1
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Pan L, Wu J, Wang N. Association of Gene Polymorphisms with Normal Tension Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:491. [PMID: 38674425 PMCID: PMC11050218 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is becoming a more and more serious problem, especially in Asia. But the pathological mechanisms are still not illustrated clearly. We carried out this research to uncover the gene polymorphisms with NTG. METHODS We searched in Web of Science, Embase, Pubmed and Cochrane databases for qualified case-control studies investigating the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and NTG risk. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each SNP were estimated by fixed- or random-effect models. Sensitivity analysis was also performed to strengthen the reliability of the results. RESULTS Fifty-six studies involving 33 candidate SNPs in 14 genetic loci were verified to be eligible for our meta-analysis. Significant associations were found between 16 SNPs (rs166850 of OPA1; rs10451941 of OPA1; rs735860 of ELOVL5; rs678350 of HK2; c.603T>A/Met98Lys of OPTN; c.412G>A/Thr34Thr of OPTN; rs10759930 of TLR4; rs1927914 of TLR4; rs1927911 of TLR4; c.*70C>G of EDNRA; rs1042522/-Arg72Pro of P53; rs10483727 of SIX1-SIX6; rs33912345 of SIX1-SIX6; rs2033008 of NCK2; rs3213787 of SRBD1 and c.231G>A of EDNRA) with increased or decreased risk of NTG. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we confirmed 16 genetic polymorphisms in 10 genes (OPA1, ELOVL5, HK2, OPTN, TLR4, EDNRA, P53, NCK2, SRBD1 and SIX1-SIX6) were associated with NTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Pan
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, No. 1 Dong Jiao Min Xiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Jian Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
- Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, No. 2 Biotechnology Street, Hangkonggang District, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, No. 1 Dong Jiao Min Xiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China;
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2
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Bouti P, Klein BJAM, Verkuijlen PJH, Schornagel K, van Alphen FPJ, Taris KKH, van den Biggelaar M, Hoogendijk AJ, van Bruggen R, Kuijpers TW, Matlung HL. SKAP2 acts downstream of CD11b/CD18 and regulates neutrophil effector function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1344761. [PMID: 38487529 PMCID: PMC10937362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1344761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of CD11b/CD18 expression in neutrophil effector functions is well known. Beyond KINDLIN3 and TALIN1, which are involved in the induction of the high-affinity binding CD11b/CD18 conformation, the signaling pathways that orchestrate this response remain incompletely understood. Method We performed an unbiased screening method for protein selection by biotin identification (BioID) and investigated the KINDLIN3 interactome. We used liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry as a powerful analytical tool. Generation of NB4 CD18, KINDLIN3, or SKAP2 knockout neutrophils was achieved using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, and the cells were examined for their effector function using flow cytometry, live cell imaging, microscopy, adhesion, or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Results Among the 325 proteins significantly enriched, we identified Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 2 (SKAP2), a protein involved in actin polymerization and integrin-mediated outside-in signaling. CD18 immunoprecipitation in primary or NB4 neutrophils demonstrated the presence of SKAP2 in the CD11b/CD18 complex at a steady state. Under this condition, adhesion to plastic, ICAM-1, or fibronectin was observed in the absence of SKAP2, which could be abrogated by blocking the actin rearrangements with latrunculin B. Upon stimulation of NB4 SKAP2-deficient neutrophils, adhesion to fibronectin was enhanced whereas CD18 clustering was strongly reduced. This response corresponded with significantly impaired CD11b/CD18-dependent NADPH oxidase activity, phagocytosis, and cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Conclusion Our results suggest that SKAP2 has a dual role. It may restrict CD11b/CD18-mediated adhesion only under resting conditions, but its major contribution lies in the regulation of dynamic CD11b/CD18-mediated actin rearrangements and clustering as required for cellular effector functions of human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Bouti
- Department of Molecular Hematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart J. A. M. Klein
- Department of Molecular Hematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul J. H. Verkuijlen
- Department of Molecular Hematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karin Schornagel
- Department of Molecular Hematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. van Alphen
- Department of Molecular Hematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kees-Karel H. Taris
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maartje van den Biggelaar
- Department of Molecular Hematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arie J. Hoogendijk
- Department of Molecular Hematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin van Bruggen
- Department of Molecular Hematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco W. Kuijpers
- Department of Molecular Hematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanke L. Matlung
- Department of Molecular Hematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Wilmink M, Spalinger MR. SKAP2-A Molecule at the Crossroads for Integrin Signalling and Immune Cell Migration and Function. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2788. [PMID: 37893161 PMCID: PMC10603853 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Src-kinase associated protein 2 (SKAP2) is an intracellular scaffolding protein that is broadly expressed in immune cells and is involved in various downstream signalling pathways, including, but not limited to, integrin signalling. SKAP2 has a wide range of binding partners and fine-tunes the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, thereby regulating cell migration and immune cell function. Mutations in SKAP2 have been associated with several inflammatory disorders such as Type 1 Diabetes and Crohn's disease. Rodent studies showed that SKAP2 deficient immune cells have diminished pathogen clearance due to impaired ROS production and/or phagocytosis. However, there is currently no in-depth understanding of the functioning of SKAP2. Nevertheless, this review summarises the existing knowledge with a focus of its role in signalling cascades involved in cell migration, tissue infiltration and immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne Rebecca Spalinger
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland;
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4
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Zhu L, Yu Q, Li Y, Zhang M, Peng Z, Wang S, Quan Z, Gao D. SKAP1 Is a Novel Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Gastric Cancer: Evidence from Expression, Functional, and Bioinformatic Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11870. [PMID: 37511629 PMCID: PMC10380396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Due to the lack of early symptoms, GC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage when treatment options are limited. There is an urgent need to identify biomarkers for early detection, prognosis evaluation, and targeted treatment of GC. Studies have shown that Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 1 (SKAP1) promotes cell proliferation and invasion and is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and breast cancer. However, the role and mechanism of SKAP1 in GC are unclear. Here, analyses of multiple databases and experiments revealed that SKAP1 expression was higher in GC than in adjacent normal tissues. The Cancer Genome Atlas data showed that high SKAP1 expression was associated with poor GC prognosis. SKAP1 expression was higher in GC than in normal gastric epithelial cells. SKAP1 silencing reduced the proliferation, migration and invasion of the GC cell lines MKN45 and HGC27. Rescue experiments suggest that SKAP1 may promote GC progression by activating JAK1/PI3K/AKT signaling and regulating GC cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and other functions. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that SKAP1 was associated with immune cell infiltration and checkpoint expression in GC. High SKAP1 expression was associated with poorer immunotherapy outcomes, suggesting its potential as a predictive biomarker of GC immunotherapy efficacy. In summary, SKAP1 is overexpressed in GC, where it promotes cell proliferation, invasion and migration and is associated with poor prognosis and poor immunotherapy outcomes. SKAP1 may represent a biomarker and therapeutic target in GC and regulates cellular functions through JAK1/PI3K/AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qiongfang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yuanheng Li
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhiwei Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ziyi Quan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Dian Gao
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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5
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Zhang J, Li P, Sun L, Jiang N, Guo W, Wang J, Gao F, Li J, Li H, Zhang J, Mu H, Hu Y, Cui X. Knockout of miR-184 in zebrafish leads to ocular abnormalities by elevating p21 levels. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22927. [PMID: 37086087 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300067r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
miR-184 is one of the most abundant miRNAs expressed in the lens and corneal tissue. Mutations in the seed region of miR-184 are responsible for inherited anterior segment dysgenesis. Animal models recapitulating miR-184-related anterior segment dysgenesis are still lacking, and the molecular basis of ocular abnormalities caused by miR-184 dysfunction has not been well elucidated in vivo. In the present study, we constructed a miR-184-/- zebrafish line by destroying both two dre-mir-184 paralogs with CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Although there were no gross developmental defects, the miR-184-/- zebrafish displayed microphthalmia and cataract phenotypes. Cytoskeletal abnormalities, aggregation of γ-crystallin, and lens fibrosis were induced in miR-184-/- lenses. However, no obvious corneal abnormalities were observed in miR-184-/- zebrafish. Instead of apoptosis, deficiency of miR-184 led to aberrant cell proliferation and a robust increase in p21 levels in zebrafish eyes. Inhibition of p21 by UC2288 compromised the elevation of lens fibrosis markers in miR-184-/- lenses. RNA-seq demonstrated that levels of four transcriptional factors HSF4, Sox9a, CTCF, and Smad6a, all of which could suppress p21 expression, were reduced in miR-184-/- eyes. The predicted zebrafish miR-184 direct target genes (e.g., atp1a3a and nck2a) were identified and verified in miR-184-/- eye tissues. The miR-184-/- zebrafish is the first animal model mimicking miR-184-related anterior segment dysgenesis and could broaden our understanding of the roles of miR-184 in eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ping Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Luqian Sun
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenya Guo
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jungai Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fen Gao
- Kaifeng Key Lab of Myopia and Cataract, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jing Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hongmei Mu
- Kaifeng Key Lab of Myopia and Cataract, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yanzhong Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiukun Cui
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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6
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Ghelman J, Grewing L, Windener F, Albrecht S, Zarbock A, Kuhlmann T. SKAP2 as a new regulator of oligodendroglial migration and myelin sheath formation. Glia 2021; 69:2699-2716. [PMID: 34324225 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs) are highly proliferative and migratory cells, which differentiate into complex myelin forming and axon ensheathing mature oligodendrocytes during myelination. Recent studies indicate that the oligodendroglial cell population is heterogeneous on transcriptional and functional level depending on the location in the central nervous system. Here, we compared intrinsic properties of OPC from spinal cord and brain on functional and transcriptional level. Spinal cord OPC demonstrated increased migration as well as differentiation capacity. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of several genes between both OPC populations. In spinal cord OPC, we confirmed upregulation of SKAP2, a cytoplasmatic adaptor protein known for its implication in cytoskeletal remodeling and migration in other cell types. Recent findings suggest that actin dynamics determine not only oligodendroglial migration, but also differentiation: Whereas actin polymerization is important for process extension, actin destabilization and depolymerization is required for myelin sheath formation. Downregulation or complete lack of SKAP2 in OPC resulted in reduced migration and impaired morphological maturation in oligodendrocytes. In contrast, overexpression of SKAP2 as well as constitutively active SKAP2 increased OPC migration suggesting that SKAP2 function is dependent on activation by phosphorylation. Furthermore, lack of SKAP2 enhanced the positive effect on OPC migration after integrin activation suggesting that SKAP2 acts as modulator of integrin dependent migration. In summary, we demonstrate the presence of intrinsic differences between spinal cord and brain OPC and identified SKAP2 as a new regulator of oligodendroglial migration and sheath formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ghelman
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Laureen Grewing
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Farina Windener
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Albrecht
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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7
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Dadwal N, Mix C, Reinhold A, Witte A, Freund C, Schraven B, Kliche S. The Multiple Roles of the Cytosolic Adapter Proteins ADAP, SKAP1 and SKAP2 for TCR/CD3 -Mediated Signaling Events. Front Immunol 2021; 12:703534. [PMID: 34295339 PMCID: PMC8290198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are the key players of the adaptive immune response. They coordinate the activation of other immune cells and kill malignant and virus-infected cells. For full activation T cells require at least two signals. Signal 1 is induced after recognition of MHC/peptide complexes presented on antigen presenting cells (APCs) by the clonotypic TCR (T-cell receptor)/CD3 complex whereas Signal 2 is mediated via the co-stimulatory receptor CD28, which binds to CD80/CD86 molecules that are present on APCs. These signaling events control the activation, proliferation and differentiation of T cells. In addition, triggering of the TCR/CD3 complex induces the activation of the integrin LFA-1 (leukocyte function associated antigen 1) leading to increased ligand binding (affinity regulation) and LFA-1 clustering (avidity regulation). This process is termed "inside-out signaling". Subsequently, ligand bound LFA-1 transmits a signal into the T cells ("outside-in signaling") which enhances T-cell interaction with APCs (adhesion), T-cell activation and T-cell proliferation. After triggering of signal transducing receptors, adapter proteins organize the proper processing of membrane proximal and intracellular signals as well as the activation of downstream effector molecules. Adapter proteins are molecules that lack enzymatic or transcriptional activity and are composed of protein-protein and protein-lipid interacting domains/motifs. They organize and assemble macromolecular complexes (signalosomes) in space and time. Here, we review recent findings regarding three cytosolic adapter proteins, ADAP (Adhesion and Degranulation-promoting Adapter Protein), SKAP1 and SKAP2 (Src Kinase Associated Protein 1 and 2) with respect to their role in TCR/CD3-mediated activation, proliferation and integrin regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirdosh Dadwal
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlie Mix
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annegret Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Witte
- Coordination Center of Clinical Trials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kliche
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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8
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Syafruddin SE, Ling S, Low TY, Mohtar MA. More Than Meets the Eye: Revisiting the Roles of Heat Shock Factor 4 in Health and Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:523. [PMID: 33807297 PMCID: PMC8066111 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells encounter a myriad of endogenous and exogenous stresses that could perturb cellular physiological processes. Therefore, cells are equipped with several adaptive and stress-response machinery to overcome and survive these insults. One such machinery is the heat shock response (HSR) program that is governed by the heat shock factors (HSFs) family in response towards elevated temperature, free radicals, oxidants, and heavy metals. HSF4 is a member of this HSFs family that could exist in two predominant isoforms, either the transcriptional repressor HSFa or transcriptional activator HSF4b. HSF4 is constitutively active due to the lack of oligomerization negative regulator domain. HSF4 has been demonstrated to play roles in several physiological processes and not only limited to regulating the classical heat shock- or stress-responsive transcriptional programs. In this review, we will revisit and delineate the recent updates on HSF4 molecular properties. We also comprehensively discuss the roles of HSF4 in health and diseases, particularly in lens cell development, cataract formation, and cancer pathogenesis. Finally, we will posit the potential direction of HSF4 future research that could enhance our knowledge on HSF4 molecular networks as well as physiological and pathophysiological functions.
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9
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Fløyel T, Meyerovich K, Prause MC, Kaur S, Frørup C, Mortensen HB, Nielsen LB, Pociot F, Cardozo AK, Størling J. SKAP2, a Candidate Gene for Type 1 Diabetes, Regulates β-Cell Apoptosis and Glycemic Control in Newly Diagnosed Patients. Diabetes 2021; 70:464-476. [PMID: 33203694 PMCID: PMC7881866 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The single nucleotide polymorphism rs7804356 located in the Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 2 (SKAP2) gene is associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D), suggesting SKAP2 as a causal candidate gene. The objective of the study was to investigate if SKAP2 has a functional role in the β-cells in relation to T1D. In a cohort of children with newly diagnosed T1D, rs7804356 predicted glycemic control and residual β-cell function during the 1st year after diagnosis. In INS-1E cells and rat and human islets, proinflammatory cytokines reduced the content of SKAP2. Functional studies revealed that knockdown of SKAP2 aggravated cytokine-induced apoptosis in INS-1E cells and primary rat β-cells, suggesting an antiapoptotic function of SKAP2. In support of this, overexpression of SKAP2 afforded protection against cytokine-induced apoptosis, which correlated with reduced nuclear content of S536-phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) subunit p65, lower nitric oxide production, and diminished CHOP expression indicative of decreased endoplasmic reticulum stress. Knockdown of CHOP partially counteracted the increase in cytokine-induced apoptosis caused by SKAP2 knockdown. In conclusion, our results suggest that SKAP2 controls β-cell sensitivity to cytokines possibly by affecting the NF-κB-inducible nitric oxide synthase-endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Fløyel
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Kira Meyerovich
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michala C Prause
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simranjeet Kaur
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Caroline Frørup
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Henrik B Mortensen
- Department of Pediatrics E, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte B Nielsen
- Department of Pediatrics E, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandra K Cardozo
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joachim Størling
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Liu S, Hu C, Luo Y, Yao K. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles may reveal new possible epigenetic pathogenesis of sporadic congenital cataract. Epigenomics 2020; 12:771-788. [PMID: 32516005 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the possible epigenetic pathogenesis of sporadic congenital cataract. Materials & methods: We conducted whole genome bisulfite sequencing on peripheral blood from sporadic binocular or monocular congenital cataract patients and cataract-free participants. Results: We found massive differentially methylated regions within the whole genomes between any two groups. Meanwhile, we identified five genes (ACTN4, ACTG1, TUBA1A, TUBA1C, TUBB4B) for the binocular and control groups and TUBA1A for the monocular and control groups as the core differentially methylated region-related genes. The proteins encoded by these core genes are involved in building cytoskeleton and intercellular junctions. Conclusion: Changes in the methylation levels of core genes may disturb the function of cytoskeleton and intercellular junctions, eventually leading to sporadic congenital cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- Eye Center of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310031, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310031, PR China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Eye Center of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310031, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310031, PR China
| | - Yueqiu Luo
- Eye Center of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310031, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310031, PR China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310031, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310031, PR China
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11
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Bureau JF, Cassonnet P, Grange L, Dessapt J, Jones L, Demeret C, Sakuntabhai A, Jacob Y. The SRC-family tyrosine kinase HCK shapes the landscape of SKAP2 interactome. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13102-13115. [PMID: 29568343 PMCID: PMC5862564 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The SRC Kinase Adaptor Phosphoprotein 2 (SKAP2) is a broadly expressed adaptor associated with the control of actin-polymerization, cell migration, and oncogenesis. After activation of different receptors at the cell surface, this dimeric protein serves as a platform for assembling other adaptors such as FYB and some SRC family kinase members, although these mechanisms are still poorly understood. The goal of this study is to map the SKAP2 interactome and characterize which domains or binding motifs are involved in these interactions. This is a prerequisite to finely analyze how these pathways are integrated in the cell machinery and to study their role in cancer and other human diseases when this network of interactions is perturbed. In this work, the domain and the binding motif of fourteen proteins interacting with SKAP2 were precisely defined and a new interactor, FAM102A was discovered. Herein, a fine-tuning between the binding of SRC kinases and their activation was identified. This last process, which depends on SKAP2 dimerization, indirectly affects the binding of FYB protein. Analysis of conformational changes associated with activation/inhibition of SRC family members, presently limited to their effect on kinase activity, is extended to their interactive network, which paves the way for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bureau
- Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Département Génome et Génétique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Cassonnet
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,UMR3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Laura Grange
- Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Département Génome et Génétique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
| | - Julien Dessapt
- Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Département Génome et Génétique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
| | - Louis Jones
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,UMR3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Demeret
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,UMR3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Département Génome et Génétique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS URA3012, Paris, France
| | - Yves Jacob
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,UMR3569, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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12
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HSF4 regulates lens fiber cell differentiation by activating p53 and its downstream regulators. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3082. [PMID: 28981088 PMCID: PMC5682647 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cataract refers to opacities of the lens that impede the passage of light. Mutations in heat shock transcription factor 4 (HSF4) have been associated with cataract; however, the mechanisms regarding how mutations in HSF4 cause cataract are still obscure. In this study, we generated an hsf4 knockout zebrafish model using TALEN technology. The mutant zebrafish developed an early-onset cataract with multiple developmental defects in lens. The epithelial cells of the lens were overproliferated, resulting in the overabundance of lens fiber cells in hsf4null zebrafish lens. Consequently, the arrangement of the lens fiber cells became more disordered and irregular with age. More importantly, the terminal differentiation of the lens fiber cell was interrupted as the organelles cannot be cleaved in due time. In the cultured human lens epithelial cells, HSF4 could stabilize and retain p53 in the nucleus to activate its target genes such as fas cell surface death receptor (Fas) and Bcl-2-associated X apoptosis regulator (Bax). In the hsf4null fish, both p53 and activated-caspase3 were significantly decreased. Combined with the finding that the denucleation defect could be partially rescued through microinjection of p53, fas and bax mRNA into the mutant embryos, we directly proved that HSF4 promotes lens fiber cell differentiation by activating p53 and its downstream regulators. The data we presented suggest that apoptosis-related genes are involved in the lens fiber cell differentiation. Our finding that HSF4 functions in the upstream to activate these genes highlighted the new regulatory modes of HSF4 in the terminal differentiation of lens fiber cell.
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13
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Wu Y, Zhuang J, Zhao D, Zhang F, Ma J, Xu C. Cyclic stretch-induced the cytoskeleton rearrangement and gene expression of cytoskeletal regulators in human periodontal ligament cells. Acta Odontol Scand 2017; 75:507-516. [PMID: 28681629 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2017.1347823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the mechanism of the stretch-induced cell realignment and cytoskeletal rearrangement by identifying several mechanoresponsive genes related to cytoskeletal regulators in human PDL cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS After the cells were stretched by 1, 10 and 20% strains for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 or 24 h, the changes of the morphology and content of microfilaments were recorded and calculated. Meanwhile, the expression of 84 key genes encoding cytoskeletal regulators after 6 and 24 h stretches with 20% strain was detected by using real-time PCR array. Western blot was applied to identify the protein expression level of several cytoskeletal regulators encoded by these differentially expressed genes. RESULTS The confocal fluorescent staining results confirmed that stretch-induced realignment of cells and rearrangement of microfilaments. Among the 84 genes screened, one gene was up-regulated while two genes were down-regulated after 6 h stretch. Meanwhile, three genes were up-regulated while two genes were down-regulated after 24 h stretch. These genes displaying differential expression included genes regulating polymerization/depolymerization of microfilaments (CDC42EP2, FNBP1L, NCK2, PIKFYVE, WASL), polymerization/depolymerization of microtubules (STMN1), interacting between microfilaments and microtubules (MACF1), as well as a phosphatase (PPP1R12B). Among the proteins encoded by these genes, the protein expression level of Cdc42 effector protein-2 (encoded by CDC42EP2) and Stathmin-1 (encoded by STMN1) was down-regulated, while the protein expression level of N-WASP (encoded by WASL) was up-regulated. CONCLUSION The present study confirmed the cyclic stretch-induced cellular realignment and rearrangement of microfilaments in the human PDL cells and indicated several force-sensitive genes with regard to cytoskeletal regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabao Zhuang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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14
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He SW, Xu BH, Liu Y, Wang YL, Chen MH, Xu L, Liao BQ, Lui R, Li FP, Lin YH, Fu XP, Fu BB, Hong ZW, Liu YX, Qi ZQ, Wang HL. SKAP2 regulates Arp2/3 complex for actin-mediated asymmetric cytokinesis by interacting with WAVE2 in mouse oocytes. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:2272-2281. [PMID: 28933599 PMCID: PMC5788478 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1380126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
SKAP2 (Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 2), a substrate of Src family kinases, has been suggested to be involved in actin-mediated cellular processes. However, little is known about its role in mouse oocyte maturation. In this study, we thus investigated the expression, localization, and functions of SKAP2 during mouse oocyte asymmetric division. SKAP2 protein expression was detected at all developmental stages in mouse oocytes. Immunofluorescent staining showed that SKAP2 was mainly distributed at the cortex of the oocytes during maturation. Treatment with cytochalasin B in oocytes confirmed that SKAP2 was co-localized with actin. Depletion of SKAP2 by injection with specific short interfering RNA caused failure of spindle migration, polar body extrusion, and cytokinesis defects. Meanwhile, the staining of actin filaments at the oocyte membrane and in the cytoplasm was significantly reduced after these treatments. SKAP2 depletion also disrupted actin cap and cortical granule-free domain formation, and arrested a large proportion of oocytes at the telophase stage. Moreover, Arp2/3 complex and WAVE2 expression was decreased after the depletion of SKAP2 activity. Our results indicate that SKAP2 regulates the Arp2/3 complex and is essential for actin-mediated asymmetric cytokinesis by interacting with WAVE2 in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen He
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,b Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Bai-Hui Xu
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,g Department of Workshop 25, Shangdong new time Pharmaceutical Company Limited , Shangdong , China
| | - Yu Liu
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,b Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Ya-Long Wang
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,b Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Ming-Huang Chen
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,b Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,c Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , Zhongshan Hospital , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Lin Xu
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,b Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Bao-Qiong Liao
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,b Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Rui Lui
- c Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , Zhongshan Hospital , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,d Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , Zhongxin Hospital , Qingdao, Shangdong , China
| | - Fei-Ping Li
- b Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,f Department of Life Science, Biological College, Southwest Forestry University , Kunming , China
| | - Yan-Hong Lin
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,e Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , the First Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Xian-Pei Fu
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,b Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Bin-Bin Fu
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,b Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Zi-Wei Hong
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,b Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Yu-Xin Liu
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,b Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Zhong-Quan Qi
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,b Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- a Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China.,b Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration , Xiamen, Fujian , China
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15
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Genome-wide association analysis for chronic venous disease identifies EFEMP1 and KCNH8 as susceptibility loci. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45652. [PMID: 28374850 PMCID: PMC5379489 DOI: 10.1038/srep45652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a multifactorial condition representing one of the most common disorders among populations of Western countries. The heritability of about 17% suggests genetic risk factors in CVD etiology. However, so far the genetic causes are unknown. We undertook the hitherto first genome-wide association study (GWAS) for CVD, analyzing more than 1.93 M SNPs in 4,942 German individuals, followed by replication in two independent German data sets. The combined analysis of discovery and replication stages (2,269 cases and 7,765 controls) yielded robust associations within the two genes EFEMP1 and KCNH8 (rs17278665, rs727139 with P < 5 × 10−8), and suggestive association within gene SKAP2 (rs2030136 with P < 5 × 10−7). Association signals of rs17278665 and rs727139 reside in regions of low linkage disequilibrium containing no other genes. Data from the ENCODE and Roadmap Epigenomics projects show that tissue specific marks overlap with the variants. SNPs rs17278665 and rs2030136 are known eQTLs. Our study demonstrates that GWAS are a valuable tool to study the genetic component of CVD. With our approach, we identified two novel genome-wide significant susceptibility loci for this common disease. Particularly, the extracellular matrix glycoprotein EFEMP1 is promising for future functional studies due to its antagonistic role in vessel development and angiogenesis.
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16
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Pozhitkov AE, Neme R, Domazet-Lošo T, Leroux BG, Soni S, Tautz D, Noble PA. Tracing the dynamics of gene transcripts after organismal death. Open Biol 2017; 7:160267. [PMID: 28123054 PMCID: PMC5303275 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In life, genetic and epigenetic networks precisely coordinate the expression of genes-but in death, it is not known if gene expression diminishes gradually or abruptly stops or if specific genes and pathways are involved. We studied this by identifying mRNA transcripts that apparently increase in relative abundance after death, assessing their functions, and comparing their abundance profiles through postmortem time in two species, mouse and zebrafish. We found mRNA transcript profiles of 1063 genes became significantly more abundant after death of healthy adult animals in a time series spanning up to 96 h postmortem. Ordination plots revealed non-random patterns in the profiles by time. While most of these transcript levels increased within 0.5 h postmortem, some increased only at 24 and 48 h postmortem. Functional characterization of the most abundant transcripts revealed the following categories: stress, immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, transport, development, epigenetic regulation and cancer. The data suggest a step-wise shutdown occurs in organismal death that is manifested by the apparent increase of certain transcripts with various abundance maxima and durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Pozhitkov
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, PO Box 357444, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306 Ploen, Germany
| | - Rafik Neme
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306 Ploen, Germany
| | - Tomislav Domazet-Lošo
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
- Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Brian G Leroux
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, PO Box 357444, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shivani Soni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101-0271, USA
| | - Diethard Tautz
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306 Ploen, Germany
| | - Peter A Noble
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, PO Box 357444, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101-0271, USA
- PhD Program in Microbiology, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101-0271, USA
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17
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Xu B, Jin X, Min L, Li Q, Deng L, Wu H, Lin G, Chen L, Zhang H, Li C, Wang L, Zhu J, Wang W, Chu F, Shen J, Li H, Mao J. Chloride channel-3 promotes tumor metastasis by regulating membrane ruffling and is associated with poor survival. Oncotarget 2016; 6:2434-50. [PMID: 25537517 PMCID: PMC4385862 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) protein is known to be a component of Cl− channels involved in cell volume regulation or acidification of intracellular vesicles. Here, we report that ClC-3 was highly expressed in the cytoplasm of metastatic carcinomatous cells and accelerated cell migration in vitro and tumor metastasis in vivo. High-grade expression of cytoplasmic ClC-3 predicted poor survival in cancer patients. We found that independent of its volume-activated Cl− channel properties, ClC-3 was able to promote cell membrane ruffling, required for tumor metastasis. ClC-3 mediated membrane ruffling by regulating keratin 18 phosphorylation to control β1 Integrin recycling. Therefore, cytoplasmic ClC-3 plays an active and key role in tumor metastasis and may be a valuable prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target to prevent tumor spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Bioactive Drugs Research, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobao Jin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Bioactive Drugs Research, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Min
- Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Bioactive Drugs Research, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Bioactive Drugs Research, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guixian Lin
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayong Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Bioactive Drugs Research, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weizhang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Bioactive Drugs Research, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fujiang Chu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Bioactive Drugs Research, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Bioactive Drugs Research, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Bioactive Drugs Research, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Gangalum RK, Jing Z, Bhat AM, Lee J, Nagaoka Y, Deng SX, Jiang M, Bhat SP. Expression of the HSF4 DNA binding domain-EGFP hybrid gene recreates early childhood lamellar cataract in transgenic mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:7227-40. [PMID: 25168898 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical management of cataracts in infancy involves surgical removal of the lens to ensure transmission of light to the retina, which is essential for normal neural development of the infant. This surgery, however, entails a lifelong follow-up and impaired vision. To our knowledge, no animal models recapitulate human lamellar opacities, the most prevalent form of early childhood cataracts. We present data on the recreation of the human lamellar cataract phenotype in transgenic mice. METHODS Mutations in the DNA binding domain (DBD) of the heat shock transcription factor 4 (HSF4) are known to be associated with early childhood autosomal dominant lamellar cataract. We used bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenesis to express a hybrid gene: Hsf4 (DBD)-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), by recombineering EGFP sequences into the DBD of the Hsf4 gene, to interfere with the DNA binding properties of Hsf4. RESULTS We recapitulated the human lamellar cataract, in its temporal as well as spatial presentation, within the transgenic mouse lens. This phenotype was reproduced faithfully using four different BACs, indicating that EGFP can be used to target transcription factor function in transgenic mice. Molecular and cell biological examination of early postnatal transgenic lens reveals impairment of secondary fiber cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Recreation of the human lamellar cataract phenotype in mice allows investigation of this human pathology at a level not possible previously and points to the relevance of fiber cell heterogeneity dictated by fiber cell-specific gene activity in the biogenesis of the lamellar cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra K Gangalum
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Zhe Jing
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ankur M Bhat
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Josh Lee
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States Molecular Biology Institute and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Yoshiko Nagaoka
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Sophie X Deng
- Molecular Biology Institute and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Meisheng Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Suraj P Bhat
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States Molecular Biology Institute and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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19
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Chen Y, Wu Q, Miao A, Jiang Y, Wu X, Wang Z, Wu F, Lu Y. Effect of HSF4b on age related cataract may through its novel downstream target Hif1α. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:674-8. [PMID: 25088997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study identified five new heat shock factor 4 (HSF4) mutations in 150 age-related cataract (ARC) patients which indicated that HSF4 mutations may be associated with this disease. Hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif1α) is an important downstream target of HSF4b. It has been found that Hif1α play also important roles in cataract development. To identify if HSF4b play it role in cataract development through HIF1α, we transfected SRA01/04 lens epithelial cells with small hairpin RNA of HSF4b and measured expressions Hif1α after transfection. Then, we perform chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative PCR to see the relationship between HSF4b and HIF1α. We found that HSF4 downregulation led to decrease of HIF1α mRNA expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated by ChIP followed by quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) that these HIF-1α is bound by HSF4b near promoters, not gene bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated of Shanghai Jiaotong University, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated of Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Aizhu Miao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxiang Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - XinHua Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhentian Wang
- State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feizhen Wu
- State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Tanabe Y, Shiota A, Kouroku-Murakami Y, Fujita-Jimbo E, Urase K, Takahashi K, Mezaki Y, Senoo H, Momoi T. Spatial and temporal expression of RA70/Scap2 in the developing neural tube. Neurosci Lett 2014; 576:1-5. [PMID: 24846415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 2 (Ra70/scap2), which was originally isolated as a retinoic acid (RA)-induced gene, associates with molecules that modulate integrin-survival signals. Although RA is essential for vertebrate organogenesis in the posterior region, little is known about the biological role of RA70/Scap2 during development. In the present study, we demonstrate that Ra70/scap2 mRNA is temporally expressed during the RA-induced neuronal differentiation of P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. Homozygous knockout mice in which the Ra70/scap2 gene was replaced with LacZ exhibited embryonic lethality, while heterozygous mice displayed preferential expression of LacZ in posterior neural tissues, including the neural tube and hindbrain during development (E7.5-11.5), but not the forebrain. Ra70/scap2 was expressed in the ependymal layer and ventricular zone in the neural tube, where neuroepithelial cells and neuroblasts with proliferation capacity are localized, respectively. Thus, RA70/Scap2 may be necessary for RA-induced neuronal differentiation from the posterior neuroectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tanabe
- Center for Medical Science, International University of Health and Welfare, Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akira Shiota
- PhoenixBio, Ltd., Iwazo, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoriko Kouroku-Murakami
- Center for Medical Science, International University of Health and Welfare, Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Eriko Fujita-Jimbo
- Center for Medical Science, International University of Health and Welfare, Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koko Urase
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Takahashi
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Mezaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita, Japan
| | - Haruki Senoo
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita, Japan
| | - Takashi Momoi
- Center for Medical Science, International University of Health and Welfare, Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, Japan.
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Sahu M, Sharma R, Yadav S, Wakamiya M, Chaudhary P, Awasthi S, Awasthi YC. Lens specific RLIP76 transgenic mice show a phenotype similar to microphthalmia. Exp Eye Res 2013; 118:125-34. [PMID: 24188744 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RALBP1/RLIP76 is a ubiquitously expressed protein, involved in promotion and regulation of functions initiated by Ral and R-Ras small GTPases. Presence of multiple domains in its structure enables RLIP76 to be involved in a number of physiological processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, mitochondrial fission, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, and transport of exogenous and endogenous toxicants. Previously, we have established that RLIP76 provides protection to ocular tissues against oxidative stress by transporting the glutathione-conjugates of the toxic, electrophilic products of lipid peroxidation generated during oxidative stress. Therefore, we developed lens specific RLIP76 transgenic mice (lensRLIP76 Tg) to elucidate the role of RLIP76 in protection against oxidative stress, but these transgenic mice showed impaired lens development and a phenotype with small eyes similar to that observed in microphthalmia. These findings prompted us to investigate the mechanisms via which RLIP76 affects lens and eye development. In the present study, we report engineering of lensRLIP76 Tg mice, characterization of the associated phenotype, and the possible molecular mechanisms that lead to the impaired development of eye and lens in these mice. The results of microarray array analysis indicate that the genes involved in pathways for G-Protein signaling, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, endocytosis, and apoptosis are affected in these transgenic mice. The expression of transcription factors, Pax6, Hsf1, and Hsf4b known to be involved in lens development is down regulated in the lens of these Tg mice. However, the expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps), the downstream targets of Hsfs, is differentially affected in the lens showing down regulation of Hsp27, Hsp40, up regulation of Hsp60, and no effect on Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression. The disruption in the organization of actin cytoskeleton of these Tg mice was associated with the inhibition of the activation of Cdc42 and down regulation of cofilin phosphorylation. These mice may provide useful animal model for elucidating the mechanisms of lens development, and etiology of microphthalmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Sahu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Rajendra Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Sushma Yadav
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Pankaj Chaudhary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yogesh C Awasthi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Cui X, Wang L, Zhang J, Du R, Liao S, Li D, Li C, Ke T, Li DWC, Huang H, Yin Z, Tang Z, Liu M. HSF4 regulates DLAD expression and promotes lens de-nucleation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1167-72. [PMID: 23507146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HSF4 mutations lead to both congenital and age-related cataract. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism of cataract formation caused by HSF4 mutations. The degradation of nuclear DNA is essential for the lens fiber differentiation. DNase 2β (DLAD) is highly expressed in lens cells, and mice with deficiencies in the DLAD gene develop nuclear cataracts. In this study, we found that HSF4 promoted the expression and DNase activity of DLAD by directly binding to the DLAD promoter. In contrast, HSF4 cataract causative mutations failed to bind to the DLAD promoter, abrogating the expression and DNase activity of DLAD. These results were confirmed by HSF4 knockdown in zebrafish, which led to incomplete de-nucleation of the lens and decreased expression and activity of DLAD. Together, our results suggest that HSF4 exerts its function on lens differentiation via positive regulation of DLAD expression and activity, thus facilitating de-nucleation of lens fiber cells. Our demonstration that HSF4 cataract causative mutations abrogate the induction of DLAD expression reveals a novel molecular mechanism regarding how HSF4 mutations cause cataractogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiukun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
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Hutchins AP, Diez D, Takahashi Y, Ahmad S, Jauch R, Tremblay ML, Miranda-Saavedra D. Distinct transcriptional regulatory modules underlie STAT3's cell type-independent and cell type-specific functions. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:2155-70. [PMID: 23295670 PMCID: PMC3575808 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression by binding to short DNA sequence motifs, yet their binding specificities alone cannot explain how certain TFs drive a diversity of biological processes. In order to investigate the factors that control the functions of the pleiotropic TF STAT3, we studied its genome-wide binding patterns in four different cell types: embryonic stem cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages and AtT-20 cells. We describe for the first time two distinct modes of STAT3 binding. First, a small cell type-independent mode represented by a set of 35 evolutionarily conserved STAT3-binding sites that collectively regulate STAT3’s own functions and cell growth. We show that STAT3 is recruited to sites with E2F1 already pre-bound before STAT3 activation. Second, a series of different transcriptional regulatory modules (TRMs) assemble around STAT3 to drive distinct transcriptional programs in the four cell types. These modules recognize cell type-specific binding sites and are associated with factors particular to each cell type. Our study illustrates the versatility of STAT3 to regulate both universal- and cell type-specific functions by means of distinct TRMs, a mechanism that might be common to other pleiotropic TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Paul Hutchins
- World Premier International (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
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Shimamura S, Sasaki K, Tanaka M. The Src substrate SKAP2 regulates actin assembly by interacting with WAVE2 and cortactin proteins. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:1171-83. [PMID: 23161539 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.386722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In our attempt to screen for substrates of Src family kinases in glioblastoma, Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 2 (SKAP2) was identified. Although SKAP2 has been suggested to be associated with integrin-mediated adhesion of hematopoietic cells, little is known about its molecular function and the effects in other types of cells and tumors. Here, we demonstrate that SKAP2 physically associates with actin assembly factors WAVE2 and cortactin and inhibits their interaction. Cortactin is required for the membrane localization of WAVE2, and SKAP2 suppresses actin polymerization mediated by WAVE2 and cortactin in vitro. Knockdown of SKAP2 in NIH3T3 accelerated cell migration and enhanced translocation of WAVE2 to the cell membrane, and those effects of SKAP2 depend on the binding activity of SKAP2 to WAVE2. Furthermore, reduction of SKAP2 in the glioblastoma promoted tumor invasion both in ex vivo organotypic rat brain slices and immune-deficient mouse brains. These results suggest that SKAP2 negatively regulates cell migration and tumor invasion in fibroblasts and glioblastoma cells by suppressing actin assembly induced by the WAVE2-cortactin complex, indicating that SKAP2 may be a novel candidate for the suppressor of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Shimamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Japan
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Swan CL, Evans TG, Sylvain N, Krone PH. Zebrafish HSF4: a novel protein that shares features of both HSF1 and HSF4 of mammals. Cell Stress Chaperones 2012; 17:623-37. [PMID: 22528049 PMCID: PMC3535164 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (hsps) have important roles in the development of the eye lens. We previously demonstrated that knockdown of hsp70 gene expression using morpholino antisense technology resulted in an altered lens phenotype in zebrafish embryos. A less severe phenotype was seen with knockdown of heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1), suggesting that, while it likely plays a role in hsp70 regulation during lens formation, other regulatory factors are also involved. Heat-shock factor 4 plays an important role in mammalian lens development, and an expressed sequence tag encoding zebrafish HSF4 has been identified. The deduced amino acid sequence shares structural similarities with mammalian HSF4 including the lack of an HR-C domain. However, the HR-C domain is absent due to a severe C-terminal truncation within zebrafish HSF4 (zHSF4) relative to the mammalian protein. Surprisingly, the amino acid composition of the zHSF4 DNA binding domain shares a greater degree of identity with HSF1 proteins than it does with mammalian HSF4 proteins. Consistent with this, the binding affinity of in vitro synthesized zHSF4 for discontinuous heat-shock response element sequences is more limited, similar to what has been previously observed for HSF1 proteins. Hsf4 mRNA is expressed in zebrafish adult eye tissue but is only observed in developing embryonic tissue at 60 h post-fertilization or later. This, together with the lack of an observable phenotype following morpholino-based antisense knockdown of hsf4, suggests that zHSF4 is unlikely to play a role in regulating early embryonic lens development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Swan
- />Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5 Canada
| | - Tyler G. Evans
- />Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5 Canada
- />Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Nicole Sylvain
- />Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5 Canada
| | - Patrick H. Krone
- />Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5 Canada
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