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Silbereisen A, Lira-Junior R, Åkerman S, Klinge B, Boström EA, Bostanci N. Association of salivary TREM-1 and PGLYRP1 inflammatory markers with non-communicable diseases. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:1467-1475. [PMID: 37524498 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) and peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1) are elevated in biofluids in the presence of various inflammatory conditions. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the effect of age, sex, smoking and different oral and systemic non-communicable diseases on the levels of TREM-1 and PGLYRP1 in saliva. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 445 individuals (mean age 48.7 ± 16.9 years, female:male 51%:49%) were included. All provided self-reported information on smoking and systemic diseases and whole stimulated saliva. Periodontal and cariological parameters were recorded. Salivary levels of TREM-1, PGLYRP1 and total protein were measured using commercially available assays. RESULTS Salivary TREM-1 levels were significantly higher in stages III-IV periodontitis compared to other periodontal diagnoses (p < .05). Smoking, bleeding on probing (BOP), percentage of pockets ≥4 mm and the number of manifest caries were associated with TREM-1 (p < .05), while sex, BOP, number of manifest caries and muscle and joint diseases were associated with PGLYRP1 (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Salivary TREM-1 is associated with periodontitis and caries, while PGLYRP1 is associated with gingival inflammation and caries. Additionally, TREM-1 levels are modified by smoking, while PGLYRP1 is modified by sex and muscle and joint diseases. TREM-1 and PGLYRP1 in saliva could serve as potential biomarkers for detecting and monitoring non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Silbereisen
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronaldo Lira-Junior
- Section of Oral Diagnostics and Surgery, Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sigvard Åkerman
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Björn Klinge
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth A Boström
- Section of Oral Diagnostics and Surgery, Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Jastrząb B, Paśnik-Chwalik B, Konopka T, Krajewski PK, Szepietowski JC, Matusiak Ł. The Prevalence of Periodontitis and Assessment of Oral Micro-Biota in Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:7065. [PMID: 36498642 PMCID: PMC9736666 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis has been causally connected with the development of other immune-mediated inflammatory disorders previously. Nevertheless, the current literature does not provide knowledge on oral health in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) individuals. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of periodontitis and characterize an oral microbiome in HS patients. Fifty-five patients with HS and fifty-five healthy controls were enlisted in the study. The incidence of periodontitis was assessed in all patients during the periodontal evaluation. RT-PCR tests were used to quantification of bacterial content and assess the number and composition of nine crucial periodontal pathogens. HS patients had a significantly higher prevalence of periodontitis than healthy controls (45.5% versus 14.5%). Significantly higher values of average copy-count numbers of total bacteria were found in HS patients. The majority of periodontal pathogens were more frequently isolated in patients with HS than among controls. The most frequently detected pathogen in the HS group was Treponema denticola (70.9%), whereas among controls Capnocytophaga gingivalis (34.5%) was the most common isolate. There was no correlation between HS severity and the number of DNA copies of periodontal bacteria. The findings of this research suggest that periodontitis may contribute to the development of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jastrząb
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Konopka
- Department of Periodontology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr K. Krajewski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek C. Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Matusiak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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3
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Apatzidou DA. The role of cigarette smoking in periodontal disease and treatment outcomes of dental implant therapy. Periodontol 2000 2022; 90:45-61. [PMID: 35950749 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking has been implicated in periodontal pathology through various mechanisms, including perturbations of the inflammatory and host responses to putative periodontal pathogens, alterations in the subgingival microbial communities, and a compromised healing potential of the tissues leading to imbalance of tissue homeostasis. This review provides the evidence for the relationship between cigarette smoking and periodontal disease in an attempt to explain possible mechanisms of how tobacco smoking may exert its negative effects on the periodontal tissues via systemic and localized pathways. Early and more recent studies explore cigarette smoking-induced changes in periodontal clinical indices; in subgingival microbial flora by employing traditional detection methods for selected microorganisms, in addition to modern techniques such as deep sequencing and bioinformatics analyses that are able to fully characterize the microbial communities; and in inflammatory and immune responses critically appraising study limitations and differences in study protocol designs. Periodontal treatment outcomes and implant therapy outcomes are reviewed in an attempt to shed light on possible mechanisms for the inferior treatment outcome noted in smokers. The potential harmful effects of passive smoking are also reviewed, providing evidence for the advantages of smoking cessation. Quitting cigarette smoking should be recommended by the dentist, and effort should be made to inform smokers about the negative effects of smoking on the periodontal status and implant therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Anastasia Apatzidou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
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4
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ARIKAN V, GÖRGÜLÜ NG, DOĞAN B. Clinical and Biochemical Effects of Smoking on Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment in Grade III Stage C Periodontitis Patients. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1128101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on clinical parameters and the serum and saliva levels of RANKL, OPG, and IL-34 in periodontitis stage III grade C (III-C) patients after non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT).
Methods: A total of 60 subjects, 40 periodontitis-III-C patients (20 smokers and 20 non-smokers) and 20 non-smoker periodontally healthy individuals, were included. All clinical periodontal parameters were recorded, and unstimulated saliva and serum samples were collected from all patients at baseline, but at 1 and 3 months only from periodontitis patients (N=40). Saliva and serum levels of RANKL, OPG, and IL-34 were analyzed by ELISA.
Results: At baseline only whole mouth probing depth (PD) and percent of sites with PD>5mm were higher in smokers than non-smoker periodontitis patients (p
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5
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Iliopoulos JM, Layrolle P, Apatzidou DA. Microbial-stem cell interactions in periodontal disease. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35451943 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is initiated by hyper-inflammatory responses in the periodontal tissues that generate dysbiotic ecological changes within the microbial communities. As a result, supportive tissues of the tooth are damaged and periodontal attachment is lost. Gingival recession, formation of periodontal pockets with the presence of bleeding, and often suppuration and/or tooth mobility are evident upon clinical examination. These changes may ultimately lead to tooth loss. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are implicated in controlling periodontal disease progression and have been shown to play a key role in periodontal tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Evidence shows that MSCs interact with subgingival microorganisms and their by-products and modulate the activity of immune cells by either paracrine mechanisms or direct cell-to-cell contact. The aim of this review is to reveal the interactions that take place between microbes and in particular periodontal pathogens and MSCs in order to understand the factors and mechanisms that modulate the regenerative capacity of periodontal tissues and the ability of the host to defend against putative pathogens. The clinical implications of these interactions in terms of anti-inflammatory and paracrine responses of MSCs, anti-microbial properties and alterations in function including their regenerative potential are critically discussed based on literature findings. In addition, future directions to design periodontal research models and study ex vivo the microbial-stem cell interactions are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Iliopoulos
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pierre Layrolle
- INSERM, ToNIC, Pavillon Baudot, CHU Purpan, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, UMR 1214, France
| | - Danae A Apatzidou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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6
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Kauss AR, Antunes M, Zanetti F, Hankins M, Hoeng J, Heremans A, van der Plas A. Influence of tobacco smoking on the development of halitosis. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:316-322. [PMID: 35284240 PMCID: PMC8908054 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Halitosis is the general term used to describe any disagreeable odor in exhaled air, regardless of whether the odorous substances originate from oral or non-oral sources. Previous research has strongly associated tobacco smoking in the development of halitosis, as it increases the synthesis of toxic volatile sulfur compounds in diseased periodontal pockets. In this review, we summarize the etiopathology and epidemiology of halitosis as well as the current evidence on the impact of smoking by means of a meta-analysis. Methods PubMed and Embase were searched to identify publications that reported halitosis in smokers and nonsmokers. Meta-analyses were performed if a sufficient number (n ≥ 3) of articles were available that evaluated the same outcome. Results The meta-analyses showed that there was an increased risk of halitosis in current smokers versus nonsmokers (odds ratios). These results were consistent both in fixed and random effects models. Even though the interstudy heterogeneity was high (I2 = 91%), sensitivity analysis by limiting the number of studies yielded similar results, with no-to-moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 0-65%). The analysis comparing ever smokers with never smokers showed no significant difference in the risk of halitosis in ever smokers. The same effect was observed when upon stratifying the analyses on the basis of ascertainment of halitosis (self-reported or measured by a Halimeter). Conclusions Halitosis is a common condition which can affect the quality of life of those affected. The results from this literature review and meta-analysis show that current smokers are more likely to suffer from halitosis, even if they are less likely to report it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Romero Kauss
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Meagan Antunes
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Zanetti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Hankins
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Annie Heremans
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Angela van der Plas
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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7
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Subgingival Microbiota Profile in Association with Cigarette Smoking in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9120150. [PMID: 34940047 PMCID: PMC8700501 DOI: 10.3390/dj9120150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While smoking is recognized as one of the factors for the development and progression of periodontal diseases, a relation between the composition of the subgingival microbiota and smoking is yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of subgingival bacteria in young smokers and non-smokers without clinical signs of periodontal disease. In this cross-sectional study, performed at the Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, we enrolled 32 periodontally healthy smokers and 32 non-smokers, aged 25–35 years old. The number of oral bacteria and the prevalence of particular bacteria were assessed for each subject. Subgingival plaque samples were collected with sterile paper points from two first molars for microbiological analyses with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In smokers, a significantly higher prevalence of Actinomyces odontolyticus was observed compared to non-smokers, and a significantly lower prevalence of Streptococcus sanguinis was observed compared to non-smokers. Smoking affects the composition of subgingival microbiota, either via depletion of beneficial bacteria or the increase in pathogenic bacteria.
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8
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Dutra TP, Sacramento CM, Nagay BE, Magno MB, Marañón-Vásquez GA, Maia LC, Sallum EA, Ruiz KGS. Do smokers have a different gingival crevicular fluid cytokine/chemokine profile than nonsmokers in clinically healthy periodontal sites? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:1183-1197. [PMID: 34812957 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assessing the evidence and comparing the levels of cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontal healthy sites of smokers and nonsmokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven databases were surveyed for observational studies up to April 8, 2021. Studies comparing cytokine levels on GCF in periodontally healthy sites of smokers vs. nonsmokers were included in the study. The risk of bias was evaluated using NIH (2014) tool. For meta-analyses, levels in GCF were analyzed, followed by evidence certainty assessment using the GRADE approach. RESULTS Eighteen studies were included for qualitative evaluation, and eight were included in meta-analysis. Qualitatively, despite high heterogeneity and risk of bias observed among the studies, most of them presented no significant difference in the gingival crevicular cytokine fluid levels between groups. Regarding meta-analyses, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in GCF were analyzed. The significant difference was observed only in SOD levels, where heavy smokers had lower levels compared to nonsmokers (MD - 30.06 [- 40.17, - 19.96], p = 0.07, 95%CI), as well as light smokers had lower levels compared to nonsmokers (MD - 15.22 [- 16.05, - 14.39], p < 0.00001, 95%CI). CONCLUSION No distinct GCF cytokine profiles were detected for smokers and non-smokers. However, despite the limitations observed in the included studies, lower levels of SOD were identified in smokers. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Indicating a distinct GCF profile of cytokines in periodontal healthy smokers may help to understand the mechanism whereby smoking may affect the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Pereira Dutra
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Catharina Marques Sacramento
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Bruna Egumi Nagay
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Prosthodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Marcela Baraúna Magno
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Guido Artemio Marañón-Vásquez
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Enílson Antonio Sallum
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Karina Gonzales Silverio Ruiz
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
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9
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Nakayama Y, Mizutani K, Tsumanuma Y, Yoshino H, Aoyama N, Inagaki K, Morita M, Izumi Y, Murakami S, Yoshimura H, Matsuura T, Murakami T, Yamamoto M, Yoshinari N, Mezawa M, Ogata Y, Yoshimura A, Kono K, Maruyama K, Sato S, Sakagami R, Ito H, Numabe Y, Nikaido M, Hanioka T, Seto K, Fukuda J, Warnakulasuriya S, Nagao T. A multicenter prospective cohort study on the effect of smoking cessation on periodontal therapies in Japan. J Oral Sci 2020; 63:114-118. [PMID: 33298640 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.20-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Few prospective studies have reported the effects of periodontal therapy on patients who attempted to quit smoking. This study aimed to assess how smoking cessation affects periodontal therapy. Twenty-five smokers with periodontitis were investigated by dividing them into two groups, a smoking cessation support group and a continued smoking group. Those in the support group received counseling and nicotine replacement therapy, followed by periodontal treatment conducted by dentists who had completed an e-learning course on smoking cessation. Clinical parameters were measured at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Most clinical parameters improved for those in the smoking cessation support group. There were no significant improvements in bleeding on probing (BOP) or the number of severe periodontal disease sites in the continued smoking group. Probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment levels (CAL) at sites that received scaling and root planing (SRP) significantly improved in all subjects. BOP did not improve at reevaluation in the smoking relapse subgroup. Patients in the smoking cessation support program led by dental professionals showed more improvement in BOP than those in the continued smoking group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology and Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Koji Mizutani
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Yuka Tsumanuma
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | | | - Norio Aoyama
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Koji Inagaki
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Aichi Gakuin Junior College
| | - Manabu Morita
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.,Oral care perio center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience Southern Tohoku General Hospital
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | | | - Takanori Matsuura
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.,Private Practice
| | | | - Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry
| | - Nobuo Yoshinari
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontology and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University
| | - Masaru Mezawa
- Department of Periodontology and Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology and Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Atsutoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | | | - Kosuke Maruyama
- Department of Periodontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata
| | - Soh Sato
- Department of Periodontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata
| | - Ryuji Sakagami
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Periodontology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University
| | - Yukihiro Numabe
- Department of Periodontology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University
| | | | - Takashi Hanioka
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Kanichi Seto
- Department of Surgery, Southern Tohoku General Hospital
| | - Jinichi Fukuda
- Institute for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer
| | - Toru Nagao
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University
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10
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Chang J, Meng HW, Lalla E, Lee CT. The impact of smoking on non-surgical periodontal therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2020; 48:60-75. [PMID: 33022758 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Smoking is a risk factor for periodontitis. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of smoking on clinical outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic databases were searched to screen studies published before May 2020. The included studies had to have two groups: smokers (S) and non-smokers (NS) with periodontitis. The outcomes evaluated were differences between groups in probing depth (PD) reduction and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain after non-surgical periodontal therapy. Meta-regressions were conducted to evaluate correlations between outcomes and other contributing factors. RESULTS Seventeen studies were included. The post-treatment PD reduction in the S group was smaller than in the NS group (weighted mean difference in PD reduction: -0.33 mm, 95% confidence interval (CI): [-0.49, -0.17], p < .01). The CAL gain in the S group was also smaller than in the NS group (weighted mean difference in CAL gain: -0.20 mm, CI: [-0.39, -0.02], p < .01). Additionally, baseline PD significantly affected the difference in PD reduction between two groups. CONCLUSIONS Smoking negatively impacts clinical responses to non-surgical periodontal therapy. Smokers with periodontitis have significantly less PD reduction and CAL gain than non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chang
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hsiu-Wan Meng
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Evanthia Lalla
- Division of Periodontics, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chun-Teh Lee
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Ercan N, Olgun E, Kisa Ü, Yalim M. Effect of synbiotics in the treatment of smokers and non-smokers with gingivitis: randomized controlled trial. Aust Dent J 2020; 65:210-219. [PMID: 32147827 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the efficacy of synbiotic tablets on the clinical and biochemical parameters of smokers and non-smokers with gingivitis. METHODS Eighty patients with gingivitis [40 smokers (+), 40 non-smokers (-)] were randomly assigned to test (T) or control (C) groups. Four groups were defined: T(+), T(-), C(+) and C(-). The subjects daily chewed a synbiotic or placebo tablet for 30 days. The gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10 were determined as the primary outcome variables. RESULTS The clinical and biochemical parameters for all groups significantly reduced compared with the baseline (P < 0.05). While there were no significant differences between the groups for gingival index, the plaque index was significantly higher in both smoker groups than that in the T(-) group during the second month (P < 0.05). IL-8 levels in C(-) and IL-6 levels in both control groups were significantly higher than those in the T(+) group. The IL-10 levels in both control groups were significantly higher than those in the T(-) group during the second month (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Adjunctive synbiotic tablets significantly reduce subclinical therapeutic outcomes for both smokers and non-smokers compared with placebo according to the biochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ercan
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - E Olgun
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Ü Kisa
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - M Yalim
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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KRAVCHENKO L, BORISYUK I, FIZOR N, UNHURIAN L, ZOLOTUKHINA E, GONCHARENKO O. Local Use of Apisan Gel, A New Oral Care Product in the Treatment of Experimental Periodontitis Against the Background of Hyperacid Gastritis and Intoxication with Tobacco Smoke. Turk J Pharm Sci 2020; 17:94-98. [PMID: 32454766 PMCID: PMC7227875 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.53386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the work was to substantiate the use of a newly created oral care product in the treatment of periodontal disease reconstructed against the background of hyperacidic gastritis under the conditions of tobacco smoke intoxication. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in 2 stages. In the first stage, all experimental animals were divided into 4 groups: 1) intact, 2) with simulated periodontitis, 3) with reproduced periodontitis against the background of reproduced hyperacidic gastritis, 4) with reproduced periodontitis against the background of hyperacid gastritis under the conditions of tobacco smoking. Biochemical studies of gum homogenate with periodontitis in rats were conducted to determine the impact of stomach pathology and tobacco smoke as endogenous and exogenous risk factors. In stage 2, the effectiveness of local therapy with the use of the newly created oral care product and a comparator was studied in rats with reproduced periodontitis against the background of hyperacidic gastritis under the conditions of smoking. RESULTS In the experimental periodontitis against the background of hyperacidic gastritis under the conditions of tobacco smoking, there were significant changes in the periodontal tissues characteristic of the inflammatory process: the activity of peroxide oxidation of lipid (POL) increased, activity of the antioxidant system decreased, and inflammatory markers increased when nonspecific protection was reduced. Local therapy in the rats using the new "Apisan" gel resulted in the correction of certain metabolic disorders, faster elimination of the harmful effects of the damaging factors, and restoration of the condition of periodontal tissues compared with the use of the comparator, the Asepta gel. CONCLUSION The therapeutic effectiveness of the new Apisan gel is due to the normalizing effect on the processes of POL, and inflammation and activation of the oral cavity protective systems during inflammatory periodontal disease occurring against the background of a concomitant stomach pathology, hyperacidic gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila KRAVCHENKO
- Odessa National Medical University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Irina BORISYUK
- Odessa National Medical University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organization and Economics of Pharmacy, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Natali FIZOR
- Odessa National Medical University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organization and Economics of Pharmacy, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Liana UNHURIAN
- Odessa National Medical University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organization and Economics of Pharmacy, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Elena ZOLOTUKHINA
- Odessa National Medical University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Olga GONCHARENKO
- Odessa National Medical University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Odessa, Ukraine
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Jiang Y, Zhou X, Cheng L, Li M. The Impact of Smoking on Subgingival Microflora: From Periodontal Health to Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:66. [PMID: 32063898 PMCID: PMC7000377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is one of the most common diseases of the oral cavity affecting up to 90% of the worldwide population. Smoking has been identified as a major risk factor in the development and progression of periodontal disease. It is essential to assess the influence of smoking on subgingival microflora that is the principal etiological factor of the disease to clarify the contribution of smoking to periodontal disease. Therefore, this article reviews the current research findings regarding the impact of smoking on subgingival microflora and discusses several potential mechanisms. Cultivation-based and targeted molecular approaches yield controversial results in determining the presence or absence of smoking-induced differences in the prevalence or levels of certain periodontal pathogens, such as the “red complex.” However, substantial changes in the subgingival microflora of smokers, regardless of their periodontal condition (clinical health, gingivitis, or periodontitis), have been demonstrated in recent microbiome studies. Available literature suggests that smoking facilitates early acquisition and colonization of periodontal pathogens, resulting in an “at-risk-for-harm” subgingival microbial community in the healthy periodontium. In periodontal diseases, the subgingival microflora in smokers is characterized by a pathogen-enriched community with lower resilience compared to that in non-smokers, which increases the difficulty of treatment. Biological changes in key pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, together with the ineffective host immune response for clearance, might contribute to alterations in the subgingival microflora in smokers. Nonetheless, further studies are necessary to provide solid evidence for the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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14
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Zhang Y, He J, He B, Huang R, Li M. Effect of tobacco on periodontal disease and oral cancer. Tob Induc Dis 2019; 17:40. [PMID: 31516483 PMCID: PMC6662776 DOI: 10.18332/tid/106187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontal disease and oral cancer are common health hazards. Epidemiological investigations show that smoking, periodontal disease and oral cancer are closely related. Tobacco is one of the major risk factors for periodontitis and oral cancer. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed. To identify relevant studies, the following online databases were searched using specific keywords: PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI. RESULTS Tobacco not only possesses an addictive effect, but it aggravates periodontal disease by promoting the invasion of pathogenic bacteria, inhibiting autoimmune defense, aggravating the inflammatory reaction, and aggravating the loss of alveolar bone. According to current evidence, tobacco significantly aggravates the development and progression of periodontal disease and oral cancer, and periodontal disease may be related to the prevalence of oral cancer. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should strongly recommend that smokers undertake a strategy to stop smoking to avoid the exacerbation of nicotine-related periodontal disease and to reduce the incidence of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinxiu He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing He
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Ruijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Mazel A, Belkacemi S, Tavitian P, Stéphan G, Tardivo D, Catherine JH, Aboudharam G. Peri-implantitis risk factors: A prospective evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 10:e12398. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Mazel
- UFR Odontologie; Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
| | - Souad Belkacemi
- Aix-Marseille Université UM63; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD 198; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI); Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection; Marseille France
| | | | | | | | | | - Gérard Aboudharam
- UFR Odontologie; Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille Université UM63; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD 198; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI); Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection; Marseille France
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16
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Vitkov L, Hannig M, Minnich B, Herrmann M. Periodontal sources of citrullinated antigens and TLR agonists related to RA. Autoimmunity 2018; 51:304-309. [DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2018.1527907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ljubomir Vitkov
- Department of Biosciences Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Minnich
- Department of Biosciences Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Buduneli N, Scott DA. Tobacco-induced suppression of the vascular response to dental plaque. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:271-282. [PMID: 29768735 PMCID: PMC8246627 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking presents oral health professionals with a clinical and research conundrum: reduced periodontal vascular responsiveness to the oral biofilm accompanied by increased susceptibility to destructive periodontal diseases. This presents a significant problem, hampering diagnosis and complicating treatment planning. The aim of this review is to summarize contemporary hypotheses that help to explain mechanistically the phenomenon of a suppressed bleeding response to dysbiotic plaque in the periodontia of smokers. The influence of smoke exposure on angiogenesis, innate cell function, the production of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and proteases, tobacco-bacteria interactions, and potential genetic predisposition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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18
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Holmström SB, Lira-Junior R, Zwicker S, Majster M, Gustafsson A, Åkerman S, Klinge B, Svensson M, Boström EA. MMP-12 and S100s in saliva reflect different aspects of periodontal inflammation. Cytokine 2018; 113:155-161. [PMID: 29983358 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12, S100A8/A9, and S100A12 are involved in innate immune responses. We addressed whether different aspects of oral health and non-disease-related covariates influence their levels in saliva. 436 participants were clinically examined, completed a health questionnaire, and provided stimulated saliva. Salivary levels of MMP-12, S100A8/A9, and S100A12 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Lower MMP-12 levels were observed in individuals 40-64 years old (yo) compared to < 40 yo, and higher S100A8/A9 levels were found in individuals > 64 yo compared to 40-64 yo. Smokers exhibited lower MMP-12 and S100A12 levels compared to non-smokers. All three proteins were elevated in individuals with bleeding on probing (BOP) > 20% compared to those with BOP ≤ 20%, and the S100A8/A9 levels were higher in individuals having ≥ 10% gingival pocket depths (PPD) ≥ 4 mm compared to the ones with shallow pockets < 4 mm. The extent of alveolar bone loss or presence of manifest caries did not alter any of the markers. MMP-12, S100A8/A9, and S100A12 levels were higher in participants with high periodontal inflammatory burden. All three proteins correlated positively to BOP, PPD, and to several inflammatory mediators. The explanatory variables for MMP-12 in saliva were age, smoking, presence of any tumor, and percentage of PPD ≥ 4 mm. The determinant of salivary S100A8/A9 was percentage of BOP, while S100A12 levels were associated with percentage of BOP and presence of any tumor. Taken together, MMP-12 and the S100/calgranulin levels in saliva reflect different aspects of periodontal inflammation. Smoking and age should be taken into account in further investigation of these proteins as biomarker candidates of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Björnfot Holmström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronaldo Lira-Junior
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Zwicker
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mirjam Majster
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Gustafsson
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sigvard Åkerman
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Björn Klinge
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth A Boström
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Ebersole JL, Al-Sabbagh M, Gonzalez OA, Dawson DR. Ageing effects on humoral immune responses in chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:680-692. [PMID: 29476652 PMCID: PMC5992058 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a dominant global bacterial infection that increases with ageing. AIM This report focuses on host adaptive immune responses in periodontitis. While experimental models and humans diagnosed with periodontitis demonstrate an antigenic specificity for particular oral bacteria, we have a limited understanding of (i) how ageing affects the adaptive immune responses to these bacteria that chronically colonize the oral cavity for decades prior to disease expression and (ii) how the magnitude and specificity of the response interface with pathogens that emerge within the bacterial ecology during exacerbations of disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum antibody levels to a group of pathogenic and commensal oral bacteria were measured in a population of individuals from 21 to 74 years of age, stratified based on clinical status of the periodontium, smoking and sex. RESULTS Clinical parameters were not significantly different within health, gingivitis or periodontitis groups related to age. Antibody to oral pathogens and commensals was similar in different age groups in each of the clinical categories, with no age correlation noted in the periodontitis patients. CONCLUSIONS The adaptive immune responses to oral bacteria that chronically colonize the oral cavity appear generally unaffected by age, but clearly are linked to the extent of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mohanad Al-Sabbagh
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Dolph R Dawson
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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20
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Joaquim CR, Miranda TS, Marins LM, Silva HDP, Feres M, Figueiredo LC, Duarte PM. The combined and individual impact of diabetes and smoking on key subgingival periodontal pathogens in patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:315-323. [PMID: 29110296 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Comprehension of the similarities and differences in the composition of the subgingival microbiota of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), smokers or smokers with DM is an important step in developing therapies specific for these groups at risk for periodontitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the combined and individual effects of DM and smoking on the levels and prevalence of key subgingival periodontal pathogens in patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred patients with generalized chronic periodontitis were allocated into one of the following groups: DM (n = 25, non-smokers with type 2 DM); S (n = 25, non-diabetic smokers); SDM (n = 25, smokers with type 2 DM); and control (n = 25, non-diabetic non-smokers). Two subgingival biofilm samples from healthy sites (probing depth and clinical attachment level ≤3 mm and no bleeding) and 2 from diseased sites (probing depth and clinical attachment level ≥5 mm and bleeding on probing) were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Eubacterium nodatum, Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp. and Prevotella intermedia. RESULTS There were no differences among groups in the mean counts of the bacterial species studied, considering all sampled sites (healthy plus diseased sites). There were also no differences among groups regarding the prevalence of any bacteria species in healthy and diseased sites (P > .05). The mean P. micra count was significantly higher in the healthy sites of both smoking groups, than in those of the control group (P < .05). CONCLUSION The subgingival levels and prevalence of the bacterial species studied are not significantly different in subjects with chronic periodontitis presenting DM, smokers or smokers with DM. In addition, DM and smoking, jointly and individually, do not considerably affect the subgingival levels of target periodontal pathogens in patients with chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Joaquim
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T S Miranda
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L M Marins
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H D P Silva
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Feres
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L C Figueiredo
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P M Duarte
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Effect of cigarette smoking on subgingival bacteria in healthy subjects and patients with chronic periodontitis. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:64. [PMID: 28327165 PMCID: PMC5361727 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking is known to increase the risk of periodontal destruction and developing chronic periodontitis (CP). It is also reported to affect the subgingival bacterial profile among CP patients. However, studies on the effect of smoking on the bacterial profile among healthy subjects are still limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of smoking on the subgingival bacterial profile in both healthy adults and CP patients. Methods Subgingival plaque samples were collected from CP patients (30 nonsmokers and 9 smokers) and healthy subjects (37 non-smokers and 18 smokers). Genomic DNA was extracted and 25 bacterial species were detected using PCR of 16S rRNA. Comparing smokers to non-smokers from each group was conducted using chi2 and binary logistic regression analysis. Results After correcting for confounding factors, the odds of having Slackia exigua, Selenomonas sputigena and Campylobacter rectus was higher among healthy smokers (ORadj = 10.1, 6.62 and 5.62 respectively). While for CP group, the highest odds were observed for Treponema amylovorum, Treponema medium, Slackia exigua and Treponema vincentii (ORadj = 20.7, 7.97, 6.37 and 5.37 respectively) and the increase in Treponema amylovorum was statistically significant (p = 0.05). Conclusion Smoking affects the subgingival bacterial profile in healthy individuals and is responsible for the depletion of beneficial bacteria and the increase in periodontopathogenic bacteria. In the CP patient group, our study suggests that subgingival bacteria (particularly Treponema species) make a more substantial contribution in the etiology of CP among non-smokers. Further studies using a larger sample set and more sensitive and quantitative techniques (such as real -time PCR) are needed to enhance our understanding of the exact effect of smoking on subgingival biofilm. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12903-017-0359-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Nagarajan R, Al-Sabbagh M, Dawson D, Ebersole JL. Integrated biomarker profiling of smokers with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:238-246. [PMID: 27925695 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of precision medicine, understanding patient-specific variation is an important step in developing targeted and patient-tailored treatment regimens for periodontitis. While several studies have successfully demonstrated the usefulness of molecular expression profiling in conjunction with single classifier systems in discerning distinct disease groups, the majority of these studies do not provide sufficient insights into potential variations within the disease groups. AIM The goal of this study was to discern biological response profiles of periodontitis and non-periodontitis smoking subjects using an informed panel of biomarkers across multiple scales (salivary, oral microbiome, pathogens and other markers). MATERIAL & METHODS The investigation uses a novel ensemble classification approach (SVA-SVM) to differentiate disease groups and patient-specific biological variation of systemic inflammatory mediators and IgG antibody to oral commensal and pathogenic bacteria within the groups. RESULTS Sensitivity of SVA-SVM is shown to be considerably higher than several traditional independent classifier systems. Patient-specific networks generated from SVA-SVM are also shown to reveal crosstalk between biomarkers in discerning the disease groups. High-confidence classifiers in these network abstractions comprised of host responses to microbial infection elucidated their critical role in discerning the disease groups. CONCLUSIONS Host adaptive immune responses to the oral colonization/infection contribute significantly to creating the profiles specific for periodontitis patients with potential to assist in defining patient-specific risk profiles and tailored interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Nagarajan
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mohanad Al-Sabbagh
- Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Dolph Dawson
- Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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ASSEM NZ, ALVES MLF, LOPES AB, GUALBERTO JUNIOR EC, GARCIA VG, THEODORO LH. Antibiotic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in smokers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e67. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
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Abstract
Initial studies of periodontal disease suggested that T cell-mediated immunity against oral Gram-negative microorganisms is a key player in the pathogenesis of this inflammatory disease. Recent investigations, however, revealed that B cells are also engaged. Given their chief role in innate-like and adaptive immune responses, B cells could exert protective functions in periodontitis. However, the periodontal bacteria-specific antibody response is generally unable to halt disease progression in affected subjects, suggesting that the antibodies produced could exhibit low anti-bacterial blocking functions or opsonophagocytic potential, and/or unfavorable effects. Moreover, although microbial antigens are involved in the induction of the inflammatory responses in human adult periodontitis, endogenous antigens also may contribute to the chronicity of this common disease. Not only antibodies to self-antigens, such as collagen, are locally produced, but the autoreactivities observed in aggressive periodontitis are more severe and diverse than those observed in chronic periodontitis, suggesting that autoimmune reactivity could play a role in the tissue destruction of periodontal disease. Further support for a pathological role of B cells in periodontitis comes from the finding that B cell-deficient mice are protected from bacterial infection-induced alveolar bone loss. Studies in patients indicate that B cells and plasma cells, together with osteoclastogenic factors (RANKL and osteoprotegerin) and specific cytokines involved in their growth and differentiation (BAFF and APRIL) participate in the induction of the pathological bone loss in periodontitis. This novel insight suggests that selective targeting of B cells could represent a future therapeutic avenue for severe periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moncef Zouali
- a Inserm, U1132 , Paris , France and.,b Université Paris 7 , Paris , France
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25
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De Genaro Modanese D, Tiosso-Tamburi R, Furletti de Goes VF, de Cássia Bergamaschi C, Martinez EF, Napimoga MH, Peruzzo DC. Clinical and Immunoinflammatory Evaluation of One-Stage Full-Mouth Ultrasonic Debridement as a Therapeutic Approach for Smokers With Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis: A Short-Term Follow-Up Study. J Periodontol 2016; 87:1012-21. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.150632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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26
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Camargo GADCG, Abreu MGL, Cordeiro RDS, Wenderoscky LDF, Duque C. Prevalence of periodontopathogens and Candida spp. in smokers after nonsurgical periodontal therapy - a pilot study. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30:e92. [PMID: 27556680 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2016.vol30.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study aimed to evaluate the influence of smoking on clinical and microbiological parameters after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Forty-eight subjects were grouped into smokers (SM, n = 24) and nonsmokers (NS, n = 24) and paired according to gender, age, ethnicity, and periodontal status. Both groups received oral hygiene education and scaling and root planing. Clinical evaluation was performed using plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket probing depth (PPD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment level (CAL) before instrumentation (baseline) and at 3 and 6 months. The prevalence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida dubliniensis in subgingival biofilm was determined by polymerase chain reaction. The data were statistically analyzed considering p < 0.05. Clinical conditions improved between baseline and 3 months after periodontal treatment. However, NS had a better clinical response, presenting greater PPD reduction and CAL increase in comparison to SM. Periodontal treatment reduced the levels of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and T. forsythia individually after 3 months for the NS group and after 6 months for both groups. The prevalence of Candida species was markedly higher in SM than in NS at all time points evaluated. Periodontopathogens associated or not with C. albicans or C. dubliniensis were more prevalent in SM than in NS at baseline and after 3 months. It was concluded that smoking impairs clinical and microbiological responses to periodontal therapy. Periodontopathogens combined or not with some Candida species are resistant to short-term periodontal therapy in SM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cristiane Duque
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba Dental School, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
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Nagarajan R, Miller CS, Dawson D, Al-Sabbagh M, Ebersole JL. Cross-talk between clinical and host-response parameters of periodontitis in smokers. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:342-352. [PMID: 27431617 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontal diseases are a major public health concern leading to tooth loss and have also been shown to be associated with several chronic systemic diseases. Smoking is a major risk factor for the development of numerous systemic diseases, as well as periodontitis. While it is clear that smokers have a significantly enhanced risk for developing periodontitis leading to tooth loss, the population varies regarding susceptibility to disease associated with smoking. This investigation focused on identifying differences in four broad sets of variables, consisting of: (i) host-response molecules; (ii) periodontal clinical parameters; (iii) antibody responses to periodontal pathogens and oral commensal bacteria; and (iv) other variables of interest, in a population of smokers with (n = 171) and without (n = 117) periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bayesian network structured learning (BNSL) techniques were used to investigate potential associations and cross-talk between the four broad sets of variables. RESULTS BNSL revealed two broad communities with markedly different topology between the populations of smokers, with and without periodontitis. Confidence of the edges in the resulting network also showed marked variations within and between the periodontitis and nonperiodontitis groups. CONCLUSION The results presented validated known associations and discovered new ones with minimal precedence that may warrant further investigation and novel hypothesis generation. Cross-talk between the clinical variables and antibody profiles of bacteria were especially pronounced in the case of periodontitis and were mediated by the antibody response profile to Porphyromonas gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagarajan
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C S Miller
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Oral Health Practice, Division of Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D Dawson
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Oral Health Practice, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M Al-Sabbagh
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Oral Health Practice, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Chaffee BW, Couch ET, Ryder MI. The tobacco-using periodontal patient: role of the dental practitioner in tobacco cessation and periodontal disease management. Periodontol 2000 2016; 71:52-64. [PMID: 27045430 PMCID: PMC4842013 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the prevalence of tobacco use has declined in some parts of the world, tobacco use remains a persistent and, in some cases, growing problem that will continue to be a fundamental challenge facing dental practitioners in the decades ahead. Dental practitioners have a unique opportunity and professional obligation to be a positive influence in reducing the economic and social burden inflicted by tobacco use on dental and general health. In this article, the current noninvasive, evidence-based approaches are presented for dental practitioners to help patients avoid initiating tobacco use, to encourage and assist patients in ceasing tobacco use and to address tobacco-induced damage to periodontal supporting tissues.
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29
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Armitage GC, Xenoudi P. Post-treatment supportive care for the natural dentition and dental implants. Periodontol 2000 2016; 71:164-84. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Peruzzo DC, Gimenes JH, Taiete T, Casarin RCV, Feres M, Sallum EA, Casati MZ, Kantovitz KR, Nociti FH. Impact of smoking on experimental gingivitis. A clinical, microbiological and immunological prospective study. J Periodontal Res 2016; 51:800-811. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. C. Peruzzo
- Division of Periodontics; Department of Oral Pathology; São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - T. Taiete
- Division of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
| | - R. C. V. Casarin
- Department of Periodontics; Paulista University; São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. Feres
- Department of Periodontics; Guarulhos University; São Paulo Brazil
| | - E. A. Sallum
- Division of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. Z. Casati
- Division of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
| | - K. R. Kantovitz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
| | - F. H. Nociti
- Division of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; São Paulo Brazil
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The effect of periodontal scaling and root polishing on serum IL-17E concentrations and the IL-17A:IL-17E ratio. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2529-2537. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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32
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Fisher BA, Cartwright AJ, Quirke AM, de Pablo P, Romaguera D, Panico S, Mattiello A, Gavrila D, Navarro C, Sacerdote C, Vineis P, Tumino R, Lappin DF, Apatzidou D, Apazidou D, Culshaw S, Potempa J, Michaud DS, Riboli E, Venables PJ. Smoking, Porphyromonas gingivalis and the immune response to citrullinated autoantigens before the clinical onset of rheumatoid arthritis in a Southern European nested case-control study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:331. [PMID: 26537917 PMCID: PMC4634856 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies to citrullinated proteins (ACPA) occur years before RA diagnosis. Porphyromonas gingivalis expresses its own peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), and is a proposed aetiological factor for the ACPA response. Smoking is a risk factor for both ACPA-positive RA and periodontitis. We aimed to study the relation of these factors to the risk of RA in a prospective cohort. Methods We performed a nested case–control study by identifying pre-RA cases in four populations from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition, matched with three controls. Data on smoking and other covariates were obtained from baseline questionnaires. Antibodies to CCP2 and citrullinated peptides from α-enolase, fibrinogen, vimentin and PPAD were measured. Antibodies to arginine gingipain (RgpB) were used as a marker for P.gingivalis infection and validated in a separate cohort of healthy controls and subjects with periodontitis. Results We studied 103 pre-RA cases. RA development was associated with several ACPA specificities, but not with antibodies to citrullinated PPAD peptides. Antibody levels to RgpB and PPAD peptides were higher in smokers but were not associated with risk of RA or with pre-RA autoimmunity. Former but not current smoking was associated with antibodies to α-enolase (OR 4.06; 95 % CI 1.02, 16.2 versus 0.54; 0.09-3.73) and fibrinogen peptides (OR 4.24; 95 % CI 1.2-14.96 versus 0.58; 0.13-2.70), and later development of RA (OR 2.48; 95 % CI 1.27-4.84 versus 1.57; 0.85-2.93), independent of smoking intensity. Conclusions Smoking remains a risk factor for RA well before the clinical onset of disease. In this cohort, P.gingivalis is not associated with pre-RA autoimmunity or risk of RA in an early phase before disease-onset. Antibodies to PPAD peptides are not an early feature of ACPA ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Fisher
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK.
| | | | - Anne-Marie Quirke
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Paola de Pablo
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK.
| | - Dora Romaguera
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,CIBER-OBN (Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Amalia Mattiello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Diana Gavrila
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Carmen Navarro
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Murcia, Spain.
| | | | | | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, ASP Ragusa, Ragusa, Italy.
| | - David F Lappin
- University of Glasgow Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | - Danae Apazidou
- University of Glasgow Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Shauna Culshaw
- University of Glasgow Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Jan Potempa
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. .,Oral Health and Systemic Research Group, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA.
| | - Dominique S Michaud
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, USA.
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Bunaes DF, Lie SA, Enersen M, Aastrøm AN, Mustafa K, Leknes KN. Site-specific treatment outcome in smokers following non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:933-42. [PMID: 26407817 PMCID: PMC6207927 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the effect of smoking at patient, tooth, and site level following non‐surgical and surgical periodontal therapy. Material and Methods Eighty chronic periodontitis patients, 40 smokers and 40 non‐smokers, were recruited to this single‐arm clinical trial. Smoking status was validated by measuring serum cotinine levels. Periodontal examinations were performed at baseline (T0) and 3 months following non‐surgical and surgical periodontal therapy (T1). At T0 and T1, subgingival plaque samples were collected from the deepest periodontal pocket in each patient and analysed using checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization. Probing depth (PD) ≥ 5 mm with bleeding on probing (BoP) was defined as the primary outcome. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses, corrected for clustered observations within patients and teeth, were conducted comparing smokers with non‐smokers. Results Clinical parameters significantly improved in both groups (p < 0.001). An association was revealed between smoking and PD ≥ 5 mm with BoP (OR= 1.90, CI: 1.14, 3.15, p = 0.013), especially for plaque‐positive sites (OR= 4.14, CI: 2.16, 7.96, p < 0.001). A significant reduction of red complex microbiota was observed for non‐smokers only (p = 0.010). Conclusion Smokers respond less favourably to non‐surgical and surgical periodontal therapy compared with non‐smokers, in particular at plaque‐positive sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar F Bunaes
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stein Atle Lie
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Morten Enersen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Nordrehaug Aastrøm
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Knut N Leknes
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Johannsen A, Susin C, Gustafsson A. Smoking and inflammation: evidence for a synergistic role in chronic disease. Periodontol 2000 2015; 64:111-26. [PMID: 24320959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the most important preventable risk factor for periodontitis; however, the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for the detrimental effects of smoking on periodontal health remain largely unclear. It is also well established that smoking has a negative impact on several inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this paper was to review smoking-related changes in local and systemic host responses with a focus on cellular and molecular effects that could explain a hyperinflammatory response leading to periodontal destruction. Biological mechanisms that may be common to periodontal disease and other chronic inflammatory diseases were also explored, together with gene-smoking interactions. An epidemiologic perspective on the burden of smoking on periodontal health and the potential for smoking cessation is also presented. Tobacco smoking seems to induce changes ranging from decreased leukocyte chemotaxis to decreased production of immunoglobulins. Smoking also seems to cause a stronger inflammatory reaction with an increased release of potentially tissue-destructive substances (e.g. reactive oxygen species, collagenase, serine proteases and proinflammatory cytokines). These findings support a hypothesis that periodontitis is a hyperinflammatory condition rather than a hypo-inflammatory condition.
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35
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Renvert S, Quirynen M. Risk indicators for peri-implantitis. A narrative review. Clin Oral Implants Res 2015; 26 Suppl 11:15-44. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Renvert
- Department of Oral Health Sciences; Kristianstad University; Kristianstad Sweden
- School of Dental Sciences; Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
- Blekinge Institute of Technology; Karlskrona Sweden
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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36
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Periodontal disease and subgingival microbiota as contributors for rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis: modifiable risk factors? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2015; 26:424-9. [PMID: 24807405 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since the early 1900s, the role of periodontal disease in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis has been a matter of intense research. The last decade has witnessed many advances supporting a link between periodontitis, the presence of specific bacterial species (i.e. Porphyromonas gingivalis) and their effects in immune response. This review will examine available evidence on the individuals. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiological studies have stressed the commonalities shared by periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Many groups have focused their attention toward understanding the periodontal microbiota and its alterations in states of health and disease. The presence of circulating antibodies against periodontopathic bacteria and associated inflammatory response has been found in both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and individuals at-risk for disease development. Most recently, the periodontal microbiota of smokers and patients with RA has been elucidated, revealing profound changes in the bacterial communities compared with those of healthy controls. This has led to several small clinical trials of progressive disease treatment as adjuvant for disease-modifying therapy in RA. SUMMARY Smoking and periodontal disease are emerging risk factors for the development of RA. Epidemiological, clinical, and basic research has further strengthened this association, pointing toward changes in the oral microbiota as possible contributors to systemic inflammation and arthritis.
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Ata-Ali J, Flichy-Fernández AJ, Alegre-Domingo T, Ata-Ali F, Peñarrocha-Diago M. Impact of heavy smoking on the clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters of patients with dental implants: a prospective cross-sectional study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:401-409. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ata-Ali
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology; Valencia University; Valencia Spain
- Public Dental Health Service; Arnau de Vilanova Hospital; Valencia Spain
| | | | | | - Fadi Ata-Ali
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology; Valencia University; Valencia Spain
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Hu YY, Liu JH, Jiang GB, Yuan RX, Niu YM, Shen M. Association between Interleukin-1β Gene -511C>T/+3954C>T Polymorphisms and Aggressive Periodontitis Susceptibility: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1617-24. [PMID: 26038188 PMCID: PMC4467605 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is an important inflammatory cytokine. The associations between IL-1β gene −511C>T/+3954C>T polymorphisms and aggressive periodontitis (AgP) susceptibility have been conflicting. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the association of IL-1β genetic polymorphisms with susceptibility to AgP. Material/Methods PubMed and Embase electronic databases were searched for relevant studies. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CIs) were used to assess the association between IL-1β polymorphisms and AgP risk. Heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were performed to guarantee the statistical power. Results Twenty published studies involving 965 patients and 1234 control subjects were included. No significant association between IL-1β polymorphisms and AgP was found. For −511C>T (T vs. C: OR=0.966, 95%CI=0.696–1.341, P=0.869; CT vs. CC: OR=0.936, 95%CI=0.761–1.151; TT vs. CC: OR=0.892, 95%CI=0.464–1.715, P=0.719; CT+TT vs. CC: OR=1.026, 95%CI=0.795–1.323; TT vs. CC+CT: OR=0.864, 95%CI=0.436–1.713). For +3954C>T (T vs. C: OR=1.069, 95%CI=0.901–1.268; CT vs. CC: OR=0.921, 95%CI=0.699–1.212; TT vs. CC: OR=1.064, 95%CI=0.747–1.515; CT+TT vs. CC: OR=0.990, 95%CI=0.764–1.283; TT vs. CC+CT: OR=1.229, 95%CI=0.919–1.643). Subgroup analyses were conducted with HWE, ethnicity, and study design, and no significant association was detected. Conclusions These results demonstrate that IL-1β −511C>T and +3954C>T polymorphisms are not the risk factors for developing AgP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Hu
- Department of Stomatology and Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jun-Hua Liu
- Children Medical Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Guang-Bin Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Rui-Xia Yuan
- Department of Stomatology and Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Yu-Ming Niu
- Department of Stomatology and Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Ming Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Department of Dental Implant, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Feres M, Bernal M, Matarazzo F, Faveri M, Duarte PM, Figueiredo LC. Subgingival bacterial recolonization after scaling and root planing in smokers with chronic periodontitis. Aust Dent J 2015; 60:225-32. [PMID: 25283721 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare subgingival bacterial recolonization patterns after scaling and root planing in current smokers and non-smokers. METHODS 15 smokers and 15 non-smokers with chronic periodontitis received scaling and root planing in six visits lasting one hour each, over a period of 21 days. Clinical monitoring was performed at baseline and 180 days, and microbiological monitoring was performed at baseline, immediately after scaling and root planing (Day 0) and at 42, 63 and 180 days post-therapy. Subgingival plaque samples were analysed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS An improvement in clinical condition was observed for smokers and non-smokers; however, non-smokers showed a greater reduction in mean clinical attachment level in intermediate sites in comparison with smokers (p < 0.05). At Day 0, there was a significant reduction in the mean counts of the three pathogens from the red complex, Eubacterium nodatum and Parvimonas micra only in non-smokers (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the proportion of host-compatible species in non-smokers and smokers from baseline to 180 days post-therapy (p < 0.05). However, a significant decrease in the pathogenic species was observed only in non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS Smokers were more susceptible to the re-establishment of a pathogenic subgingival biofilm than non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Feres
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mac Bernal
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Matarazzo
- Department of Periodontology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M Faveri
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P M Duarte
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L C Figueiredo
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Camelo-Castillo AJ, Mira A, Pico A, Nibali L, Henderson B, Donos N, Tomás I. Subgingival microbiota in health compared to periodontitis and the influence of smoking. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:119. [PMID: 25814980 PMCID: PMC4356944 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of periodontitis has traditionally been associated to a consortium of three bacterial species—the so-called “red-complex” of periodontal disease—which has been the target for most diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. However, other species have also been found to correlate with disease severity. In addition, the influence of smoking on periodontal microbiota is poorly understood. In the current manuscript, the composition of the subgingival microbiota in healthy individuals vs. patients with chronic periodontitis has been investigated using 16S pyrosequencing and the influence of smoking on periodontal composition has been examined. Subgingival bacterial communities were sampled from 82 patients: 22 non-smoking healthy controls, 28 non-smoking periodontal patients, and 32 smoking periodontal patients. Bacterial diversity was higher in periodontal patients than in healthy subjects, which could be interpreted as the consequence of a nutritionally richer environment or a reduced immune competence. Periodontal patients showed a significantly higher prevalence/relative abundance of “established” periopathogens but also other taxa whose role is not well-established and that should be targets for future research. These include Anaeroglobus, Bulleidia, Desulfobulbus, Filifactor, Mogibacterium, Phocaeicola, Schwartzia or TM7. The microbial community of smoking-associated periodontitis is less diverse and distinct from that of non-smokers, indicating that smoking has an influence on periodontal ecology. Interestingly, the high sequencing coverage allowed the detection at low proportions of periodontal pathogens in all healthy individuals, indicating that chronic periodontitis cannot be strictly considered an infectious disease but the outcome of a polymicrobial dysbiosis, where changes in the proportions of microbial consortia trigger the inflammatory and tissue-degradation responses of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny J Camelo-Castillo
- Department of Health and Genomics, Centre for Advanced Research in Public Health, Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana Foundation Valencia, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics, Centre for Advanced Research in Public Health, Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana Foundation Valencia, Spain
| | - Alex Pico
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Special Needs Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago, Spain
| | - Luigi Nibali
- Periodontology Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University College London-Eastman Dental Institute London, UK
| | - Brian Henderson
- Department of Microbial Diseases, University College London-Eastman Dental Institute London, UK
| | - Nikolaos Donos
- Periodontology Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University College London-Eastman Dental Institute London, UK
| | - Inmaculada Tomás
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Special Needs Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago, Spain
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41
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Nociti FH, Casati MZ, Duarte PM. Current perspective of the impact of smoking on the progression and treatment of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2015; 67:187-210. [PMID: 25494601 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides an overview of the current scenario regarding the impact of smoking on the progression and treatment of periodontitis; clinical, microbiological and immunological data from studies from our and other groups are presented. In general, preclinical and clinical data are unanimous in demonstrating that smokers present increased susceptibility, greater severity and faster progression of periodontal disease compared with nonsmokers. The evidence further demonstrates that smokers lose more teeth and have a less favorable response to therapy than do nonsmokers. Although it is well established that smoking significantly impacts on the onset, progression and outcome of periodontal disease, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. More importantly, some of the reported deleterious effects of smoking on periodontal tissues have been reported to be reversible upon participation in smoking-cessation programs. Therefore, clinicians should strongly advise smokers to enroll in cessation strategies, even temporarily, in order to improve the overall outcome.
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Ramseier CA, Mirra D, Schütz C, Sculean A, Lang NP, Walter C, Salvi GE. Bleeding on Probing as it relates to smoking status in patients enrolled in supportive periodontal therapy for at least 5 years. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:150-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A. Ramseier
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Damiano Mirra
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Christian Schütz
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Niklaus P. Lang
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Clemens Walter
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Giovanni E. Salvi
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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43
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Moon JH, Lee JH, Lee JY. Subgingival microbiome in smokers and non-smokers in Korean chronic periodontitis patients. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 30:227-41. [PMID: 25283067 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a major environmental factor associated with periodontal diseases. However, we still have a very limited understanding of the relationship between smoking and subgingival microflora in the global population. Here, we investigated the composition of subgingival bacterial communities from the pooled plaque samples of smokers and non-smokers, 134 samples in each group, in Korean patients with moderate chronic periodontitis using 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing. A total of 17,927 reads were analyzed and classified into 12 phyla, 126 genera, and 394 species. Differences in bacterial communities between smokers and non-smokers were examined at all phylogenetic levels. The genera Fusobacterium, Fretibacterium, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Corynebacterium, TM7, and Filifactor were abundant in smokers. On the other hand, Prevotella, Campylobacter, Aggregatibacter, Veillonellaceae GQ422718, Haemophilus, and Prevotellaceae were less abundant in smokers. Among species-level taxa occupying > 1% of whole subgingival microbiome of smokers, higher abundance (≥ 2.0-fold compared to non-smokers) of seven species or operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was found: Fusobacterium nucleatum, Neisseria sicca, Neisseria oralis, Corynebacterium matruchotii, Veillonella dispar, Filifactor alocis, and Fretibacterium AY349371. On the other hand, lower abundance of 11 species or OTUs was found in smokers: Neisseria elongata, six Prevotella species or OTUs, Fusobacterium canifelinum, Aggregatibacter AM420165, Selenomonas OTU, and Veillonellaceae GU470897. Species richness and evenness were similar between the groups whereas diversity was greater in smokers than non-smokers. Collectively, the results of the present study indicate that differences exist in the subgingival bacterial community between smoker and non-smoker patients with chronic moderate periodontitis in Korea, suggesting that cigarette smoking considerably affects subgingival bacterial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Moon
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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44
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Oliver-Bell J, Butcher J, Malcolm J, MacLeod M, Adrados Planell A, Campbell L, Nibbs R, Garside P, McInnes I, Culshaw S. Periodontitis in the absence of B cells and specific anti-bacterial antibody. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 30:160-9. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Oliver-Bell
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - J.P. Butcher
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research; School of Science; University of the West of Scotland; Paisley UK
| | - J. Malcolm
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - M.K.L. MacLeod
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - A. Adrados Planell
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - L. Campbell
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - R.J.B. Nibbs
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - P. Garside
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - I.B. McInnes
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - S. Culshaw
- Infection and Immunity Research Group; Glasgow Dental School; School of Medicine; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
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45
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Ardais R, Mário TDG, Boligon J, Kantorski KZ, Moreira CHC. The effect of smoking on bleeding on probing after nonsurgical periodontal therapy: a quasi-experimental study. Braz Oral Res 2014; 28:1-7. [PMID: 25337935 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2014.vol28.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy using the primary outcome measure of bleeding on probing (BoP). An periodontist performed periodontal therapy on 11 smokers and 14 never smokers with periodontitis. Two examiners assessed visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, probing pocket depth (PPD), BoP, suppuration on probing and clinical attachment level (CAL), at baseline and three months after therapy. BoP was categorized as 0 (absent), 1 (small bleeding point) and 2 (blood flow from the sulcus). Total BoP value was obtained by summing values of 1 and 2. All subjects had significant reductions in mean PPD and percentages of sites with BoP, with no difference between the groups. Only never smokers presented statistically significant CAL gain. BoP was significantly and consistently reduced at sites with initial PPDs of 1-3 mm and 4-6 mm in both groups. At sites with deep PPD ( ≥ 7mm), never smokers showed a greater mean reduction in the number of sites with BoP than did smokers (p < 0.05). Never smokers had significantly greater reduction in BoP 2 than smokers, at sites with moderate and deep baseline PPDs. The first group had a significant increase of BoP 1, at sites with initial PPDs of 4-6 mm. Thus, periodontal therapy reduced BoP in both groups. However, smoking could negatively affect the BoP reduction at deeper sites after nonsurgical periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ardais
- Department of Stomatology, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ticiane de Góes Mário
- Department of Stomatology, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jociana Boligon
- Department of Stomatology, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Karla Zanini Kantorski
- Department of Stomatology, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Guglielmetti MR, Rosa EF, Lourenção DS, Inoue G, Gomes EF, De Micheli G, Mendes FM, Hirata RD, Hirata MH, Pannuti CM. Detection and Quantification of Periodontal Pathogens in Smokers and Never-Smokers With Chronic Periodontitis by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1450-7. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Zhang N, Xu Y, Zhang B, Zhang T, Yang H, Zhang B, Feng Z, Zhong D. Analysis of interleukin-8 gene variants reveals their relative importance as genetic susceptibility factors for chronic periodontitis in the Han population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104436. [PMID: 25101955 PMCID: PMC4125212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-8, an important chemokine that regulates the inflammatory response, plays an important role in periodontitis. Previous studies indicate that certain IL-8 gene polymorphisms are associated with periodontitis susceptibility in some populations. However, the literature is somewhat contradictory, and not all IL-8 polymorphisms have been examined, particularly in Han Chinese individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of every IL-8 SNP with chronic periodontitis in Han Chinese individuals. We analyzed 23 SNPs with minor allele frequency (MAF)≥0.01, which were selected from 219 SNPs in the NCBI dbSNP and preliminary HapMap data analyses from a cohort of 400 cases and 750 controls from genetically independent Han Chinese individuals. Single SNP, haplotype and gender-specific associations were performed. We found that rs4073 and rs2227307 were significantly associated with chronic periodontitis. Further haplotype analysis indicated that a haplotype block (rs4073-rs2227307-rs2227306) that spans the promoter and exon1 of IL-8 was highly associated with chronic periodontitis. Additionally, the ATC haplotype in this block was increased 1.5-fold in these cases. However, when analyzing the samples by gender, no significant gender-specific associations in IL-8 were observed, similar to the results of haplotype association analyses in female and male subgroups. Our results provide further evidence that IL-8 is associated with chronic periodontitis in Han Chinese individuals. Furthermore, our results confirm previous reports suggesting the intriguing possibilities that IL-8 plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis and that this gene may be involved in the etiology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Dentistry, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuehong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianxiao Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Haojie Yang
- The Second Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Ministry of Health for Forensic Sciences, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zufei Feng
- Key Laboratory of National Ministry of Health for Forensic Sciences, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dexing Zhong
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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48
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Zeller I, Hutcherson JA, Lamont RJ, Demuth DR, Gumus P, Nizam N, Buduneli N, Scott DA. Altered antigenic profiling and infectivity of Porphyromonas gingivalis in smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis. J Periodontol 2014; 85:837-44. [PMID: 24147843 PMCID: PMC4020174 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smokers are more susceptible to periodontal diseases and are more likely to be infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis than non-smokers. Furthermore, smoking is known to alter the expression of P. gingivalis surface components and compromise immunoglobulin (Ig)G generation. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the overall IgG response to P. gingivalis is suppressed in smokers in vivo and whether previously established in vitro tobacco-induced phenotypic P. gingivalis changes would be reflected in vivo. METHODS The authors examined the humoral response to several P. gingivalis strains as well as specific tobacco-regulated outer membrane proteins (FimA and RagB) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in biochemically validated (salivary cotinine) smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis (CP: n = 13) or aggressive periodontitis (AgP: n = 20). The local and systemic presence of P. gingivalis DNA was also monitored by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Smoking was associated with decreased total IgG responses against clinical (10512, 5607, and 10208C; all P <0.05) but not laboratory (ATCC 33277, W83) P. gingivalis strains. Smoking did not influence IgG produced against specific cell-surface proteins, although a non-significant pattern toward increased total FimA-specific IgG in patients with CP, but not AgP, was observed. Seropositive smokers were more likely to be infected orally and systemically with P. gingivalis (P <0.001), as determined by 16S RNA analysis. CONCLUSION Smoking alters the humoral response against P. gingivalis and may increase P. gingivalis infectivity, strengthening the evidence that mechanisms of periodontal disease progression in smokers may differ from those of non-smokers with the same disease classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Zeller
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Justin A. Hutcherson
- Microbiology and Immunology University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Donald R. Demuth
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Pinar Gumus
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nejat Nizam
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - David A. Scott
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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49
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Meyer-Bäumer A, Eick S, Mertens C, Uhlmann L, Hagenfeld D, Eickholz P, Kim TS, Cosgarea R. Periodontal pathogens and associated factors in aggressive periodontitis: results 5-17 years after active periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41:662-72. [PMID: 24708362 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the association between presence of periodontal pathogens and recurrence of disease in patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) after active periodontal therapy (APT) and further influencing factors. MATERIAL & METHODS Microbiological samples were taken from 73 patients with AgP 5-17 years after APT at 292 sites (deepest site per quadrant). Real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to detect the periodontal pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola. Uni- and multivariate analyses evaluated the associations between pathogens and recurrence of disease, smoking and adjunctive antibiotic therapy. RESULTS At re-examination A. actinomycetemcomitans could be detected in six patients (8.2%), P. gingivalis in 24 (32.9%), T. forsythia in 31 (42.5%) and T. denticola in 35 (48.0%). Increased levels of T. forsythia and T. denticola at re-examination were significantly associated with recurrence of disease in multivariate analyses (OR: 12.72, p < 0.001; OR 5.55, p = 0.002 respectively). Furthermore, high counts of T. denticola were found in patients with increased percentage of sites with clinical attachment levels (CAL) ≥ 6 mm compared to those with low counts (13.8% versus 3.2%, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION In patients with recurrence of disease T. forsythia and T. denticola were detected more frequently and in higher counts. Furthermore, T. denticola was found more frequently in patients with increased CAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Meyer-Bäumer
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Clinic for Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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50
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Agnihotri R, Gaur S. Implications of tobacco smoking on the oral health of older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14:526-40. [PMID: 24697929 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the foremost health risk issue affecting individuals of all age groups globally. It specifically influences the geriatric population as a result of chronic exposure to toxins. Its role in various systemic and oral diseases including cancer, premalignant lesions, periodontitis, tooth loss, dental caries and implant failures is well established. Smoking causes immuno-inflammatory imbalances resulting in increased oxidative stress in the body. The latter hastens the immunosenescence and inflammaging process, which increases the susceptibility to infections. Thus, implementation of smoking cessation programs among older adults is imperative to prevent the development and progression of oral and systemic diseases. The present review focuses on smoking-associated oral health problems in older adults, and the steps required for cessation of the habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Agnihotri
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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