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Banaeeyeh S, Afkhami-Goli A, Moosavi Z, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-mitophagy effects of trans sodium crocetinate on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in BALB/C57 mice. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:783-801. [PMID: 38739183 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the degeneration of myelin and inflammation in the central nervous system. Trans sodium crocetinate (TSC), a novel synthetic carotenoid compound, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of TSC against the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a well-established model for MS. Female BALB/C57 mice were divided into different groups, including control, EAE, vehicle, TSC-treated (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, administered via gavage) + EAE, methyl prednisone acetate + EAE, and TSC-treated (100 mg/kg, administered via gavage for 28 days) groups. EAE was induced using MOG35-55, complete Freund's adjuvant, and pertussis toxin. In the mice spinal cord tissues, the oxidative markers (GSH and MDA) were measured using spectrophotometry and histological evaluation was performed. Mitophagic pathway proteins (PINK1and PARKIN) and inflammatory factors (IL-1β and TNF-α) were evaluated by western blot. Following 21 days post-induction, EAE mice exhibited weight loss, and the paralysis scores increased on day 13 but recovered after TSC (100 mg/kg) administration on day 16. Furthermore, TSC (50 and 100 mg/kg) reversed the altered levels of MDA and GSH in the spinal cord tissue of EAE mice. TSC (100 mg/kg) also decreased microgliosis, demyelination, and the levels of inflammatory markers IL-1β and TNF-α. Notably, TSC (100 mg/kg) modulated the mitophagy pathway by reducing PINK1 and Parkin protein levels. These findings demonstrate that TSC protects spinal cord tissue against EAE-induced MS through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-mitophagy mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Banaeeyeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Afkhami-Goli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Moosavi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Muñoz-Jurado A, Escribano BM, Túnez I. Animal model of multiple sclerosis: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 188:35-60. [PMID: 38880527 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a very complex and heterogeneous disease, with an unknown etiology and which, currently, remains incurable. For this reason, animal models are crucial to investigate this disease, which has increased in prevalence in recent years, affecting 2.8 million people worldwide, and is the leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults between the ages of 20-30years. Of all the models developed to replicate MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) best reflects the autoimmune pathogenesis of MS. There are different methods to induce it, which will give rise to different types of EAE, which will vary in clinical presentation and severity. Of the EAE models, the most widespread and used is the one induced in rodents due to its advantages over other species. Likewise, EAE has become a widely used model in the development of therapies for the treatment of MS. Likewise, it is very useful to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of MS and to establish therapeutic targets for this disease. For all these reasons, the EAE model plays a key role in improving the understanding of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Muñoz-Jurado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Begoña M Escribano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
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das Neves SP, Sousa JC, Magalhães R, Gao F, Coppola G, Mériaux S, Boumezbeur F, Sousa N, Cerqueira JJ, Marques F. Astrocytes Undergo Metabolic Reprogramming in the Multiple Sclerosis Animal Model. Cells 2023; 12:2484. [PMID: 37887329 PMCID: PMC10605171 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that presents a largely unknown etiopathology. The presence of reactive astrocytes in MS lesions has been described for a long time; however, the role that these cells play in the pathophysiology of MS is still not fully understood. Recently, we used an MS animal model to perform high-throughput sequencing of astrocytes' transcriptome during disease progression. Our data show that astrocytes isolated from the cerebellum (a brain region typically affected in MS) showed a strong alteration in the genes that encode for proteins related to several metabolic pathways. Specifically, we found a significant increase in glycogen degradation, glycolytic, and TCA cycle enzymes. Together with these alterations, we detected an upregulation of genes that characterize "astrocyte reactivity". Additionally, at each disease time point we also reconstructed the morphology of cerebellum astrocytes in non-induced controls and in EAE animals, near lesion regions and in the normal-appearing white mater (NAWM). We found that near lesions, astrocytes presented increased length and complexity compared to control astrocytes, while no significant alterations were observed in the NAWM. How these metabolic alterations are linked with disease progression is yet to be uncovered. Herein, we bring to the literature the hypothesis of performing metabolic reprogramming as a novel therapeutic approach in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pereira das Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.P.d.N.); (J.C.S.); n (N.S.); (J.J.C.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.P.d.N.); (J.C.S.); n (N.S.); (J.J.C.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Magalhães
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Centre d’études de Saclay, Bâtiment 145, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Fuying Gao
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (F.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (F.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Sebatien Mériaux
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Centre d’études de Saclay, Bâtiment 145, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Fawzi Boumezbeur
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Centre d’études de Saclay, Bâtiment 145, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.P.d.N.); (J.C.S.); n (N.S.); (J.J.C.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center, 4710-243 Braga, Portugal
| | - João José Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.P.d.N.); (J.C.S.); n (N.S.); (J.J.C.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center, 4710-243 Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.P.d.N.); (J.C.S.); n (N.S.); (J.J.C.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
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Lotan I, Nishiyama S, Wright A, Myoung Seok J, Levy M. Electrophysiological and Histological Correlations of Optic Neuritis in the Dark Agouti Rat Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2023; 524:89-93. [PMID: 37290683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of Inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disease. Dark agouti (DA) rats immunized with full-length myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG1-125) typically develop a relapsing-remitting EAE form characterized by predominant demyelinating involvement of the spinal cord and optic nerve. Visually evoked potentials (VEP) are a useful objective tool to assess the optic nerve function and monitor electrophysiological changes in optic neuritis (ON). The current study aimed to assess the VEP changes in MOG-EAE DA rats using a minimally invasive recording device and to correlate them with histological findings. Twelve MOG-EAE DA rats and four controls underwent VEP recording at day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-EAE induction. Tissue samples were obtained on days 14, 21, and 28 from two EAE rats and one control. The median VEP latencies were significantly higher on days 14, 21, and 28 compared to baseline, with maximal latencies observed on day 21. The histological analyses on day 14 demonstrated inflammation with largely preserved myelin and axonal structures. Inflammation and demyelination with largely preserved axons were evident on days 21 and 28, which correlated with prolonged VEP latencies. These findings suggest that VEPs may be a reliable biomarker reflecting the optic nerve involvement in EAE. Moreover, the use of a minimally invasive device enables observation of VEP changes over time in MOG-EAE DA rats. Our findings may have important implications for testing the potential neuroprotective and regenerative effects of new therapies for CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Lotan
- Neuroimmunology Clinic and Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology and Neuroimmunology Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel..
| | - Shuhei Nishiyama
- Neuroimmunology Clinic and Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Wright
- Neuroimmunology Clinic and Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin Myoung Seok
- Neuroimmunology Clinic and Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Levy
- Neuroimmunology Clinic and Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Dedoni S, Scherma M, Camoglio C, Siddi C, Dazzi L, Puliga R, Frau J, Cocco E, Fadda P. An overall view of the most common experimental models for multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106230. [PMID: 37453561 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex chronic disease with an unknown etiology. It is considered an inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized, in most cases, by an unpredictable onset of relapse and remission phases. The disease generally starts in subjects under 40; it has a higher incidence in women and is described as a multifactorial disorder due to the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Unfortunately, there is currently no definitive cure for MS. Still, therapies can modify the disease's natural history, reducing the relapse rate and slowing the progression of the disease or managing symptoms. The limited access to human CNS tissue slows down. It limits the progression of research on MS. This limit has been partially overcome over the years by developing various experimental models to study this disease. Animal models of autoimmune demyelination, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and viral and toxin or transgenic MS models, represent the most significant part of MS research approaches. These models have now been complemented by ex vivo studies, using organotypic brain slice cultures and in vitro, through induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPSCs). We will discuss which clinical features of the disorders might be reproduced and investigated in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro in models commonly used in MS research to understand the processes behind the neuropathological events occurring in the CNS of MS patients. The primary purpose of this review is to give the reader a global view of the main paradigms used in MS research, spacing from the classical animal models to transgenic mice and 2D and 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dedoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - M Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - C Camoglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - C Siddi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - L Dazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - R Puliga
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - J Frau
- Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Italy
| | - E Cocco
- Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Italy; Department Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - P Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.
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Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis-Essential Constituents with Diverse Multifaceted Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115904. [PMID: 34072790 PMCID: PMC8198285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), astrocytes respond to the inflammatory stimulation with an early robust process of morphological, transcriptional, biochemical, and functional remodeling. Recent studies utilizing novel technologies in samples from MS patients, and in an animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), exposed the detrimental and the beneficial, in part contradictory, functions of this heterogeneous cell population. In this review, we summarize the various roles of astrocytes in recruiting immune cells to lesion sites, engendering the inflammatory loop, and inflicting tissue damage. The roles of astrocytes in suppressing excessive inflammation and promoting neuroprotection and repair processes is also discussed. The pivotal roles played by astrocytes make them an attractive therapeutic target. Improved understanding of astrocyte function and diversity, and the mechanisms by which they are regulated may lead to the development of novel approaches to selectively block astrocytic detrimental responses and/or enhance their protective properties.
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Borgonetti V, Sanna MD, Lucarini L, Galeotti N. Targeting the RNA-Binding Protein HuR Alleviates Neuroinflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Potential Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:412-429. [PMID: 33200288 PMCID: PMC8116432 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination, axonal loss, and motor dysfunction. Activated microglia are associated with the destruction of myelin in the CNS. Activated microglia produce cytokines and proinflammatory factors, favoring neuroinflammation, myelin damage, and neuronal loss, and it is thought to be involved in the disease pathogenesis. The present study investigated the role of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression on the neuroinflammation related to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice, by focusing on HuR, an RNA-binding protein involved in inflammatory and immune phenomena. Spinal cord sections of EAE mice showed an increased HuR immunostaining that was abundantly detected in the cytoplasm of activated microglia, a pattern associated with its increased activity. Intrathecal administration of an anti-HuR antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) decreased the proinflammatory activated microglia, inflammatory infiltrates, and the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-17, and inhibited the activation of the NF-κB pathway. The beneficial effect of anti-HuR ASO in EAE mice corresponded also to a decreased permeability of the blood-brain barrier. EAE mice showed a reduced spinal CD206 immunostaining that was restored by anti-HuR ASO, indicating that HuR silencing promotes a shift to the anti-inflammatory and regenerative microglia phenotype. Mice that received anti-HuR ASO exhibited improved EAE-related motor dysfunction, pain hypersensitivity, and body weight loss. Targeting HuR might represent an innovative and promising perspective to control neurological disturbances in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Borgonetti
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Domenica Sanna
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Lucarini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Galeotti
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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Assessing the anterior visual pathway in optic neuritis: recent experimental and clinical aspects. Curr Opin Neurol 2020; 32:346-357. [PMID: 30694926 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple sclerosis (MS) and related autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are characterized by chronic disability resulting from autoimmune neuroinflammation, with demyelination, astrocyte damage, impaired axonal transmission and neuroaxonal loss. Novel therapeutics stopping or reversing the progression of disability are still urgently warranted. This review addresses research on optic neuritis in preclinical experimental models and their translation to clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Optic neuritis can be used as paradigm for an MS relapse which can serve to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutics in clinical trials with a reasonable duration and cohort size. The advantage is the linear structure of the visual pathway allowing the assessment of visual function and retinal structure as highly sensitive outcome parameters. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is an inducible, inflammatory and demyelinating central nervous system disease extensively used as animal model of MS. Optic neuritis is part of the clinicopathological manifestations in a number of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models. These have gained increasing interest for studies evaluating neuroprotective and/or remyelinating substances as longitudinal, visual and retinal readouts have become available. SUMMARY Translation of preclinical experiments, evaluating neuroprotective or remyelinating therapeutics to clinical studies is challenging. In-vivo readouts like optical coherence tomography, offers the possibility to transfer experimental study designs to clinical optic neuritis trials.
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Cruz-Herranz A, Dietrich M, Hilla AM, Yiu HH, Levin MH, Hecker C, Issberner A, Hallenberger A, Cordano C, Lehmann-Horn K, Balk LJ, Aktas O, Ingwersen J, von Gall C, Hartung HP, Zamvil SS, Fischer D, Albrecht P, Green AJ. Monitoring retinal changes with optical coherence tomography predicts neuronal loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:203. [PMID: 31684959 PMCID: PMC6827223 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a clinical and research tool in multiple sclerosis, where it has shown significant retinal nerve fiber (RNFL) and ganglion cell (RGC) layer thinning, while postmortem studies have reported RGC loss. Although retinal pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been described, comparative OCT studies among EAE models are scarce. Furthermore, the best practices for the implementation of OCT in the EAE lab, especially with afoveate animals like rodents, remain undefined. We aimed to describe the dynamics of retinal injury in different mouse EAE models and outline the optimal experimental conditions, scan protocols, and analysis methods, comparing these to histology to confirm the pathological underpinnings. Methods Using spectral-domain OCT, we analyzed the test-retest and the inter-rater reliability of volume, peripapillary, and combined horizontal and vertical line scans. We then monitored the thickness of the retinal layers in different EAE models: in wild-type (WT) C57Bl/6J mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35–55) or with bovine myelin basic protein (MBP), in TCR2D2 mice immunized with MOG35–55, and in SJL/J mice immunized with myelin proteolipid lipoprotein (PLP139–151). Strain-matched control mice were sham-immunized. RGC density was counted on retinal flatmounts at the end of each experiment. Results Volume scans centered on the optic disc showed the best reliability. Retinal changes during EAE were localized in the inner retinal layers (IRLs, the combination of the RNFL and the ganglion cell plus the inner plexiform layers). In WT, MOG35–55 EAE, progressive thinning of IRL started rapidly after EAE onset, with 1/3 of total loss occurring during the initial 2 months. IRL thinning was associated with the degree of RGC loss and the severity of EAE. Sham-immunized SJL/J mice showed progressive IRL atrophy, which was accentuated in PLP-immunized mice. MOG35–55-immunized TCR2D2 mice showed severe EAE and retinal thinning. MBP immunization led to very mild disease without significant retinopathy. Conclusions Retinal neuroaxonal damage develops quickly during EAE. Changes in retinal thickness mirror neuronal loss and clinical severity. Monitoring of the IRL thickness after immunization against MOG35–55 in C57Bl/6J mice seems the most convenient model to study retinal neurodegeneration in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Cruz-Herranz
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander M Hilla
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hao H Yiu
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Marc H Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Christina Hecker
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Issberner
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Angelika Hallenberger
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Cordano
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Klaus Lehmann-Horn
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisanne J Balk
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Ingwersen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Charlotte von Gall
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.,Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ari J Green
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
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Sanabria-Castro A, Flores-Díaz M, Alape-Girón A. Biological models in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:491-508. [PMID: 31571267 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considering the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unknown, experimental models resembling specific aspects of this immune-mediated demyelinating human disease have been developed to increase the understanding of processes related to pathogenesis, disease evolution, evaluation of therapeutic interventions, and demyelination and remyelination mechanisms. Based on the nature of the investigation, biological models may include in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assessments. Even though these approaches have disclosed valuable information, every disease animal model has limitations and can only replicate specific features of MS. In vitro and ex vivo models generally do not reflect what occurs in the organism, and in vivo animal models are more likely used; nevertheless, they are able to reproduce only certain stages of the disease. In vivo MS disease animal models in mammals include: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, viral encephalomyelitis, and induced demyelination. This review examines and describes the most common biological disease animal models for the study of MS, their specific characteristics and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sanabria-Castro
- Research Unit, San Juan de Dios Hospital CCSS, San José, Costa Rica.,School of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Yoo IH, Kim MJ, Kim J, Sung JJ, Park ST, Ahn SW. The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Sulforaphane in Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Korean Med Sci 2019; 34:e197. [PMID: 31327180 PMCID: PMC6639507 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-associated inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system and results in serious disability. Although many disease-modifying therapy drugs have been developed, these drugs have shown limited clinical efficacy and some adverse effects in previous studies, therefore, there has been reasonable need for less harmful and cost-effective therapeutics. Herein, we tested the anti-inflammatory effect of sulforaphane (SFN) in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS The EAE mice were randomly assigned into two experimental groups: the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated EAE group and SFN-treated EAE group. After EAE mice induction by auto-immunization against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide, we evaluated EAE symptom scores and biochemical analyses such as infiltration of inflammatory cells and demyelination of the spinal cord. Furthermore, western blotting was performed using the spinal cords of EAE mice. RESULTS In the behavioral study, the SFN-treated EAE mice showed favorable clinical scores compared with PBS-treated EAE mice at the 13th day (1.30 ± 0.15 vs. 1.90 ± 0.18; P = 0.043) and 14th day (1.80 ± 0.13 vs. 2.75 ± 0.17; P = 0.003). Additionally, the biochemical studies revealed that SFN treatment inhibited the inflammatory infiltration, demyelinating injury of the spinal cords, and the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the EAE mice. CONCLUSION The SFN treatment showed anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects in the EAE mice. Conclusively, this study suggests that SFN has neuroprotective effects via anti-inflammatory processing, so it could be a new therapeutic or nutritional supplement for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Han Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Joon Sung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Taek Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Won Ahn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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12
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Resveratrol (3, 5, 4'-Trihydroxy-trans-Stilbene) Attenuates a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis by Altering the miR-124/Sphingosine Kinase 1 Axis in Encephalitogenic T Cells in the Brain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:462-477. [PMID: 30941623 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) (RES) is a naturally-derived phytoestrogen found in the skins of red grapes and berries and has potential as a novel and effective therapeutic agent. In the current study, we investigated the role of microRNA (miRNA) in RES-mediated attenuation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Administration of RES effectively decreased disease severity, including inflammation and central nervous system immune cell infiltration. miRNA microarray analysis revealed an altered miRNA profile in encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells from EAE mice exposed to RES treatment. Additionally, bioinformatics and in silico pathway analysis suggested the involvement of RES-induced miRNA in pathways and processes that regulated cellular proliferation. Additional studies confirmed that RES affected cell cycle progression and apoptosis in activated T cells, specifically in the brain. RES treatment significantly upregulated miR-124 during EAE, while suppressing associated target gene, sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1), and this too was specific to mononuclear cells in the brains of treated mice, as peripheral immune cells remained unaltered upon RES treatment. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that RES treatment leads to amelioration of EAE development through mechanism(s) potentially involving suppression of neuroinflammation via alteration of the miR-124/SK1 axis, thereby halting cell-cycle progression and promoting apoptosis in activated encephalitogenic T cells. Graphical Abstract Resveratrol alters the miR-124/sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) axis in encephalitogenic T cells, promotes cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, and decreases neuroinflammation in experiemental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
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13
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Effect of glatiramer acetate on cerebral grey matter pathology in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 27:305-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Li Z, Gong P, Wang W, Qu S, Wang X, He Z, Wang G, Kong Q, Mu L, Wang J, Fang S, Zhao W, Sun B, Li H. Functional network analysis reveals biological roles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in MOG35–55 specific CD4+T helper cells. Genomics 2018; 110:337-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Liu Y, Gibson SA, Benveniste EN, Qin H. Opportunities for Translation from the Bench: Therapeutic Intervention of the JAK/STAT Pathway in Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 35:505-27. [PMID: 27279046 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016015517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. These immune cells secrete aberrantly high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines that pathogenically bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems and damage neurons and oligodendrocytes. These cytokines include interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-12, IL-21, IL-23, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). It is, therefore, not surprising that both the dysregulated expression of these cytokines and the subsequent activation of their downstream signaling cascades is a common feature in MS/EAE. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is utilized by numerous cytokines for signal transduction and is essential for the development and regulation of immune responses. Unbridled activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by pro-inflammatory cytokines has been demonstrated to be critically involved in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in our understanding of the involvement of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE, with a particular focus on therapeutic approaches to target the JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Liu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294; Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Hongwei Qin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
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16
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Mollazadeh H, Cicero AFG, Blesso CN, Pirro M, Majeed M, Sahebkar A. Immune modulation by curcumin: The role of interleukin-10. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:89-101. [PMID: 28799796 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1358139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are small secreted proteins released by different types of cells with specific effects on cellular signaling and communication via binding to their receptors on the cell surface. IL-10 is known to be a pleiotropic and potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine that is produced by both innate and adaptive immunity cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, B cells, CD8+ T cells, and TH1, TH2, and TH17 and regulatory T cells. Both direct and indirect activation of the stress axis promotes IL-10 secretion. IL-10 deregulation plays a role in the development of a large number of inflammatory diseases such as neuropathic pain, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and allergy. Curcumin is a natural anti-inflammatory compound able to induce the expression and production of IL-10 and enhancing its action on a large number of tissues. In vitro and in pre-clinical models curcumin is able to modulate the disease pathophysiology of conditions such as pain and neurodegenerative diseases, bowel inflammation, and allergy, but also of infections and cancer through its effect on IL-10 secretion. In humans, at least one part of the positive effects of curcumin on health could be related to its ability to enhance IL-10 -mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mollazadeh
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine , North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences , Bojnurd , Iran
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- b Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Via Albertoni 15, Bologna , Italy
| | | | - Matteo Pirro
- d Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- f Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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17
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Hasselmann JPC, Karim H, Khalaj AJ, Ghosh S, Tiwari-Woodruff SK. Consistent induction of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice for the longitudinal study of pathology and repair. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 284:71-84. [PMID: 28396177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many groups use experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model to uncover therapeutic targets and understand the pathology underlying multiple sclerosis (MS), EAE protocol variability introduces discrepancies in central nervous system (CNS) pathogenesis and clinical disease, limiting the comparability between studies and slowing much-needed translational research. OPTIMIZED METHOD Here we describe a detailed, reliable protocol for chronic EAE induction in C57BL/6 mice utilizing two injections of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) peptide mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant and paired with pertussis toxin. RESULTS The active MOG35-55-EAE protocol presented here induces ascending paralysis in 80-100% of immunized mice. We observe: (1) consistent T cell immune activation, (2) robust CNS infiltration by peripheral immune cells, and (3) perivascular demyelinating lesions concurrent with axon damage in the spinal cord and various brain regions, including the optic nerve, cortex, hippocampus, internal capsule, and cerebellum. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Lack of detailed protocols, combined with variability between laboratories, make EAE results difficult to compare and hinder the use of this model for therapeutic development. We provide the most detailed active MOG35-55-EAE protocol to date. With this protocol, we observe high disease incidence and a consistent, reliable disease course. The resulting pathology is MS-like and includes optic neuritis, perivascular mononuclear infiltration, CNS axon demyelination, and axon damage in both infiltrating lesions and otherwise normal-appearing white matter. CONCLUSIONS By providing a detailed active MOG35-55-EAE protocol that yields consistent and robust pathology, we aim to foster comparability between pre-clinical studies and facilitate the discovery of MS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hawra Karim
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, UCR School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Anna J Khalaj
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, UCR School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Subir Ghosh
- Department of Statistics, UCR-CNAS, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Seema K Tiwari-Woodruff
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, UCR School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UCR School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, UCR School of Medicine, CA 92506, USA.
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18
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Hainz N, Wolf S, Tschernig T, Meier C. Probenecid Application Prevents Clinical Symptoms and Inflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Inflammation 2016; 39:123-128. [PMID: 26276126 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Neurological impairments are caused by axonal damage due to demyelination and neuroinflammation within the central nervous system. T cells mediate the neuroinflammation. The activation of T cells is induced by the release of adenosine triphosphate and involves purinergic receptors as well as pannexin (Panx) proteins. As Panx1 is expressed on T cells, we here propose that application of probenecid, a known Panx inhibitor, will prevent the onset of clinical symptoms in a mouse model of MS, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. EAE-induced mice received daily injections of probenecid. Disease scores, T cell numbers, and microglia activation were compared between experimental groups. Probenecid treatment resulted in lower disease scores as compared to EAE animals. Probenecid-treated animals also displayed fewer inflammatory lesions. Microglia activation was not altered by treatment. In conclusion, probenecid prevented the onset of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hainz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Sandra Wolf
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Carola Meier
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
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19
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Stanojlovic M, Pang X, Lin Y, Stone S, Cvetanovic M, Lin W. Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Exacerbates Loss of Lower Motor Neurons and Axons during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160158. [PMID: 27466819 PMCID: PMC4965096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). It is believed that MS and EAE are initiated by autoreactive T lymphocytes that recognize myelin antigens; however, the mechanisms responsible for neurodegeneration in these diseases remain elusive. Data indicate that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) plays a role in the development of MS and EAE. Interestingly, VEGF-A is regarded as a neurotrophic factor in the CNS that promotes neuron survival and neurogenesis in various neurodegenerative diseases by activating VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). In this study, we sought to explore the role of the VEGF-A/VEGFR2 signaling in neurodegeneration in MS and EAE. We showed that the expression of VEGF-A was decreased in the spinal cord during EAE and that VEGFR2 was activated in lower motor neurons in the spinal cord of EAE mice. Interestingly, we found that treatment with SU5416, a selective VEGFR2 inhibitor, starting after the onset of EAE clinical symptoms exacerbated lower motor neuron loss and axon loss in the lumbar spinal cord of mice undergoing EAE, but did not alter Purkinje neuron loss in the cerebellum or upper motor neuron loss in the cerebral cortex. Moreover, SU5416 treatment had a minimal effect on EAE clinical symptoms as well as inflammation, demyelination, and oligodendrocyte loss in the lumbar spinal cord. These results imply the protective effects of the VEGF-A/VEGFR2 signaling on lower motor neurons and axons in the spinal cord in MS and EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Stanojlovic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xiaosha Pang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yifeng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sarrabeth Stone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Marija Cvetanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Mature dendritic cells cause Th17/Treg imbalance by secreting TGF-β1 and IL-6 in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cent Eur J Immunol 2016; 41:143-52. [PMID: 27536199 PMCID: PMC4967648 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.60987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is generally acknowledged to be an autoimmune disease, but its etiology remains unknown. The most intensively studied animal model of MS is experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Dendritic cells (DCs), the professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), have gained increasing attention because they connect innate and adaptive immunity. The aim of this study was to determine the role of mature DCs in the pathogenesis of EAE. It was found that the number of mature DCs in the EAE spleen increased compared to the control group (p < 0.05). And there was an imbalance between Th17 (effector) and Treg (regulatory) in EAE. The data showed that mature DCs can regulate the differentiation of Th17 and Treg in EAE. In addition, there was a significant difference in secretion of TGF-β1 and IL-6 between mature DCs from mice with EAE and controls. The present data suggest that mature DCs cause an imbalance between Th17 and Treg by secreting TGF-β1 and IL-6 in the pathogenesis of EAE disease. Thus, targeting DC may be an effective strategy for treating MS.
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21
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Chemmannur SV, Bhagat P, Mirlekar B, Paknikar KM, Chattopadhyay S. Carbon nanospheres mediated delivery of nuclear matrix protein SMAR1 to direct experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2039-51. [PMID: 27274234 PMCID: PMC4869638 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s93571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the suppression of immune responses and associated side effects, steroid based treatments for inflammatory encephalitis disease can be detrimental. Here, we demonstrate a novel carbon nanosphere (CNP) based treatment regime for encephalomyelitis in mice by exploiting the functional property of the nuclear matrix binding protein SMAR1. A truncated part of SMAR1 ie, the DNA binding domain was conjugated with hydrothermally synthesized CNPs. When administered intravenously, the conjugate suppressed experimental animal encephalomyelitis in T cell specific conditional SMAR1 knockout mice (SMAR(-/-)). Further, CNP-SMAR1 conjugate delayed the onset of the disease and reduced the demyelination significantly. There was a significant decrease in the production of IL-17 after re-stimulation with MOG. Altogether, our findings suggest a potential carbon nanomaterial based therapeutic intervention to combat Th17 mediated autoimmune diseases including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijo V Chemmannur
- Disease and Chromatin Biology Laboratory, National Center for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Bhagat
- Center for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhalchandra Mirlekar
- Disease and Chromatin Biology Laboratory, National Center for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kishore M Paknikar
- Center for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- Disease and Chromatin Biology Laboratory, National Center for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Abstract
Microglia are the resident monocytic cells in the central nervous system (CNS), where they constitute the complex tissue structure together with a diverse set of cell-types, including neurons, glial cells, and vasculature. Different from other cells, microglia have distinct features, including not only their origin but functions in the CNS, and serve multiple roles within healthy and diseased CNS tissue. The present review highlights the latest advance in our understanding of the nature of microglia in the CNS, from their origin to both the physiological and pathological roles throughout their whole life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Masuda
- Institute
of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute
of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS
Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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23
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Fallarino F, Gargaro M, Mondanell G, Downer EJ, Hossain MJ, Gran B. Delineating the Role of Toll-Like Receptors in the Neuro-inflammation Model EAE. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1390:383-411. [PMID: 26803641 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3335-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most relevant and commonly used animal model to study autoimmune demyelinating diseases like Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In EAE, the activation of CD4+ T-cells is considered to be the main trigger leading to inflammation and central nervous system (CNS) demyelination. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most important and first class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immune system and play critical roles in initiating inflammatory responses and promoting adaptive immune responses due to their ability to recognize a wide range of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and being expressed in a wide range of cell types both in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Upon TLR stimulation by appropriate ligand, innate immune cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and can serve as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to prime naïve T cells to recognize antigens. Thus, TLRs play an important role in linking the innate to the adaptive immune response. To date, large numbers of studies have been done to investigate the role of adaptive immunity in both EAE and MS but delineating the role of innate immunity in EAE received very little focus and appreciation taking into account that it might contribute to both the initiation and progression of the disease. Moreover, EAE is not only a model to study inflammatory demyelination in the CNS; it is in general a model to study cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune conditions. Roles of different TLRs were studied in relation to EAE and MS. More recently, some studies demonstrated the immune adjuvant properties of certain TLR ligands including TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in EAE. This chapter outlines different methods employed in our labs to investigate the role of TLRs in EAE model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanell
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eric J Downer
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Md Jakir Hossain
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, C Floor South Block, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Bruno Gran
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, C Floor South Block, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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Pacini G, Ieronymaki M, Nuti F, Sabatino G, Larregola M, Aharoni R, Papini AM, Rovero P. Epitope mapping of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis: microwave-assisted synthesis of the peptide antigens and ELISA screening. J Pept Sci 2015; 22:52-8. [PMID: 26663200 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of pathologic auto-antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in multiple sclerosis is a highly controversial matter. As the use of animal models may enable to unravel the molecular mechanisms of the human disorder, numerous studies on multiple sclerosis are carried out using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In particular, the most extensively used EAE model is obtained by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with the immunodominant peptide MOG(35-55). In this scenario, we analyzed the anti-MOG antibody response in this model using the recombinant refolded extracellular domain of the protein, MOG(1-117). To assess the presence of a B-cell intramolecular epitope spreading mechanism, we tested also five synthetic peptides mapping the 1-117 sequence of MOG, including MOG(35-55). For this purpose, we cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and on-column refolded MOG(1-117), and we applied an optimized microwave-assisted solid-phase synthetic strategy to obtain the designed peptide sequences. Subsequently, we set up a solid-phase immunoenzymatic assay testing both naïve and EAE mice sera and using MOG protein and peptides as antigenic probes. The results obtained disclose an intense IgG antibody response against both the recombinant protein and the immunizing peptide, while no response was observed against the other synthetic fragments, thus excluding the presence of an intramolecular epitope spreading mechanism. Furthermore, as the properly refolded recombinant probe is able to bind antibodies with greater efficiency compared with MOG(35-55), we hypothesize the presence of both linear and conformational epitopes on MOG(35-55) sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pacini
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department NeuroFarBa, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
| | - Matthaia Ieronymaki
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department NeuroFarBa, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy.,Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac Neuville-sur-Oise, Cergy-Pontoise, 95000, France
| | - Francesca Nuti
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sabatino
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
| | - Maud Larregola
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac Neuville-sur-Oise, Cergy-Pontoise, 95000, France
| | - Rina Aharoni
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy.,Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique EA4505, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac Neuville-sur-Oise, Cergy-Pontoise, 95000, France
| | - Paolo Rovero
- French-Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab, Florence, Italy and Cergy-Pontoise, France.,Department NeuroFarBa, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, I-50019, Italy
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Shemer A, Erny D, Jung S, Prinz M. Microglia Plasticity During Health and Disease: An Immunological Perspective. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:614-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bing SJ, Ha D, Ahn G, Cho J, Kim A, Park SK, Yu HS, Jee Y. Galectin isolated from parasite inhibits remission of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by up-regulating autoantibody. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:419-31. [PMID: 25619397 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, parasite infections or parasite-derived products have been suggested as a therapeutic strategy with suppression of immunopathology, which involves the induction of regulatory T cells or/and T helper type 2 (Th2) responses. In a recent study, researchers reported that constructed recombinant galectin (rTl-gal) isolated from an adult worm of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Toxascaris leonina attenuated clinical symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease in mice treated with dextran sulphate sodium. Noting the role of rTl-gal in inflammatory disease, we attempted to investigate the effect of the parasite via its rTl-gal on neuronal autoimmune disease using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse inflammatory and demyelinating autoimmune disease model of human multiple sclerosis. In this model, rTl-gal-treated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice failed to recover after the peak of the disease, leading to persistent central nervous system (CNS) damage, such as demyelination, gliosis and axonal damage. Further, rTl-gal-treated EAE mice markedly increased the number of CD45R/B220(+) B cells in both infiltrated inflammation and the periphery, along with the increased production of autoantibody [anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 ] in serum at chronic stage. Upon antigen restimulation, rTl-gal treatment affected the release of overall cytokines, especially interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Our results suggest that galectin isolated from a gastrointestinal parasite can deliver a harmful effect to EAE contrary to its beneficial effect on inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bing
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for nuclear science & technology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - D Ha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for nuclear science & technology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - G Ahn
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - J Cho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for nuclear science & technology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - A Kim
- Department of Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - S K Park
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - H S Yu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Y Jee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for nuclear science & technology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea.,Department of Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
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27
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Procaccini C, De Rosa V, Pucino V, Formisano L, Matarese G. Animal models of Multiple Sclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:182-91. [PMID: 25823807 PMCID: PMC7094661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which involves a complex interaction between immune system and neural cells. Animal modeling has been critical for addressing MS pathogenesis. The three most characterized animal models of MS are (1) the experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE); (2) the virally-induced chronic demyelinating disease, known as Theiler׳s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection and (3) the toxin-induced demyelination. All these models, in a complementary way, have allowed to reach a good knowledge of the pathogenesis of MS. Specifically, EAE is the model which better reflects the autoimmune pathogenesis of MS and is extremely useful to study potential experimental treatments. Furthermore, both TMEV and toxin-induced demyelination models are suitable for characterizing the role of the axonal injury/repair and the remyelination process in MS. In conclusion, animal models, despite their limitations, remain the most useful instrument for implementing the study of MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardiovirus Infections/pathology
- Cardiovirus Infections/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/etiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Theilovirus/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy; Unità di NeuroImmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Divisione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, 20138 Milano, Italy.
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28
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Oxombre B, Lee-Chang C, Duhamel A, Toussaint M, Giroux M, Donnier-Maréchal M, Carato P, Lefranc D, Zéphir H, Prin L, Melnyk P, Vermersch P. High-affinity σ1 protein agonist reduces clinical and pathological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1769-82. [PMID: 25521311 PMCID: PMC4376455 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Selective agonists of the sigma-1 receptor (σ1 protein) are generally reported to protect against neuronal damage and modulate oligodendrocyte differentiation. Human and rodent lymphocytes possess saturable, high-affinity binding sites for compounds binding to the σ1 protein and potential immunomodulatory properties have been described for σ1 protein ligands. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is recognized as a valuable model of the inflammatory aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we have assessed the role of a σ1 protein agonist, containing the tetrahydroisoquinoline-hydantoin structure, in EAE. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH EAE was induced in SJL/J female mice by active immunization with myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)139-151 peptide. The σ1 protein agonist was injected i.p. at the time of immunization (day 0). Disease severity was assessed clinically and by histopathological evaluation of the CNS. Phenotyping of B-cell subsets and regulatory T-cells were performed by flow cytometry in spleen and cervical lymph nodes. KEY RESULTS Prophylactic treatment of EAE mice with the σ1 protein agonist prevented mononuclear cell accumulation and demyelination in brain and spinal cord and increased T2 B-cells and regulatory T-cells, resulting in an overall reduction in the clinical progression of EAE. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This σ1 protein agonist, containing the tetrahydroisoquinoline-hydantoin structure, decreased the magnitude of inflammation in EAE. This effect was associated with increased proportions of B-cell subsets and regulatory T-cells with potential immunoregulatory functions. Targeting of the σ1 protein might thus provide new therapeutic opportunities in MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/pathology
- Cytokines/blood
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/blood
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Multiple Sclerosis/blood
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, sigma/agonists
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Sigma-1 Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oxombre
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
| | - C Lee-Chang
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
| | - A Duhamel
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA 2694, UFR MédecineLille, France
| | - M Toussaint
- Université de LilleLille, France
- CNRS UMR8161Lille, France
| | - M Giroux
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Pôle de neurologie–Service de Neurologie DLille, France
| | - M Donnier-Maréchal
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA 4481, UFR PharmacieLille, France
| | - P Carato
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA 4481, UFR PharmacieLille, France
| | - D Lefranc
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
| | - H Zéphir
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Pôle de neurologie–Service de Neurologie DLille, France
| | - L Prin
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Pôle d'immunologie–Centre de Biologie Pathologie et GénétiqueLille, France
| | - P Melnyk
- Université de LilleLille, France
- CNRS UMR8161Lille, France
- UDSL, EA 4481, UFR PharmacieLille, France
- Inserm UMR-S1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research CenterLille, France
| | - P Vermersch
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
- UDSL, EA 4481, UFR PharmacieLille, France
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Hoppmann N, Graetz C, Paterka M, Poisa-Beiro L, Larochelle C, Hasan M, Lill CM, Zipp F, Siffrin V. New candidates for CD4 T cell pathogenicity in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis. Brain 2015; 138:902-17. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Kwilasz AJ, Grace PM, Serbedzija P, Maier SF, Watkins LR. The therapeutic potential of interleukin-10 in neuroimmune diseases. Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:55-69. [PMID: 25446571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimmune diseases have diverse symptoms and etiologies but all involve pathological inflammation that affects normal central nervous system signaling. Critically, many neuroimmune diseases also involve insufficient signaling/bioavailability of interleukin-10 (IL-10). IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine released by immune cells and glia, which drives the regulation of a variety of anti-inflammatory processes. This review will focus on the signaling pathways and function of IL-10, the current evidence for insufficiencies in IL-10 signaling/bioavailability in neuroimmune diseases, as well as the implications for IL-10-based therapies to treating such problems. We will review in detail four pathologies as examples of the common etiologies of such disease states, namely neuropathic pain (nerve trauma), osteoarthritis (peripheral inflammation), Parkinson's disease (neurodegeneration), and multiple sclerosis (autoimmune). A number of methods to increase IL-10 have been developed (e.g. protein administration, viral vectors, naked plasmid DNA, plasmid DNA packaged in polymers to enhance their uptake into target cells, and adenosine 2A agonists), which will also be discussed. In general, IL-10-based therapies have been effective at treating both the symptoms and pathology associated with various neuroimmune diseases, with more sophisticated gene therapy-based methods producing sustained therapeutic effects lasting for several months following a single injection. These exciting results have resulted in IL-10-targeted therapeutics being positioned for upcoming clinical trials for treating neuroimmune diseases, including neuropathic pain. Although further research is necessary to determine the full range of effects associated with IL-10-based therapy, evidence suggests IL-10 may be an invaluable target for the treatment of neuroimmune disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kwilasz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA.
| | - P M Grace
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
| | - P Serbedzija
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
| | - S F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
| | - L R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
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31
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Fasudil regulates T cell responses through polarization of BV-2 cells in mice experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1428-38. [PMID: 25263338 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Fasudil, a selective Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, has been shown to alleviate the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) via attenuating demyelination and neuroinflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fasudil on interactions between macrophages/microglia and T cells in a mice EAE model. METHODS Mouse BV-2 microglia were treated with IFN-γ and fasudil. Cell viability was detected with MTT assay. BV-2 microglia polarization was analyzed using flow cytometry. Cytokines and other proteins were detected with ELISA and Western blotting, respectively. Mice were immunized with MOG35-55 to induce EAE, and then treated with fasudil (40 mg/kg, ip) every other day from d 3 to d 27 pi. Encephalomyelitic T cells were prepared from the spleen of mice immunized with MOG35-55 on d 9 pi. RESULTS Treatment of mouse BV-2 microglia with fasudil (15 μg/mL) induced significant phenotype polarization and functional plasticity, shifting M1 to M2 polarization. When co-cultured with the encephalomyelitic T cells, fasudil-treated BV-2 microglia significantly inhibited the proliferation of antigen-reactive T cells, and down-regulated IL-17-expressing CD4(+) T cells and IL-17 production. Furthermore, fasudil-treated BV-2 microglia significantly up-regulated CD4(+)CD25(high) and CD4(+)IL-10(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and IL-10 production, suggesting that the encephalomyelitic T cells had converted to Tregs. In EAE mice, fasudil administration significantly decreased both CD11b(+)iNOS(+) and CD11b(+)TNF-α(+) M1 microglia, and increased CD11b(+)IL-10(+) M2 microglia. CONCLUSION Fasudil polarizes BV-2 microglia into M2 cells, which convert the encephalomyelitic T cells into Tregs in the mice EAE model.
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32
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The extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein elicits atypical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rat and Macaque species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110048. [PMID: 25303101 PMCID: PMC4193844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are advantageous in that the heterogeneity of clinical signs appears more reflective of those in multiple sclerosis (MS). Conversely, models of classical EAE feature stereotypic progression of an ascending flaccid paralysis that is not a characteristic of MS. The study of atypical EAE however has been limited due to the relative lack of suitable models that feature reliable disease incidence and severity, excepting mice deficient in gamma-interferon signaling pathways. In this study, atypical EAE was induced in Lewis rats, and a related approach was effective for induction of an unusual neurologic syndrome in a cynomolgus macaque. Lewis rats were immunized with the rat immunoglobulin variable (IgV)-related extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (IgV-MOG) in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) followed by one or more injections of rat IgV-MOG in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA). The resulting disease was marked by torticollis, unilateral rigid paralysis, forelimb weakness, and high titers of anti-MOG antibody against conformational epitopes of MOG, as well as other signs of atypical EAE. A similar strategy elicited a distinct atypical form of EAE in a cynomolgus macaque. By day 36 in the monkey, titers of IgG against conformational epitopes of extracellular MOG were evident, and on day 201, the macaque had an abrupt onset of an unusual form of EAE that included a pronounced arousal-dependent, transient myotonia. The disease persisted for 6–7 weeks and was marked by a gradual, consistent improvement and an eventual full recovery without recurrence. These data indicate that one or more boosters of IgV-MOG in IFA represent a key variable for induction of atypical or unusual forms of EAE in rat and Macaca species. These studies also reveal a close correlation between humoral immunity against conformational epitopes of MOG, extended confluent demyelinating plaques in spinal cord and brainstem, and atypical disease induction.
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Ramos TN, Bullard DC, Barnum SR. ICAM-1: isoforms and phenotypes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4469-74. [PMID: 24795464 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ICAM-1 plays an important role in leukocyte trafficking, immunological synapse formation, and numerous cellular immune responses. Although considered a single glycoprotein, there are multiple membrane-bound and soluble ICAM-1 isoforms that arise from alternative splicing and proteolytic cleavage during inflammatory responses. The function and expression of these isoforms on various cell types are poorly understood. In the generation of ICAM-1-deficient mice, two isoform-deficient ICAM-1 mutants were inadvertently produced as a result of alternative splicing. These mice, along with true ICAM-1-deficient mice and newly generated ICAM-1-transgenic mice, have provided the opportunity to begin examining the role of ICAM-1 isoforms (singly or in combination) in various disease settings. In this review, we highlight the sharply contrasting disease phenotypes using ICAM-1 isoform mutant mice. These studies demonstrate that ICAM-1 immunobiology is highly complex but that individual isoforms, aside from the full-length molecule, make significant contributions to disease development and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Aharoni R. Immunomodulation neuroprotection and remyelination - the fundamental therapeutic effects of glatiramer acetate: a critical review. J Autoimmun 2014; 54:81-92. [PMID: 24934599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifaceted heterogeneous disease with various patterns of tissue damage. In addition to inflammation and demyelination, widespread axonal and neuronal pathologies are central components of this disease. MS therapies aim to restrain the pathological processes, enhance protective mechanisms, and prevent disease progression. The amino acid copolymer, glatiramer acetate (GA, Copaxone), an approved treatment for MS, has a unique mode of action. Evidence from the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and from MS patients indicates that GA affects various levels of the innate and the adaptive immune response, inducing deviation from the pro-inflammatory to the anti-inflammatory pathways. This includes competition for the binding of antigen presenting cells, driving dendritic cells, monocytes, and B-cells towards anti-inflammatory responses, induction of Th2/3 and T-regulatory cells, and downregulating of both Th1 and Th-17 cells. The immune cells induced by GA reach the inflamed disease organ and secrete in situ anti-inflammatory cytokines alleviating the pathological processes. Furthermore, cumulative findings have revealed that in addition to its immunomodulatory activities GA promotes neuroprotective repair processes such as neurotrophic factors secretion and remyelination. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the diverse mechanism of action of GA in EAE/MS, in particular on the in situ effect of GA and its ability to generate neuroprotection and repair in the CNS. In view of its immunomodulatory activity, the beneficial effects of GA in various models of additional autoimmune related pathologies, such as immune rejection and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Aharoni
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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35
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El Waly B, Macchi M, Cayre M, Durbec P. Oligodendrogenesis in the normal and pathological central nervous system. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:145. [PMID: 24971048 PMCID: PMC4054666 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLGs) are generated late in development and myelination is thus a tardive event in the brain developmental process. It is however maintained whole life long at lower rate, and myelin sheath is crucial for proper signal transmission and neuronal survival. Unfortunately, OLGs present a high susceptibility to oxidative stress, thus demyelination often takes place secondary to diverse brain lesions or pathologies. OLGs can also be the target of immune attacks, leading to primary demyelination lesions. Following oligodendrocytic death, spontaneous remyelination may occur to a certain extent. In this review, we will mainly focus on the adult brain and on the two main sources of progenitor cells that contribute to oligodendrogenesis: parenchymal oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived progenitors. We will shortly come back on the main steps of oligodendrogenesis in the postnatal and adult brain, and summarize the key factors involved in the determination of oligodendrocytic fate. We will then shed light on the main causes of demyelination in the adult brain and present the animal models that have been developed to get insight on the demyelination/remyelination process. Finally, we will synthetize the results of studies searching for factors able to modulate spontaneous myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal El Waly
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Magali Macchi
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Myriam Cayre
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Durbec
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
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Mendez-Huergo SP, Maller SM, Farez MF, Mariño K, Correale J, Rabinovich GA. Integration of lectin–glycan recognition systems and immune cell networks in CNS inflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:247-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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37
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Sheridan GK, Dev KK. Targeting S1P receptors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice improves early deficits in locomotor activity and increases ultrasonic vocalisations. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5051. [PMID: 24851861 PMCID: PMC4031479 DOI: 10.1038/srep05051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720) is an oral therapy for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and targets sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs). FTY720 also rescues animals from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. The protective effects of FTY720 in EAE are primarily scored manually by examining weight loss and limb paralysis that begins around 10-12 days after immunisation. To our knowledge, pre-clinical effects of FTY720 on animal behaviour early in EAE have not been explored. Here, we developed an automated behaviour monitoring system to examine the early effects of FTY720 on subtle pre-symptomatic behaviour of mice induced with EAE. Our automated home-cage monitoring system (AHC-MS) enabled non-contact detection of movement and ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs) of mice induced with EAE, thus allowing detection of subtle changes in mouse behaviour before paralysis occurs. Mice receiving FTY720 emit longer USVs and display higher levels of motor activity than vehicle-treated EAE mice before clinical symptoms become apparent. Importantly, this study promotes the 3Rs ethics (replacement, reduction and refinement) in the EAE animal model and may also improve pre-screening of potentially novel MS therapies. In addition, this is the first report showing the early effects of FTY720 in EAE which underscores its protective effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Lysophospholipids/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Propylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/genetics
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/metabolism
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/metabolism
- Sphingosine/pharmacology
- Vocalization, Animal/drug effects
- Vocalization, Animal/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham K. Sheridan
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Current address: Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Kumlesh K. Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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38
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Orsini H, Araujo LP, Maricato JT, Guereschi MG, Mariano M, Castilho BA, Basso AS. GCN2 kinase plays an important role triggering the remission phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 37:177-86. [PMID: 24362236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been widely employed as a model to study multiple sclerosis (MS) and indeed has allowed some important advances in our comprehension of MS pathogenesis. Several pieces of evidence suggest that infiltrating Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes are important players leading to CNS demyelination and lesion during the peak of murine EAE. Subsequently, effector T cell responses rapidly decline and the recovery phase of the disease strongly correlates with the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the enrichment of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells within the target organ. However, the mechanisms leading to the increased presence of Treg cells and to the remission phase of the disease are still poorly understood. Recent researches demonstrated that chemically induced amino-acid starvation response might suppress CNS immune activity. Here we verified an important participation of the general control nonrepressible 2 (GCN2), a key regulator kinase of the amino-acid starvation response, in the development of the remission phase of EAE in C57BL/6 mice. By immunizing wild type C57BL/6 (WT) and GCN2 knock-out mice (GCN2 KO) with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55), it was noticed that GCN2 KO mice did not develop the remission phase of the disease and this was associated with higher levels of CNS inflammation and increased presence of effector T cells (Th1/Th17). These animals also showed lower frequency of Treg cells within the CNS as compared to WT animals. Higher expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and higher frequency of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were found at the peak of the disease in the CNS of WT animals. Our results suggest that the GCN2 kinase-dependent sensing of IDO activity represents an important trigger to the EAE remission phase. The IDO-mediated immunoregulatory events may include the arresting of effector T cell responses and the differentiation/expansion of Treg cells within the target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Orsini
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro P Araujo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana T Maricato
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia G Guereschi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Mariano
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz A Castilho
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S Basso
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Zhu Z, You W, Xie Z, Wang P, Liu Z, Wang C, Bi J. Mycophenolate mofetil improves neurological function and alters blood T-lymphocyte subsets in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Int Med Res 2014; 42:530-41. [PMID: 24496150 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513505267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the clinical and pathological effects of the immunosuppressive agent mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE; a model of multiple sclerosis [MS]). Methods EAE rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: model alone ( n = 7); low- or high-dose MMF (20 and 30 mg/kg per day, respectively, n = 6 each) orally for 14 days; methylprednisolone (20 mg/kg per day, n = 6) injected once daily for 3 days. Six normal Wistar rats served as controls. Clinical signs and histopathological findings were evaluated 14 days after treatment started. Results Oral administration of high-dose MMF significantly ameliorated the course of EAE in rats: cumulative clinical scores were lower and weight loss was less than in rats receiving methylprednisolone. The ameliorated disease course was associated with alleviation of histopathological signs of EAE. Treatment increased the blood proportion of CD8+, CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD45RA+ T cells, with a concomitant reduced proportion of CD4+ T cells and ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells, compared with EAE model alone rats. Conclusions MMF may have pharmacological potential in MS treatment and these findings may help in understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Zhu
- Department of Neural Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei You
- Yantai Municipal Laiyang Central Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - ZhaoHong Xie
- Department of Neural Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neural Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Neural Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cunfu Wang
- Department of Neural Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - JianZhong Bi
- Department of Neural Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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40
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Aharoni R. New findings and old controversies in the research of multiple sclerosis and its model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:423-40. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.13.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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41
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Shrestha R, Millington O, Brewer J, Dev KK, Bushell TJ. Lymphocyte-mediated neuroprotection in in vitro models of excitotoxicity involves astrocytic activation and the inhibition of MAP kinase signalling pathways. Neuropharmacology 2014; 76 Pt A:184-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Soellner IA, Rabe J, Mauri V, Kaufmann J, Addicks K, Kuerten S. Differential aspects of immune cell infiltration and neurodegeneration in acute and relapse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:519-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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43
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Do inhibitory immune receptors play a role in the etiology of autoimmune disease? Clin Immunol 2013; 150:31-42. [PMID: 24333531 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory receptors are thought to be important in balancing immune responses. The general assumption is that lack of inhibition predisposes for autoimmune diseases. As reviewed here, various experimental and clinical data support this assumption. However, in humans genetic evidence implicates only a limited number of inhibitory receptors. GWAS have established common variation in a few inhibitory receptor genes, such as FCγRIIB, PD-1 and CTLA-4 as risk factors. The question arises whether inhibitory receptor function is a major determinant of autoimmune disease. In this respect, the finding that genetic variation in CSK and PTPN22 is strongly associated with multiple autoimmune diseases is of interest. We propose a model in which the molecules encoded by these genes are downstream of inhibitory receptors. We conclude that common genetic variation of inhibitory receptors, with few exceptions, is not a determining factor for autoimmunity in humans. However, common downstream signaling pathways are.
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44
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Lin Y, Huang G, Jamison S, Li J, Harding HP, Ron D, Lin W. PERK activation preserves the viability and function of remyelinating oligodendrocytes in immune-mediated demyelinating diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:507-19. [PMID: 24269558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions but is generally considered to be insufficient. One of the major challenges in MS research is to understand the causes of remyelination failure and to identify therapeutic targets that promote remyelination. Activation of pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) signaling in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress modulates cell viability and function under stressful conditions. There is evidence that PERK is activated in remyelinating oligodendrocytes in demyelinated lesions in both MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we sought to determine the role of PERK signaling in remyelinating oligodendrocytes in MS and EAE using transgenic mice that allow temporally controlled activation of PERK signaling specifically in oligodendrocytes. We demonstrated that persistent PERK activation was not deleterious to myelinating oligodendrocytes in young, developing mice or to remyelinating oligodendrocytes in cuprizone-induced demyelinated lesions. We found that enhancing PERK activation, specifically in (re)myelinating oligodendrocytes, protected the cells and myelin against the detrimental effects of interferon-γ, a key proinflammatory cytokine in MS and EAE. More important, we showed that enhancing PERK activation in remyelinating oligodendrocytes at the recovery stage of EAE promoted cell survival and remyelination in EAE demyelinated lesions. Thus, our data provide direct evidence that PERK activation cell-autonomously enhances the survival and preserves function of remyelinating oligodendrocytes in immune-mediated demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Guangcun Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephanie Jamison
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, 9th Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medical Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Heather P Harding
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Ron
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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45
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Using EAE to better understand principles of immune function and autoimmune pathology. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:31-9. [PMID: 23849779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which myelin becomes the target of attack by autoreactive T cells. The immune components of the disease are recapitulated in mice using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. EAE is classically induced by the immunization of mice with encephalitogenic antigens derived from CNS proteins such as proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Immunization of susceptible mouse strains with these antigens will induce autoreactive inflammatory T cell infiltration of the CNS. More recently, the advent of clonal T cell receptor transgenic mice has led to the development of adoptive transfer protocols in which myelin-specific T cells may induce disease upon transfer into naïve recipient animals. When used in concert with gene knockout strains, these protocols are powerful tools by which to dissect the molecular pathways that promote inflammatory T cells responses in the central nervous system (CNS). Further, myelin-antigen-specific transgenic T cells may be cultured in vitro under a variety of conditions prior to adoptive transfer, allowing one to study the effects of soluble factors or pharmacologic compounds on T cell pathogenicity. In this review, we describe many of the existing models of EAE, and discuss the contributions that use of these models has made in understanding both T helper cell differentiation and the function of inhibitory T cell receptors. We focus on the step-by-step elucidation of the network of signals required for T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation, as well as the molecular dissection of the Tim-3 negative regulatory signaling pathway in Th1 cells.
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46
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Wolfensohn S, Hawkins P, Lilley E, Anthony D, Chambers C, Lane S, Lawton M, Voipio HM, Woodhall G. Reducing suffering in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 67:169-76. [PMID: 23357188 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This report is based on discussions and submissions from an expert working group consisting of veterinarians, animal care staff and scientists with expert knowledge relevant to the field. It aims to facilitate the implementation of the Three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) in the use of animal models or procedures involving experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimental model used in multiple sclerosis research. The emphasis is on refinement since this has the greatest potential for immediate implementation. Specific welfare issues are identified and discussed, and practical measures are proposed to reduce animal use and suffering. Some general issues for refinement are summarised to help achieve this, with more detail provided on a range of specific measures to reduce suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wolfensohn
- Seventeen Eighty Nine, 1st Floor, 21 High Street, Highworth, Swindon, SN6 7AG, United Kingdom
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47
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Fleming J. Helminth therapy and multiple sclerosis. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:259-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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48
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Wei L, Wasilewski E, Chakka SK, Bello AM, Moscarello MA, Kotra LP. Novel Inhibitors of Protein Arginine Deiminase with Potential Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Animal Model. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1715-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301755q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianhu Wei
- Center for Molecular Design
and Preformulations, Toronto General Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Ewa Wasilewski
- Center for Molecular Design
and Preformulations, Toronto General Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Sai Kumar Chakka
- Center for Molecular Design
and Preformulations, Toronto General Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Angelica M. Bello
- Center for Molecular Design
and Preformulations, Toronto General Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Mario A. Moscarello
- The Research Institute, Hospital
for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshmi P. Kotra
- Center for Molecular Design
and Preformulations, Toronto General Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- McLaughlin Center for Molecular
Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Tolerogenic vaccines represent a new class of vaccine designed to re-establish immunological tolerance, restore immune homeostasis, and thereby reverse autoimmune disease. Tolerogenic vaccines induce long-term, antigen-specific, inhibitory memory that blocks pathogenic T cell responses via loss of effector T cells and gain of regulatory T cell function. Substantial advances have been realized in the generation of tolerogenic vaccines that inhibit experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in a preclinical setting, and these vaccines may be a prequel of the tolerogenic vaccines that may have therapeutic benefit in Multiple Sclerosis. The purpose here is to provide a snapshot of the current concepts and future prospects of tolerogenic vaccination for Multiple Sclerosis, along with the central challenges to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Mannie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
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50
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Habib CA, Utriainen D, Peduzzi-Nelson J, Dawe E, Mattei J, Latif Z, Casey K, Haacke EM. MR imaging of the yucatan pig head and neck vasculature. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 38:641-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean Peduzzi-Nelson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Wayne State University; Detroit, Michigan; USA
| | - Elizabeth Dawe
- Department of Laboratory Animal Resources; Wayne State University; Detroit, Michigan; USA
| | - Janine Mattei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Resources; Wayne State University; Detroit, Michigan; USA
| | - Zahid Latif
- Department of Radiology; Wayne State University; Detroit, Michigan; USA
| | - Kenneth Casey
- Department of Neurosurgery; Wayne State University; Detroit, Michigan; USA
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