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Adamczyk B, Morawiec N, Mamak G, Boczek S, Brzęk D, Trędota N, Walocha P, Czuba ZP, Błachut M, Bartman W, Adamczyk-Sowa M. The Comparison of the Selected Parameters of Brain Injury and Interleukins in the CSF in Patients Diagnosed De Novo with RRMS Compared to the Control Group. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3436. [PMID: 37998571 PMCID: PMC10670079 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the different phenotypes of the disease and non-specific symptoms of MS, there is a great need for a validated panel of biomarkers to facilitate the diagnosis, predict disease progression, and evaluate treatment outcomes. METHODS We determined the levels of the parameters of brain injury (NF-H, GPAF, S100B, and UCHL1) and the selected cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 101 patients diagnosed de novo with RRMS and 75 healthy controls. All determinations were made using the Bio-Plex method. RESULTS We found higher levels of NF-H and GFAP in the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) group compared to the controls. The concentrations of both molecules were significantly increased in patients with Gd+ lesions on brain MRI. The level of S100B did not differ significantly between the groups. UCHL1 concentrations were higher in the control group. We found some correlations between the selected cytokines, the levels of the parameters of brain injury, and the time from the first symptoms to the diagnosis of MS. CONCLUSIONS The role of the above molecules in MS is promising. However, further research is warranted to define their precise functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Adamczyk
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Natalia Morawiec
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Gabriela Mamak
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Sylwia Boczek
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Dominika Brzęk
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Natalia Trędota
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Patryk Walocha
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Zenon P. Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Michał Błachut
- Clinical Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Bartman
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3 Maja 13-15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (N.M.); (G.M.); (S.B.); (D.B.); (N.T.); (P.W.); (W.B.); (M.A.-S.)
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Maroto-García J, Martínez-Escribano A, Delgado-Gil V, Mañez M, Mugueta C, Varo N, García de la Torre Á, Ruiz-Galdón M. Biochemical biomarkers for multiple sclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117471. [PMID: 37419300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although there is currently no definite cure for MS, new therapies have recently been developed based on a continuous search for new biomarkers. DEVELOPMENT MS diagnosis relies on the integration of clinical, imaging and laboratory findings as there is still no singlepathognomonicclinical feature or diagnostic laboratory biomarker. The most commonly laboratory test used is the presence of immunoglobulin G oligoclonal bands (OCB) in cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. This test is now included in the 2017 McDonald criteria as a biomarker of dissemination in time. Nevertheless, there are other biomarkers currently in use such as kappa free light chain, which has shown higher sensitivity and specificity for MS diagnosis than OCB. In addition, other potential laboratory tests involved in neuronal damage, demyelination and/or inflammation could be used for detecting MS. CONCLUSIONS CSF and serum biomarkers have been reviewed for their use in MS diagnosis and prognosis to stablish an accurate and prompt MS diagnosis, crucial to implement an adequate treatment and to optimize clinical outcomes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Maroto-García
- Biochemistry Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Faculty of Medicine. University of Malaga, Spain.
| | - Ana Martínez-Escribano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Faculty of Medicine. University of Malaga, Spain; Laboratory Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-ARRIXACA, Murcia, Spain
| | - Virginia Delgado-Gil
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
| | - Minerva Mañez
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
| | - Carmen Mugueta
- Biochemistry Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Spain
| | - Nerea Varo
- Biochemistry Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Spain
| | - Ángela García de la Torre
- Clinical Analysis Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain; The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - Maximiliano Ruiz-Galdón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Faculty of Medicine. University of Malaga, Spain; Clinical Analysis Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain; The Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
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3
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The Role of Tau beyond Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040760. [PMID: 35453510 PMCID: PMC9026415 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a need for reliable fluid biomarkers to improve differential diagnosis, prognosis, and the prediction of treatment response, particularly in the management of neurogenerative diseases that display an extreme variability in clinical phenotypes. In recent years, Tau protein has been progressively recognized as a valuable neuronal biomarker in several neurological conditions, not only Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cerebrospinal fluid and serum Tau have been extensively investigated in several neurodegenerative disorders, from classically defined proteinopathy, e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD), but also in inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), as a marker of axonal damage. In MS, total Tau (t-Tau) may represent, along with other proteins, a marker with diagnostic and prognostic value. In ALS, t-Tau and, mainly, the phosphorylated-Tau/t-Tau ratio alone or integrated with transactive DNA binding protein of ~43 kDa (TDP-43), may represent a tool for both diagnosis and differential diagnosis of other motoneuron diseases or tauopathies. Evidence indicated the crucial role of the Tau protein in the pathogenesis of PD and other parkinsonian disorders. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge regarding non-AD neurodegenerative diseases and the Tau protein.
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Virgilio E, Vecchio D, Crespi I, Serino R, Cantello R, Dianzani U, Comi C. Cerebrospinal Tau levels as a predictor of early disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 56:103231. [PMID: 34492629 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Axonal loss is an important feature of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), being strongly related to irreversible disability accumulation. Nonetheless, the exact mechanisms underlying axonal loss remain unclear. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Tau and Beta-amyloid (Abeta) currently represent diagnostic biomarkers in other neurodegenerative diseases. In MS, studies on CSF Tau and Abeta provided preliminary informations on disease prognosis, but results have not yet been replicated. METHODS We investigated whether CSF Tau and Abeta levels could predict early disability accumulation in MS patients. 100 patients underwent CSF analysis during their diagnostic work-up. Demographic, clinical, radiological features and CSF were collected at baseline. MS severity score (MSSS) and age-related MSSS (ARMSS) were calculated at last follow-up. We performed Mann-Whitney test, Spearman's coefficient, and multiple regression analysis for significant predictors of disability based on CSF Abeta and Tau levels, gender, age at diagnosis and MRI characteristics at baseline. RESULTS Baseline CSF Tau levels moderately correlated with MSSS (r=0.372 p=0.0001) and weakly with ARMSS (r=0.237 p=0.0176) after a mean two years follow-up. Predictors of early disability evaluated with MSSS and ARMSS were CSF Tau (Beta:0.258 p=0.009 and Beta:0.252 p=0.01) and spinal cord involvement (Beta:0.196 p=0.029 and Beta:0.240 p=0.008); as well as age at MS diagnosis (Beta:0.286 p=0.001) for MSSS, and high brain lesion load (Beta:0.207 p=0.02) for ARMSS. CONCLUSION CSF Tau levels at diagnosis possibly has a predictive value along with MRI features and age at diagnosis. We hypothesize that Tau levels may express chronic axonal damage, possibly contributing to early MS disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Virgilio
- Neurology Unit, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Domizia Vecchio
- Neurology Unit, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Crespi
- Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberto Serino
- Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberto Cantello
- Neurology Unit, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
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Miller JM, Beales JT, Montierth MD, Briggs FB, Frodsham SF, Davis MF. The Impact of Multiple Sclerosis Disease Status and Subtype on Hematological Profile. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3318. [PMID: 33807004 PMCID: PMC8004915 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. In this study, an MS cohort and healthy controls were stratified into Caucasian and African American groups. Patient hematological profiles-composed of complete blood count (CBC) and complete metabolic panel (CMP) test values-were analyzed to identify differences between MS cases and controls and between patients with different MS subtypes. Additionally, random forest models were used to determine the aggregate utility of common hematological tests in determining MS disease status and subtype. The most significant and relevant results were increased bilirubin and creatinine in MS cases. The random forest models achieved some success in differentiating between MS cases and controls (AUC values: 0.725 and 0.710, respectively) but were not successful in differentiating between subtypes. However, larger samples that adjust for possible confounding variables, such as treatment status, may reveal the value of these tests in differentiating between MS subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.M.M.); (J.T.B.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Jeremy T. Beales
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.M.M.); (J.T.B.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Matthew D. Montierth
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.M.M.); (J.T.B.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Farren B. Briggs
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Scott F. Frodsham
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Mary Feller Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.M.M.); (J.T.B.); (M.D.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Momtazmanesh S, Shobeiri P, Saghazadeh A, Teunissen CE, Burman J, Szalardy L, Klivenyi P, Bartos A, Fernandes A, Rezaei N. Neuronal and glial CSF biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:573-595. [PMID: 33594840 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with inflammatory demyelination and astroglial activation, with neuronal and axonal damage as the leading factors of disability. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis to determine changes in CSF levels of neuronal and glial biomarkers, including neurofilament light chain (NFL), total tau (t-tau), chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and S100B in various groups of MS (MS versus controls, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) versus controls, CIS versus MS, relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) versus progressive MS (PMS), and MS in relapse versus remission. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, we included 64 articles in the meta-analysis, including 4071 subjects. For investigation of sources of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, meta-regression, and sensitivity analysis were conducted. Meta-analyses were performed for comparisons including at least three individual datasets. NFL, GFAP, t-tau, CHI3L1, and S100B were higher in MS and NFL, t-tau, and CHI3L1 were also elevated in CIS patients than controls. CHI3L1 was the only marker with higher levels in MS than CIS. GFAP levels were higher in PMS versus RRMS, and NFL, t-tau, and CHI3L1 did not differ between different subtypes. Only levels of NFL were higher in patients in relapse than remission. Meta-regression showed influence of sex and disease severity on NFL and t-tau levels, respectively and disease duration on both. Added to the role of these biomarkers in determining prognosis and treatment response, to conclude, they may serve in diagnosis of MS and distinguishing different subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Momtazmanesh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran14194, Iran.,Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Shobeiri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran14194, Iran.,Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Location VUmc, PK 2 BR 141, Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Burman
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Hospital, 75185Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Levente Szalardy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Klivenyi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ales Bartos
- Department of Neurology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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Langeh U, Singh S. Targeting S100B Protein as a Surrogate Biomarker and its Role in Various Neurological Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:265-277. [PMID: 32727332 PMCID: PMC8033985 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200729100427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders (ND) are the central nervous system (CNS) related complications originated by enhanced oxidative stress, mitochondrial failure and overexpression of proteins like S100B. S100B is a helix-loop-helix protein with the calcium-binding domain associated with various neurological disorders through activation of the MAPK pathway, increased NF-kB expression resulting in cell survival, proliferation and gene up-regulation. S100B protein plays a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Schizophrenia and epilepsy because the high expression of this protein directly targets astrocytes and promotes neuroinflammation. Under stressful conditions, S100B produces toxic effects mediated through receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGE) binding. S100B also mediates neuroprotection, minimizes microgliosis and reduces the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) but that are concentration- dependent mechanisms. Increased level of S100B is useful for assessing the release of inflammatory markers, nitric oxide and excitotoxicity dependent neuronal loss. The present review summarizes the role of S100B in various neurological disorders and potential therapeutic measures to reduce the prevalence of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi Langeh
- Department of Neuropharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Department of Neuropharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
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Santos G, Barateiro A, Brites D, Fernandes A. S100B Impairs Oligodendrogenesis and Myelin Repair Following Demyelination Through RAGE Engagement. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:279. [PMID: 33100970 PMCID: PMC7500156 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of S100B and its specific receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been described in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), being associated with an active demyelinating process. We previously showed that a direct neutralization of S100B reduces lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced demyelination and inflammation using an ex vivo demyelinating model. However, whether S100B actions occur through RAGE and how oligodendrogenesis and remyelination are affected are not clarified. To evaluate the role of the S100B–RAGE axis in the course of a demyelinating insult, organotypic cerebellar slice cultures (OCSC) were demyelinated with LPC in the presence or absence of RAGE antagonist FPS-ZM1. Then, we explored the effects of the S100B–RAGE axis inhibition on glia reactivity and inflammation, myelination and neuronal integrity, and on oligodendrogenesis and remyelination. In the present study, we confirmed that LPC-induced demyelination increased S100B and RAGE expression, while RAGE antagonist FPS-ZM1 markedly reduced their content and altered RAGE cellular localization. Furthermore, FPS-ZM1 prevented LPC-induced microgliosis and astrogliosis, as well as NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. In addition, RAGE antagonist reduced LPC-induced demyelination having a beneficial effect on axonal and synaptic protein preservation. We have also observed that RAGE engagement is needed for LPC-induced oligodendrocyte (OL) maturation arrest and loss of mature myelinating OL, with these phenomena being prevented by FPS-ZM1. Our data suggest that increased levels of mature OL in the presence of FPS-ZM1 are related to increased expression of microRNAs (miRs) associated with OL differentiation and remyelination, such as miR-23a, miR-219a, and miR-338, which are defective upon LPC incubation. Finally, our electron microscopy data show that inhibition of the S100B–RAGE axis prevents axonal damage and myelin loss, in parallel with enhanced functional remyelination, as observed by the presence of thinner myelin sheaths when compared with Control. Overall, our data implicate the S100B–RAGE axis in the extent of myelin and neuronal damage, as well as in the inflammatory response that follows a demyelinating insult. Thus, prevention of RAGE engagement may represent a novel strategy for promoting not only inflammatory reduction but also neuronal and myelin preservation and/or remyelination, improving recovery in a demyelinating condition as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Santos
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Barateiro
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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Riesco N, Cernuda‐Morollón E, Martínez‐Camblor P, Pérez‐Pereda S, Pascual J. Peripheral, Interictal Serum S100B Levels are Not Increased in Chronic Migraine Patients. Headache 2020; 60:1705-1711. [DOI: 10.1111/head.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Riesco
- Service of Neurology University Hospital Central de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | | | - Pablo Martínez‐Camblor
- Biomedical Data Sciences Department Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Hanover NH USA
| | - Sara Pérez‐Pereda
- Service of Neurology University Hospital Marqués de ValdecillaIDIVAL and University of Cantabria Santander Spain
| | - Julio Pascual
- Service of Neurology University Hospital Marqués de ValdecillaIDIVAL and University of Cantabria Santander Spain
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10
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Moss BP, Patel DC, Tavee JO, Culver DA. Evaluating S100B as a serum biomarker for central neurosarcoidosis. Respir Med 2019; 162:105855. [PMID: 31916532 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.105855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100B is a calcium-binding protein found primarily in glial cells. In the setting of neuronal injury and disruption of the blood brain barrier, S100B can leak into the cerebrospinal fluid and systemic circulation. OBJECTIVES To determine if serum S100B distinguishes patients with central neurosarcoidosis (NS) from patients with extra-neurologic sarcoidosis (ENS) and healthy controls, and if S100B levels correlate with MRI measures of disease burden. METHODS Patients were enrolled from the Cleveland Clinic Sarcoidosis Center. Patients with traumatic brain injury, central nervous system (CNS) infections, CNS malignancy, neurodegenerative disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or melanoma were excluded. S100B levels were compared between patients with NS, ENS, and healthy controls, and between NS patients with varying degrees of post-contrast enhancement on MRI. RESULTS Median (interquartile range) S100B levels were 101 pg/mL (92, 136) for 11 NS patients, 89 pg/mL (73, 107) for 11 ENS patients, and 60 pg/mL (39, 74) for 26 healthy controls. There was a significant difference between NS and control groups (p = 0.01). The difference between NS and ENS groups did not rise to the level of statistical significance (p = 0.178). S100B levels were significantly different between NS patients with varying degrees of enhancement on MRI (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS S100B deserves additional study as a biomarker for CNS injury in NS. It may be useful as a longitudinal measure of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Moss
- Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - D C Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J O Tavee
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D A Culver
- Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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11
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Paknejad B, Shirkhanloo H, Aliomrani M. Is There Any Relevance Between Serum Heavy Metal Concentration and BBB Leakage in Multiple Sclerosis Patients? Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:289-294. [PMID: 30368653 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sharp increase in multiple sclerosis (MS) incidence rate has been observed in Iranian people. In addition, it has been suggested that increased S100B level may be useful as an indicative factor of blood-brain barrier disruption. The propose of this study was to measuring blood arsenic, lead, and cadmium concentration and serum S100B concentration in a group of healthy and multiple sclerosis patients in Tehran as the most polluted city in Iran. All subjects were interviewed regarding age, medical history, possible chemical exposure, acute or chronic diseases, smoking, and dietary habits. Blood heavy metal level was measured by an atomic absorption spectrometer (Varian model 220-Z) conjugated with a graphite furnace atomizer (GTA-110). Also, a serum S100B protein concentration was determined using a commercial ELISA kit. It was observed that all male subjects had higher blood metal level in comparison with healthy controls. Also, MS patients had higher arsenic and cadmium blood concentration in comparison with healthy individuals. Regarding the S100B concentration, it was observed that it had a significant relationship with smoking habit (P value = 0.0001). In addition, arsenic had a greater correlation (63%) with increased serum S100B biomarker level among other elements. BBB leakage was higher in multiple sclerosis than in healthy subjects due to increased S100B release. In addition with regard to the heavy metal exposure especially arsenic and cadmium, these are associated with an increased BBB disruption and it is possible to play a crucial role as a developing agent of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Paknejad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Shirkhanloo
- Iranian Petroleum Industry Health Research Institute (IPIHRI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Aliomrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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12
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Spear ET, Holt EA, Joyce EJ, Haag MM, Mawe SM, Hennig GW, Lavoie B, Applebee AM, Teuscher C, Mawe GM. Altered gastrointestinal motility involving autoantibodies in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13349. [PMID: 29644797 PMCID: PMC6153444 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that, in addition to motor, sensory, and cognitive symptoms, also causes constipation, which is poorly understood. Here, we characterize gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS and evaluate whether autoantibodies target the enteric nervous system (ENS) and cause dysmotility. METHODS EAE was induced in male SJL and B6 mice. GI motility was assessed in vivo and ex vivo in wild type (WT) and B cell-deficient mice. MS and EAE serum was used to survey potential targets in the ENS and changes in the ENS structure were characterized using immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS EAE mice developed accelerated gastric emptying and delayed whole GI transit with reduced colonic motility. Fecal water content was reduced, and colonic migrating myoelectrical complexes (CMMC) and slow waves were less frequent. Colons from EAE mice exhibited decreased GFAP levels in glia. Sera from MS patients and from EAE mice targeted ENS neurons and glia. B-cell deficiency in EAE protected against colonic dysmotility. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Consistent with symptoms experienced in MS, we demonstrate that EAE mice widely exhibit features of GI dysmotility that persisted in the absence of extrinsic innervation, suggesting direct involvement of ENS neurocircuitry. The absence of GI dysmotility in B cell-deficient mice with EAE together with EAE and MS serum immunoreactivity against ENS targets suggests that MS could be classified among other diseases known to induce autoimmune GI dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. T. Spear
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - E. A. Holt
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - E. J. Joyce
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - M. M. Haag
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - S. M. Mawe
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - G. W. Hennig
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - B. Lavoie
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - A. M. Applebee
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - C. Teuscher
- Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - G. M. Mawe
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA,Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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13
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Islas-Hernandez A, Aguilar-Talamantes HS, Bertado-Cortes B, Mejia-delCastillo GDJ, Carrera-Pineda R, Cuevas-Garcia CF, Garcia-delaTorre P. BDNF and Tau as biomarkers of severity in multiple sclerosis. Biomark Med 2018; 12:717-726. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Determine if serum levels of tau and BDNF can be used as severity biomarkers in multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients & methods: Subjects with MS, older than 18 and younger than 55 years old were included; 74 patients with a diagnosis of relapsing–remitting MS, 11 with secondary-progressive MS, and 88 controls were included. Total tau and BDNF were measured by Western blot. Results: Increased tau and decreased BDNF in MS patients compared with controls was found. Total-tau has a peak in relapsing–remitting MS, the second decile of the multiple sclerosis severity score, and in the lowest expanded disability status scale and is no different than controls for secondary-progressive MS patients and the most severe cases of MS. Conclusion: BDNF is a good biomarker for diagnosis of MS but not for severity or progression. Tau appears to have a more active role in the progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azul Islas-Hernandez
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional SXXI, IMSS, Mexico
| | | | - Brenda Bertado-Cortes
- Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional SXXI, IMSS, Mexico
| | | | - Raul Carrera-Pineda
- Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional SXXI, IMSS, Mexico
| | | | - Paola Garcia-delaTorre
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional SXXI, IMSS, Mexico
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14
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Matute-Blanch C, Montalban X, Comabella M. Multiple sclerosis, and other demyelinating and autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 146:67-84. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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D'Cunha NM, McKune AJ, Panagiotakos DB, Georgousopoulou EN, Thomas J, Mellor DD, Naumovski N. Evaluation of dietary and lifestyle changes as modifiers of S100β levels in Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:1-18. [PMID: 28696163 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1349032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant body of research undertaken in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as to discover early detection biomarkers and potential therapeutic strategies. One such proposed biomarker is the calcium binding protein S100β, which, depending on its local concentration, is known to exhibit both neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory properties in the central nervous system. At present, relatively little is known regarding the effect of chronic S100β disruption in AD. Dietary intake has been identified as a modifiable risk factor for AD. Preliminary in vitro and animal studies have demonstrated an association between S100β expression and dietary intake which links to AD pathophysiology. This review describes the association of S100β to fatty acids, ketone bodies, insulin, and botanicals as well as the potential impact of physical activity as a lifestyle factor. We also discuss the prospective implications of these findings, including support of the use of a Mediterranean dietary pattern and/or the ketogenic diet as an approach to modify AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M D'Cunha
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Andrew J McKune
- b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,c University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,d Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban 4041 , South Africa
| | - Demosthenes B Panagiotakos
- e Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, School of Health and Education , Harokopio University , Athens 176 71 , Greece
| | - Ekavi N Georgousopoulou
- b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,e Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, School of Health and Education , Harokopio University , Athens 176 71 , Greece
| | - Jackson Thomas
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Duane D Mellor
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
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16
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Autoantibodies against myelin sheath and S100β are associated with cognitive dysfunction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 36:1959-1968. [PMID: 28656478 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been associated with cognitive impairment and peripheral production of autoantibodies. Autoantibodies against central nervous system (CNS) proteins and S100 calcium-binding β (S100β) were found increased in diseases characterized by cognitive impairment like Alzheimer disease and Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NPSLE). The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma levels of autoantibodies against myelin basic protein (anti-MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG) and S100β, and their relationships with cognitive performance in RA patients. Twenty patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and 19 age-, sex-, and schooling-matched healthy controls were recruited. Multiple dimensions of cognitive function were evaluated by structured clinical questionnaires. Autoantibodies and S100β levels were assessed by ELISAs. Patients had significantly higher levels of anti-MBP IgG (17.51 ± 1.36 vs. 5.24 ± 0.53 ng/mL), anti-MOG IgG (5.68 ± 1.34 vs. 0.51 ± 0.49 ng/mL), and S100β protein (2.24 ± 0.50 vs. 0.47 ± 0.06) than controls (all p < 0.0001). After adjusting for potential confounders, RA group presented worse cognitive performance involving the working memory and executive functions such as inhibition, flexibility, and mental control in parallel to higher autoantibodies and S100β levels than healthy controls (all p < 0.001). Levels of anti-MBP were negatively associated with delayed verbal recall (DVR; r = -0.42, p = 0.005), Stroop Color-Word (r = -0.48, p = 0.004), and N-Back Total scores (r = -0.59, p < 0.0001) and positively with Trail Making Test B (TMB, r = 0.53, p = 0.001). Negative correlation was found between levels of anti-MOG and DVR (r = -0.64, p < 0.0001), N-Back Total scores (r = -0.35, p = 0.03), Stroop Color-Word (r = -0.51, p = 0.001), and positively with TMB (r = 0.50, p = 0.003). S100β levels were associated with DVR (r = -0.51, p = 0.002), TMB (r = 0.46, p = 0.008), Stroop Color-Word (r = -0.67, p < 0.0001), and N-Back Total (r = -0.52, p = 0.003). RA is associated with impaired cognitive performance associated with higher levels of CNS-related autoantibodies and S100β levels. Given the importance of myelin integrity to cognition, our data indicate that these autoantibodies may be harmful to proper cognitive function.
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17
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Dubuisson N, Puentes F, Giovannoni G, Gnanapavan S. Science is 1% inspiration and 99% biomarkers. Mult Scler 2017; 23:1442-1452. [PMID: 28537780 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517709362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration plays a key role in multiple sclerosis (MS) contributing to long-term disability in patients. The prognosis is, however, unpredictable coloured by complex disease mechanisms which can only be clearly appreciated using biomarkers specific to pathobiology of the underlying process. Here, we describe six promising neurodegenerative biomarkers in MS (neurofilament proteins, neurofilament antibodies, tau, N-acetylaspartate, chitinase and chitinase-like proteins and osteopontin), critically evaluating the evidence using a modified Bradford Hill criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dubuisson
- Department of Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fabiola Puentes
- Department of Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Department of Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sharmilee Gnanapavan
- Department of Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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18
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Derkus B, Ozkan M, Emregul KC, Emregul E. Single frequency analysis for clinical immunosensor design. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23783a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel bioelectrochemical approach: Tau protein determination for the diagnosis of neurodiseases via time-dependant phase angle shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Derkus
- Bioelectrochemistry Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Science Faculty
- Ankara University
- Ankara 06100
| | - Mustafa Ozkan
- Bioelectrochemistry Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Science Faculty
- Ankara University
- Ankara 06100
| | - Kaan C. Emregul
- Bioelectrochemistry Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Science Faculty
- Ankara University
- Ankara 06100
| | - Emel Emregul
- Bioelectrochemistry Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Science Faculty
- Ankara University
- Ankara 06100
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19
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Kosehasanogullari G, Ozakbas S, Idiman E. Tau protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of the patients with multiple sclerosis in an attack period: Low levels of tau protein may have significance, too. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2015; 136:107-9. [PMID: 26093227 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Axonal loss is the cause of permanent neurologic disability in patients with MS. There are a lot of candidates to be a surrogate biological marker of the axonal loss in MS including tau protein. In the present study, we aimed to assess the levels of the tau protein in patients with MS, and in neurologically healthy controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included 41 patients with MS (32 RRMS, 9 SPMS) in this study. All the patients with MS were in an attack period. Control group was consist of 18 neurologically healty patients who underwent spinal anesthesia for orthopedic operations. The CSF tau protein level was measured by double antibody sandwich ELİSA. RESULTS The patients with RRMS had a higher tau protein level than the patients with SPMS and the control group. The patients with SPMS had a lower tau protein level than the control group. CONCLUSION High levels of tau protein in the CSF of RRMS patients in an attack period may indicate ongoing axonal transection owing to inflammation. Due to the brain atrophy, the patients with SPMS have less neurons to produce tau protein. The low levels of tau protein in the CSF of SPMS patients may denote axonal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Egemen Idiman
- Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Neurology, Turkey
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20
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Shen F, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Hua W, Zhang HS, Wu JS, Zhong P, Zhou LF. Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid: toward the identification of biomarkers for gliomas. Neurosurg Rev 2014; 37:367-80; discussion 380. [PMID: 24781189 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-014-0539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults and, despite advances in the understandings of glioma pathogenesis in the genetic era, they are still ineradicable, justifying the need to develop more reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for this malignancy. Because changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are suggested to be capable of sensitively reflecting pathological processes, e.g., neoplastic conditions, in the central nervous system, CSF has been deemed a valuable source for potential biomarkers screening in this era of proteomics. This systematic review focused on the proteomic analysis of glioma CSF that has been published to date and identified a total of 19 differentially expressed proteins. Further functional and protein-protein interaction assessments were performed by using Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) website and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software, which revealed several important protein networks (e.g., IL-6/STAT-3) and four novel focus proteins (IL-6, galanin (GAL), HSPA5, and WNT4) that might be involved in glioma pathogenesis. The concentrations of these focus proteins were subsequently determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in an independent set of CSF and tumor cyst fluid (CF) samples. Specifically, glioblastoma (GBM) CF had significantly lower GAL, HSPA5, and WNT4 levels than CSF from different grades of glioma. In contrast, IL-6 level was significantly higher in GBM CF when compared with CSF and, among different CSF groups, was highest in GBM CSF. Therefore, these candidate protein biomarkers, identified from both the literatures and in silico analysis, may have potentials in clinical diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, treatment response monitoring, and novel therapeutic targets identification for patients with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wurumuqi Road Middle, Shanghai, 200040, China
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The Serum S100B Level as a Biomarker of Enteroglial Activation in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Int J Inflam 2014; 2014:986525. [PMID: 24790767 PMCID: PMC3985341 DOI: 10.1155/2014/986525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Recent studies have demonstrated that enteric glial cells (EGC) participate in the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract. This study investigated whether enteroglial markers, including S100B protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), can serve as noninvasive indicators of EGC activation and disease activity in UC patients.
Methods. This clinical prospective study included 35 patients with UC and 40 age- and sex-matched controls. The diagnosis of UC was based on standard clinical, radiological, endoscopic, and histological criteria. Clinical disease activity was evaluated using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index. Serum samples were analyzed for human GFAP and S100B using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results. GFAP was not detected in the serum of either UC patients or controls
(P > 0.05). However, we found a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the serum S100B levels in the UC patients. No correlation between the serum S100B level and the disease activity or duration was observed
(P > 0.05). The serum S100B levels did not differ between UC patients with active disease (24 patients, 68.6%) or in remission (11 patients, 31.4%)
(P > 0.05). Conclusions. Ulcerative colitis patients had significantly lower serum S100B levels, while GFAP was of no diagnostic value in UC patients.
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22
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Is serum S100B protein an useful biomarker in migraine? Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1197-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a bodily fluid, which is both easily accessible and the most proximate to the pathological alterations of multiple sclerosis (MS). Consequently, the analysis of this fluid provides an important window into the pathological underpinnings of this disease. For example, for years, it has been known that the CSF of MS patients contains oligoclonal gamma immunoglobulins (IgG), which are synthesized within the central nervous system and presumably relate to the immune dysfunction, which is characteristically found in MS. This insight has lead to the introduction of highly-effective anti-B-cell therapies into the field of MS therapeutics. Moreover, the presence of an oligoclonal IgG response in the CSF, although not specific for MS, is a very sensitive finding and, as a result, its presence can be quite helpful for establishing an MS diagnosis in the right clinical context. In addition, this finding has predictive value. Thus, patients without a definite diagnosis who have CSF IgG bands are significantly more likely to develop definite MS compared to those patients without such a banding pattern. Other biological molecules can also be found in the CSF including neurofiliment, myelin basic protein (MBP), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), tau, neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), and the growth associated protein (GAP-43). However, the value of measuring these (and other) CSF constituents for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes and for following response to therapy is still to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Giovannoni
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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Dobson R, Topping J, Davis A, Thompson E, Giovannoni G. Cerebrospinal fluid and urinary biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 128:321-7. [PMID: 23465040 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biomarkers with the potential for longitudinal measurements are needed in multiple sclerosis (MS). Urine is easy to collect, and repeated sampling is possible. METHODS 39 paired CSF and urine samples were taken. Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) were measured in CSF. Kappa and lambda free light chain (FLC), neopterin and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCHL1) were measured in CSF and urine. RESULTS 16/39 samples had OCBs unique to the CSF. CSF FLC levels (P < 0.0001) were higher in OCB-positive subjects, with no difference in urinary FLC. CSF and urinary FLC did not correlate. There were a significant correlation between total CSF FLC and CSF neopterin in MS samples (correlation coefficient = 0.588, P = 0.016) and a strong correlation between CSF lambda FLC and CSF neopterin in MS samples (correlation coefficient = 0.875, P < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between urinary neopterin/creatinine levels and urinary total FLC/protein levels (correlation coefficient = 0.452, P = 0.004). Only three CSF samples (8%) had detectable levels of UCHL1. 18/38 (48%) (8/15 MS and 10/23 control) urine samples had detectable levels of UCLH1. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the relationship between CSF OCBs and CSF FLCs, highlighting the importance of intrathecal B- and plasma-cell activation in MS. There is a relationship between CSF FLC and CSF neopterin in MS, highlighting the multifaceted immune activation seen in MS. Correlations in the OCB-positive group highlight the multifaceted immune activation seen in MS. Further studies are required to evaluate CSF and urinary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Dobson
- Blizard Institute and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; London; UK
| | - J. Topping
- Blizard Institute and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; London; UK
| | - A. Davis
- Blizard Institute and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; London; UK
| | - E. Thompson
- Institute of Neurology; University College London; Queen Square; London; UK
| | - G. Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; London; UK
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Szalardy L, Zadori D, Simu M, Bencsik K, Vecsei L, Klivenyi P. Evaluating biomarkers of neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation in CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis–osteopontin as a potential marker of clinical severity. J Neurol Sci 2013; 331:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Agúndez JAG, García-Martín E, Martínez C, Benito-León J, Millán-Pascual J, Calleja P, Díaz-Sánchez M, Pisa D, Turpín-Fenoll L, Alonso-Navarro H, Ayuso-Peralta L, Torrecillas D, Plaza-Nieto JF, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. MAPT gene rs1052553 variant is not associated with the risk for multiple sclerosis. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1705-8. [PMID: 23911736 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Some experimental data suggest a possible role of tau protein in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible influence of the SNP rs1052553 in the MAPT gene in the risk for relapsing bout onset (relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive) MS. METHODS We analyzed the allelic and genotype frequency of MAPT rs1052553, which has been associated with some neurodegenerative diseases, in 259 patients with relapsing bout onset MS and 291 healthy controls, using TaqMan Assays. RESULTS MAPT rs1052553 allelic and genotype frequencies did not differ significantly between relapsing bout onset MS patients and controls, and were unrelated with the age of onset of MS or gender. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MAPT rs1052553 polymorphism is not related with the risk for relapsing bout onset MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A G Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Yalcinbayir O, Buyukuysal RL, Akova-Budak B, Gelisken O. S100b protein levels in subretinal fluid in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Curr Eye Res 2012; 37:1030-5. [PMID: 22671138 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.696769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relevance of the concentration of S100B in subretinal fluid (SRF) with the postoperative anatomical and functional success and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) formation parameters in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). METHODS Fifty-three patients (34 male, 19 female) were included in this prospective study. Study group consisted of 46 patients who had scleral buckling (SB) surgery with the diagnosis of RRD. Control group consisted of six patients who had pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for either full-thickness macular hole or subluxated intraocular lens. SRFs were obtained during SB surgery. Study cases were divided into three groups, corresponding to the duration of retinal detachment (DRD). Clinical characteristics including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), anatomical status at 6 months, the presence of postoperative PVR that resulted in recurrent detachment and any possible re-operations were recorded. The concentration of S100B was quantified by using an enzyme immunoassay test kit. RESULTS The concentration of S100B in SRF increased significantly after RRD. And, S100B levels were evidently elevated in concordance with DRD. There was no correlation between the concentration of SRF - S100B with preoperative or postoperative BCVA. Again, S100B levels were not related to the extent of RRD or postoperative PVR formation. CONCLUSION Concentration of S100B in SRF is good marker of retinal stress and increases in concordance with DRD. However it would not help to predict the possible anatomical and functional success or postoperative PVR formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Yalcinbayir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey.
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Al-Ayadhi LY, Mostafa GA. A lack of association between elevated serum levels of S100B protein and autoimmunity in autistic children. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:54. [PMID: 22420334 PMCID: PMC3359166 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100B is a calcium-binding protein that is produced primarily by astrocytes. Increased serum S100B protein levels reflect neurological damage. Autoimmunity may have a role in the pathogenesis of autism in some patients. Autoantibodies may cross the blood-brain barrier and combine with brain tissue antigens, forming immune complexes and resulting in neurological damage. We are the first to investigate the relationship between serum levels of S100B protein, a marker of neuronal damage, and antiribosomal P protein antibodies in autistic children. METHODS Serum S100B protein and antiribosomal P antibodies were measured in 64 autistic children in comparison to 46 matched healthy children. RESULTS Autistic children had significantly higher serum S100B protein levels than healthy controls (P < 0.001). Children with severe autism had significantly higher serum S100B protein than patients with mild to moderate autism (P = 0.01). Increased serum levels of antiribosomal P antibodies were found in 40.6% of autistic children. There were no significant correlations between serum levels of S100B protein and antiribosomal P antibodies (P = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS S100B protein levels were elevated in autistic children and significantly correlated to autistic severity. This may indicate the presence of an underlying neuropathological condition in autistic patients. Antiribosomal P antibodies may not be a possible contributing factor to the elevated serum levels of S100B protein in some autistic children. However, further research is warranted to investigate the possible link between serum S100B protein levels and other autoantibodies, which are possible indicators of autoimmunity to central nervous system in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Yousef Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Al-Amodi Autism Research Chair, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gehan Ahmed Mostafa
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Al-Amodi Autism Research Chair, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 9 Ahmed El-Samman Street off Makram Ebaid, 11511 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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Serum GFAP levels in optic neuropathies. J Neurol Sci 2012; 317:117-22. [PMID: 22410258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complement mediated autoimmunity against aquaporin-4 results in astrocytic damage in neuromyelitis optica (NMO). There is evidence for increased CSF glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100B levels in acute NMO. Here we tested whether the CSF finding also holds true for the diagnostic value of serum GFAP and S100B levels in NMO. METHODS A multicentre study included 322 patients from London (n=160), Nijmegen (n=95), Pecs (n=44), and Lyon (n=24). Patients were classified into the following diagnostic categories: neurological control patients (n=45), MS optic neuritis (MSON, n=38), isolated optic neuritis (ION, n=11), relapsing isolated optic neuritis (RION, n=48), chronic relapsing isolated optic neuropathy (CRION, n=18), unclassified optic neuritis (UCON, n=39), NMO (n=77) and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS, n=47). Serum GFAP and S100B levels were quantified using ELISA. RESULTS Median serum GFAP but not S100B levels were significantly higher (p<0.0001, general linear model) in patients with NMO (4.83 pg/mL) if compared to MSON (1.5 pg/mL, p=0.0001), UCON (1.92 pg/mL, p<0.01), ION (0.0 ng/mL, p<0.05), RION (1.3 pg/mL, p<0.0001) and CRION (2.2 pg/mL, p=0.01). Serum GFAP levels in the control cohort (3.6 pg/mL) were not significantly different to NMO. There was no relationship between serum GFAP levels and any other clinical or demographic parameter. Serum S100B concentrations correlated with the number of relapses in MSON (R=0.83, p=0.005). CONCLUSION In contrast to the CSF, neither serum GFAP nor S100B levels were of major diagnostic value for the laboratory supported differential diagnosis between optic neuritis in the context of NMO and other optic neuropathies.
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Michetti F, Corvino V, Geloso MC, Lattanzi W, Bernardini C, Serpero L, Gazzolo D. The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress. J Neurochem 2012; 120:644-59. [PMID: 22145907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein concentrated in glial cells, although it has also been detected in definite extra-neural cell types. Its biological role is still debated. When secreted, S100B is believed to have paracrine/autocrine trophic effects at physiological concentrations, but toxic effects at higher concentrations. Elevated S100B levels in biological fluids (CSF, blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid) are thus regarded as a biomarker of pathological conditions, including perinatal brain distress, acute brain injury, brain tumors, neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders. In the majority of these conditions, high S100B levels offer an indicator of cell damage when standard diagnostic procedures are still silent. The key question remains as to whether S100B is merely leaked from injured cells or is released in concomitance with both physiological and pathological conditions, participating at high concentrations in the events leading to cell injury. In this respect, S100B levels in biological fluids have been shown to increase in physiological conditions characterized by stressful physical and mental activity, suggesting that it may be physiologically regulated and raised during conditions of stress, with a putatively active role. This possibility makes this protein a candidate not only for a biomarker but also for a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
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de Senna PN, Ilha J, Baptista PPA, do Nascimento PS, Leite MC, Paim MF, Gonçalves CA, Achaval M, Xavier LL. Effects of physical exercise on spatial memory and astroglial alterations in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Metab Brain Dis 2011; 26:269-79. [PMID: 21892662 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-011-9262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with neurocognitive dysfunction and astrogliosis. Physical exercise prevents cognitive impairments and induces important brain modifications. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of treadmill exercise on spatial memory and astrocytic function in the hippocampus of a T1DM model. Fifty-seven Wistar rats were divided into four groups: trained control (TC) (n = 15), non-trained control (NTC) (n = 13), trained diabetic (TD) (n = 14) and non-trained diabetic (NTD) (n = 15). One month after streptozotocin-induced diabetes, exercise groups were submitted to 5 weeks of physical training, and then, all groups were assessed in the novel object-placement recognition task. Locomotor activity was analyzed in the open field apparatus using Any-maze software. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100B in hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were measured using ELISA assay, and hippocampal GFAP immunoreactivity was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry and optical densitometry. The results showed that physical exercise prevents and/or reverts spatial memory impairments observed in NTD animals (P < 0.01). Decreased locomotor activity was observed in both the NTD and TD groups when compared with controls (P < 0.05). ELISA and immunohistochemistry analyzes showed there was a reduction in GFAP levels in the hippocampus of NTD animals, which was not found in TD group. ELISA also showed an increase in S100B levels in the cerebrospinal fluid from the NTD group (P < 0.01) and no such increase was found in the TD group. Our findings indicate that physical exercise prevents and/or reverts the cognitive deficits and astroglial alterations induced by T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscylla Nunes de Senna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Frederiksen J, Kristensen K, Bahl JMC, Christiansen M. Tau protein: a possible prognostic factor in optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2011; 18:592-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458511424588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Tau protein has been proposed as biomarker of axonal damage leading to irreversible neurological impairment in MS. CSF concentrations may be useful when determining risk of progression from ON to MS. Objective: To investigate the association between tau protein concentration and 14-3-3 protein in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with monosymptomatic optic neuritis (ON) versus patients with monosymptomatic onset who progressed to multiple sclerosis (MS). To evaluate results against data found in a complete literature review. Methods: A total of 66 patients with MS and/or ON from the Department of Neurology of Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, were included. CSF samples were analysed for tau protein and 14-3-3 protein, and clinical and paraclinical information was obtained from medical records. Results: The study shows a significantly increased concentration of tau protein in CSF from patients with relapsing–remitting MS and patients monosymptomatic at onset who progressed to MS, but interestingly no increased tau protein concentration in monosymptomatic ON. The concentration of tau protein was significantly correlated to Expanded Disability Status Scale score. No 14-3-3 protein was detected in any CSF sample. Conclusions: The results of this study invite further exploration of the possible role of tau protein as a prognostic factor to predict progression from ON to MS in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frederiksen
- Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - K Kristensen
- Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - JMC Bahl
- Department of Autoimmunity and Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Christiansen
- Department of Autoimmunity and Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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