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Fragkioudakis I, Riggio MP, Apatzidou DA. Understanding the microbial components of periodontal diseases and periodontal treatment-induced microbiological shifts. J Med Microbiol 2020; 70. [PMID: 33295858 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mid-1960s the microbial aetiology of periodontal diseases was introduced based on classical experimental gingivitis studies . Since then, numerous studies have addressed the fundamental role that oral microbiota plays in the initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. Recent advances in laboratory identification techniques have contributed to a better understanding of the complexity of the oral microbiome in both health and disease. Modern culture-independent methods such as human oral microbial identification microarray and next-generation sequencing have been used to identify a wide variety of microbial taxa residing in the gingival sulcus and the periodontal pocket. The first theory of the 'non-specific plaque' hypothesis gave rise to the 'ecological plaque' hypothesis and more recently to the 'polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis hypothesis'. Periodontitis is now considered to be a multimicrobial inflammatory disease in which the various bacterial species within the dental biofilm are in a dysbiotic state and this imbalance favours the establishment of chronic inflammatory conditions and ultimately the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Apart from the known putative periodontal pathogens, the whole biofilm community is now considered to play a role in the establishment of inflammation and the initiation and progression of periodontitis in a susceptible host. Treatment is unlikely to eliminate putative pathogens but, when it is thoroughly performed it has the potential to establish a healthy ecosystem by altering the microbial community in numbers and composition and also contribute to the maturation of the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Fragkioudakis
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marcello P Riggio
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Dental School, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Danae Anastasia Apatzidou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Dubar M, Clerc-Urmès I, Baumann C, Clément C, Alauzet C, Bisson C. Relations of Psychosocial Factors and Cortisol with Periodontal and Bacterial Parameters: A Prospective Clinical Study in 30 Patients with Periodontitis Before and After Non-Surgical Treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207651. [PMID: 33092182 PMCID: PMC7588876 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The progression of periodontitis, induced by polymicrobial dysbiosis, can be modified by systemic or environmental factors such as stress or anxiety affecting host response. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential associations between psychosocial factors scores or salivary cortisol levels with clinical periodontal parameters and bacterial environment in patients with periodontitis; (2) Methods: Subgingival microbiota was collected in two pathological and one healthy sites from thirty diseased patients (before/after scaling and root planing (SRP)) and from one healthy site from thirty control patients. Usual clinical periodontal parameters were recorded, and a saliva sample was harvested. Patients completed stress and anxiety self-assessment questionnaires. Cortisol concentrations were determined by ELISA and bacteria were identified by PCR; (3) Results: No correlation between salivary cortisol and the stress-anxiety self-declared was found (p > 0.05), but high concentrations of this molecule were associated positively and linearly with periodontal pocket depth (p = 0.04). It appeared that certain psychosocial stressors are associated with a modulation of the bacterial colonization of pockets of diseased group (before/after SRP), notably concerning Tannerella forsythia (p = 0.02), Porphyromonas gingivalis (p = 0.03), Fusobacterium nucleatum (p = 0.049) and Campylobacter rectus (p = 0.01). (4) Conclusion: This study reveals associations between bacteria colonization and psychosocial parameters in periodontitis that needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Dubar
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Lille University Hospital, 59000 Lille, France
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Unit (SIMPA), EA 7300, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.A.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Isabelle Clerc-Urmès
- Department of Methodology, Promotion and Investigation, UMDS, University Hospital of Nancy, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (I.C.-U.); (C.B.)
| | - Cédric Baumann
- Department of Methodology, Promotion and Investigation, UMDS, University Hospital of Nancy, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (I.C.-U.); (C.B.)
| | - Céline Clément
- CHRU Nancy, Department of Public Health Dentistry, University Hospital, 54000 Nancy, France;
- “Interpsy” Laboratory, University of Lorraine, EA 4432, CEDEX 54015 Nancy, France
- «Health Systemic Process» Laboratory, University Lyon 1, EA 4129, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Corentine Alauzet
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Unit (SIMPA), EA 7300, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.A.); (C.B.)
- CHRU Nancy, Microbiology Department, University Hospital, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Bisson
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Unit (SIMPA), EA 7300, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.A.); (C.B.)
- Department of Periodontology, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Abstract
The last decade has witnessed unparalleled advances in our understanding of the complexity of the oral microbiome and the compositional changes that occur in subgingival biofilms in the transition from health to gingivitis and to destructive periodontal disease. The traditional view, which has held sway for the last 2 decades, that disease is characterized by the outgrowth of a consortium, or consortia, of a limited number of potentially pathogenic organisms, has given way to an alternative paradigm. In this new view, the microbiological changes associated with disease represent whole-scale alterations to the overall microbial population structure and to the functional properties of the entire community. Thus, and in common with other microbially mediated diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the normally balanced, symbiotic, and generally benign commensal microbiome of the tooth-associated biofilm undergoes dysbiosis to a potentially deleterious microbiota. Coincident with progress in defining the microbiology of these diseases, there have been equally important advances in our understanding of the inflammatory systems of the periodontal tissues, their control, and how inflammation may contribute both to the development of dysbiosis and, in a deregulated state, the destructive disease process. One can therefore speculate that the inflammatory response and the periodontal microbiome are in a bidirectional balance in oral health and a bidirectional imbalance in periodontitis. However, despite these clear insights into both sides of the host/microbe balance in periodontal disease, there remain several unresolved issues concerning the role of the microbiota in disease. These include, but are not limited to, the factors which determine progression from gingivitis to periodontitis in a proportion of the population, whether dysbiosis causes disease or results from disease, and the molecular details of the microbial stimulus responsible for driving the destructive inflammatory response. Further progress in resolving these issues may provide significant benefit to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike A Curtis
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral& Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia I Diaz
- School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thomas E Van Dyke
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Ebersole JL, Dawson D, Emecen-Huja P, Nagarajan R, Howard K, Grady ME, Thompson K, Peyyala R, Al-Attar A, Lethbridge K, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez OA. The periodontal war: microbes and immunity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:52-115. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cirelli T, Finoti LS, Corbi SCT, Anovazzi G, Nepomuceno R, Orrico SRP, Cirelli JA, Mayer MPA, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Absolute quantification of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in patients carrying haplotypes associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis: multifaceted evaluation with periodontitis covariants. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:4056145. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thamiris Cirelli
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia S. Finoti
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Sâmia C. T. Corbi
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Anovazzi
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nepomuceno
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana R. P. Orrico
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Joni A. Cirelli
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia P. A. Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel M. Scarel-Caminaga
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Liu CC, Chen CH, Tang CY, Chen KH, Chen ZF, Chang SH, Tsai CY, Liou ML. Prevalence and comparative analysis of the type IV secretion system in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 51:278-285. [PMID: 28711435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUD/PURPOSE Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has emerged as one of the aetiological agents in periodontal disease. Although Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are widely distributed in many bacteria, the genetic features and distribution of T4SSs in A. actinomycetemcomitans remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes and their T4SSs in a Taiwanese population. METHODS A comparative analysis of 20 A. actinomycetemcomitans genomes and their T4SSs deposited in GenBank was performed. One hundred subjects, including 20 periodontitis and 80 normal subjects, were enrolled and PCR identification of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes and T4SS genes were performed. RESULTS Of 100 subjects, serotypes C (22%) and E (11%) were most common. In addition, T4SSs were distributed in all of the serotypes. The prevalence of T4SSs and their location in plasmids in periodontitis subjects were 1.28-2 fold higher but not significantly different compared to normal subjects. Of 20 A. actinomycetemcomitans genomes, only ten with complete T4SS modules could be detected, which was highly correlated with localized aggressive periodontitis (p < 0.1). Nine of ten T4SS modules were from periodontitis subjects. Phylogenetic analysis of 10 T4SSs in A. actinomycetemcomitans showed that they were clustered into two groups, T4SSAaI and T4SSAaII, with only T4SSAaI appearing in the Taiwanese subjects. CONCLUSION A. actinomycetemcomitans strains with different serotypes carrying T4SSAaI are widely distributed in a Taiwanese population. This is the first report to show the distribution and detailed comparative genomics of T4SSs in A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chin Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Chung Hua University, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung County, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hua Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, College of Medicine & Nursing, Hung Kuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Yi Tang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung County, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsueh Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung County, Taiwan
| | - Zhao-Feng Chen
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Chang
- Department of Periodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan County, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying Tsai
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan County, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Li Liou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan.
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Andreasi Bassi M, Andreasi Bassi S, Andrisani C, Lico S, Baggi L, Lauritano D. Light diffusion through composite restorations added with spherical glass mega fillers. ORAL & IMPLANTOLOGY 2017; 9:80-89. [PMID: 28280536 DOI: 10.11138/orl/2016.9.1s.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate how the spherical glass mega fillers (SGMFs) can positively interfere with light diffusion when incorporated in a composite restoration. MATERIALS AND METHODS 30 samples (Ss) were performed, applying 2 composite layers of 3 mm each: 6 were made with composite only; 6 with a layer of SGMFs of O1.5mm within the first layer of composite; 6 with 2 overlapping layers of SGMFs of O1.5mm; 6 with a layer of SGMFs of O2mm; 6 with 2 overlapping layers of SGMFs of O2mm. The curing time was set at 40s for the first layer, and 120s for the second layer, transilluminated through the first layer. Digital pictures were taken, in standardized settings, during the transillumination, and the light intensity was measured with a digital image analysis software. RESULTS From a lateral view the Ss with a single layer of SGMFs of O1.5mm and O2mm, the relative increments of light intensity, were of 24.37% and 33.33% respectively. Concerning the Ss made with 2 layers of SGMFs, the relative increments were of 67.99% and 66.4% respectively. In front view has emerged a relative increase rate of light intensity of 53.66% and 79.58%, in the Ss with a single layer of SGMFs of O1.5mm and of O2mm respectively. Furthermore, in the Ss with two layers of SGMFs of O1.5mm and O2mm the relative increments were of 267.53 and 319.63% respectively. CONCLUSION The SGMFs are reliable in facilitating light diffusion within the light-curing composite resins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S Lico
- Private practice in Olevano Romano (RM), Italy
| | - L Baggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - D Lauritano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Sekhon TS, Grewal S, Gambhir RS. Periodontal health status and treatment needs of the rural population of India: A cross-sectional study. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2015; 6:111-5. [PMID: 25810646 PMCID: PMC4367019 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.149102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Periodontal disease is of public health concern and hence data on its prevalence rate are necessary. We have documented the prevalence pattern of periodontal disease in a rural population of Belgaum district, India, and identify the optimal treatment needs (TNs). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried on 1680 dentate adult subjects, examined from 12 villages in Belgaum district, Karnataka, India for prevalence of periodontal status and their TNs (using Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs [CPITN]). Results: Increase in CPITN score positively correlated with age. Only 4.3% (13) of subjects in the age-group of 20-29 had a CPITN score of 4 indicative of pockets of 6 mm or more when compared to 26% (91) of subjects in the age-group of 45-60 years. 92% (569) of the subjects in the age-group of 30-44 were having a TN score 2 whereas only 5.3% (33) of subjects were having a TN score 0 in the same age-group. Significantly higher need for treatment was observed in males, smokers and subjects using finger and tooth powder. Surprisingly diet of the subjects did not influence TNs. Conclusion: Increased prevalence of periodontal diseases and TNs was observed. There is a need for initiating adequate awareness regarding oral hygiene, specifically primary prevention could help in reducing the prevalence of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegbir Singh Sekhon
- Department of Periodontology, SKSS Dental College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Simran Grewal
- Department of Physiology, MM University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh Gambhir
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Gian Sagar Dental College and Hospital, Rajpura, Punjab, India
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Sánchez GA, Acquier AB, De Couto A, Busch L, Mendez CF. Association between Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque and clinical parameters, in Argentine patients with aggressive periodontitis. Microb Pathog 2015; 82:31-6. [PMID: 25812474 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) have been associated with aggressive (AgP) and chronic periodontitis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of Aa and Pg in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with AgP and its relation with clinical parameters. DESIGN Sixteen females and fourteen males with clinical diagnosis of AgP aged 17-23 years and their match's controls, were included in this study. Clinical recording concerning probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index and gingival bleeding index were performed at baseline, 30 and 60 days after baseline. After clinical examination GCF samples were analyzed for Aa and Pg with a real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. Patients group was treated with a combined of mechanical and oral antibiotic therapy (doxycycline 100 mg/day, during 21 days). A multivariate analysis was used to determine the relationship between Aa and Pg counts with clinical parameters. RESULTS GCF from all subjects was positive for Aa and PG. In controls Pg concentration was higher than Aa (Pg: 42,420 ± 3,034 copies/ml; Aa: 66.6 ± 5.4 copies/ml p < 0.001) while in patients both microbes showed the same concentration (Aa: 559,878 ± 39,698 Pg: 572,321 ± 58,752). A significant and positive correlation was observed between counts of Aa and Pg (R square: 0.7965, p < 0.0001). Female showed more counts/ml. Aa might be closely associated with clinical parameters while Pg did not. At 30 and 60 days Aa counts in patients were similar to controls while Pg counts were equal to baseline. However, in spite of Pg presence a clinical improvement was observed in all patients. CONCLUSIONS In our population the presence of Aa may be associated with AgP while Pg may be in GCF as an opportunistic pathogen which might caused disease when the ecological balance was favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Sánchez
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Andrea B Acquier
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra De Couto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Busch
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos F Mendez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chahboun H, Arnau MM, Herrera D, Sanz M, Ennibi OK. Bacterial profile of aggressive periodontitis in Morocco: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:25. [PMID: 25888404 PMCID: PMC4367901 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aggressive periodontitis (AgP) is one of the most severe forms of periodontal diseases. In Morocco, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been strongly associated with AgP, however limited knowledge is available about the implication of other periodontal pathogens in this entity. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the composition of the subgingival microbiota in Moroccan patients with AgP. Methods Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 50 aggressive, 13 localized and 37 generalized periodontitis patients. Samples from 20 chronic periodontitis (ChP) patients were taken as controls. Samples collected from the four deepest periodontal pockets in each patient were pooled in pre-reduced transport fluid and examined by culture. Results A. actinomycetemcomitans was significantly more frequent (p = 0.004) in generalised AgP compared to ChP, and Porphyromonas gingivalis was less prevalent in localized AgP, when compared with generalized AgP (p = 0.040) or ChP (p = 0.016). Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Tannerella forsythia were also frequently detected in all groups. Mean proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans were significantly higher in AgP groups, when compared to ChP, and generalized AgP patients harbored significantly higher proportions of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia, when compared to localized AgP or ChP. Conclusions A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, P. intermedia and F. nucleatum were frequently detected in this Moroccan population with AgP. Differences in frequency of detection, counts and proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia suggests the presence of distinct microbiological profiles for localized AgP, generalized AgP and ChP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Chahboun
- EREB (Research Group of Oral Ecosystem), Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Maria Minguez Arnau
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Oum Keltoum Ennibi
- EREB (Research Group of Oral Ecosystem), Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
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Contreras A, Moreno SM, Jaramillo A, Pelaez M, Duque A, Botero JE, Slots J. Periodontal microbiology in Latin America. Periodontol 2000 2014; 67:58-86. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Nadkarni MA, Chhour KL, Chapple CC, Nguyen KA, Hunter N. The profile of Porphyromonas gingivalis kgp biotype and fimA genotype mosaic in subgingival plaque samples. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 361:190-4. [PMID: 25353706 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined analysis of allelic variation of the virulence-associated, strain-specific lys-gingipain gene (kgp) and major fimbrial gene (fimA) of Porphyromonas gingivalis was undertaken in 116 subgingival plaque samples to understand the kgp biotype and fimA genotype profile in a subject-specific manner. Allelic variation in the polyadhesin domain of kgp from P. gingivalis strains 381 (ATCC 33277), HG66 and W83 generated four isoforms corresponding to four biotypes of P. gingivalis. Similarly, variation in the fimA subunit of the fimA gene cluster of P. gingivalis resulted in six fimA genotypes. Strain-specific differential PCR was performed for kgp and fimA using DNA isolated from subgingival plaque samples. Our findings demonstrate that all of the P. gingivalis kgp biotypes detected in this study were predominantly associated with the fimA II genotype. Dominance of kgp biotypes 381 or HG66 combined with fimA II fimbriae could imply an adaptive strategy by P. gingivalis to generate the fittest strains for survival in the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala A Nadkarni
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Bielecka E, Scavenius C, Kantyka T, Jusko M, Mizgalska D, Szmigielski B, Potempa B, Enghild JJ, Prossnitz ER, Blom AM, Potempa J. Peptidyl arginine deiminase from Porphyromonas gingivalis abolishes anaphylatoxin C5a activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32481-7. [PMID: 25324545 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c114.617142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evasion of killing by the complement system, a crucial part of innate immunity, is a key evolutionary strategy of many human pathogens. A major etiological agent of chronic periodontitis, the Gram-negative bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis, produces a vast arsenal of virulence factors that compromise human defense mechanisms. One of these is peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), an enzyme unique to P. gingivalis among bacteria, which converts Arg residues in polypeptide chains into citrulline. Here, we report that PPAD citrullination of a critical C-terminal arginine of the anaphylatoxin C5a disabled the protein function. Treatment of C5a with PPAD in vitro resulted in decreased chemotaxis of human neutrophils and diminished calcium signaling in monocytic cell line U937 transfected with the C5a receptor (C5aR) and loaded with a fluorescent intracellular calcium probe: Fura-2 AM. Moreover, a low degree of citrullination of internal arginine residues by PPAD was also detected using mass spectrometry. Further, after treatment of C5 with outer membrane vesicles naturally shed by P. gingivalis, we observed generation of C5a totally citrullinated at the C-terminal Arg-74 residue (Arg74Cit). In stark contrast, only native C5a was detected after treatment with PPAD-null outer membrane vesicles. Our study suggests reduced antibacterial and proinflammatory capacity of citrullinated C5a, achieved via lower level of chemotactic potential of the modified molecule, and weaker cell activation. In the context of previous studies, which showed crosstalk between C5aR and Toll-like receptors, as well as enhanced arthritis development in mice infected with PPAD-expressing P. gingivalis, our findings support a crucial role of PPAD in the virulence of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bielecka
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden, the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Kantyka
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Jusko
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Danuta Mizgalska
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Borys Szmigielski
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Potempa
- the Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and
| | - Jan J Enghild
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Anna M Blom
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden,
| | - Jan Potempa
- the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Gualtero Escobar DF, Porras Gaviria JP, Bernau Gutierrez S, Buitrago Ramírez DM, Castillo Perdomo DM, Lafaurie Villamil GI. Purificación y caracterización de lipopolisacáridos de Eikenella corrodens 23834 y Porphyromonas gingivalis W83. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v16n1.44224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Brígido JA, da Silveira VRS, Rego RO, Nogueira NAP. Serotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in relation to periodontal status and geographic origin of individuals-a review of the literature. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2014; 19:e184-91. [PMID: 24316700 PMCID: PMC4015043 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.19304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Several studies have focused on the relationship among serotype distribution, ethnical status and geographic populations, and periodontal conditions. Studies that have investigated the prevalence and the distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes and the relation between the different serotypes of the bacterium and periodontal status were reviewed.
Material and Methods: A systematic literature search for publications regarding the distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes in subgingival samples of periodontitis patients and periodontally healthy subjects by employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted.
Results: From the 85 studies identified in the first analysis, only 12 met all inclusion and exclusion criteria. Clinical isolates from diverse geographic populations with different periodontal conditions were evaluated. Serotypes a, b and c were largely found, and serotype c was the most prevalent. They were isolated from various periodontal conditions, including aggressive periodontitis.
Conclusions: The available literature suggests that serotypes a, b, and c are globally dominant, serotypes d and e are rare, and the prevalence of the most recently identified serotype fis still unknown. It is widely accepted that distribution patterns of A. actinomycetemcomitans vary among subjects of different ethnicity and geographic regions. The correlation of different serotypes with various periodontal conditions remains unclear.
Key words:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, serotypes, periodontal disease, prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Brígido
- Rua Monsenhor Furtado s/n, Bairro Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-170, Brazil,
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Benrachadi L, Bouziane A, Azziman Z, Bouziane-Ouartini F, Ennibi O. Screening for periodontopathogenic bacteria in severe chronic periodontitis in a Moroccan population. Med Mal Infect 2012; 42:599-602. [PMID: 23141872 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacteria play an important role in destructive periodontitis. The aim of this study was to screen for five highly pathogenic bacteria: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola, in Moroccan patients presenting with severe chronic periodontitis and to compare results with those of patients presenting with severe aggressive periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-three patients were included at the periodontology unit (School of dental medicine, University Mohammed 5 Souissi, Rabat, Morocco). The study was made on two groups: a test group of patients presenting with severe chronic periodontitis, and a control group of patients presenting with severe aggressive periodontitis. Plaque sampling was performed at the four deepest sites in each patient. The five studied bacteria were detected by PCR. RESULTS The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. denticola was relatively low in the test group (13.3% and 20% respectively) compared with controls (37.5% and 37.5% respectively), without any statistical difference between the two groups. Furthermore, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia were frequently detected in both groups, without any statistical difference. CONCLUSION The results of this preliminary study proved the presence of the studied periodontopathogenic bacteria both in severe chronic periodontitis and severe aggressive periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Benrachadi
- Service de Parodontologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire de Rabat, Université Mohammed V Souissi, BP 6212 Rabat - les Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.
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Akcali A, Huck O, Tenenbaum H, Davideau JL, Buduneli N. Periodontal diseases and stress: a brief review. J Oral Rehabil 2012; 40:60-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2012.02341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Akcali
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; Ege University; Izmir; Turkey
| | - O. Huck
- Department of Periodontology; Dental Faculty; University of Strasbourg; Strasbourg; France
| | - H. Tenenbaum
- Department of Periodontology; Dental Faculty; University of Strasbourg; Strasbourg; France
| | - J. L. Davideau
- Department of Periodontology; Dental Faculty; University of Strasbourg; Strasbourg; France
| | - N. Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; Ege University; Izmir; Turkey
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Biyikoğlu B, Ricker A, Diaz PI. Strain-specific colonization patterns and serum modulation of multi-species oral biofilm development. Anaerobe 2012; 18:459-70. [PMID: 22771792 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis results from an ecological shift in the composition of subgingival biofilms. Subgingival community maturation is modulated by inter-organismal interactions and the relationship of communities with the host. In an effort to better understand this process, we evaluated biofilm formation, with oral commensal species, by three strains of the subgingivally prevalent microorganism Fusobacterium nucleatum and four strains of the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. We also tested the effect of serum, which resembles gingival exudates, on subgingival biofilms. Biofilms were allowed to develop in flow cells using salivary medium. We found that although not all strains of F. nucleatum were able to grow in mono-species biofilms, forming a community with health-associated partners Actinomyces oris and Veillonella parvula promoted biofilm growth of all F. nucleatum strains. Strains of P. gingivalis also showed variable ability to form mono-species biofilms. P. gingivalis W50 and W83 did not form biofilms, while ATCC 33277 and 381 formed biofilm structures, but only strain ATCC 33277 grew over time. Unlike the enhanced growth of F. nucleatum with the two health-associated species, no strain of P. gingivalis grew in three-species communities with A. oris and V. parvula. However, addition of F. nucleatum facilitated growth of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 with health-associated partners. Importantly, serum negatively affected the adhesion of F. nucleatum, while it favored biofilm growth by P. gingivalis. This work highlights strain specificity in subgingival biofilm formation. Environmental factors such as serum alter the colonization patterns of oral microorganisms and could impact subgingival biofilms by selectively promoting pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Biyikoğlu
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, 06030-1710, USA
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Bandhaya P, Saraithong P, Likittanasombat K, Hengprasith B, Torrungruang K. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes, the JP2 clone and cytolethal distending toxin genes in a Thai population. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:519-25. [PMID: 22471788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the genetic diversity of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in Thai adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subgingival plaque samples from 453 subjects were analysed for A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes, the presence of the high leukotoxin-producing JP2 clone and cytolethal distending toxin genes (cdtABC) using the polymerase chain reaction technique. In subjects who were positive for cdtABC, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to identify a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the cdtB gene at amino acid position 281. The extent and severity of periodontal disease were compared between subjects harbouring different A. actinomycetemcomitans genotypes. RESULTS Eighty six subjects (19%) were positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans. The JP2 clone was not detected. Serotype c was the most prevalent (57%), followed by serotypes a (33%) and b (7%). Among A. actinomycetemcomitans-positive subjects, 27% were positive for cdtABC. All cdtABC-positive subjects possessed the SNP in the cdtB, which is involved with increased toxin activity. The presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, but not a specific genotype, was significantly related to increased probing depth and periodontal attachment loss. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the previous findings that genotype distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans varies between ethnic groups. However, no clear relationship between a specific genotype and periodontal conditions was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panwadee Bandhaya
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Vanterpool E, Aruni AW, Roy F, Fletcher HM. regT can modulate gingipain activity and response to oxidative stress in Porphyromonas gingivalis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:3065-3072. [PMID: 20595264 PMCID: PMC3068696 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.038315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant VimA protein can interact with the gingipains and several other proteins that may play a role in its biogenesis in Porphyromonas gingivalis. In silico analysis of PG2096, a hypothetical protein that was shown to interact with VimA, suggests that it may have environmental stress resistance properties. To further evaluate the role(s) of PG2096, the predicted open reading frame was PCR amplified from P. gingivalis W83 and insertionally inactivated using the ermF-ermAM antibiotic-resistance cassette. One randomly chosen PG2096-defective mutant created by allelic exchange and designated FLL205 was further characterized. Under normal growth conditions at 37 °C, Arg-X and Lys-X gingipain activities in FLL205 were reduced by approximately 35 % and 21 %, respectively, compared to the wild-type strain. However, during prolonged growth at an elevated temperature of 42 °C, Arg-X activity was increased by more than 40 % in FLL205 in comparison to the wild-type strain. In addition, the PG2096-defective mutant was more resistant to oxidative stress when treated with 0.25 mM hydrogen peroxide. Taken together these results suggest that the PG2096 gene, designated regT (regulator of gingipain activity at elevated temperatures), may be involved in regulating gingipain activity at elevated temperatures and be important in oxidative stress resistance in P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vanterpool
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakwood University, Huntsville, AL 35896, USA
| | - A Wilson Aruni
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - F Roy
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - H M Fletcher
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Ferreira JA, Pires C, Paulo M, Azevedo NF, Domingues MR, Vieira MJ, Monteiro MA, Coimbra MA. Bioaccumulation of amylose-like glycans by Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2009; 14:559-70. [PMID: 19889074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori cell surface is composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) yielding structures homologous to mammalian Lewis O-chains blood group antigens. These structures are key mediators in the definition of host-microbial interactions and known to change their expression pattern in response to environmental pressure. AIMS The present work is focused on the identification of new H. pylori cell-surface glycosides. Special attention is further devoted to provide insights on the impact of in vitro subcultivation on H. pylori cell-surface phenotypes. METHODS Cell-surface glycans from H. pylori NCTC 11637 and two clinical isolates were recovered from the aqueous phase resulting from phenol:water extraction of intact bacteria. They were evaluated in relation to their sugars and glycosidic-linkages composition by CG-MS, size-exclusion chromatography, NMR, and Mass Spectrometry. H. pylori glycan profile was also monitored during subcultivation in vitro in agar and F12 liquid medium. RESULTS All three studied strains produce LPS expressing Lewis epitopes and express bioaccumulate amylose-like glycans. Bioaccumulation of amylose was found to be enhanced with the subcultivation of the bacterium on agar medium and accompanied by a decrease in the expression of LPS O-chains. In contrast, during exponential growth in F12 liquid medium, an opposite behavior is observed, that is, there is an increase in the overall amount of LPS and decrease in amylose content. CONCLUSIONS This work shows that under specific environmental conditions, H. pylori expresses a phase-variable cell-surface alpha-(1-->4)-glucose moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Ferreira
- Departamento de Química da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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Vernal R, León R, Silva A, van Winkelhoff AJ, Garcia-Sanz JA, Sanz M. Differential cytokine expression by human dendritic cells in response to differentPorphyromonas gingivaliscapsular serotypes. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:823-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Takigawa S, Sugano N, Ochiai K, Arai N, Ota N, Ito K. Effects of sodium bicarbonate on butyric acid-induced epithelial cell damage in vitro. J Oral Sci 2009; 50:413-7. [PMID: 19106468 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.50.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Butyric acid is detected in periodontal pockets and is thought to be involved in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. We examined the effects of sodium bicarbonate on the butyric acid-induced epithelial cell damage. The human gingival carcinoma cell line Ca9-22 was cultured in medium that contained butyric acid with or without sodium bicarbonate. The viability of cells treated with sodium bicarbonate was significantly higher than that of cells treated with butyric acid alone. The effects of butyric acid on ICAM-1 expression were significantly improved by sodium bicarbonate. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, sodium bicarbonate was indicated to be a useful therapeutic agent to reduce the butyric acid-induced periodontal tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Takigawa
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Yilmaz Ö. The chronicles of Porphyromonas gingivalis: the microbium, the human oral epithelium and their interplay. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:2897-2903. [PMID: 18832296 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/021220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota of the human oral mucosa consists of a myriad of bacterial species that normally exist in commensal harmony with the host. Porphyromonas gingivalis, an aetiological agent in severe forms of periodontitis (a chronic inflammatory disease), is a prominent component of the oral microbiome and a successful colonizer of the oral epithelium. This Gram-negative anaerobe can also exist within the host epithelium without the existence of overt disease. Gingival epithelial cells, the outer lining of the gingival mucosa, which function as an important part of the innate immune system, are among the first host cells colonized by P. gingivalis. This review describes recent studies implicating the co-existence and intracellular adaptation of the organism in these target host cells. Specifically, recent findings on the putative mechanisms of persistence, intercellular dissemination and opportunism are highlighted. These new findings may also represent an original and valuable model for mechanistic characterization of other successful host-adapted, self-limiting, persistent intracellular bacteria in human epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Bélanger M, Reyes L, von Deneen K, Reinhard MK, Progulske-Fox A, Brown MB. Colonization of maternal and fetal tissues by Porphyromonas gingivalis is strain-dependent in a rodent animal model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199:86.e1-7. [PMID: 18355778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to develop a rodent model of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN Sprague Dawley rats were infected intravenously with 10(5), 10(7), or 10(9) CFU per dam of P gingivalis strain W83, ATCC 33277, or A7436 at gestational day 14 and necropsied at gestational day 18. Maternal organs were cultured to assess the spread of the infection. Six fetal units (placenta, amniotic fluid, membranes, and fetus) per dam were cultured; additional fetal units were examined by histopathology. Polymerase chain reaction was performed on placentas. RESULTS Colonization rates were dependent on the strain of P gingivalis used and the infection dose. At an infection dose of 10(9) CFU/dam, P gingivalis W83, ATCC 33277, or A7436 was detected in 33%, 83%, or 100% of placentas, respectively. Epithelial hyperplasia, cellular necrosis, and inflammatory infiltrate were observed in infected placental tissues. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that P gingivalis can invade both maternal and fetal tissues, resulting in chorioamnionitis and placentitis.
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Herrera D, Contreras A, Gamonal J, Oteo A, Jaramillo A, Silva N, Sanz M, Botero JE, León R. Subgingival microbial profiles in chronic periodontitis patients from Chile, Colombia and Spain. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 35:106-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sydor T, von Bargen K, Becken U, Spuerck S, Nicholson VM, Prescott JF, Haas A. A mycolyl transferase mutant of Rhodococcus equi lacking capsule integrity is fully virulent. Vet Microbiol 2007; 128:327-41. [PMID: 18063488 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is a mucoid Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen which can cause severe bronchopneumonia in foals and AIDS patients. A polysaccharide capsule which gives R. equi a mucoid appearance has long been suspected to be a virulence factor. Here, we describe a transposome mutant in the gene fbpA of strain R. equi 103 causing absence of a capsular structure. FbpA is a chromosomal gene homologous to antigen 85 (Ag85) mycolyl chain transferase gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The mutant multiplied normally in isolated macrophages, was able to establish the unusual R. equi-containing vacuole in macrophages, was cytotoxic for macrophages, and was virulent in a mouse model. Colonies had a dry appearance on nutrient agar and defective capsule structure. Surprisingly, fbpA mutants cured of the virulence-associated plasmid were found in a phagosome that was more alkaline than that of the corresponding wild-type bacteria, were more cytotoxic and even multiplied to some extent. This study suggests that the capsule is not an important virulence factor of R. equi and that it may even counteract virulence traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sydor
- Institute for Cell Biology and Bonner Forum Biomedizin, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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de Paz LC. Redefining the Persistent Infection in Root Canals: Possible Role of Biofilm Communities. J Endod 2007; 33:652-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Botero JE, Contreras A, Lafaurie G, Jaramillo A, Betancourt M, Arce RM. Occurrence of Periodontopathic and Superinfecting Bacteria in Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis Subjects in a Colombian Population. J Periodontol 2007; 78:696-704. [PMID: 17397318 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in the composition of subgingival microbiota in periodontitis have been observed in different geographic locations. Some of these microbial differences could have clinical significance. This study describes clinical parameters and the composition of the subgingival microbiota in chronic periodontitis (CP) and aggressive periodontitis (AgP) patients in a Colombian population. METHODS Clinical parameters (probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and plaque index) and plaque samples from 68 CP, 12 AgP, and 30 periodontally healthy subjects were analyzed. Subgingival samples were processed using culture, biochemical tests, and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of periodontal and superinfecting pathogens. The analysis of variance, chi(2), and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to evaluate differences between groups for clinical parameters and microbiologic composition (P <or=0.05). RESULTS Clinical parameters were significantly increased in CP and AgP patients compared to healthy subjects (P <0.001), but no differences were found between periodontitis groups. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, and Eikenella corrodens showed higher frequencies in AgP compared to CP and healthy subjects (P <0.05). Extension (localized and generalized) of the periodontal destruction had no effect on the composition of the subgingival microbiota. Gram-negative enteric rods were more frequent in AgP patients (P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated a high prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, and E. corrodens in AgP patients. Gram-negative enteric rods were frequent in AgP and CP patients. Differences in the composition of subgingival microbiota in periodontitis patients need to be taken into account when considering the best therapeutic approach for each individual, including the use of antibiotics.
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ROTSTEIN ILAN, SIMON JAMESH. The endo-perio lesion: a critical appraisal of the disease condition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2006.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Sanz M, Quirynen M. Advances in the aetiology of periodontitis. Group A consensus report of the 5th European Workshop in Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32 Suppl 6:54-6. [PMID: 16128829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Sanz
- Department of Periodontology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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