SUR2 was co-localized primarily with neurons, in a small amount with astrocytes. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that following incubation with LPS, the astrocytic MCP-1 mRNA expression and p-JNK content were markedly increased, whereas the mRNA levels of Kir6.1 and SUR2 were significantly downregulated in astrocytes. KATP channel opener pinacidil inhibited the LPS-triggered MCP-1 and p-JNK elevation in rat primary astrocytes. The results suggested that KATP channel opener treatment is an effective therapy for postoperative pain in animals, through the activation of the JNK/MCP-1 pathway in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jinqian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Yongjing Gao
- Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Su Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Shiren Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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Cebrián C, Loike JD, Sulzer D. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease animal models: a cell stress response or a step in neurodegeneration? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 22:237-270. [PMID: 25293443 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are due to the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Multiple neuroinflammatory processes are exacerbated in Parkinson's disease, including glial-mediated reactions, increased expression of proinflammatory substances, and lymphocytic infiltration, particularly in the substantia nigra. Neuroinflammation is also implicated in the neurodegeneration and consequent behavioral symptoms of many Parkinson's disease animal models, although it is not clear whether these features emulate pathogenic steps in the genuine disorder or if some inflammatory features provide protective stress responses. Here, we compare and summarize findings on neuroinflammatory responses and effects on behavior in a wide range of toxin-based, inflammatory and genetic Parkinson's disease animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cebrián
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Bordt EA, Polster BM. NADPH oxidase- and mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species in proinflammatory microglial activation: a bipartisan affair? Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:34-46. [PMID: 25091898 PMCID: PMC4252610 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and play major roles in central nervous system development, maintenance, and disease. Brain insults cause microglia to proliferate, migrate, and transform into one or more activated states. Classical M1 activation triggers the production of proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which, in excess, can exacerbate brain injury. The mechanisms underlying microglial activation are not fully understood, yet reactive oxygen species are increasingly implicated as mediators of microglial activation. In this review, we highlight studies linking reactive oxygen species, in particular hydrogen peroxide derived from NADPH oxidase-generated superoxide, to the classical activation of microglia. In addition, we critically evaluate controversial evidence suggesting a specific role for mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that mediates the production of IL-1β and IL-18. Finally, the limitations of common techniques used to implicate mitochondrial ROS in microglial and inflammasome activation, such as the use of the mitochondrially targeted ROS indicator MitoSOX and the mitochondrially targeted antioxidant MitoTEMPO, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Bordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Brian M Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Virgili N, Mancera P, Chanvillard C, Wegner A, Wappenhans B, Rodríguez MJ, Infante-Duarte C, Espinosa-Parrilla JF, Pugliese M. Diazoxide attenuates autoimmune encephalomyelitis and modulates lymphocyte proliferation and dendritic cell functionality. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:558-68. [PMID: 24939091 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels is postulated as an effective mechanism to confer cardio and neuroprotection, especially in situations associated to oxidative stress. Pharmacological activation of these channels inhibits glia-mediated neuroinflammation. In this way, diazoxide, an old-known mitochondrial KATP channel opener, has been proposed as an effective and safe treatment for different neurodegenerative diseases, demonstrating efficacy in different animal models, including the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for Multiple Sclerosis. Although neuroprotection and modulation of glial reactivity could alone explain the positive effects of diazoxide administration in EAE mice, little is known of its effects on the immune system and the autoimmune reaction that triggers the EAE pathology. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of diazoxide in autoimmune key processes related with EAE, such as antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Results show that, although diazoxide treatment inhibited in vitro and ex-vivo lymphocyte proliferation from whole splenocytes it had no effect in isolated CD4(+) T cells. In any case, treatment had no impact in lymphocyte activation. Diazoxide can also slightly decrease CD83, CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class II expression in cultured dendritic cells, demonstrating a possible role in modulating antigen presentation. Taken together, our results indicate that diazoxide treatment attenuates autoimmune encephalomyelitis pathology without immunosuppressive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Virgili
- Neurotec Pharma S.L., Bioincubadora PCB-Santander, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang XY, Chen L, Yang Y, Xu DM, Zhang SR, Li CT, Zheng W, Yu SY, Wei EQ, Zhang LH. Regulation of rotenone-induced microglial activation by 5-lipoxygenase and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1. Brain Res 2014; 1572:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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