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Du Y, Xiao X, You HZ, Hou ZY, Yang XD, Wang J, Tang J, Wang Y. Association of High Plasma Levels of Serpin E1, IGFBP2, and CCL5 With Refractory Epilepsy in Children by Cytokine Profiling. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024; 63:953-962. [PMID: 37731223 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231201245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines participate in the pathology of epilepsy and the development of drug resistance. In this study, we combined a cytokine array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to identify new cytokines in the plasma from children on early stage of the onset of epilepsy (EOE) and children with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Compared with healthy controls, a broad up-regulation of cytokines was observed in patients with EOE, and many of the cytokines were not previously reported. In patients with DRE, most of these up-regulated cytokines maintained at relatively low levels close to those in controls; only a few of them, including CCL5, Serpin E1, and IGFBP2, remained at high levels. The dramatic difference in cytokine profile could be a strong clue for the incidence of DRE, and DRE-associated cytokines appeared to have the potential to be new biomarkers for epilepsy prognosis and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Zhen You
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Yuan Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihong Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingyan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Vijiaratnam N, Foltynie T. How should we be using biomarkers in trials of disease modification in Parkinson's disease? Brain 2023; 146:4845-4869. [PMID: 37536279 PMCID: PMC10690028 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent validation of the α-synuclein seed amplification assay as a biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease has formed the backbone for a proposed staging system for incorporation in Parkinson's disease clinical studies and trials. The routine use of this biomarker should greatly aid in the accuracy of diagnosis during recruitment of Parkinson's disease patients into trials (as distinct from patients with non-Parkinson's disease parkinsonism or non-Parkinson's disease tremors). There remain, however, further challenges in the pursuit of biomarkers for clinical trials of disease modifying agents in Parkinson's disease, namely: optimizing the distinction between different α-synucleinopathies; the selection of subgroups most likely to benefit from a candidate disease modifying agent; a sensitive means of confirming target engagement; and the early prediction of longer-term clinical benefit. For example, levels of CSF proteins such as the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase may assist in prognostication or allow enrichment of appropriate patients into disease modifying trials of agents with this enzyme as the target; the presence of coexisting Alzheimer's disease-like pathology (detectable through CSF levels of amyloid-β42 and tau) can predict subsequent cognitive decline; imaging techniques such as free-water or neuromelanin MRI may objectively track decline in Parkinson's disease even in its later stages. The exploitation of additional biomarkers to the α-synuclein seed amplification assay will, therefore, greatly add to our ability to plan trials and assess the disease modifying properties of interventions. The choice of which biomarker(s) to use in the context of disease modifying clinical trials will depend on the intervention, the stage (at risk, premotor, motor, complex) of the population recruited and the aims of the trial. The progress already made lends hope that panels of fluid biomarkers in tandem with structural or functional imaging may provide sensitive and objective methods of confirming that an intervention is modifying a key pathophysiological process of Parkinson's disease. However, correlation with clinical progression does not necessarily equate to causation, and the ongoing validation of quantitative biomarkers will depend on insightful clinical-genetic-pathophysiological comparisons incorporating longitudinal biomarker changes from those at genetic risk with evidence of onset of the pathophysiology and those at each stage of manifest clinical Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosen Vijiaratnam
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Zhao J, An K, Mao Z, Qu Y, Wang D, Li J, Min Z, Xue Z. CCL5 promotes LFA-1 expression in Th17 cells and induces LCK and ZAP70 activation in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1250685. [PMID: 38020765 PMCID: PMC10655117 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1250685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD), which is associated to autoimmune disorders, is characterized by the pathological deposition of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) and loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Th17 cells are thought to be responsible for the direct loss of DA neurons. C-C chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) specifically induces Th17 cell infiltration into the SN. However, the specific effect of CCL5 on Th17 cells in PD and the relationship between CCL5 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) expression in Th17 cells are unknown. Methods We evaluated the effects of CCL5 on LFA-1 expression in Th17 cells in mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and examined Th17 cell differentiation upon CCL5 stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, we assessed the effects of CCL5 on tyrosine kinase zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70) and lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) activity in CCL5-stimulated Th17 cells in vivo and in vitro. Results CCL5 increased the proportion of peripheral Th17 cells in MPTP-treated mice, LFA-1 expression on Th17 cells, and Th17 cell levels in the SN of MPTP-treated mice. CCL5 promoted Th17 cell differentiation and LFA-1 expression in naive T cells in vitro. Moreover, CCL5 increased Th17 cell differentiation and LFA-1 expression by stimulating LCK and ZAP70 activation in naive CD4+ T cells. Inhibiting LCK and ZAP70 activation reduced the proportion of peripheral Th17 cells and LFA-1 surface expression in MPTP-treated mice, and Th17 cell levels in the SN also significantly decreased. Conclusion CCL5, which increased Th17 cell differentiation and LFA-1 protein expression by activating LCK and ZAP70, could increase the Th17 cell number in the SN, induce DA neuron death and aggravate PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhe Min
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Xue
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Elmers J, Colzato LS, Akgün K, Ziemssen T, Beste C. Neurofilaments - Small proteins of physiological significance and predictive power for future neurodegeneration and cognitive decline across the life span. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102037. [PMID: 37619618 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Neurofilaments (NFs) are not only important for axonal integrity and nerve conduction in large myelinated axons but they are also thought to be crucial for receptor and synaptic functioning. Therefore, NFs may play a critical role in cognitive functions, as cognitive processes are known to depend on synaptic integrity and are modulated by dopaminergic signaling. Here, we present a theory-driven interdisciplinary approach that NFs may link inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive functions. We base our hypothesis on a wealth of evidence suggesting a causal link between inflammation and neurodegeneration and between these two and cognitive decline (see Fig. 1), also taking dopaminergic signaling into account. We conclude that NFs may not only serve as biomarkers for inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cognitive processes but also represent a potential mechanical hinge between them, moreover, they may even have predictive power regarding future cognitive decline. In addition, we advocate the use of both NFs and MRI parameters, as their synthesis offers the opportunity to individualize medical treatment by providing a comprehensive view of underlying disease activity in neurological diseases. Since our society will become significantly older in the upcoming years and decades, maintaining cognitive functions and healthy aging will play an important role. Thanks to technological advances in recent decades, NFs could serve as a rapid, noninvasive, and relatively inexpensive early warning system to identify individuals at increased risk for cognitive decline and could facilitate the management of cognitive dysfunctions across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Elmers
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenza S Colzato
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
| | - Katja Akgün
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
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Mohapatra L, Mishra D, Shiomurti Tripathi A, Kumar Parida S. Immunosenescence as a convergence pathway in neurodegeneration. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110521. [PMID: 37385122 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunity refers to the body's defense mechanism to protect itself against illness or to produce antibodies against pathogens. Senescence is a cellular phenomenon that integrates a sustainable growth restriction, other phenotypic abnormalities and including a pro-inflammatory secretome. It is highly involved in regulating developmental stages, tissue homeostasis, and tumor proliferation monitoring. Contemporary experimental reports imply that abolition of senescent cells employing evolved genetic and therapeutic approaches augment the chances of survival and boosts the health span of an individual. Immunosenescence is considered as a process in which dysfunction of the immune system occurs with aging and greatly includes remodeling of lymphoid organs. This in turn causes fluctuations in the immune function of the elderly that has strict relation with the expansion of autoimmune diseases, infections, malignant tumors and neurodegenerative disorders. The interaction of the nervous and immune systems during aging is marked by bi-directional influence and mutual correlation of variations. The enhanced systemic inflammatory condition in the elderly, and the neuronal immune cell activity can be modulated by inflamm-aging and peripheral immunosenescence resulting in chronic low-grade inflammatory processes in the central Nervous system known as neuro-inflammaging. For example, glia excitation by cytokines and glia pro-inflammatory productions contribute significantly to memory injury as well as in acute systemic inflammation, which is associated with high levels of Tumor necrosis factor -α and a rise in cognitive decline. In recent years its role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease has caught research interest to a large extent. This article reviews the connection concerning the immune and nervous systems and highlights how immunosenescence and inflamm-aging can affect neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Mohapatra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India.
| | - Deepak Mishra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India
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Chang L, Dong WW, Luo B, Qiu C, Lu Y, Lin XJ, Zhang WB. Deep brain stimulation improves central nervous system inflammation in Parkinson's disease: Evidence and perspectives. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023. [PMID: 36942520 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Parkinson's disease (PD), inflammation may lead to the degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons. Previous studies showed that inflammatory mediators mainly contributed to this phenomenon. On the other hand, invasive neuromodulation methods such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) have better therapeutic effects for PD. One possibility is that DBS improves PD by influencing inflammation. Therefore, we further explored the mechanisms underlying inflammatory mediators and DBS in the pathogenesis of PD. METHODS We measured serum levels of two inflammatory markers, namely RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), using Luminex assays in 109 preoperative DBS PD patients, 49 postoperative DBS PD patients, and 113 age- and sex-matched controls. The plasma protein data of the different groups were then statistically analyzed. RESULTS RANTES (p < 0.001) and TNF-α (p = 0.005) levels differed significantly between the three groups. A strong and significant correlation between RANTES levels and Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) stage was observed in preoperative PD patients (rs = 0.567, p < 0.001). Significant correlations between RANTES levels and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III (UPDRS III) score (rs1 = 0.644, p = 0.033 and rs2 = 0.620, p = 0.042) were observed in matched patients. No correlation was observed for TNF-α levels. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that PD patients have a persistent inflammatory profile, possibly via recruitment of activated monocytes, macrophages, and T lymphocytes to the central nervous system (CNS). DBS was shown to have a significant therapeutic effect on PD, which may arise by improving the inflammatory environment of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Wen Dong
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Luo
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang Qiu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Jian Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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You HZ, Zhang J, Du Y, Yu PB, Li L, Xie J, Mi Y, Hou Z, Yang XD, Sun KX. Association of elevated plasma CCL5 levels with high risk for tic disorders in children. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1126839. [PMID: 37090922 PMCID: PMC10113459 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1126839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal levels of some peripheral cytokines have been reported in children patients with tic disorders (TDs), but none of these cytokines can be a biomarker for this disease. Our aim was to systemically profile differentially expressed cytokines (DECs) in the blood of TD patients, examine their associations with TD development, and identify from them potential biomarkers for the prediction and management of the risk for TDs. In this study, a cytokine array capable of measuring 105 cytokines was used to screen for DECs in the plasma from 53 comorbidity-free and drug-naïve TD patients and 37 age-matched healthy controls. DECs were verified by ELISA and their associations with TD development were evaluated by binary logistic regression analysis. Elevation of a set of cytokines was observed in TD patients compared with controls, including previously uncharacterized cytokines in tic disorders, CCL5, Serpin E1, Thrombospondin-1, MIF, PDGF-AA, and PDGF-AB/BB. Further analysis of DECs revealed a significant association of elevated CCL5 with TD development (p = 0.005) and a significant ROC curve for CCL5 as a risk factor [AUC, 0.801 (95% CI: 0.707-0.895), p < 0.0001]. Conclusion This study identifies associations of a set of circulating cytokines, particularly CCL5 with TD development, and provides evidence that high blood CCL5 has potential to be a risk factor for TD development. Clinical Trial Registration identifier ChiCTR-2000029616.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-zhen You
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaning Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-bo Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhui Mi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: Xiao-Dong Yang Ke-Xing Sun
| | - Ke-Xing Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: Xiao-Dong Yang Ke-Xing Sun
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Prado GHJD, Sardeli AV, Lord JM, Cavaglieri CR. The effects of ageing, BMI and physical activity on blood IL-15 levels: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Exp Gerontol 2022; 168:111933. [PMID: 36007720 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of the study was to test the effect of ageing, BMI, physical activity and chronic exercise on IL-15 blood concentration by meta-analyses of the literature. METHODS The search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, ProQuest, Embase and Cochrane databases. First meta-analysis compared blood IL-15 of healthy adults across three age groups (<35 years, 35-65 years, and >65 years), considering BMI as confounding factor; the second compared IL-15 levels between physically active and non-physically active individuals (cross-sectional studies); and the third tested the effect of chronic exercise interventions on blood IL-15 levels on participants of any age, sex, and health condition. RESULTS From 2582 studies retrieved, 67 were selected for the three meta-analyses (age effect: 59; physical activity cross-sectional effect: 5; chronic exercise effect: 14). Older adults had lower blood IL-15 than young and middle-aged adults (5.30 pg/ml [4.76; 5.83]; 7.11 pg/ml [6.33; 7.88]; 7.10 pg/ml [5.55; 8.65], respectively). However, the subgroup of overweight older adults had higher IL-15 than young and middle aged overweight adults; Habitual physical activity did not affect blood IL-15 (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.61 [-0.65; 1.88], p = 0.34); Chronic exercise reduced blood IL-15 in short-term interventions (<16 weeks) (SMD -0.14 [-0.27; -0.01], p = 0.04), but not studies of >16 weeks of intervention (SMD 0.44 [-0.26; 1.15], p = 0.22). CONCLUSION The present meta-analyses highlight the complex interaction of age, BMI and physical activity on blood IL-15 and emphasize the need to take these factors into account when considering the role of this myokine in health throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Veiga Sardeli
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Gerontology Program, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Janet Mary Lord
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Gerontology Program, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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DeMaio A, Mehrotra S, Sambamurti K, Husain S. The role of the adaptive immune system and T cell dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:251. [PMID: 36209107 PMCID: PMC9548183 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system and associated inflammation are vital in surveillance and host protection against internal and external threats, but can secondarily damage host tissues. The central nervous system is immune-privileged and largely protected from the circulating inflammatory pathways. However, T cell involvement and the disruption of the blood-brain barriers have been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Under normal physiological conditions, regulatory T cells (Treg cells) dampen the inflammatory response of effector T cells. In the pathological states of many neurodegenerative disorders, the ability of Treg cells to mitigate inflammation is reduced, and a pro-inflammatory environment persists. This perspective review provides current knowledge on the roles of T cell subsets (e.g., effector T cells, Treg cells) in neurodegenerative and ocular diseases, including uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Many neurodegenerative and ocular diseases have been linked to immune dysregulation, but the cellular events and molecular mechanisms involved in such processes remain largely unknown. Moreover, the role of T cells in ocular pathologies remains poorly defined and limited literature is available in this area of research. Adoptive transfer of Treg cells appears to be a vital immunological approach to control ocular pathologies. Similarities in T cell dysfunction seen among non-ocular neurodegenerative diseases suggest that this area of research has a great potential to develop better therapeutic agents for ocular diseases and warrants further studies. Overall, this perspective review article provides significant information on the roles of T cells in numerous ocular and non-ocular neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa DeMaio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Room 713, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Ave, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Kumar Sambamurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Shahid Husain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Room 713, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Ave, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA.
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Tönges L, Buhmann C, Klebe S, Klucken J, Kwon EH, Müller T, Pedrosa DJ, Schröter N, Riederer P, Lingor P. Blood-based biomarker in Parkinson's disease: potential for future applications in clinical research and practice. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:1201-1217. [PMID: 35428925 PMCID: PMC9463345 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The clinical presentation of Parkinson's disease (PD) is both complex and heterogeneous, and its precise classification often requires an intensive work-up. The differential diagnosis, assessment of disease progression, evaluation of therapeutic responses, or identification of PD subtypes frequently remains uncertain from a clinical point of view. Various tissue- and fluid-based biomarkers are currently being investigated to improve the description of PD. From a clinician's perspective, signatures from blood that are relatively easy to obtain would have great potential for use in clinical practice if they fulfill the necessary requirements as PD biomarker. In this review article, we summarize the knowledge on blood-based PD biomarkers and present both a researcher's and a clinician's perspective on recent developments and potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Tönges
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany.
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
| | - Carsten Buhmann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Klebe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Klucken
- Department of Digital Medicine, University Luxembourg, LCSB, L-4367, Belval, Luxembourg
- Digital Medicine Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Digital Medicine Research Clinic, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Eun Hae Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Weissensee, 13088, Berlin, Germany
| | - David J Pedrosa
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Gießen and Marburg, Marburg Site, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Center of Mind, Brain and Behaviour (CMBB), Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nils Schröter
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
- University of Southern Denmark Odense, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Paul Lingor
- School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, München, Germany
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Gopinath A, Mackie P, Hashimi B, Buchanan AM, Smith AR, Bouchard R, Shaw G, Badov M, Saadatpour L, Gittis A, Ramirez-Zamora A, Okun MS, Streit WJ, Hashemi P, Khoshbouei H. DAT and TH expression marks human Parkinson's disease in peripheral immune cells. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:72. [PMID: 35672374 PMCID: PMC9174333 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked by a loss of dopamine neurons, decreased dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression. However, this validation approach cannot be used for diagnostic, drug effectiveness or investigational purposes in human patients because midbrain tissue is accessible postmortem. PD pathology affects both the central nervous and peripheral immune systems. Therefore, we immunophenotyped blood samples of PD patients for the presence of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and discovered that DAT+/TH+ monocytic MDSCs, but not granulocytic MDSCs are increased, suggesting a targeted immune response to PD. Because in peripheral immune cells DAT activity underlies an immune suppressive mechanism, we investigated whether expression levels of DAT and TH in the peripheral immune cells marks PD. We found drug naïve PD patients exhibit differential DAT+/TH+ expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) compared to aged/sex matched healthy subjects. While total PBMCs are not different between the groups, the percentage of DAT+/TH+ PBMCs was significantly higher in drug naïve PD patients compared to healthy controls irrespective of age, gender, disease duration, disease severity or treatment type. Importantly, treatment for PD negatively modulates DAT+/TH+ expressing PBMCs. Neither total nor the percentage of DAT+/TH+ PBMCs were altered in the Alzheimer's disease cohort. The mechanistic underpinning of this discovery in human PD was revealed when these findings were recapitulated in animal models of PD. The reverse translational experimental strategy revealed that alterations in dopaminergic markers in peripheral immune cells are due to the disease associated changes in the CNS. Our study demonstrates that the dopaminergic machinery on peripheral immune cells displays an association with human PD, with exciting implications in facilitating diagnosis and investigation of human PD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Gopinath
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Phillip Mackie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Basil Hashimi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Aidan R Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Gerry Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- EnCor Biotechnology, Inc, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Martin Badov
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leila Saadatpour
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aryn Gittis
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, UF Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael S Okun
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, UF Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wolfgang J Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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12
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Diaz K, Kohut ML, Russell DW, Stegemöller EL. Peripheral inflammatory cytokines and motor symptoms in persons with Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 21:100442. [PMID: 35308082 PMCID: PMC8927904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many of the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) impact quality of life and are not fully ameliorated by current pharmacological and surgical treatments. A better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying these symptoms is needed. Previous research has suggested that inflammation may play a significant role in PD pathophysiology and progression, but there is limited research exploring how inflammation directly relates to motor symptoms in PD. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between peripheral immune inflammatory markers and motor symptoms of PD, specifically, tremor, bradykinesia, and postural and gait instability. We hypothesized that peripheral inflammatory cytokines would predict the severity of motor symptoms in persons with PD, and that there will be higher levels of peripheral inflammatory cytokine markers in persons with PD when compared to age-matched healthy older adults. Methods Twenty-six participants with PD and fourteen healthy older adults completed the study. For participants with PD, the motor section of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was recorded and scored by two Movement Disorders Neurologists masked to the study. A blood sample was collected from both participants with PD and the healthy older adults. Through the MILLIPLEX® map High Sensitivity Human Cytokine Kit, key inflammation-related markers were analyzed (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-2, IL-7, IL-5, IL-13, IL, 4, IL-10 IL-12p70, GM-CSF, and IL-6). Results Results revealed significantly higher levels of IL-6 in persons with PD when compared to healthy older adults (p = 0.005). Moreover, results revealed that higher levels of IL-4 (p = 0.011) and lower levels of IFNγ (p = 0.003) significantly predicted more severe tremor in persons with PD. No other associations between the peripheral inflammation markers and other motor symptoms were observed. Conclusions Overall, these results are consistent with a growing body of literature that implicates inflammatory cytokines in the PD, and further suggests that inflammatory cytokines, or lack thereof, may be associated with tremor in persons with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Diaz
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - M L Kohut
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - D W Russell
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - E L Stegemöller
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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13
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Bartl M, Xylaki M, Bähr M, Weber S, Trenkwalder C, Mollenhauer B. Evidence for immune system alterations in peripheral biological fluids in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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14
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Liu TW, Chen CM, Chang KH. Biomarker of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084148. [PMID: 35456966 PMCID: PMC9028544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, which subsequently causes motor symptoms. Neuroinflammation plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in PD. This neuroinflammatory neurodegeneration involves the activation of microglia, upregulation of proinflammatory factors, and gut microbiota. In this review, we summarized the recent findings on detection of PD by using inflammatory biomarkers, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES) and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP); and radiotracers such as [11C]PK11195 and [18F]-FEPPA, as well as by monitoring disease progression and the treatment response. Many PD-causing mutations in SNCA, LRRK2, PRKN, PINK1, and DJ-1 are also associated with neuroinflammation. Several anti-inflammatory medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), inhibitors of TNF-α and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), agonists of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), and steroids, have demonstrated neuroprotective effects in in vivo or in vitro PD models. Clinical trials applying objective biomarkers are required to investigate the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory medications for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Wei Liu
- Linkou Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tauoyan 333, Taiwan; (T.-W.L.); (C.-M.C.)
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Linkou Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tauoyan 333, Taiwan; (T.-W.L.); (C.-M.C.)
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Linkou Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tauoyan 333, Taiwan; (T.-W.L.); (C.-M.C.)
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-3281200 (ext. 8729); Fax: +886-3-3288849
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15
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Kozina E, Byrne M, Smeyne RJ. Mutant LRRK2 in lymphocytes regulates neurodegeneration via IL-6 in an inflammatory model of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:24. [PMID: 35292674 PMCID: PMC8924242 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in a number of genes contribute to development of Parkinson’s disease (PD), including several within the LRRK2 gene. However, little is known about the signals that underlie LRRK2-mediated neuronal loss. One clue resides in the finding that the neurodegenerative cascades emanate from signals arising from the peripheral immune system. Here, using two chimeric mouse models, we demonstrate that: 1) the replacement of mutant LRRK2 with wt form of the protein in T- and B-lymphocytes diminishes LPS-mediated inflammation and rescues the SNpc DA neuron loss in the mutant LRRK2 brain; 2) the presence of G2019S or R1441G LRRK2 mutation in lymphocytes alone is sufficient for LPS-induced DA neuron loss in the genotypically wt brain; and 3) neutralization of peripheral IL-6 overproduction prevents the SNpc DA neuron loss in LPS-treated mutant LRRK2 mice. These results represent a major paradigm shift in our understanding of PD pathogenesis and suggest that immune dysfunction in some forms of familial PD may have primacy over the CNS as the initiating site of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kozina
- Department of Neurosciences, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Matthew Byrne
- Department of Neurosciences, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Richard Jay Smeyne
- Department of Neurosciences, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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16
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Abstract
The notion that autoimmune responses to α-synuclein may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder stems from reports that mutations in α-synuclein or certain alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are associated with the disease and that dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic neurons in the midbrain can present antigenic epitopes. Here, we discuss recent evidence that a defined set of peptides derived from α-synuclein act as antigenic epitopes displayed by specific MHC alleles and drive helper and cytotoxic T cell responses in patients with PD. Moreover, phosphorylated α-synuclein may activate T cell responses in a less restricted manner in PD. While the roles for the acquired immune system in disease pathogenesis remain unknown, preclinical animal models and in vitro studies indicate that T cells may interact with neurons and exert effects related to neuronal death and neuroprotection. These findings suggest that therapeutics that target T cells and ameliorate the incidence or disease severity of inflammatory bowel disorders or CNS autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis may be useful in PD.
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17
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Schilder BM, Navarro E, Raj T. Multi-omic insights into Parkinson's Disease: From genetic associations to functional mechanisms. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 163:105580. [PMID: 34871738 PMCID: PMC10101343 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have elucidated the genetic components of Parkinson's Disease (PD). However, because the vast majority of GWAS association signals fall within non-coding regions, translating these results into an interpretable, mechanistic understanding of the disease etiology remains a major challenge in the field. In this review, we provide an overview of the approaches to prioritize putative causal variants and genes as well as summarise the primary findings of previous studies. We then discuss recent efforts to integrate multi-omics data to identify likely pathogenic cell types and biological pathways implicated in PD pathogenesis. We have compiled full summary statistics of cell-type, tissue, and phentoype enrichment analyses from multiple studies of PD GWAS and provided them in a standardized format as a resource for the research community (https://github.com/RajLabMSSM/PD_omics_review). Finally, we discuss the experimental, computational, and conceptual advances that will be necessary to fully elucidate the effects of functional variants and genes on cellular dysregulation and disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Schilder
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Elisa Navarro
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Sección Departamental de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Towfique Raj
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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18
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Reduced Immunosenescence of Peripheral Blood T Cells in Parkinson's Disease with CMV Infection Background. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313119. [PMID: 34884936 PMCID: PMC8658620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is a process of remodeling the immune system under the influence of chronic inflammation during aging. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder and is frequently accompanied by neuroinflammation. On the other hand, cytomegalovirus (CMV), one of the most spread infections in humans, may induce chronic inflammation which contributes to immunosenescence, differentiation and the inflation of T cells and NK cells. Currently, there is no clear understanding of immunosenescence severity in PD patients infected with CMV. In this study, we analyzed differentiation stages and immunosenescence characteristics of T cells and NK cells in 31 patients with mild and moderate PD severity, 33 age-matched and 30 young healthy donors. The PD patients were 100% CMV-seropositive compared to 76% age-matched and 73% young CMV-infected healthy donors. The proportion of effector memory T cells re-expressing CD45RA, CD57+CD56− T cells and CD57+CD56+ T cells was significantly reduced in PD patients compared with CMV-seropositive age-matched healthy individuals. The CD57+CD56− T cell proportion in PD patients was similar to that of CMV-seropositive young healthy donors. Thus, PD is characterized by reduced peripheral blood T cell immunosenescence, even against the background of CMV infection.
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19
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Drobny A, Ngo PA, Neurath MF, Zunke F, López-Posadas R. Molecular Communication Between Neuronal Networks and Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Gut Inflammation and Parkinson's Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:655123. [PMID: 34368179 PMCID: PMC8339315 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.655123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation, are common in Parkinson's disease patients. These clinical signs normally appear years before the diagnosis of the neurodegenerative disease, preceding the occurrence of motor manifestations. Moreover, it is postulated that Parkinson's disease might originate in the gut, due to a response against the intestinal microbiota leading to alterations in alpha-synuclein in the intestinal autonomic nervous system. Transmission of this protein to the central nervous system is mediated potentially via the vagus nerve. Thus, deposition of aggregated alpha-synuclein in the gastrointestinal tract has been suggested as a potential prodromal diagnostic marker for Parkinson's disease. Interestingly, hallmarks of chronic intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease, such as dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability, are also observed in Parkinson's disease patients. Additionally, alpha-synuclein accumulations were detected in the gut of Crohn's disease patients. Despite a solid association between neurodegenerative diseases and gut inflammation, it is not clear whether intestinal alterations represent cause or consequence of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut in the context of Parkinson's disease and intestinal dysfunction/inflammation as present in inflammatory bowel disease. Further, we focus on the contribution of intestinal epithelium, the communication between intestinal epithelial cells, microbiota, immune and neuronal cells, as well as mechanisms causing alterations of epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phuong A Ngo
- Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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20
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TNFα increases tyrosine hydroxylase expression in human monocytes. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:62. [PMID: 34285243 PMCID: PMC8292430 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most, if not all, peripheral immune cells in humans and animals express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. Since TH is typically studied in the context of brain catecholamine signaling, little is known about changes in TH production and function in peripheral immune cells. This knowledge gap is due, in part, to the lack of an adequately sensitive assay to measure TH in immune cells expressing lower TH levels compared to other TH expressing cells. Here, we report the development of a highly sensitive and reproducible Bio-ELISA to quantify picogram levels of TH in multiple model systems. We have applied this assay to monocytes isolated from blood of persons with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to age-matched, healthy controls. Our study unexpectedly revealed that PD patients' monocytes express significantly higher levels of TH protein in peripheral monocytes relative to healthy controls. Tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has also been shown to be increased in the brains and peripheral circulation in human PD, as well as in animal models of PD. Therefore, we investigated a possible connection between higher levels of TH protein and the known increase in circulating TNFα in PD. Monocytes isolated from healthy donors were treated with TNFα or with TNFα in the presence of an inhibitor. Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) was used as a positive control. We observed that TNFα stimulation increased both the number of TH+ monocytes and the quantity of TH per monocyte, without increasing the total numbers of monocytes. These results revealed that TNFα could potentially modify monocytic TH production and serve a regulatory role in peripheral immune function. The development and application of a highly sensitive assay to quantify TH in both human and animal cells will provide a novel tool for further investigating possible PD immune regulatory pathways between brain and periphery.
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21
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Vedam-Mai V. Harnessing the immune system for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2021; 1758:147308. [PMID: 33524380 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment options for Parkinson's disease (PD) typically aim to replace dopamine, and hence only provide symptomatic relief. However, in the long run, this approach alone loses its efficacy as it is associated with debilitating side effects. Hence there is an unmet clinical need for addressing levodopa resistant symptoms, and an urgency to develop therapies that can halt or prevent the course of PD. The premise that α-syn can transmit from cell-to-cell in a prion like manner has opened up the possibility for the use of immunotherapy in PD. There is evidence for inflammation in PD as is evidenced by microglial activation, as well as the involvement of the peripheral immune system in PD, and peripheral inflammation can exacerbate dopaminergic degeneration as seen in animal models of the disease. However, mechanisms that link the immune system with PD are not clear, and the sequence of immune responses with respect to PD are still unknown. Nevertheless, our present knowledge offers avenues for the development of immune-based therapies for PD. In order to successfully employ such strategies, we must comprehend the state of the peripheral immune system during the course of PD. This review describes the developments in the field of both active and passive immunotherapies in the treatment of PD, and highlights the crucial need for future research for clarifying the role of inflammation and immunity in this debilitating disease.
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22
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New Insights into Immune-Mediated Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239302. [PMID: 33291304 PMCID: PMC7730912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system has been increasingly recognized as a major contributor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The double-edged nature of the immune system poses a problem in harnessing immunomodulatory therapies to prevent and slow the progression of this debilitating disease. To tackle this conundrum, understanding the mechanisms underlying immune-mediated neuronal death will aid in the identification of neuroprotective strategies to preserve dopaminergic neurons. Specific innate and adaptive immune mediators may directly or indirectly induce dopaminergic neuronal death. Genetic factors, the gut-brain axis and the recent identification of PD-specific T cells may provide novel mechanistic insights on PD pathogenesis. Future studies to address the gaps in the identification of autoantibodies, variability in immunophenotyping studies and the contribution of gut dysbiosis to PD may eventually provide new therapeutic targets for PD.
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23
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Subramanian N, Ramanathan S, Paul SFD, Venkatesan V, Koshy T. A case-control association of RANTES (-28C >G) and CCR5-Delta32 polymorphisms with Parkinson's disease in Indians. Neurosci Lett 2020; 739:135404. [PMID: 32987132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that chemokines and their receptors are involved in several neurodegenerative disorders. Also, numerous lines of evidence have indicated that inflammatory processes are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We have examined whether single nucleotide polymorphisms at the genes encoding chemokines RANTES (-28 C > G), RANTES (-403 A > G) MCP-1 (-2518 A > G), and chemokine receptors CCR2 (+190 G > A) and CCR5 (-Δ32) were associated with sporadic PD risk in the Indian population. This pilot case-control association study included 97 PD patients and 100 control subjects, who were all genotyped with PCR-RFLP for the five polymorphisms. There was no statistically significant difference in the genotype frequencies between the cases and controls for the MCP1 (-2518 A > G), RANTES (-403 A > G) and CCR2 (+190 G > A) polymorphisms. However, the results revealed a significant difference in the frequency of the heterozygous CG genotype for the RANTES (-28 C > G) polymorphism (OR = 0.49, p = 0.03) between the cases and controls. A negative association was demonstrated in the dominant model where, compared with the GG genotype, a higher frequency of the GC + CC genotype was observed in the controls. Also, a statistically significant higher frequency of the CCR5 heterozygous genotype WT/Δ32 in the controls was observed (OR = 0.31, p = 0.04). Combined genotype analysis revealed that the allele combination of G-A-G-C of CCR2 (+190G > A), MCP-1 (-2518 A/G), RANTES (-403 A/G) and RANTES (-28 C/G) respectively had a risk association with PD (OR = 6.18, p = 0.005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayani Subramanian
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Srishti Ramanathan
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | | | - Vettriselvi Venkatesan
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India.
| | - Teena Koshy
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India.
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Krogh Nielsen M, Subhi Y, Molbech CR, Falk MK, Nissen MH, Sørensen TL. Chemokine Profile and the Alterations in CCR5-CCL5 Axis in Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:28. [PMID: 32324857 PMCID: PMC7401724 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive disease with no treatment option. Previous studies show chemokine-mediated recruitment of immune cells in the retina, and therefore we investigated systemic levels of chemokines and chemokine receptors in patients with GA. Methods This observational prospective study was conducted at a single center. We included 122 participants with no immune disease: 41 participants with GA and no choroidal neovascularization, 51 patients with neovascular AMD, and 30 healthy control individuals. Flow cytometric analysis was used to detect expression level of C-C chemokine receptor (CCR)1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor (CXCR)3 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (CD14+ monocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells). Plasma levels of C-C motif ligand (CCL)11, C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL)10, and CCL5 were measured by specific immunoassays. Enlargement rate of GA lesion was measured from autofluorescence images. Results Participants with GA have a specific chemokine profile with a higher expression of CCR5 than healthy controls in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and a higher plasma levels of CCL-5. Further, GA was associated with higher monocytic expression of CCR2 than in neovascular AMD. We found that a high expression level of CCR5 on CD8+ T cells was associated with slower enlargement rate of atrophic lesion. Conclusions The study showed an association between systemic chemokine profile and GA formation. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the possible role of systemic chemokine regulation in mediating pathogenesis of GA.
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Segura C, Eraso M, Bonilla J, Mendivil CO, Santiago G, Useche N, Bernal-Pacheco O, Monsalve G, Sanchez L, Hernández E, Peláez-Jaramillo MJ, Cárdenas-Mojica A. Effect of a High-Intensity Tandem Bicycle Exercise Program on Clinical Severity, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Plasma Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:656. [PMID: 32793096 PMCID: PMC7393207 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The optimal modality, intensity, duration, frequency, and dose-response of exercise as a therapy for Parkinson's Disease (PD) are insufficiently understood. Objective: To assess the impact of a high-intensity tandem bicycle program on clinical severity, biomarkers, and functional MRI (fMRI) in PD. Methods: A single-center, parallel-group clinical trial was conducted. Thirteen PD patients aged 65 or younger were divided in two groups: a control group and an intervention group that incorporated a cycling program at 80% of each individual's maximum heart rate (HR) (≥80 rpm), three times a week, for 16 weeks. Both groups continued their conventional medications for PD. At baseline and at the end of follow-up, we determined in all participants the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, anthropometry, VO2max, PD biomarkers, and fMRI. Results: VO2max improved in the intervention group (IG) (+5.7 ml/kg/min), while it slightly deteriorated in the control group (CG) (-1.6 ml/kg/min) (p = 0.041). Mean Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) went down by 5.7 points in the IG and showed a small 0.9-point increase in the CG (p = 0.11). fMRI showed activation of the right fusiform gyrus during the motor task and functional connectivity between the cingulum and areas of the frontal cortex, and between the cerebellar vermis and the thalamus and posterior temporal gyrus. Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels increased more than 10-fold in the IG and decreased in the CG (p = 0.028). Larger increases in plasma BDNF correlated with greater decreases in UPDRS (r = -0.58, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that high-intensity tandem bicycle improves motor function and biochemical and functional neuroimaging variables in PD patients. Trial registration number: ISRCTN 13047118, Registered on February 8, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Segura
- Vida Activa, Department of Internal Medicine, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Eraso
- Vida Activa, Department of Internal Medicine, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Javier Bonilla
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Carlos O Mendivil
- School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia.,Endocrinology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Giselle Santiago
- Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging Department, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Nicolás Useche
- Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging Department, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Guillermo Monsalve
- Neurosurgery Section, Department of Surgery, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Laura Sanchez
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Enrique Hernández
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
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Moghadam-Ahmadi A, Khorramdelazad H, Hassanshahi G, Shahsavari S, Moadab A, Vakilian A. Eotaxins and C-C chemokine receptor type 3 in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Belg 2020; 120:589-594. [PMID: 30547375 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-018-01061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neuroinflammatory disorders and inflammatory processes seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Chemokines as inflammatory mediators, which are involved in the recruitment of leukocytes, can play a role in the pathogenesis of PD. The aim of this study was to examine the serum level of eotaxins (CCL11, CCL24, and CCL26) and the expression of C-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CCR3) in patients with PD compared with healthy subjects. In this study, we measured the serum levels of CCL11, CCL24, and CCL26 with ELISA. In addition, gene and protein expression of CCR3 were measured by RT-PCR and flow cytometry techniques in PD patients (n = 30) and age- and sex-matched healthy subjects (n = 30). All patients suffering from PD were assessed clinically through Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Motor Examination (UPDRS ME). The results of this study showed that there was no significant alteration in the serum level of these chemokines and also their receptor among patients with PD and healthy subjects. No significant correlation was observed between the eotaxins serum levels and the clinical measures of PD severity. Based on the results, it can be concluded that eotaxins cannot be considered as appropriate targets for the diagnosis or treatment of PD.
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27
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Belova OV, Arefieva TI, Moskvina SN. [Immunological aspects of Parkinson's disease]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:110-119. [PMID: 32307420 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120021110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The review summarizes information on immunological disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD). The data on neuroinflammation associated with degeneration of the medial substantia nigra cells are presented. It is pointed out that innate and adaptive immunity cells are involved in the process of neuroinflammation. The authors analyze the cytokine level in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood as well as the relationship between neuroinflammation and neuron dysfunction and provide information on immunological disorders in people with PD and animal models of PD. Specific features of PD models and data on blood-brain barrier damage and evidence of autoimmune inflammation in PD are presented. Identification of PD preclinical markers, including cytokines, HLA-DR and HLA-DQ antigens, autoantibodies, etc, is discussed. Pre-symptomatic diagnosis of PD, prevention and treatment at the pre-symptomatic stage could lead to interruption or slowdown the neurons death.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Belova
- NRC 'Kurchatov Institute', Moscow, Russia
| | - T I Arefieva
- NRC 'Kurchatov Institute', Moscow, Russia; National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
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28
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The Link between Gut Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 432:160-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Mok SWF, Wong VKW, Lo HH, de Seabra Rodrigues Dias IR, Leung ELH, Law BYK, Liu L. Natural products-based polypharmacological modulation of the peripheral immune system for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Kustrimovic N, Marino F, Cosentino M. Peripheral Immunity, Immunoaging and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3719-3753. [PMID: 30306855 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181009161048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder among elderly population, characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. To date, exact cause remains unknown and the mechanism of neurons death uncertain. It is typically considered as a disease of central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, numerous evidence has been accumulated in several past years testifying undoubtedly about the principal role of neuroinflammation in progression of PD. Neuroinflammation is mainly associated with presence of activated microglia in brain and elevated levels of cytokine levels in CNS. Nevertheless, active participation of immune system as well has been noted, such as, elevated levels of cytokine levels in blood, the presence of auto antibodies, and the infiltration of T cell in CNS. Moreover, infiltration and reactivation of those T cells could exacerbate neuroinflammation to greater neurotoxic levels. Hence, peripheral inflammation is able to prime microglia into pro-inflammatory phenotype, which can trigger stronger response in CNS further perpetuating the on-going neurodegenerative process. In the present review, the interplay between neuroinflammation and the peripheral immune response in the pathobiology of PD will be discussed. First of all, an overview of regulation of microglial activation and neuroinflammation is summarized and discussed. Afterwards, we try to collectively analyze changes that occurs in peripheral immune system of PD patients, suggesting that these peripheral immune challenges can exacerbate the process of neuroinflammation and hence the symptoms of the disease. In the end, we summarize some of proposed immunotherapies for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kustrimovic
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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31
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Kozina E, Sadasivan S, Jiao Y, Dou Y, Ma Z, Tan H, Kodali K, Shaw T, Peng J, Smeyne RJ. Mutant LRRK2 mediates peripheral and central immune responses leading to neurodegeneration in vivo. Brain 2019; 141:1753-1769. [PMID: 29800472 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene result in late-onset Parkinson's disease. The incomplete penetrance of LRRK2 mutations in humans and LRRK2 murine models of Parkinson's disease suggests that the disease may result from a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and persistent exogenous insults. Since neuroinflammation is commonly associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, we examine a potential role of mutant LRRK2 in regulation of the immune response and inflammatory signalling in vivo. Here, we show that mice overexpressing human pathogenic LRRK2 mutations, but not wild-type mice or mice overexpressing human wild-type LRRK2 exhibit long-term lipopolysaccharide-induced nigral neuronal loss. This neurodegeneration is accompanied by an exacerbated neuroinflammation in the brain. The increased immune response in the brain of mutant mice subsequently has an effect on neurons by inducing intraneuronal LRRK2 upregulation. However, the enhanced neuroinflammation is unlikely to be triggered by dysfunctional microglia or infiltrated T cells and/or monocytes, but by peripheral circulating inflammatory molecules. Analysis of cytokine kinetics and inflammatory pathways in the peripheral immune cells demonstrates that LRRK2 mutation alters type II interferon immune response, suggesting that this increased neuroinflammatory response may arise outside the central nervous system. Overall, this study suggests that peripheral immune signalling plays an unexpected-but important-role in the regulation of neurodegeneration in LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease, and provides new targets for interfering with the onset and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kozina
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut St, Philadelphia PA 19107, USA
| | - Shankar Sadasivan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Yun Jiao
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Yuchen Dou
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Zhijun Ma
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Haiyan Tan
- St. Jude Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Kiran Kodali
- St. Jude Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Timothy Shaw
- St. Jude Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA.,Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA.,St. Jude Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Smeyne
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis TN 38105, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut St, Philadelphia PA 19107, USA
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32
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Garretti F, Agalliu D, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, Sulzer D. Autoimmunity in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of α-Synuclein-Specific T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:303. [PMID: 30858851 PMCID: PMC6397885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from a variety of studies implicates a role for the adaptive immune system in Parkinson's disease (PD). Similar to multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who display a high number of T cells in the brain attacking oligodendrocytes, PD patients show higher numbers of T cells in the ventral midbrain than healthy, age-matched controls. Mouse models of the disease also show the presence of T cells in the brain. The role of these infiltrating T cells in the propagation of disease is controversial; however, recent studies indicate that they may be autoreactive in nature, recognizing disease-altered self-proteins as foreign antigens. T cells of PD patients can generate an autoimmune response to α-synuclein, a protein that is aggregated in PD. α-Synuclein and other proteins are post-translationally modified in an environment in which protein processing is altered, possibly leading to the generation of neo-epitopes, or self-peptides that have not been identified by the host immune system as non-foreign. Infiltrating T cells may also be responding to such modified proteins. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown associations of PD with haplotypes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes, and a polymorphism in a non-coding region that may increase MHC class II in PD patients. We speculate that the inflammation observed in PD may play both pathogenic and protective roles. Future studies on the adaptive immune system in neurodegenerative disorders may elucidate steps in disease pathogenesis and assist with the development of both biomarkers and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Garretti
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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33
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Killinger B, Labrie V. The Appendix in Parkinson's Disease: From Vestigial Remnant to Vital Organ? JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2019; 9:S345-S358. [PMID: 31609697 PMCID: PMC6839473 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has long been considered a brain disease, but studies now point to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as a potential starting point for PD. In particular, the human vermiform appendix has been implicated in PD. The appendix is a tissue rich in immune cells, serving as part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and as a storehouse for the gut microbiome. The functions of the appendix converge with recent evidence demonstrating that gut inflammation and shifts in the microbiome are linked to PD. Some epidemiological studies have linked removal of the appendix to lowered PD risk, though there is controversy among these associations. What is apparent is that there is an abundance of aggregated forms of α-synuclein in the appendix relevant to PD pathology. α-Synuclein pathology is thought to propagate from gut to brain via the vagus nerve, which innervates GI tract locations, including the appendix. Remarkably, α-synuclein aggregates in the appendix occur not only in PD patients, but are also present in healthy individuals. This has led to the proposal that in the appendix α-synuclein aggregates are not unique to PD. Moreover, the molecular events leading to PD and the mechanisms by which α-synuclein aggregates transfers from gut to brain may be identifiable in the human appendix. The influence of the appendix on GI inflammation, autoimmunity, microbiome storage, and the lymphatic system may be yet unexplored mechanisms by which the appendix contributes to PD. Overall, the appendix represents a promising tissue site to advance our understanding of PD pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Killinger
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Viviane Labrie
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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34
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Atashrazm F, Hammond D, Perera G, Bolliger MF, Matar E, Halliday GM, Schüle B, Lewis SJG, Nichols RJ, Dzamko N. LRRK2-mediated Rab10 phosphorylation in immune cells from Parkinson's disease patients. Mov Disord 2018; 34:406-415. [PMID: 30597610 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and clinical trials of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 inhibitors are in development. The objective of this study was to evaluate phosphorylation of a new leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 substrate, Rab10, for potential use as a target engagement biomarker and/or patient enrichment biomarker for leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 inhibitor clinical trials. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and neutrophils were isolated from Parkinson's disease patients and matched controls, and treated ex vivo with a leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 inhibitor. Immunoblotting was used to measure levels of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 and Rab10 and their phosphorylation. Plasma inflammatory cytokines were measured by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Mononuclear cells and neutrophils of both controls and Parkinson's disease patients responded the same to leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 inhibitor treatment. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 levels in mononuclear cells were the same in controls and Parkinson's disease patients, whereas leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 was significantly increased in Parkinson's disease neutrophils. Rab10 T73 phosphorylation levels were similar in controls and Parkinson's disease patients and did not correlate with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 levels. Immune-cell levels of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 and Rab10 T73 phosphorylation were associated with plasma inflammatory cytokine levels. CONCLUSIONS Rab10 T73 phosphorylation appears to be a valid target engagement biomarker for potential use in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 inhibitor clinical trials. However, a lack of association between leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 and Rab10 phosphorylation complicates the potential use of Rab10 phosphorylation as a patient enrichment biomarker. Although replication is required, increased leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 levels in neutrophils from Parkinson's disease patients may have the potential for patient stratification. leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 activity in peripheral immune cells may contribute to an inflammatory phenotype. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Atashrazm
- Brain and Mind Centre, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Hammond
- Forefront Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Gayathri Perera
- Brain and Mind Centre, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Marc F Bolliger
- Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - Elie Matar
- Brain and Mind Centre, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Forefront Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- Brain and Mind Centre, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Forefront Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - R Jeremy Nichols
- Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- Brain and Mind Centre, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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35
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Yilmaz R, Strafella AP, Bernard A, Schulte C, van den Heuvel L, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Knorpp T, Joos TO, Leypoldt F, Geritz J, Hansen C, Heinzel S, Apel A, Gasser T, Lang AE, Berg D, Maetzler W, Marras C. Serum Inflammatory Profile for the Discrimination of Clinical Subtypes in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1123. [PMID: 30622507 PMCID: PMC6308160 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Blood levels of immune markers have been proposed to discriminate patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) from controls. However, differences between clinical PD subgroups regarding these markers still need to be identified. Objective: To investigate whether clinical phenotypes can be predicted by the assessment of immune marker profiles in the serum of PD patients. Methods: Phenotypes of clinical PD from Tübingen, Germany (n = 145) and Toronto, Canada (n = 90) were defined regarding clinical subtype, disease onset, severity, and progression as well as presence of cognitive and/or autonomic dysfunction. A panel of serum immune markers was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA) and regression models to define the marker(s) that were associated with clinical phenotypes after adjusting for potential confounders. Findings of both centers were compared for validation. Further, a [18F] FEPPA-PET was performed in a group of patients with high and low values of candidate markers for the assessment of in vivo brain microglial activation. Results: Overall, serum immune markers did not cluster to define a pro/anti-inflammatory profile in PCA. Out of 25 markers only IL-12p40 showed a trend to discriminate between PD subgroups in both cohorts which could not be replicated by [18F] FEPPA-PET. Conclusions: Assessment of cytokines in serum does not reliably differentiate clinical PD subtypes. Accompanying subtype-irrelevant inflammation in PD, dual activity, and lack of specificity of the immune markers, the complex function of microglia, probable effects of treatment, disease stage, and progression on inflammation as well as current technical limitations may limit the usefulness of serum immune markers for the differentiation of subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezzak Yilmaz
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Hospital Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alice Bernard
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lieneke van den Heuvel
- Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Knorpp
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Thomas O Joos
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johanna Geritz
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Clint Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Heinzel
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Apel
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Connie Marras
- Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Cui SS, Du JJ, Liu SH, Meng J, Lin YQ, Li G, He YX, Zhang PC, Chen S, Wang G. Serum soluble lymphocyte activation gene‐3 as a diagnostic biomarker in Parkinson's disease: A pilot multicenter study. Mov Disord 2018; 34:138-141. [PMID: 30485547 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Shuang Cui
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan-Juan Du
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Hua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Anhui, Suzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Geriatrics, the First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Qi Lin
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Xi He
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Weinberg RP, Koledova VV, Schneider K, Sambandan TG, Grayson A, Zeidman G, Artamonova A, Sambanthamurthi R, Fairus S, Sinskey AJ, Rha C. Palm Fruit Bioactives modulate human astrocyte activity in vitro altering the cytokine secretome reducing levels of TNFα, RANTES and IP-10. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16423. [PMID: 30401897 PMCID: PMC6219577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are becoming more prevalent and an increasing burden on society. Neurodegenerative diseases often arise in the milieu of neuro-inflammation of the brain. Reactive astrocytes are key regulators in the development of neuro-inflammation. This study describes the effects of Palm Fruit Bioactives (PFB) on the behavior of human astrocytes which have been activated by IL-1β. When activated, the astrocytes proliferate, release numerous cytokines/chemokines including TNFα, RANTES (CCL5), IP-10 (CXCL10), generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and express specific cell surface biomarkers such as the Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM), Vascular Cellular Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) and the Neuronal Cellular Adhesion Molecule (NCAM). Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) causes activation of human astrocytes with marked upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes. We show significant inhibition of these pro-inflammatory processes when IL-1β-activated astrocytes are exposed to PFB. PFB causes a dose-dependent and time-dependent reduction in specific cytokines: TNFα, RANTES, and IP-10. We also show that PFB significantly reduces ROS production by IL-1β-activated astrocytes. Furthermore, PFB also reduces the expression of ICAM and VCAM, both in activated and naïve human astrocytes in vitro. Since reactive astrocytes play an essential role in the neuroinflammatory state preceding neurodegenerative diseases, this study suggests that PFB may have a potential role in their prevention and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Weinberg
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Vera V Koledova
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kirsten Schneider
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - T G Sambandan
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adlai Grayson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gal Zeidman
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Anastasia Artamonova
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ravigadevi Sambanthamurthi
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syed Fairus
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anthony J Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - ChoKyun Rha
- Biomaterials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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The key role of T cells in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and therapy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 60:25-31. [PMID: 30404763 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and highlights evidence for modulation of the T cell response as an effective neuroprotective strategy. In preclinical models of Parkinson's disease, modulation of the T cell response results in neuroprotection. Peripheral markers of T cell response show changes in Parkinson's patients relative to controls that have potential application as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. The article also discusses the important immunomodulatory effects of dopamine which may confound study of T cells in patients on dopaminergic therapies, and highlights glatiramer acetate, an FDA-approved therapy for multiple sclerosis that works through modulating the T cell response, as a promising target for translation.
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Chen Z, Chen S, Liu J. The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:1-23. [PMID: 30114440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, different components of the brain's immune system may exert diverse effects on neuroinflammatory events in PD. The adaptive immune response, especially the T cell response, can trigger type 1 pro-inflammatory activities and suppress type 2 anti-inflammatory activities, eventually resulting in deregulated neuroinflammation and subsequent dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Additionally, studies have increasingly shown that therapies targeting T cells can alleviate neurodegeneration and motor behavior impairment in animal models of PD. Therefore, we conclude that abnormal T cell-mediated immunity is a fundamental pathological process that may be a promising translational therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Abstract
Few studies have investigated the role of inflammation in Lewy body dementia (LBD) and variable results have been found. We systematically reviewed the literature for evidence of systemic inflammatory changes in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia. Owing to the low number of studies we also included Parkinson disease. Key terms were used to search the relevant databases. Titles and abstracts were screened and potentially relevant articles were reviewed in full. References of included studies and relevant reviews were searched. The database search returned 2166 results, 46 of which were finally included in the systematic review. These studies showed a general increase in inflammatory markers in the peripheral blood, most notably interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and IL-10. Studies examining cerebrospinal fluid found IL-1β, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-β1 to be particularly increased, and interferon-γ decreased. C-reactive protein levels were increased, particularly in Parkinson disease dementia. These results provide evidence that LBD is associated with an increased inflammatory response. Furthermore, there may be a stronger general inflammatory response in LBD than in Parkinson disease, while complex changes occur in the individual cytokines.
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The interplay between inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, DNA repair and mitochondrial dysfunction in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:309-321. [PMID: 28669580 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidant-antioxidant imbalance may play a significant role in the development and progression of depression. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species - a result of oxidant-antioxidant imbalance - may lead to increased damage of biomolecules, including DNA. This was confirmed in depressed patients in a research study conducted by our team and other scientists. 8-oxoguanine - a marker of oxidative DNA damage - was found in the patients' lymphocytes, urine and serum. These results were confirmed using a comet assay on lymphocytes. Furthermore, it was shown that the patients' cells repaired peroxide-induced DNA damage less efficiently than controls' cells and that some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the genes involved in oxidative DNA damage repair may modulate the risk of depression. Lastly, less efficient DNA damage repair observed in the patients can be, at least partly, attributed to the presence of specific SNP variants, as it was revealed through a genotype-phenotype analysis. In conclusion, the available literature shows that both oxidative stress and less efficient DNA damage repair may lead to increased DNA damage in depressed patients. A similar mechanism may result in mitochondrial dysfunction, which is observed in depression.
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Yao X, Wang D, Zhang L, Wang L, Zhao Z, Chen S, Wang X, Yue T, Liu Y. Serum Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Parkinson Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2017; 17:251-260. [PMID: 28787735 DOI: 10.1159/000477349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has been shown to be protective for dopaminergic neurons in animal and ex vivo experiments. However, little is known about its effect on the human body. OBJECTIVE This study investigated associations between serum GDF15 levels and clinical parameters in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS Idiopathic PD patients (n = 104) and age-matched controls (n = 88) were enrolled. Serum GDF15 levels were measured by human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Univariate and multivariate analyses investigated correlations between GDF15 and clinical characteristics, including disease severity by the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS)-III. The diagnostic value of GDF15 was evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. RESULTS The serum GDF15 levels of the PD patients were significantly higher than those of the healthy controls. In PD patients, serum GDF15 levels in men were significantly higher than in women. GDF15 levels correlated with age, gender, disease duration, and UPDRS-III score. After adjusting for confounding factors, multiple linear regression analysis showed that the serum GDF15 level (β = 0.015, p = 0.001) was an independent risk factor for UPDRS-III score. In ROC analysis, GDF15 achieved an area under the curve of 0.86 for the identification of PD, with a sensitivity of 71.15% and a specificity of 87.50%. CONCLUSION GDF15 may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of motor severity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yao
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Manocha GD, Floden AM, Puig KL, Nagamoto-Combs K, Scherzer CR, Combs CK. Defining the contribution of neuroinflammation to Parkinson's disease in humanized immune system mice. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:17. [PMID: 28196514 PMCID: PMC5310074 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reactive microglia have been associated with the histological changes that occur in Parkinson’s disease brains and mouse models of the disease. Multiple studies from autopsy brains have verified the presence of microgliosis in several brain regions including substantia nigra, striatum, hippocampus and various cortical areas. MPTP injections in rodents have also shown striato-nigral microgliosis correlating with the loss of dopaminergic neurons. However, consistent data with respect to cytokine and immune cell changes during Parkinson’s disease have not been fully defined. Results In order to improve understanding of the role of neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease, we employed the MPTP injection model using humanized CD34+ mice along with age-matched C57BL/6 mice. NSG mice engrafted with hu-CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells were injected with MPTP to quantify cytokine changes, neuron loss, gliosis, and behavioral dysfunction. The mice were also treated with or without the calcineurin/NFAT inhibitor, FK506, to determine whether modulating the immune response could attenuate disease. MPTP injections produced impairment of motor performance, increased microgliosis, elevated brain cytokine levels, and reduced tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra and striatum of both humanized CD34+ mice and C57BL/6 mice with a strikingly different profile of human versus mouse cytokine elevations observed in each. Interestingly, FK506 injections significantly attenuated the MPTP-induced effects in the humanized CD34+ mice compared the C57BL/6 mice. In addition, analyses of human plasma from Parkinson’s disease donors compared to age-matched, healthy controls demonstrated an increase in a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines in female patients similar to that observed in MPTP-injected female CD34+ mice. Conclusions This study demonstrates for the first time, induction of Parkinson’s disease-like symptoms in female humanized CD34+ mice using MPTP. The profile of cytokine changes in the serum and brains of the humanized CD34+ mice following MPTP injection differed significantly from that occurring in the more commonly used C57BL/6 strain of mice. Moreover, several cytokine elevations observed in the MPTP injected humanized CD34+ mice were similarly increased in plasma of PD patients suggesting that these mice offer the more relevant model for the inflammatory aspects of human disease. Consistent with this, the effects of MPTP on loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, loss of motor strength, and increase in proinflammatory cytokines were attenuated using an immunosuppressant drug, FK506, in the humanized CD34+ but not the C57BL/6 mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that MPTP injected, humanized CD34+ mice represent a more accurate model for assessing inflammatory changes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Dhawan Manocha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Angela Marie Floden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Kendra Lynn Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Kumi Nagamoto-Combs
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Neurogenomics Lab and Parkinson Personalized Medicine Initiative of Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Colin Kelly Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA.
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A Case-Control Association Study of RANTES (-28 C> G) Polymorphism as a Risk Factor for Parkinson's Disease in Isparta, Turkey. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:5042604. [PMID: 28078161 PMCID: PMC5203900 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5042604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background. Recent studies have revealed that inflammatory processes are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Multiple lines of evidence have suggested that chemokines and their receptors are involved in several neurodegenerative disorders. We have examined whether genetic polymorphisms at the genes encoding chemokines IL-8 (-251A>T), MCP-1 (-2518A/G), and RANTES (-28C>G) and chemokine receptors CCR2 (V64I) and CCR5 (-Δ32) were associated with sporadic PD risk in Isparta, Turkey. Method. The pilot case-control association study included 30 PD patients and 60 control subjects, who were all genotyped with PCR-RFLP for the five polymorphisms. Their genotype and haplotype frequencies were compared statistically. Results. One SNP (-28C>G) in RANTES revealed a significant association with PD (P (allele) < 0.0001, p-trend = 0.0007). The risk allele (G) in the homozygous and dominant models (OR = 17.29 and 32.10, 95% CI = 0.86-347.24 and 1.74-591.937, resp.) suggests additional PD risk. The haplotype TGCAN from the IL-8 (-251A>T), MCP-1 (-2518A>G), RANTES (-28C>G), CCR-2 (V64I), and CCR-5 (-Δ32) has protective effect (OR = 0.08 [CI = 0.01-0.63], p = 0.019). Conclusions. Our data are the first indication of the role of RANTES (-28C>G) in PD risk.
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Del-Bel E, Bortolanza M, Dos-Santos-Pereira M, Bariotto K, Raisman-Vozari R. l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: Are neuroinflammation and astrocytes key elements? Synapse 2016; 70:479-500. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Del-Bel
- Department of MFPB-Physiology; FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo; Av. Café, s/no Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-904 Brazil
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA); São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Physiology; FMRP; São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Neurology and Behavioral Neuroscience; FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo; Av. Bandeirantes 13400 Ribeirão Preto SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Mariza Bortolanza
- Department of MFPB-Physiology; FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo; Av. Café, s/no Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-904 Brazil
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maurício Dos-Santos-Pereira
- Department of MFPB-Physiology; FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo; Av. Café, s/no Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-904 Brazil
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA); São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Physiology; FMRP; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Keila Bariotto
- Department of MFPB-Physiology; FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo; Av. Café, s/no Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-904 Brazil
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA); São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Neurology and Behavioral Neuroscience; FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo; Av. Bandeirantes 13400 Ribeirão Preto SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- INSERM UMR 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC; Thérapeutique Expérimentale de la Neurodégénérescence, Hôpital de la Salpetrière-ICM (Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière); Paris France
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Fakhoury M. Immune-mediated processes in neurodegeneration: where do we stand? J Neurol 2016; 263:1683-701. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Genetic and Transcriptomic Profiles of Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Alzheimer, Parkinson, Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Tauopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:206. [PMID: 26861289 PMCID: PMC4783939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in certain inflammatory-related genes have been identified as putative differential risk factors of neurodegenerative diseases with abnormal protein aggregates, such as sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (sPD). Gene expression studies of cytokines and mediators of the immune response have been made in post-mortem human brain samples in AD, sPD, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) subtypes MM1 and VV2, Pick’s disease (PiD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration linked to mutation P301L in MAPT Frontotemporal lobar degeneration-tau (FTLD-tau). The studies have disclosed variable gene regulation which is: (1) disease-dependent in the frontal cortex area 8 in AD, sPD, sCJD MM1 and VV2, PiD, PSP and FTLD-tau; (2) region-dependent as seen when comparing the entorhinal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and frontal cortex area 8 (FC) in AD; the substantia nigra, putamen, FC, and angular gyrus in PD, as well as the FC and cerebellum in sCJD; (3) genotype-dependent as seen considering sCJD MM1 and VV2; and (4) stage-dependent as seen in AD at different stages of disease progression. These observations show that regulation of inflammation is much more complicated and diverse than currently understood, and that new therapeutic approaches must be designed in order to selectively act on specific targets in particular diseases and at different time points of disease progression.
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Machado V, Haas SJP, von Bohlen Und Halbach O, Wree A, Krieglstein K, Unsicker K, Spittau B. Growth/differentiation factor-15 deficiency compromises dopaminergic neuron survival and microglial response in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 88:1-15. [PMID: 26733415 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth/differentiation factor-15 (Gdf-15) is a member of the TGF-β superfamily and a pleiotropic, widely distributed cytokine, which has been shown to play roles in various pathologies, including inflammation. Analysis of Gdf-15(-/-) mice has revealed that it serves the postnatal maintenance of spinal cord motor neurons and sensory neurons. In a previous study, exogenous Gdf-15 rescued 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned Gdf-15(+/+) nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in vitro and in vivo. Whether endogenous Gdf-15 serves the physiological maintenance of nigrostriatal DAergic neurons in health and disease is not known and was addressed in the present study. Stereotactic injection of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) led to a significant decline in the numbers of DAergic neurons in both Gdf-15(+/+) and Gdf-15(-/-) mice over a time-period of 14days. However, this decrease was exacerbated in the Gdf-15(-/-) mice, with only 5.5% surviving neurons as compared to 24% in the Gdf-15(+/+) mice. Furthermore, the microglial response to the 6-OHDA lesion was reduced in Gdf-15(-/-) mice, with significantly lower numbers of total and activated microglia and a differential cytokine expression as compared to the Gdf-15(+/+) mice. Using in vitro models, we could demonstrate the importance of endogenous Gdf-15 in promoting DAergic neuron survival thus highlighting its relevance in a direct neurotrophic supportive role. Taken together, these results indicate the importance of Gdf-15 in promoting survival of DAergic neurons and regulating the inflammatory response post 6-OHDA lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venissa Machado
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan J-P Haas
- Department of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | | | - Andreas Wree
- Department of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Unsicker
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Björn Spittau
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Surendranathan A, Rowe JB, O'Brien JT. Neuroinflammation in Lewy body dementia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:1398-406. [PMID: 26493111 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative conditions. However, it remains unclear whether it has a protective or damaging role. Studies of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease have provided much of the evidence for inflammatory pathology in neurodegeneration. Here we review the evidence for inflammation in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia. Neuroinflammation has been confirmed in vivo using PET imaging, with microglial activation seen in Parkinson's disease dementia and recently in dementia with Lewy bodies. In Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia, microglial activation suggests a chronic inflammatory process, although there is also evidence of its association with cognitive ability and neuronal function. Alpha-synuclein in various conformations has also been linked to activation of microglia, with a broad range of components of the innate and adaptive immune systems associated with this interaction. Evidence of neuroinflammation in Lewy body dementia is further supported by pathological and biomarker studies. Genetic and epidemiological studies support a role for inflammation in Parkinson's disease, but have yet to provide the same for Lewy body dementia. This review highlights the need to identify whether the nature and extent of microglial activation in Lewy body dementia can be linked to structural change, progression of domain specific cognitive symptoms and peripheral inflammation as a marker of central microglial pathology. Answers to these questions will enable the evaluation of immunotherapies as potential therapeutic options for prevention or treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Gavioli EC, de Medeiros IU, Monteiro MC, Calo G, Romão PRT. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ-NOP receptor system in inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 97:241-66. [PMID: 25677775 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is the endogenous ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor NOP. Cells from the immune system express the precursor preproN/OFQ and the NOP receptor, as well as secrete N/OFQ. The activation of the N/OFQ-NOP pathway can regulate inflammatory and immune responses. Several immune activities, including leukocyte migration, cytokine and chemokine production, and lymphocytes proliferation are influenced by NOP activation. It was demonstrated that cytokines and other stimuli such as Toll-like receptor agonist (e.g., lipopolysaccharide) induce N/OFQ production by cells from innate and adaptive immune response. In this context, N/OFQ could modulate the outcome of inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis and immune-mediated pathologies by mechanisms not clearly elucidated. In fact, clinical studies revealed increased levels of N/OFQ under sepsis, arthritis, and Parkinson's disease. Preclinical and clinical studies pointed to the blockade of NOP receptor signaling as successful strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. This review is focused on experimental and clinical data that suggest the participation of N/OFQ-NOP receptor activation in the modulation of the immune response, highlighting the immunomodulatory potential of NOP antagonists in the inflammatory and immunological disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Gavioli
- Department of Biophysic and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Iris Ucella de Medeiros
- Department of Biophysic and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Marta C Monteiro
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Girolamo Calo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pedro R T Romão
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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