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Ebrahimi P, Davoudi E, Sadeghian R, Zadeh AZ, Razmi E, Heidari R, Morowvat MH, Sadeghian I. In vivo and ex vivo gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: a promise for disease modification. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:7501-7530. [PMID: 38775852 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including AD, PD, HD, and ALS, represent a growing public health concern linked to aging and lifestyle factors, characterized by progressive nervous system damage leading to motor and cognitive deficits. Current therapeutics offer only symptomatic management, highlighting the urgent need for disease-modifying treatments. Gene therapy has emerged as a promising approach, targeting the underlying pathology of diseases with diverse strategies including gene replacement, gene silencing, and gene editing. This innovative therapeutic approach involves introducing functional genetic material to combat disease mechanisms, potentially offering long-term efficacy and disease modification. With advancements in genomics, structural biology, and gene editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9, gene therapy holds significant promise for addressing the root causes of NDDs. Significant progress in preclinical and clinical studies has demonstrated the potential of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy to treat various NDDs, offering a versatile and precise approach in comparison to conventional treatments. The current review describes various gene therapy approaches employed in preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of NDDs, including AD, PD, HD, and ALS, and addresses some of the key translational challenges in this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Ebrahimi
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elham Davoudi
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | | | - Amin Zaki Zadeh
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Emran Razmi
- Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Morowvat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Issa Sadeghian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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2
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Kamatham PT, Shukla R, Khatri DK, Vora LK. Pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease: Breaking the memory barrier. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102481. [PMID: 39236855 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and accounts for 60-70 % of all cases. It affects millions of people worldwide. AD poses a substantial economic burden on societies and healthcare systems. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, and impaired daily functioning. As the prevalence of AD continues to increase, understanding its pathogenesis, improving diagnostic methods, and developing effective therapeutics have become paramount. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate mechanisms underlying AD, explores the current state of diagnostic techniques, and examines emerging therapeutic strategies. By revealing the complexities of AD, this review aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge surrounding this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Tryphena Kamatham
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Rashi Shukla
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology, Nims Institute of Pharmacy, Nims University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK.
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3
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Ataei B, Hokmabadi M, Asadi S, Asadifard E, Aghaei Zarch SM, Najafi S, Bagheri-Mohammadi S. A review of the advances, insights, and prospects of gene therapy for Alzheimer's disease: A novel target for therapeutic medicine. Gene 2024; 912:148368. [PMID: 38485038 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still an important issue for scientists because it is difficult to cure with the available molecular medications and conventional treatments. Due to the complex nature of the brain structures and heterogeneous morphological and physiological properties of neuronal cells, interventions for cerebral-related disorders using surgical approaches, and classical and ongoing treatments remain hard for physicians. Furthermore, the development of newly designed medications attempts to target AD are not successful in improving AD, because abnormalities of tau protein, aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, inflammatory responses, etc lead to advanced neurodegeneration processes that conventional treatments cannot stop them. In recent years, novel diagnostic strategies and therapeutic approaches have been developed to identify and cure early pathological events of AD. Accordingly, many gene-based therapies have been developed and introduce the therapeutic potential to prevent and cure AD. On the other hand, genetic investigations and postmortem assessments have detected a large number of factors associated with AD pathology. Also, genetically diverse animal models of AD help us to detect and prioritize novel resilience mechanisms. Hence, gene therapy can be considered an effective and powerful tool to identify and treat human diseases. Ultimately, gene study and gene-based therapy with a critical role in the detection and cure of various human disorders will have a fundamental role in our lives forever. This scientific review paper discusses the present status of different therapeutic strategies, particularly gene-based therapy in treating AD, along with its challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Ataei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahsa Hokmabadi
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Armin Pathobiology and Medical Genetics Laboratory, Tehran, Iran; Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Asadi
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Elnaz Asadifard
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Aghaei Zarch
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeid Bagheri-Mohammadi
- Department of Paramedicine, Amol School of Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Kumari S, Kamiya A, Karnik SS, Rohilla S, Dubey SK, Taliyan R. Novel Gene Therapy Approaches for Targeting Neurodegenerative Disorders: Focusing on Delivering Neurotrophic Genes. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04260-y. [PMID: 38856793 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative illnesses (NDDs) like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, and Huntington's disease have demonstrated considerable potential for gene therapy as a viable therapeutic intervention. NDDs are marked by the decline of neurons, resulting in changes in both behavior and pathology within the body. Strikingly, only symptomatic management is available without a cure for the NDDs. There is an unmet need for a permanent therapeutic approach. Many studies have been going on to target the newer therapeutic molecular targets for NDDs including gene-based therapy. Gene therapy has the potential to provide therapeutic benefits to a large number of patients with NDDs by offering mechanisms including neuroprotection, neuro-restoration, and rectification of pathogenic pathways. Gene therapy is a medical approach that aims to modify the biological characteristics of living cells by controlling the expression of specific genes in certain neurological disorders. Despite being the most complex and well-protected organ in the human body, there is clinical evidence to show that it is possible to specifically target the central nervous system (CNS). This provides hope for the prospective application of gene therapy in treating NDDs in the future. There are several advanced techniques available for using viral or non-viral vectors to deliver the therapeutic gene to the afflicted region. Neurotrophic factors (NTF) in the brain are crucial for the development, differentiation, and survival of neurons in the CNS, making them important in the context of various neurological illnesses. Gene delivery of NTF has the potential to be used as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of neurological problems in the brain. This review primarily focuses on the methodologies employed for delivering the genes of different NTFs to treat neurological disorders. These techniques are currently being explored as a viable therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases. The article exclusively addresses gene delivery approaches and does not cover additional therapy strategies for NDDs. Gene therapy offers a promising alternative treatment for NDDs by stimulating neuronal growth instead of solely relying on symptom relief from drugs and their associated adverse effects. It can serve as a long-lasting and advantageous treatment choice for the management of NDDs. The likelihood of developing NDDs increases with age as a result of neuronal degradation in the brain. Gene therapy is an optimal approach for promoting neuronal growth through the introduction of nerve growth factor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Kumari
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Senior Research Fellow (ICMR-SRF), Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aayush Kamiya
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Senior Research Fellow (ICMR-SRF), Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanika Sanjay Karnik
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Senior Research Fellow (ICMR-SRF), Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sumedha Rohilla
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Senior Research Fellow (ICMR-SRF), Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Senior Research Fellow (ICMR-SRF), Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India.
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Doshi V, Joshi G, Sharma S, Choudhary D. Gene therapy: an alternative to treat Alzheimer's disease. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:3675-3693. [PMID: 38078920 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neuro-degenerative disease that primarily affects the elderly, is a worldwide phenomenon. Loss of memory, cognitive decline, behavioural changes, and many other signs are used to classify it. Various hypotheses that may contribute to Alzheimer's disease have been found during decades of survey, including tau theory, the amyloid theory, the cholinergic hypothesis, and the oxidative stress hypothesis. According to some theories, the two leading causes of AD are the accumulation of amyloid beta plaque and development of NFTs in the brain. The hippocampus and cerebral cortex are the primary sites where amyloid beta plaques gather in the body. NFT formation in the brain impairs the brain's neurons' potential of signalling. According to the age at which it manifests in a person, there are two subtypes of AD: 'LOAD (Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease)' and 'EOAD (Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease)'. Long-term research into AD treatment has resulted in the introduction of some medications that provided symptomatic relief to patients but did not alter the disease's pathophysiology, like cholinesterase inhibitors, inhibitors of tau aggregation, and monoclonal antibodies to Aβ aggregation. Even though the medications did not halt the progression of AD, researchers did not discontinue their work, which lead to the introduction of gene therapy - a recently created cutting-edge method of delivering genes to target sites where they can express the intended functionalities. Viral or non-viral vectors could be used to deliver the gene, each with advantages and limitations of their own. Gene therapy is proven to be a potential disease-modifying treatment for AD. This article discusses about gene therapy, its merits and demerits and the various ways of gene delivery. Additionally, it focuses on AD as the target for treatment through gene therapy, the pathophysiology of AD, and the multiple targets for gene therapy in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanshika Doshi
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Garima Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India.
| | - Deepak Choudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India.
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Lee HJ, Choi HJ, Jeong YJ, Na YH, Hong JT, Han JM, Hoe HS, Lim KH. Developing theragnostics for Alzheimer's disease: Insights from cancer treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131925. [PMID: 38685540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its associated economic and societal burdens are on the rise, but there are no curative treatments for AD. Interestingly, this neurodegenerative disease shares several biological and pathophysiological features with cancer, including cell-cycle dysregulation, angiogenesis, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein misfolding, and DNA damage. However, the genetic factors contributing to the overlap in biological processes between cancer and AD have not been actively studied. In this review, we discuss the shared biological features of cancer and AD, the molecular targets of anticancer drugs, and therapeutic approaches. First, we outline the common biological features of cancer and AD. Second, we describe several anticancer drugs, their molecular targets, and their effects on AD pathology. Finally, we discuss how protein-protein interactions (PPIs), receptor inhibition, immunotherapy, and gene therapy can be exploited for the cure and management of both cancer and AD. Collectively, this review provides insights for the development of AD theragnostics based on cancer drugs and molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Choi
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Joo Jeong
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Min Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Key-Hwan Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28160, Republic of Korea.
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Meshref M, Ghaith HS, Hammad MA, Shalaby MMM, Ayasra F, Monib FA, Attia MS, Ebada MA, Elsayed H, Shalash A, Bahbah EI. The Role of RIN3 Gene in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: a Comprehensive Review. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3528-3544. [PMID: 37995081 PMCID: PMC11087354 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a globally prevalent form of dementia that impacts diverse populations and is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and impairments in executive memory. Although the exact mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis remain unclear, it is commonly accepted that the aggregation of misfolded proteins, such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles, plays a critical role. Additionally, AD is a multifactorial condition influenced by various genetic factors and can manifest as either early-onset AD (EOAD) or late-onset AD (LOAD), each associated with specific gene variants. One gene of particular interest in both EOAD and LOAD is RIN3, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. This gene plays a multifaceted role in AD pathogenesis. Firstly, upregulation of RIN3 can result in endosomal enlargement and dysfunction, thereby facilitating the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Secondly, RIN3 has been shown to impact the PICLAM pathway, affecting transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier. Lastly, RIN3 has implications for immune-mediated responses, notably through its influence on the PTK2B gene. This review aims to provide a concise overview of AD and delve into the role of the RIN3 gene in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Meshref
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Faris Ayasra
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | - Mohamed S Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Hanaa Elsayed
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali Shalash
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eshak I Bahbah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt.
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Ahmed T. Lipid nanoparticle mediated small interfering RNA delivery as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2915-2954. [PMID: 38622050 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that exhibits a gradual decline in cognitive function and is prevalent among a significant number of individuals globally. The use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules in RNA interference (RNAi) presents a promising therapeutic strategy for AD. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been developed as a delivery vehicle for siRNA, which can selectively suppress target genes, by enhancing cellular uptake and safeguarding siRNA from degradation. Numerous research studies have exhibited the effectiveness of LNP-mediated siRNA delivery in reducing amyloid beta (Aβ) levels and enhancing cognitive function in animal models of AD. The feasibility of employing LNP-mediated siRNA delivery as a therapeutic approach for AD is emphasized by the encouraging outcomes reported in clinical studies for other medical conditions. The use of LNP-mediated siRNA delivery has emerged as a promising strategy to slow down or even reverse the progression of AD by targeting the synthesis of tau phosphorylation and other genes linked to the condition. Improvement of the delivery mechanism and determination of the most suitable siRNA targets are crucial for the efficacious management of AD. This review focuses on the delivery of siRNA through LNPs as a promising therapeutic strategy for AD, based on the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Vassal M, Martins F, Monteiro B, Tambaro S, Martinez-Murillo R, Rebelo S. Emerging Pro-neurogenic Therapeutic Strategies for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review of Pre-clinical and Clinical Research. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04246-w. [PMID: 38816676 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The neuroscience community has largely accepted the notion that functional neurons can be generated from neural stem cells in the adult brain, especially in two brain regions: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. However, impaired neurogenesis has been observed in some neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, and also in Lewy Body dementia. Therefore, restoration of neurogenic function in neurodegenerative diseases emerges as a potential therapeutic strategy to counteract, or at least delay, disease progression. Considering this, the present study summarizes the different neuronal niches, provides a collection of the therapeutic potential of different pro-neurogenic strategies in pre-clinical and clinical research, providing details about their possible modes of action, to guide future research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vassal
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipa Martins
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Monteiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Simone Tambaro
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ricardo Martinez-Murillo
- Neurovascular Research Group, Department of Translational Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rebelo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Tondo G, De Marchi F, Bonardi F, Menegon F, Verrini G, Aprile D, Anselmi M, Mazzini L, Comi C. Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer's Disease: Pitfalls and Challenges of Anti-Amyloid Therapies and Beyond. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3098. [PMID: 38892809 PMCID: PMC11172489 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes a significant challenge to global healthcare systems, with limited effective treatments available. This review examines the landscape of novel therapeutic strategies for AD, focusing on the shortcomings of traditional therapies against amyloid-beta (Aβ) and exploring emerging alternatives. Despite decades of research emphasizing the role of Aβ accumulation in AD pathogenesis, clinical trials targeting Aβ have obtained disappointing results, highlighting the complexity of AD pathophysiology and the need for investigating other therapeutic approaches. In this manuscript, we first discuss the challenges associated with anti-Aβ therapies, including limited efficacy and potential adverse effects, underscoring the necessity of exploring alternative mechanisms and targets. Thereafter, we review promising non-Aβ-based strategies, such as tau-targeted therapies, neuroinflammation modulation, and gene and stem cell therapy. These approaches offer new avenues for AD treatment by addressing additional pathological hallmarks and downstream effects beyond Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tondo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Fabiola De Marchi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesca Bonardi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Federico Menegon
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Gaia Verrini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Davide Aprile
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Matteo Anselmi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Alshial EE, Abdulghaney MI, Wadan AHS, Abdellatif MA, Ramadan NE, Suleiman AM, Waheed N, Abdellatif M, Mohammed HS. Mitochondrial dysfunction and neurological disorders: A narrative review and treatment overview. Life Sci 2023; 334:122257. [PMID: 37949207 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a vital role in the nervous system, as they are responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP and regulating cellular processes such as calcium (Ca2+) signaling and apoptosis. However, mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and cell death, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders. In this article, we review the main functions of mitochondria in the nervous system and explore the mechanisms related to mitochondrial dysfunction. We discuss the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development and progression of some neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), depression, and epilepsy. Finally, we provide an overview of various current treatment strategies that target mitochondrial dysfunction, including pharmacological treatments, phototherapy, gene therapy, and mitotherapy. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding the role of mitochondria in the nervous system and highlights the potential for mitochondrial-targeted therapies in the treatment of neurological disorders. Furthermore, it highlights some limitations and challenges encountered by the current therapeutic strategies and puts them in future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman E Alshial
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Al Buhayrah, Egypt
| | | | - Al-Hassan Soliman Wadan
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sinai University, Arish, North Sinai, Egypt
| | | | - Nada E Ramadan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Gharbia, Egypt
| | | | - Nahla Waheed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | | | - Haitham S Mohammed
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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12
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Raut S, Bhalerao A, Powers M, Gonzalez M, Mancuso S, Cucullo L. Hypometabolism, Alzheimer's Disease, and Possible Therapeutic Targets: An Overview. Cells 2023; 12:2019. [PMID: 37626828 PMCID: PMC10453773 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a highly dynamic organ that requires a constant energy source to function normally. This energy is mostly supplied by glucose, a simple sugar that serves as the brain's principal fuel source. Glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is primarily controlled via sodium-independent facilitated glucose transport, such as by glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and 3 (GLUT3). However, other glucose transporters, including GLUT4 and the sodium-dependent transporters SGLT1 and SGLT6, have been reported in vitro and in vivo. When the BBB endothelial layer is crossed, neurons and astrocytes can absorb the glucose using their GLUT1 and GLUT3 transporters. Glucose then enters the glycolytic pathway and is metabolized into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which supplies the energy to support cellular functions. The transport and metabolism of glucose in the brain are impacted by several medical conditions, which can cause neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, traumatic brain injury (TBI), schizophrenia, etc., are a few of the most prevalent disorders, characterized by a decline in brain metabolism or hypometabolism early in the course of the disease. Indeed, AD is considered a metabolic disorder related to decreased brain glucose metabolism, involving brain insulin resistance and age-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction. Although the conventional view is that reduced cerebral metabolism is an effect of neuronal loss and consequent brain atrophy, a growing body of evidence points to the opposite, where hypometabolism is prodromal or at least precedes the onset of brain atrophy and the manifestation of clinical symptoms. The underlying processes responsible for these glucose transport and metabolic abnormalities are complicated and remain poorly understood. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of hypometabolism in AD and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Raut
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (S.R.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Aditya Bhalerao
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (S.R.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Michael Powers
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA;
| | - Minelly Gonzalez
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (S.R.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Salvatore Mancuso
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (S.R.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (S.R.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (S.M.)
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13
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Imran Sajid M, Sultan Sheikh F, Anis F, Nasim N, Sumbria RK, Nauli SM, Kumar Tiwari R. siRNA drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114968. [PMID: 37353152 PMCID: PMC10528676 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a few FDA-approved drugs that provide modest symptomatic benefits and only two FDA-approved disease-modifying treatments for AD. The advancements in understanding the causative genes and non-coding sequences at the molecular level of the pathophysiology of AD have resulted in several exciting research papers that employed small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapy. Although siRNA is being sought by academia and biopharma industries, several challenges still need to be addressed. We comprehensively report the latest advances in AD pathophysiology, druggable targets, ongoing clinical trials, and the siRNA-based approaches across the blood-brain barrier for addressing AD. This review describes the latest delivery systems employed to address this barrier. Critical insights and future perspectives on siRNA therapy for AD are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Sajid
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Sultan Sheikh
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Anis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nourina Nasim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Baber Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, 54792 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Surya M Nauli
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
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14
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Swingler M, Donadoni M, Bellizzi A, Cakir S, Sariyer IK. iPSC-derived three-dimensional brain organoid models and neurotropic viral infections. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:121-134. [PMID: 37097597 PMCID: PMC10127962 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Progress in stem cell research has revolutionized the medical field for more than two decades. More recently, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has allowed for the development of advanced disease modeling and tissue engineering platforms. iPSCs are generated from adult somatic cells by reprogramming them into an embryonic-like state via the expression of transcription factors required for establishing pluripotency. In the context of the central nervous system (CNS), iPSCs have the potential to differentiate into a wide variety of brain cell types including neurons, astrocytes, microglial cells, endothelial cells, and oligodendrocytes. iPSCs can be used to generate brain organoids by using a constructive approach in three-dimensional (3D) culture in vitro. Recent advances in 3D brain organoid modeling have provided access to a better understanding of cell-to-cell interactions in disease progression, particularly with neurotropic viral infections. Neurotropic viral infections have been difficult to study in two-dimensional culture systems in vitro due to the lack of a multicellular composition of CNS cell networks. In recent years, 3D brain organoids have been preferred for modeling neurotropic viral diseases and have provided invaluable information for better understanding the molecular regulation of viral infection and cellular responses. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on recent advances in iPSC-derived 3D brain organoid culturing and their utilization in modeling major neurotropic viral infections including HIV-1, HSV-1, JCV, ZIKV, CMV, and SARS-CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Swingler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Anna Bellizzi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Senem Cakir
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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15
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Kuang G, Salowe R, O’Brien J. Genetic Factors Implicated in the Investigation of Possible Connections between Alzheimer's Disease and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:338. [PMID: 36833265 PMCID: PMC9957421 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) are diseases of primary global neurodegeneration with complex pathophysiologies. Throughout the published literature, researchers have highlighted similarities associated with various aspects of both diseases. In light of the increasing number of findings reporting resemblance between the two neurodegenerative processes, scientists have grown interested in possible underlying connections between AD and POAG. In the search for explanations to fundamental mechanisms, a multitude of genes have been studied in each condition, with overlap in the genes of interest between AD and POAG. Greater understanding of genetic factors can drive the research process of identifying relationships and elucidating common pathways of disease. These connections can then be utilized to advance research as well as to generate new clinical applications. Notably, AD and glaucoma are currently diseases with irreversible consequences that often lack effective therapies. An established genetic connection between AD and POAG would serve as the basis for development of gene or pathway targeted strategies relevant to both diseases. Such a clinical application could be of immense benefit to researchers, clinicians, and patients alike. This paper aims to summarize the genetic associations between AD and POAG, describe common underlying mechanisms, discuss potential areas of application, and organize the findings in a review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joan O’Brien
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Findlay MC, Khan M, Kundu M, Johansen CM, Lucke-Wold B. Innovative Discoveries in Neurosurgical Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Narrative Review. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:394-402. [PMID: 37694797 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230911125646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) encapsulate conditions in which neural cell populations are perpetually degraded and nervous system function destroyed. Generally linked to increased age, the proportion of patients diagnosed with a NDD is growing as human life expectancies rise. Traditional NDD therapies and surgical interventions have been limited. However, recent breakthroughs in understanding disease pathophysiology, improved drug delivery systems, and targeted pharmacologic agents have allowed innovative treatment approaches to treat NDDs. A common denominator for administering these new treatment options is the requirement for neurosurgical skills. In the present narrative review, we highlight exciting and novel preclinical and clinical discoveries being integrated into NDD care. We also discuss the traditional role of neurosurgery in managing these neurodegenerative conditions and emphasize the critical role of neurosurgery in effectuating these newly developed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Findlay
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84043, USA
| | - Majid Khan
- School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89036, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Kundu
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM hospital, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chase M Johansen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 10001, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32013, USA
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17
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Almikhlafi MA, Karami MM, Jana A, Alqurashi TM, Majrashi M, Alghamdi BS, Ashraf GM. Mitochondrial Medicine: A Promising Therapeutic Option Against Various Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1165-1183. [PMID: 36043795 PMCID: PMC10286591 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220830112408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal mitochondrial morphology and metabolic dysfunction have been observed in many neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Mitochondrial dysfunction can be caused by aberrant mitochondrial DNA, mutant nuclear proteins that interact with mitochondria directly or indirectly, or for unknown reasons. Since mitochondria play a significant role in neurodegeneration, mitochondriatargeted therapies represent a prosperous direction for the development of novel drug compounds that can be used to treat NDDs. This review gives a brief description of how mitochondrial abnormalities lead to various NDDs such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We further explore the promising therapeutic effectiveness of mitochondria- directed antioxidants, MitoQ, MitoVitE, MitoPBN, and dimebon. We have also discussed the possibility of mitochondrial gene therapy as a therapeutic option for these NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohannad A. Almikhlafi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Karami
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ankit Jana
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Thamer M. Alqurashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Majrashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- The Neuroscience Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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18
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Qiao H, Zhao W, Guo M, Zhu L, Chen T, Wang J, Xu X, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Chen P. Cerebral Organoids for Modeling of HSV-1-Induced-Amyloid β Associated Neuropathology and Phenotypic Rescue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115981. [PMID: 35682661 PMCID: PMC9181143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) infection is a potential risk factor involved in the Amyloid β (Aβ) associated neuropathology. However, further understanding of the neuropathological effects of the HSV-1 infection is hampered by the limitations of existing infection models due to the distinct differences between human brains and other mammalians’ brains. Here we generated cerebral organoid models derived from pluripotent stem cells to investigate the HSV-induced Aβ associated neuropathology and the role of antiviral drugs in the phenotypic rescue. Our results identified that the HSV-1-infected cerebral organoids recapitulated Aβ associated neuropathology including the multicellular Aβ deposition, dysregulated endogenous AD mediators, reactive gliosis, neuroinflammation, and neural loss, indicating that cerebral organoids offer an opportunity for modeling the interaction of HSV-1 with the complex phenotypes across the genetic, cellular, and tissue levels of the human Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Furthermore, we identified that two antiviral drugs, namely Ribavirin (RBV) and Valacyclovir (VCV), inhibited HSV-1 replication and rescued the neuropathological phenotypes associated with AD in the HSV-1-infected cerebral organoids, implying their therapeutic potential to slow down the progression of AD. Our study provides a high-fidelity human-relevant in-vitro HSV-1 infection model to reconstitute the multiscale neuropathological features associated with AD and discover therapeutic drug candidates relevant to the AD viral hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Qiao
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China; (H.Q.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (T.C.); (J.W.); (X.X.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China; (H.Q.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (T.C.); (J.W.); (X.X.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Moujian Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China; (H.Q.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (T.C.); (J.W.); (X.X.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Tao Chen
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China; (H.Q.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (T.C.); (J.W.); (X.X.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Jibo Wang
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China; (H.Q.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (T.C.); (J.W.); (X.X.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China; (H.Q.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (T.C.); (J.W.); (X.X.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430050, China;
| | - Ying Wu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (P.C.)
| | - Pu Chen
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China; (H.Q.); (W.Z.); (L.Z.); (T.C.); (J.W.); (X.X.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan 430071, China;
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430050, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (P.C.)
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19
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Asih PR, Stefanoska K, Prikas E, Ittner A. High Level Forebrain Expression of Active Tau Kinase p38γ Exacerbates Cognitive Dysfunction in Aged APP-transgenic Alzheimer's Mice. Neuroscience 2022; 484:53-65. [PMID: 35031398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Persistent improvement of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common form of dementia, is an unattained therapeutic objective. Gene therapy holds promise for treatment of familial and sporadic forms of AD. p38γ, a member of the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, inhibits amyloid-β toxicity through regulation of tau phosphorylation. We recently showed that a gene delivery approach increasing p38γ resulted in markedly better learning and memory performance in mouse models of AD at advanced stages of amyloid-β- and tau-mediated cognitive impairment. Notably, low-to-moderate expression of p38γ had beneficial outcomes on cognition. The impact of high levels of p38γ on neuronal function remain unclear. Therefore, we addressed the outcomes of high levels of active p38γ on brain function, by direct injection of p38γ-encoding adeno-associated virus (AAV) into the forebrain of aged mice of an APP transgenic AD mouse model. While motor function in p38γ-expressing APP transgenic mice 2 months post-injection was comparable to control treated APP mice, their activity was markedly reduced in the open field test and included frequent bouts of immobility. Moreover, their learning and memory function was markedly impaired compared to control-treated aged APP mice. These results suggest that high neuronal levels of active p38γ emphasize a stress kinase role of p38γ, perturbing circuit function in motivation, navigation, and spatial learning. Overall, this work shows excessive neuronal p38γ levels can aggravate circuit dysfunction and advises adjustable expression systems will be required for sustainable AD gene therapy based on p38γ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prita R Asih
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kristie Stefanoska
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Prikas
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Arne Ittner
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
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20
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Rice O, Surian A, Chen Y. Modeling the blood-brain barrier for treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221095997. [PMID: 35586265 PMCID: PMC9109496 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221095997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the most specialized biological barrier in the body. This configuration of specialized cells protects the brain from invasion of molecules and particles through formation of tight junctions. To learn more about transport to the brain, in vitro modeling of the BBB is continuously advanced. The types of models and cells selected vary with the goal of each individual study, but the same validation methods, quantification of tight junctions, and permeability assays are often used. With Transwells and microfluidic devices, more information regarding formation of the BBB has been observed. Disease models have been developed to examine the effects on BBB integrity. The goal of modeling is not only to understand normal BBB physiology, but also to create treatments for diseases. This review will highlight several recent studies to show the diversity in model selection and the many applications of BBB models in in vitro research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Rice
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Allison Surian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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21
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Lennon MJ, Rigney G, Raymont V, Sachdev P. Genetic Therapies for Alzheimer's Disease: A Scoping Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:491-504. [PMID: 34569966 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective, disease modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain a quandary, following a panoply of expensive failures in human clinical trials. Given the stagnation in therapeutics, alternative approaches are needed. Recent successes of genetic therapies in other neurodegenerative diseases may highlight the way forward. This scoping review explores suggested targets of genetic therapy in AD, with a focus on vector-based approaches in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Putative targets of genetic therapies tested in pre-clinical trials include amyloid pathway intermediates and enzymes modulation, tau protein downregulation, APOE4 downregulation and APOE2 upregulation, neurotrophin expression (nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor), and inflammatory cytokine alteration, among several other approaches. There have been three completed human clinical trials for genetic therapy in AD patients, all of which upregulated NGF in AD patients, showing some mixed evidence of benefit. Several impediments remain to be surpassed before genetic therapies can be successfully applied to AD, including the challenge of delivering monogenic genetic therapies for complex polygenic disorders, risks in the dominant delivery method (intracranial injection), stability of genetic therapies in vivo, poor translatability of pre-clinical AD models, and the expense of genetic therapy production. Genetic therapies represent an exciting opportunity within the world of AD therapeutics, but clinical applications likely remain a long term, rather than short term, possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Lennon
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Grant Rigney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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22
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You JE, Jung SH, Kim PH. The Effect of Annexin A1 as a Potential New Therapeutic Target on Neuronal Damage by Activated Microglia. Mol Cells 2021; 44:195-206. [PMID: 33935041 PMCID: PMC8112165 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain disease is known to cause irrevocable and fatal loss of biological function once damaged. One of various causes of its development is damage to neuron cells caused by hyperactivated microglia, which function as immune cells in brain. Among the genes expressed in microglia stimulated by various antigens, annexin A1 (ANXA1) is expressed in the early phase of the inflammatory response and plays an important role in controlling the immune response. In this study, we assessed whether ANXA1 can be a therapeutic target gene for the initial reduction of the immune response induced by microglia to minimize neuronal damage. To address this, mouse-origin microglial cells were stimulated to mimic an immune response by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. The LPS treatment caused activation of ANXA1 gene and expression of inflammatory cytokines. To assess the biological function in microglia by the downregulation of ANXA1 gene, cells were treated with short hairpin RNA-ANXA1. Downregulated ANXA1 affected the function of mitochondria in the microglia and showed reduced neuronal damage when compared to the control group in the co-culture system. Taken together, our results showed that ANXA1 could be used as a potential therapeutic target for inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun You
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Se-Hwa Jung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Pyung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
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Se Thoe E, Fauzi A, Tang YQ, Chamyuang S, Chia AYY. A review on advances of treatment modalities for Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2021; 276:119129. [PMID: 33515559 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease which is mainly characterized by progressive impairment in cognition, emotion, language and memory in older population. Considering the impact of AD, formulations of pharmaceutical drugs and cholinesterase inhibitors have been widely propagated, receiving endorsement by FDA as a form of AD treatment. However, these medications were gradually discovered to be ineffective in removing the root of AD pathogenesis but merely targeting the symptoms so as to improve a patient's cognitive outcome. Hence, a search for better disease-modifying alternatives is put into motion. Having a clear understanding of the neuroprotective mechanisms and diverse properties undertaken by specific genes, antibodies and nanoparticles is central towards designing novel therapeutic agents. In this review, we provide a brief introduction on the background of Alzheimer's disease, the biology of blood-brain barrier, along with the potentials and drawbacks associated with current therapeutic treatment avenues pertaining to gene therapy, immunotherapy and nanotherapy for better diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen Se Thoe
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ayesha Fauzi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yin Quan Tang
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sunita Chamyuang
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chaing Rai 57100, Thailand; Microbial Products and Innovation Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chaing Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Adeline Yoke Yin Chia
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia.
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Jalili-Baleh L, Nadri H, Forootanfar H, Küçükkılınç TT, Ayazgök B, Sharifzadeh M, Rahimifard M, Baeeri M, Abdollahi M, Foroumadi A, Khoobi M. Chromone-lipoic acid conjugate: Neuroprotective agent having acceptable butyrylcholinesterase inhibition, antioxidant and copper-chelation activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 29:23-38. [PMID: 33420969 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifaceted neurodegenerative disease. To target simultaneously multiple pathological processes involved in AD, natural-origin compounds with unique characteristics are promising scaffolds to develop novel multi-target compounds in the treatment of different neurodegenerative disease, especially AD. In this study, novel chromone-lipoic acid hybrids were prepared to find a new multifunctional lead structure for the treatment of AD. METHODS Chromone-lipoic acid hybrids were prepared through click reaction and their neuroprotection and anticholinesterase activity were fully evaluated. The anti-amyloid aggregation, antioxidant and metal-chelation activities of the best compound were also investigated by standard methods to find a new multi-functional agent against AD. RESULTS The primary biological screening demonstrated that all compounds had significant neuroprotection activity against H2O2-induced cell damage in PC12 cells. Compound 19 as the most potent butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitor (IC50 = 7.55 μM) having significant neuroprotection activity as level as reference drug was selected for further biological evaluations. Docking and kinetic studies revealed non-competitive mixed-type inhibition of BuChE by compound 19. It could significantly reduce formation of the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and showed excellent reducing power (85.57 mM Fe+2), comparable with quercetin and lipoic acid. It could also moderately inhibit Aβ aggregation and selectively chelate with copper ions in 2:1 M ratio. CONCLUSION Compound 19 could be considered as a hopeful multifunctional agent for the further development gainst AD owing to the acceptable neuroprotective and anti-BuChE activity, moderate anti-Aβ aggregation activity, outstanding antioxidant activity as well as selective copper chelation ability. A new chromone-lipoic acid hybrid was synthesized as anti-Alzheimer agent with BuChE inhibitory activity, anti-Aβ aggregation, metal-chelation and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Jalili-Baleh
- Biomaterials Group, Pharmaceutical Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Hamid Nadri
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hamid Forootanfar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Beyza Ayazgök
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology and poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahban Rahimifard
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Baeeri
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Biomaterials Group, Pharmaceutical Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Biomaterials Group, Pharmaceutical Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran.
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Abstract
Gene therapy is emerging as a treatment option for inherited genetic diseases. The success of this treatment approach greatly depends upon gene delivery vectors. Researchers have attempted to harness the potential of viral vectors for gene therapy applications over many decades. Among the viral vectors available, gutless adenovirus (GLAd) has been recognized as one of the most promising vectors for in vivo gene delivery. GLAd is constructed by deleting all the viral genes from an adenovirus. Owing to this structural feature, the production of GLAd requires a helper that supplies viral proteins in trans. Conventionally, the helper is an adenovirus. Although the helper adenovirus efficiently provides helper functions, it remains as an unavoidable contaminant and also generates replication-competent adenovirus (RCA) during the production of GLAd. These two undesirable contaminants have raised safety concerns and hindered the clinical applications of GLAd. Recently, we developed helper virus-free gutless adenovirus (HF-GLAd), a new version of GLAd, which is produced by a helper plasmid instead of a helper adenovirus. Utilization of this helper plasmid eliminated the helper adenovirus and RCA contamination in the production of GLAd. HF-GLAd, devoid of helper adenovirus and RCA contaminants, will facilitate its clinical applications. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of adenoviruses, the evolution and production of adenoviral vectors, and the unique features of HF-GLAd as a new platform for gene therapy. Furthermore, we highlight the potential applications of HF-GLAd as a gene delivery vector for the treatment of various inherited genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jida Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Dai-Wu Seol
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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26
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Liu J, Seol DW. Helper virus-free gutless adenovirus (HF-GLAd): a new platform for gene therapy. BMB Rep 2020; 53:565-575. [PMID: 32958121 PMCID: PMC7704218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is emerging as a treatment option for inherited genetic diseases. The success of this treatment approach greatly depends upon gene delivery vectors. Researchers have attempted to harness the potential of viral vectors for gene therapy applications over many decades. Among the viral vectors available, gutless adenovirus (GLAd) has been recognized as one of the most promising vectors for in vivo gene delivery. GLAd is constructed by deleting all the viral genes from an adenovirus. Owing to this structural feature, the production of GLAd requires a helper that supplies viral proteins in trans. Conventionally, the helper is an adenovirus. Although the helper adenovirus efficiently provides helper functions, it remains as an unavoidable contaminant and also generates replicationcompetent adenovirus (RCA) during the production of GLAd. These two undesirable contaminants have raised safety concerns and hindered the clinical applications of GLAd. Recently, we developed helper virus-free gutless adenovirus (HF-GLAd), a new version of GLAd, which is produced by a helper plasmid instead of a helper adenovirus. Utilization of this helper plasmid eliminated the helper adenovirus and RCA contamination in the production of GLAd. HF-GLAd, devoid of helper adenovirus and RCA contaminants, will facilitate its clinical applications. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of adenoviruses, the evolution and production of adenoviral vectors, and the unique features of HF-GLAd as a new platform for gene therapy. Furthermore, we highlight the potential applications of HF-GLAd as a gene delivery vector for the treatment of various inherited genetic diseases. [BMB Reports 2020; 53(11): 565-575].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jida Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Dai-Wu Seol
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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27
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Sinyor B, Mineo J, Ochner C. Alzheimer's Disease, Inflammation, and the Role of Antioxidants. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:175-183. [PMID: 32715278 PMCID: PMC7369138 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization refers to Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a global health priority. As the average age of the world's population is increasing, so too is the rate of AD. There are an estimated 47 million people globally who have been diagnosed with AD dementia, and researchers have yet to figure out the root cause. All misfolded aggregate proteins that are involved in neurodegenerative disorders (amyloid-β, Huntington's tau, α-synuclein) induce oxidative stress. It is that oxidative stress that leads to inflammation and, in conjunction with amyloid protein and tau hyperphosphorylation, progresses to and exacerbates AD. The consumption of antioxidants and nutrients, specifically vitamin E, caffeine, and turmeric, may slow the progression of AD and can be found in a wide variety of dietary foods. This review explores the role of inflammation on AD, the antioxidants that can potentially combat it, and future directions of how the treatment of the disease can be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sinyor
- HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN, USA
- Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, FL, USA
| | - Jocelyn Mineo
- HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN, USA
- Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, FL, USA
| | - Christopher Ochner
- HCA Healthcare, Nashville, TN, USA
- Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, FL, USA
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28
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Sasmita AO. Current viral-mediated gene transfer research for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2018; 35:26-45. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2018.1523521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Octavian Sasmita
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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29
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Wang P, Zheng X, Guo Q, Yang P, Pang X, Qian K, Lu W, Zhang Q, Jiang X. Systemic delivery of BACE1 siRNA through neuron-targeted nanocomplexes for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Control Release 2018; 279:220-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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Maserati M, Alexander SA. Genetics and Genomics of Acute Neurologic Disorders. AACN Adv Crit Care 2018; 29:57-75. [PMID: 29496714 DOI: 10.4037/aacnacc2018566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neurologic diseases and injuries are complex and multifactorial, making risk prediction, targeted treatment modalities, and outcome prognostication difficult and elusive. Genetics and genomics have affected clinical practice in many aspects in medicine, particularly cancer treatment. Advancements in knowledge of genetic and genomic variability in neurologic disease and injury are growing rapidly. Although these data are not yet ready for use in clinical practice, research continues to progress and elucidate information that eventually will provide answers to complex neurologic questions and serve as a platform to provide individualized care plans aimed at improving outcomes. This article provides a focused review of relevant literature on genetics, genomics, and common complex neurologic disease and injury likely to be seen in the acute care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Maserati
- Megan Maserati is a PhD student at University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sheila A. Alexander is Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh, 336 Victoria Building, 3500 Victoria Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sheila A Alexander
- Megan Maserati is a PhD student at University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sheila A. Alexander is Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh, 336 Victoria Building, 3500 Victoria Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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31
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Kimura J, Shimizu K, Kajima K, Yokosuka A, Mimaki Y, Oku N, Ohizumi Y. Nobiletin Reduces Intracellular and Extracellular β-Amyloid in iPS Cell-Derived Alzheimer’s Disease Model Neurons. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:451-457. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kimura
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Kosuke Shimizu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Akihito Yokosuka
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Yoshihiro Mimaki
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Naoto Oku
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yasushi Ohizumi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Kansei Fukushi Research Institute, Tohoku Fukushi University
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32
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Nanotechnological strategies for nerve growth factor delivery: Therapeutic implications in Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:68-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Loaded PS80 PBCA Nanocarrier for In Vitro Neural Differentiation of Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030663. [PMID: 28335495 PMCID: PMC5372675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can induce neural differentiation in stem cells and has the potential for repair of the nervous system. In this study, a polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanocarrier (PS80 PBCA NC) was constructed to deliver plasmid DNAs (pDNAs) containing BDNF gene attached to a hypoxia-responsive element (HRE-cmvBDNF). The hypoxia-sensing mechanism of BDNF expression and inductiveness of the nano-formulation on mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to differentiate into neurons following hypoxia was tested in vitro with immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting. The HRE-cmvBDNF appeared to adsorb onto the surface of PS80 PBCA NC, with a resultant mean diameter of 92.6 ± 1.0 nm and zeta potential of −14.1 ± 1.1 mV. HIF-1α level in iPSCs was significantly higher in hypoxia, which resulted in a 51% greater BDNF expression when transfected with PS80 PBCA NC/HRE-cmvBDNF than those without hypoxia. TrkB and phospho-Akt were also elevated which correlated with neural differentiation. The findings suggest that PS80 PBCA NC too can be endocytosed to serve as an efficient vector for genes coupled to the HRE in hypoxia-sensitive cells, and activation of the PI3/Akt pathway in iPSCs by BDNF is capable of neural lineage specification.
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Viaña JNM, Vickers JC, Cook MJ, Gilbert F. Currents of memory: recent progress, translational challenges, and ethical considerations in fornix deep brain stimulation trials for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:202-210. [PMID: 28385550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The serendipitous discovery of triggered autobiographical memories and eventual memory improvement in an obese patient who received fornix deep brain stimulation in 2008 paved the way for several phase I and phase II clinical trials focused on the safety and efficacy of this potential intervention for people with Alzheimer's disease. In this article, we summarize clinical trials and case reports on fornix deep brain stimulation for Alzheimer's disease and review experiments on animal models evaluating the physiological or behavioral effects of this intervention. Based on information from these reports and studies, we identify potential translational challenges of this approach and determine practical and ethical considerations for clinical trials, focusing on issues regarding selection criteria, trial design, and outcome evaluation. Based on initial results suggesting greater benefit for those with milder disease stage, we find it essential that participant expectations are carefully managed to avoid treatment disenchantment and/or frustration from participants and caregivers. Finally, we urge for collaboration between centers to establish proper clinical standards and to promote better trial results comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Noel M Viaña
- Ethics, Policy & Public Engagement (EPPE) Program, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Philosophy and Gender Studies Program, School of Humanities, Faculty of Arts and Law, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - James C Vickers
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mark J Cook
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frederic Gilbert
- Ethics, Policy & Public Engagement (EPPE) Program, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Philosophy and Gender Studies Program, School of Humanities, Faculty of Arts and Law, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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35
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Zheng X, Pang X, Yang P, Wan X, Wei Y, Guo Q, Zhang Q, Jiang X. A hybrid siRNA delivery complex for enhanced brain penetration and precise amyloid plaque targeting in Alzheimer's disease mice. Acta Biomater 2017; 49:388-401. [PMID: 27845275 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To realize the therapeutic potential of gene drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD), non-invasive, tissue-specific and efficient delivery technologies must be developed. Here, a hybrid system for amyloid plaques targeted siRNA delivery was formed by PEGylated Poly(2-(N,N-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PEG-PDMAEMA) conjugated with two d-peptides, a CGN for brain penetration and a QSH for β-amyloid binding. The hybrid complex CQ/siRNA, composed of 25% MPEG-PDMAEMA, 50% CGN-PEG-PDMAEMA and 25% QSH-PEG-PDMAEMA, showed negligible cytotoxicity and could protect siRNA from enzyme degradation. Being taken up by neuron cells, the complexes could escape from lysosomes, release siRNA in the cytoplasm and thus producing effective gene silence (down-regulated protein level to 18.5%). After intravenous injection, CQ/siRNA penetrated into the brain in an intact form and located around the plaques in transgenic AD mice. The precisely amyloid plaques delivery resulted in increased therapeutic activities, which was demonstrated by the strong mRNA (36.4%) knockdown of BACE1 (a therapeutic target of AD), the less yield of enzyme-digested products sAPPβ (-42.6%), as well as the better neurons protection than the single component complexes. In conclusion, the hybrid complex could efficiently and precisely deliver an siRNA to the AD lesion and might be a potential candidate for gene therapy for AD. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The gene delivery system achieving high brain penetration and lesion region accumulation was first applied to treat AD, and the preparation exhibited a significantly better neuroprotective effect than that modified with a single ligand. The intracellular process of which the complexes escape from lysosomes and release the siRNA in cytoplasm was revealed. The brain targeting and amyloid plaque binding ability of the complex were systemic evaluated, and the in vivo co-location experiments provided a direct evidence of the precise delivery of the siRNA to the amyloid plaques. One of the targeting ligands, CGN, which was a retro-inverso modified peptide to achieve better affinity to the BBB, was first applied to the brain targeting system.
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Corey-Bloom J, Jia H, Aikin AM, Thomas EA. Disease Modifying Potential of Glatiramer Acetate in Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2016; 3:311-6. [PMID: 25300334 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-140110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficiencies in brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). OBJECTIVE Glatiramer acetate, an FDA- approved drug used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, has been shown to increase brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor levels in immune cells; hence, we investigated whether it could have similar effects in striatal cells. METHODS Wild-type and HD striatal cells were treated with glatiramer acetate for 48 hrs. HD transgenic and wild-type mice were injected with glatiramer acetate (1.5 to 1.7 mg/mouse) for five days. These treatments were followed by protein measurements for brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor. RESULTS Glatiramer acetate elicited concentration-dependent increases in brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor protein levels in wild-type and HD striatal cells and in striatal tissue from N171-82Q transgenic mice. Glatiramer acetate also improved metabolic activity of HD striatal cells, and significantly reduced the early hyperactivity phenotype exhibited by N171-82Q transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that glatiramer acetate may represent a useful therapeutic approach for HD. The excellent safety and tolerability record of this compound makes it an ideal candidate for drug repurposing efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Corey-Bloom
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Haiqun Jia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alaina M Aikin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Thomas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Kunkle BW, Jaworski J, Barral S, Vardarajan B, Beecham GW, Martin ER, Cantwell LS, Partch A, Bird TD, Raskind WH, DeStefano AL, Carney RM, Cuccaro M, Vance JM, Farrer LA, Goate AM, Foroud T, Mayeux RP, Schellenberg GD, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA. Genome-wide linkage analyses of non-Hispanic white families identify novel loci for familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:2-10. [PMID: 26365416 PMCID: PMC4717829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few high penetrance variants that explain risk in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) families have been found. METHODS We performed genome-wide linkage and identity-by-descent (IBD) analyses on 41 non-Hispanic white families exhibiting likely dominant inheritance of LOAD, and having no mutations at known familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) loci, and a low burden of APOE ε4 alleles. RESULTS Two-point parametric linkage analysis identified 14 significantly linked regions, including three novel linkage regions for LOAD (5q32, 11q12.2-11q14.1, and 14q13.3), one of which replicates a genome-wide association LOAD locus, the MS4A6A-MS4A4E gene cluster at 11q12.2. Five of the 14 regions (3q25.31, 4q34.1, 8q22.3, 11q12.2-14.1, and 19q13.41) are supported by strong multipoint results (logarithm of odds [LOD*] ≥1.5). Nonparametric multipoint analyses produced an additional significant locus at 14q32.2 (LOD* = 4.18). The 1-LOD confidence interval for this region contains one gene, C14orf177, and the microRNA Mir_320, whereas IBD analyses implicates an additional gene BCL11B, a regulator of brain-derived neurotrophic signaling, a pathway associated with pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. DISCUSSION Examination of these regions after whole-genome sequencing may identify highly penetrant variants for familial LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James Jaworski
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sandra Barral
- The Taub Institute of Research on Alzheimer's Disease, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Badri Vardarajan
- The Taub Institute of Research on Alzheimer's Disease, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gary W Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Eden R Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura S Cantwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Partch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wendy H Raskind
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anita L DeStefano
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina M Carney
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Richard P Mayeux
- The Taub Institute of Research on Alzheimer's Disease, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; The Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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Zhang P, Zhao G, Kang X, Su L. Effects of lateral ventricular transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells modified with brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene on cognition in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:245-50. [PMID: 25806063 PMCID: PMC4353094 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells modified with brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene into the lateral ventricle of a rat model of Alzheimer's disease, resulted in significant attenuation of nerve cell damage in the hippocampal CA1 region. Furthermore, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase B mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased, and learning and memory were significantly improved. Results indicate that transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells modified with brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene can significantly improve cognitive function in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease, possibly by increasing the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase B in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Gangyong Zhao
- Research Center for Bioengineering Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xianjiang Kang
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Likai Su
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei Province, China
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Liu Y, Yang X, Lei Q, Li Z, Hu J, Wen X, Wang H, Liu Z. PEG–PEI/siROCK2 Protects Against Aβ42-Induced Neurotoxicity in Primary Neuron Cells for Alzheimer Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:841-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Combined use of NGF/BDNF/bFGF promotes proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 38:74-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Zou Z, Liu C, Che C, Huang H. Clinical genetics of Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:291862. [PMID: 24955352 PMCID: PMC4052685 DOI: 10.1155/2014/291862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia in the elderly. It is a complex disorder with environmental and genetic components. There are two major types of AD, early onset and the more common late onset. The genetics of early-onset AD are largely understood with mutations in three different genes leading to the disease. In contrast, while susceptibility loci and alleles associated with late-onset AD have been identified using genetic association studies, the genetics of late-onset Alzheimer's disease are not fully understood. Here we review the known genetics of early- and late-onset AD, the clinical features of EOAD according to genotypes, and the clinical implications of the genetics of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Changyun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Chunhui Che
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Huapin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
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Wimo A, Ballard C, Brayne C, Gauthier S, Handels R, Jones RW, Jonsson L, Khachaturian AS, Kramberger M. Health economic evaluation of treatments for Alzheimer's disease: impact of new diagnostic criteria. J Intern Med 2014; 275:304-16. [PMID: 24605810 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The socio-economic impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias is enormous, and the potential economic challenges ahead are clear given the projected future numbers of individuals with these conditions. Because of the high prevalence and cost of dementia, it is very important to assess any intervention from a cost-effectiveness viewpoint. The diagnostic criteria for preclinical AD suggested by the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association workgroups in combination with the goal of effective disease-modifying treatment (DMT) are, however, a challenge for clinical practice and for the design of clinical trials. Key issues for future cost-effectiveness studies include the following: (i) the consequences for patients if diagnosis is shifted from AD-dementia to predementia states, (ii) bridging the gap between clinical trial populations and patients treated in clinical practice, (iii) translation of clinical trial end-points into measures that are meaningful to patients and policymakers/payers and (iv) how to measure long-term effects. To improve cost-effectiveness studies, long-term population-based data on disease progression, costs and outcomes in clinical practice are needed not only in dementia but also in predementia states. Reliable surrogate end-points in clinical trials that are sensitive to detect effects even in predementia states are also essential as well as robust and validated modelling methods from predementia states that also take into account comorbidities and age. Finally, the ethical consequences of early diagnosis should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wimo
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Research & Development, Uppsala University/County of Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden
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43
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Gherardini L, Bardi G, Gennaro M, Pizzorusso T. Novel siRNA delivery strategy: a new "strand" in CNS translational medicine? Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1-20. [PMID: 23508806 PMCID: PMC11113879 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference has been envisaged as a powerful tool for molecular and clinical investigation with a great potential for clinical applications. In recent years, increased understanding of cancer biology and stem cell biology has dramatically accelerated the development of technology for cell and gene therapy in these areas. This paper is a review of the most recent report of innovative use of siRNA to benefit several central nervous system diseases. Furthermore, a description is made of innovative strategies of delivery into the brain by means of viral and non-viral vectors with high potential for translation into clinical use. Problems are also highlighted that might hamper the transition from bench to bed, analyzing the lack of reliable preclinical models with predictive validity and the lack of effective delivery systems, which are able to overcome biological barriers and specifically reach the brain site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Bardi
- Center for MicroBioRobotics @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, Via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Iwata N, Sekiguchi M, Hattori Y, Takahashi A, Asai M, Ji B, Higuchi M, Staufenbiel M, Muramatsu SI, Saido TC. Global brain delivery of neprilysin gene by intravascular administration of AAV vector in mice. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1472. [PMID: 23503602 PMCID: PMC3600598 DOI: 10.1038/srep01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain is closely associated with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Stereotaxic infusion of neprilysin-encoding viral vectors into the hippocampus has been shown to decrease Aβ in AD-model mice, but more efficient and global delivery is necessary to treat the broadly distributed burden in AD. Here we developed an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector capable of providing neuronal gene expression throughout the brains after peripheral administration. A single intracardiac administration of the vector carrying neprilysin gene in AD-model mice elevated neprilysin activity broadly in the brain, and reduced Aβ oligomers, with concurrent alleviation of abnormal learning and memory function and improvement of amyloid burden. The exogenous neprilysin was localized mainly in endosomes, thereby effectively excluding Aβ oligomers from the brain. AAV vector-mediated gene transfer may provide a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases, where global transduction of a therapeutic gene into the brain is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Iwata
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Low-frequency (1Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) reverses Aβ1–42-mediated memory deficits in rats. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:786-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sarkar K, Kundu PP. PAMAM conjugated chitosan through naphthalimide moiety for enhanced gene transfection efficiency. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:495-504. [PMID: 23987374 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of efficient and safe gene carrier is the main hurdle for successful gene therapy till date. Poor water solubility and low transfection efficiency of chitosan are the main drawbacks to be efficient gene carrier for successful gene therapy. In this work, PAMAM conjugated chitosan was prepared through naphthalimide moiety by simple substitution reaction. The synthesis of the chitosan conjugates was confirmed by FTIR, (1)H NMR and XRD analyses. The conjugates showed enhanced DNA binding capability compared to that of unmodified chitosan. Moreover, the conjugates showed minimal cytotoxicity compared to that of polyethyleneimine (PEI, 25 kDa) and also showed good blood compatibility with negligible haemolysis. The transfection efficiency of the conjugate was significantly increased compared to that of unmodified chitosan and it also surpassed the transfection efficiency by PEI. Therefore, PAMAM conjugated chitosan can be used safely as alternate efficient gene delivery vector in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Sarkar
- Department of Polymer Science & Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
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Abdul-Hay SO, Sahara T, McBride M, Kang D, Leissring MA. Identification of BACE2 as an avid ß-amyloid-degrading protease. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:46. [PMID: 22986058 PMCID: PMC3470943 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteases that degrade the amyloid ß-protein (Aß) have emerged as key players in the etiology and potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but it is unlikely that all such proteases have been identified. To discover new Aß-degrading proteases (AßDPs), we conducted an unbiased, genome-scale, functional cDNA screen designed to identify proteases capable of lowering net Aß levels produced by cells, which were subsequently characterized for Aß-degrading activity using an array of downstream assays. Results The top hit emerging from the screen was ß-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 2 (BACE2), a rather unexpected finding given the well-established role of its close homolog, BACE1, in the production of Aß. BACE2 is known to be capable of lowering Aß levels via non-amyloidogenic processing of APP. However, in vitro, BACE2 was also found to be a particularly avid AßDP, with a catalytic efficiency exceeding all known AßDPs except insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). BACE1 was also found to degrade Aß, albeit ~150-fold less efficiently than BACE2. Aß is cleaved by BACE2 at three peptide bonds—Phe19-Phe20, Phe20-Ala21, and Leu34-Met35—with the latter cleavage site being the initial and principal one. BACE2 overexpression in cultured cells was found to lower net Aß levels to a greater extent than multiple, well-established AßDPs, including neprilysin (NEP) and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE1), while showing comparable effectiveness to IDE. Conclusions This study identifies a new functional role for BACE2 as a potent AßDP. Based on its high catalytic efficiency, its ability to degrade Aß intracellularly, and other characteristics, BACE2 represents a particulary strong therapeutic candidate for the treatment or prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer O Abdul-Hay
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Birdsall Bldg,, Rm, 117, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Li Y, Wang J, Satterle A, Wu Q, Wang J, Liu F. Gene transfer to skeletal muscle by site-specific delivery of electroporation and ultrasound. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:203-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Aβ-degrading enzymes: potential for treatment of Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:944-59. [PMID: 22002425 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3182345e46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that deficient clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) contributes to its accumulation in late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Several Aβ-degrading enzymes, including neprilysin (NEP), insulin-degrading enzyme, and endothelin-converting enzyme reduce Aβ levels and protect against cognitive impairment in mouse models of AD. The activity of several Aβ-degrading enzymes rises with age and increases still further in AD, perhaps as a physiological response to minimize the buildup of Aβ. The age- and disease-related changes in expression of more recently recognized Aβ-degrading enzymes (e.g. NEP-2 and cathepsin B) remain to be investigated, and there is strong evidence that reduced NEP activity contributes to the development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Regardless of the role of Aβ-degrading enzymes in the development of AD, experimental data indicate that increasing the activity of these enzymes (NEP in particular) has therapeutic potential in AD, although targeting their delivery to the brain remains a major challenge. The most promising current approaches include the peripheral administration of agents that enhance the activity of Aβ-degrading enzymes and the direct intracerebral delivery of NEP by convection-enhanced delivery. In the longer term, genetic approaches to increasing the intracerebral expression of NEP or other Aβ-degrading enzymes may offer advantages.
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Malm T, Koistinaho J, Kanninen K. Utilization of APPswe/PS1dE9 Transgenic Mice in Research of Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Gene Therapy and Cell-Based Therapy Applications. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:517160. [PMID: 22114743 PMCID: PMC3205616 DOI: 10.4061/2011/517160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most extensively used transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, which over express the Swedish mutation of APP together with PS1 deleted in exon 9. These mice show increase in parenchymal Aβ load with Aβ plaques starting from the age of four months, glial activation, and deficits in cognitive functions at the age of 6 months demonstrated by radial arm water maze and 12-13 months seen with Morris Water Maze test. As gene transfer technology allows the delivery of DNA into target cells to achieve the expression of a protective or therapeutic protein, and stem cell transplantation may create an environment supporting neuronal functions and clearing Aβ plaques, these therapeutic approaches alone or in combination represent potential therapeutic strategies that need to be tested in relevant animal models before testing in clinics. Here we review the current utilization of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice in testing gene transfer and cell transplantation aimed at improving the protection of the neurons against Aβ toxicity and also reducing the brain levels of Aβ. Both gene therapy and cell based therapy may be feasible therapeutic approaches for human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Malm
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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