1
|
Rathee P, Sehrawat R, Rathee P, Khatkar A, Akkol EK, Khatkar S, Redhu N, Türkcanoğlu G, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Polyphenols: Natural Preservatives with Promising Applications in Food, Cosmetics and Pharma Industries; Problems and Toxicity Associated with Synthetic Preservatives; Impact of Misleading Advertisements; Recent Trends in Preservation and Legislation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4793. [PMID: 37445107 PMCID: PMC10343617 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The global market of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products requires continuous tracking of harmful ingredients and microbial contamination for the sake of the safety of both products and consumers as these products greatly dominate the consumer's health, directly or indirectly. The existence, survival, and growth of microorganisms in the product may lead to physicochemical degradation or spoilage and may infect the consumer at another end. It has become a challenge for industries to produce a product that is safe, self-stable, and has high nutritional value, as many factors such as physical, chemical, enzymatic, or microbial activities are responsible for causing spoilage to the product within the due course of time. Thus, preservatives are added to retain the virtue of the product to ensure its safety for the consumer. Nowadays, the use of synthetic/artificial preservatives has become common and has not been widely accepted by consumers as they are aware of the fact that exposure to preservatives can lead to adverse effects on health, which is a major area of concern for researchers. Naturally occurring phenolic compounds appear to be extensively used as bio-preservatives to prolong the shelf life of the finished product. Based on the convincing shreds of evidence reported in the literature, it is suggested that phenolic compounds and their derivatives have massive potential to be investigated for the development of new moieties and are proven to be promising drug molecules. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the significant role of phenolic compounds and their derivatives in the preservation of perishable products from microbial attack due to their exclusive antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties and the problems associated with the use of synthetic preservatives in pharmaceutical products. This article also analyzes the recent trends in preservation along with technical norms that regulate the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products in the developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Rathee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baba Mastnath University, Rohtak 124021, India;
| | - Renu Sehrawat
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram 122103, India;
| | - Pooja Rathee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey;
| | - Sarita Khatkar
- Vaish Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Neelam Redhu
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Gizem Türkcanoğlu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey;
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330507, Chile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Savaş Erdoğan S, Cebeci Kahraman F. Fixed drug eruption after pentavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus and Haemophilus influenzae type b combined vaccine in an infant. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2023; 30:e16. [PMID: 34233904 PMCID: PMC10359794 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2021-002875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In Turkey, diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus and Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTaP-IPV-Hib) vaccine has been administered to all children in the second, fourth, sixth and 18th months within the scope of the national vaccination programme. Here we present a rare case of fixed drug eruption (FDE) that occurred as a result of the administration of a pentavalent DTaP-IPV-Hib combined vaccine in a 4-month-old girl. There was no history of taking any other medication before or when the lesion appeared. The lesion responded well to 1 week of topical methylprednisolone aceponate cream application and regressed within 1 week, leaving mild hyperpigmentation. Few cases of FDE have been reported occurring after administration of various vaccines and it is extremely rare in children. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of FDE developing in an infant after the combined pentavalent DTaP-IPV-Hib vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Savaş Erdoğan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Health Sciences, Sultan 2.Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Cebeci Kahraman
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Göztepe Prof. Dr. Süleyman Yalçın City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aquino MR, Bingemann TA, Nanda A, Maples KM. Delayed allergic skin reactions to vaccines. Allergy Asthma Proc 2022; 43:20-29. [PMID: 34983706 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2022.43.210105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Recent advances in vaccination against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic have brought allergists and dermatologists to the forefront because both immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. Objective: This literature review focused on delayed reactions to vaccines, including possible causative agents and practical information on how to diagnose, evaluate with patch testing, and manage subsequent dose administration. Methods: Currently published reviews and case reports in PubMed, along with data on vaccines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention web site. Relevant case reports and reviews that focused on delayed reactions to vaccines were selected. Results: Most delayed hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines include cutaneous manifestations, which vary from local persistent pruritic nodules to systemic rashes. The onset is usually within a few days but can be delayed by weeks. Multiple excipients have been identified that have been implicated in delayed vaccine reactions, including thimerosal, formaldehyde, aluminum, antibiotics, and gelatin. Treatment with antihistamines, topical corticosteroids, or systemic corticosteroids alleviates symptoms in most patients. Such reactions are generally not contraindications to future vaccination. However, for more-severe reactions, patch testing for causative agents can be used to aid in diagnosis and approach further vaccination. Conclusion: Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines are not uncommon. If needed, patch testing can be used to confirm agents, including antibiotics, formaldehyde, thimerosal, and aluminum. In most cases, delayed cutaneous reactions are not contraindications to further vaccine administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella R. Aquino
- From the Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Theresa A. Bingemann
- Divisions of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology and Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, Newyork
| | - Anil Nanda
- Asthma and Allergy Center, Lewisville and Flower Mound, Texas, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Kelly M. Maples
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sarti L, Lezmi G, Mori F, Giovannini M, Caubet JC. Diagnosis and management of hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:883-896. [PMID: 32838592 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1814745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many countries in Europe now recommend and enforce mandatory vaccinations to improve vaccination coverage. Thus, the number of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) may show an increase. Among these events, severe hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines are rare. However, it is important that they be identified and recognized so that they may be adequately managed. AREAS COVERED The literature search was undertaken through PubMed and Embase to identify English-language papers focusing on hypersensitivity to vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Hypersensitivity reactions following vaccinations are rare and are classified according to their chronology and extension: immediate when they occur within the first 4 hours following administration and non-immediate when they occur later. Local reactions are the most common adverse event following injection of vaccines and generally do not require any allergy workup. Immediate reactions, however, are potentially IgE-mediated and require an allergy workup. In general, a previously known food allergy (i.e., egg or milk) is not a contraindication to immunizations. Patients with a known allergy to gelatin, yeast, latex, antibiotics, or other specific components of vaccines require an allergy workup before administration of the vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Sarti
- Allergy Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital , Florence, Italy
| | - Guillaume Lezmi
- Service de Pneumologie et Allergologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades , Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Descartes , Paris, France
| | - Francesca Mori
- Allergy Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital , Florence, Italy
| | - Mattia Giovannini
- Allergy Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital , Florence, Italy
| | - Jean-Christoph Caubet
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dréno B, Zuberbier T, Gelmetti C, Gontijo G, Marinovich M. Safety review of phenoxyethanol when used as a preservative in cosmetics. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 33 Suppl 7:15-24. [PMID: 31588615 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenoxyethanol, or 2-phenoxyethanol, has a large spectrum of antimicrobial activity and has been widely used as a preservative in cosmetic products for decades. It is effective against various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as against yeasts, and has only a weak inhibitory effect on resident skin flora. According to the European Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, phenoxyethanol is safe for all consumers - including children of all ages - when used as a preservative in cosmetic products at a maximum concentration of 1%. Adverse systemic effects have been observed in toxicological studies on animals but only when the levels of exposure were many magnitudes higher (around 200-fold higher) than those to which consumers are exposed when using phenoxyethanol-containing cosmetic products. Despite its widespread use in cosmetic products, phenoxyethanol is a rare sensitizer. It can be considered as one of the most well-tolerated preservatives used in cosmetic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Dréno
- Dermatology Department, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413 CRCINA, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - T Zuberbier
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Gelmetti
- UOC Dermatologia Pediatrica, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda "Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico", Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - G Gontijo
- Department of Dermatology, UFMG Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M Marinovich
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stone CA, Rukasin CR, Beachkofsky TM, Phillips EJ. Immune-mediated adverse reactions to vaccines. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:2694-2706. [PMID: 31472022 PMCID: PMC6955412 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination continues to be the single most important and successful public health intervention, due to its prevention of morbidity and mortality from prevalent infectious diseases. Severe immunologically mediated reactions are rare and less common with the vaccine than the true infection. However, these events can cause public fearfulness and loss of confidence in the safety of vaccination. In this paper, we perform a systematic literature search and narrative review of immune-mediated vaccine adverse events and their known and proposed mechanisms, and outline directions for future research. Improving our knowledge base of severe immunologically mediated vaccine reactions and their management drives better vaccine safety and efficacy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cosby A. Stone
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Christine R.F. Rukasin
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | | | - Elizabeth J. Phillips
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Vanderbilt University Medical SchoolNashvilleTennessee
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vaccine-associated hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 141:463-472. [PMID: 29413255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-associated hypersensitivity reactions are not infrequent; however, serious acute-onset, presumably IgE-mediated or IgG and complement-mediated anaphylactic or serious delayed-onset T cell-mediated systemic reactions are considered extremely rare. Hypersensitivity can occur because of either the active vaccine component (antigen) or one of the other components. Postvaccination acute-onset hypersensitivity reactions include self-limited localized adverse events and, rarely, systemic reactions ranging from urticaria/angioedema to full-blown anaphylaxis with multisystem involvement. Risk of anaphylaxis after all vaccines is estimated to be 1.31 (95% CI, 0.90-1.84) per million vaccine doses, respectively. Serious hypersensitivity reactions after influenza vaccines are particularly important because of the large number of persons vaccinated annually. Influenza vaccines are unique in requiring annual changes in the vaccines' antigenic composition to match the predicted circulating influenza strains. Recently, novel influenza vaccine types were introduced in the United States (recombinant vaccines, some with higher antigen content and a new adjuvanted vaccine). Providers should be aware of changing recommendations on the basis of recent published evidence for persons with a history of egg allergy to receive annual influenza vaccination. Further research is needed to elucidate the pathophysiology and risk factors for reported vaccine-associated adverse events. Further research is also needed to determine whether repeated annual inactivated influenza vaccination, the number of vaccine antigens administered at the same time, and the current timing of routine infant vaccinations are optimal for overall population well-being.
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Lauren CT, Belsito DV, Morel KD, LaRussa P. Case Report of Subcutaneous Nodules and Sterile Abscesses Due to Delayed Type Hypersensitivity to Aluminum-Containing Vaccines. Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2014-1690. [PMID: 27677573 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine childhood immunizations have resulted in great reductions in vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Vaccine-related adverse events, albeit rare, can be of significant consequence. Although anaphylaxis, or type I hypersensitivity, is recognized as a potential reaction after vaccination, delayed type hypersensitivity or type IV reactions are less so. We present a case of persistent subcutaneous nodules and sterile abscesses in the setting of delayed type hypersensitivity to aluminum, confirmed by patch testing and recurrence on re-exposure. We review sources of aluminum in common immunizations, principles for treatment, and strategies for management of future vaccinations for this patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine T Lauren
- Departments of Dermatology, and .,Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Kimberly D Morel
- Departments of Dermatology, and.,Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Philip LaRussa
- Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Caubet JC, Ponvert C. Vaccine allergy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2015; 50:132-137. [PMID: 25017679 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Overdiagnosis of vaccine allergy is considered a major public health problem. This article discusses the different types of allergic reactions after immunization based on the timing (immediate vs nonimmediate) and the extent of the reaction (local vs systemic). The vaccine components potentially responsible for an allergic reaction are discussed, as well as the management of patients with a history of reaction to a specific vaccine and those with a history of allergy to one of the vaccine components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christoph Caubet
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals of Geneva and Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Claude Ponvert
- Pulmonology & Allergology Service, Department of Pediatrics, Sick Children's Hospital, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Caubet JC, Rudzeviciene O, Gomes E, Terreehorst I, Brockow K, Eigenmann PA. Managing a child with possible allergy to vaccine. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014; 25:394-403. [PMID: 24131271 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Similarly to other medications, vaccines may be responsible for allergic reactions. Although IgE-mediated allergies to vaccine are extremely rare, they are clearly overdiagnosed. Indeed, accurate diagnosis of vaccine allergy is important not only to prevent serious or even life-threatening reactions, but also to avoid unnecessary vaccine restriction. Systematic approaches have been proposed and, if implemented, will likely reduce the number of children being inappropriately labeled as allergic to vaccine. In diagnosis of vaccine allergy, the patient's history is central although not sufficient. In case of suspicion of an allergy, the child should be referred to an allergist in order to perform a complete allergy workup, based primarily on skin tests and/or specific IgE. Highlighting the most recent literature, this article will address the management of children with a possible allergy to vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christoph Caubet
- Department of Child and Adolescent, University Hospitals of Geneva and Medical School of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chung EH. Vaccine allergies. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2013; 3:50-7. [PMID: 24427763 PMCID: PMC3890451 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the increasing numbers of vaccine administrations are associated with increased reports of adverse vaccine reactions. Whilst the general adverse reactions including allergic reactions caused by the vaccine itself or the vaccine components, are rare, they can in some circumstances be serious and even fatal. In accordance with many IgE-mediated reactions and immediate-type allergic reactions, the primary allergens are proteins. The proteins most often implicated in vaccine allergies are egg and gelatin, with perhaps rare reactions to yeast or latex. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the injectable influenza vaccine can be safely administered, although with appropriate precautions, to patients with severe egg allergy, as the current influenza vaccines contain small trace amounts of egg protein. If an allergy is suspected, an accurate examination followed by algorithms is vital for correct diagnosis, treatment and decision regarding re-vaccination in patients with immediate-type reactions to vaccines. Facilities and health care professionals should be available to treat immediate hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis) in all settings where vaccines are administered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hee Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hypersensitivity reactions to vaccine constituents: a case series and review of the literature. Dermatitis 2013; 23:102-9. [PMID: 22653170 DOI: 10.1097/der.0b013e31825228cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are composed of immunogens, preservatives, adjuvants, antibiotics, and manufacturing by-products. Components of vaccines may rarely elicit adverse reactions in susceptible individuals, thus raising concerns regarding vaccine safety. In this report, we add to the medical literature 3 cases of cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity to the vaccine preservative aluminum. We provide a review of major constituents in vaccines that have elicited immediate-type or delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions and describe their clinical manifestations. We include a table of the Food and Drug Administration-approved vaccines, which lists the quantities of major components including ovalbumin (egg protein), gelatin, aluminum, neomycin, 2-phenoxyethanol, thimerosal, and formaldehyde. Our goals were to inform physicians on the variety of hypersensitivity reactions to common vaccines and to provide information on the choice of vaccines in patients with suspected hypersensitivity.
Collapse
|
14
|
Scognamiglio J, Jones L, Letizia C, Api A. Fragrance material review on 2-phenoxyethanol. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50 Suppl 2:S244-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Andersen FA. Annual Review of Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Assessments: 2007-2010. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:73S-127S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581811412618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
16
|
Aakhus AE, Warshaw EM. Allergy to Methyldibromoglutaronitrile/Phenoxyethanol (Euxyl K 400): Regulatory Issues, Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Management. Dermatitis 2011. [DOI: 10.2310/6620.2011.10081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Lehman HK, Faden HS, Fang YV, Ballow M. A case of recurrent sterile abscesses following vaccination: delayed hypersensitivity to aluminum. J Pediatr 2008; 152:133-5. [PMID: 18154915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Lehman
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Birnie
- Department of Dermatology, Queen's Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Eldred BE, Dean AJ, McGuire TM, Nash AL. Vaccine components and constituents: responding to consumer concerns. Med J Aust 2006; 184:170-5. [PMID: 16489901 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination remains a vital strategy in the prevention of infectious disease. Commercial vaccine formulations contain a range of additives or manufacturing residuals, which may contribute to patient concerns about vaccine safety. Primary health care professionals are well placed to address patient concerns about vaccine safety. We describe the key constituents present in vaccines, discuss issues related to safety and acceptability of these constituents, and provide a table highlighting constituents of commercially available vaccines in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Eldred
- Education and Information Unit, Mater Pharmacy Services, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- R Gallo
- Section of Dermatology, Dipartimento di Scienze Endocrinologiche e Metaboliche, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hypersensitivity Reactions to Vaccine Components. Dermatitis 2005. [DOI: 10.1097/01206501-200509000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
23
|
Hernández B, Ortiz-Frutos FJ, García M, Palencia S, García MC, Iglesias L. Contact urticaria from 2-phenoxyethanol. Contact Dermatitis 2002; 47:54. [PMID: 12225420 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.470116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Hernández
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- S Bohn
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|