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McKenna E, Mhaonaigh AU, Wubben R, Dwivedi A, Hurley T, Kelly LA, Stevenson NJ, Little MA, Molloy EJ. Neutrophils: Need for Standardized Nomenclature. Front Immunol 2021; 12:602963. [PMID: 33936029 PMCID: PMC8081893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.602963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant innate immune cell with critical anti-microbial functions. Since the discovery of granulocytes at the end of the nineteenth century, the cells have been given many names including phagocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), granulocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells (G-MDSC), low density neutrophils (LDN) and tumor associated neutrophils (TANS). This lack of standardized nomenclature for neutrophils suggest that biologically distinct populations of neutrophils exist, particularly in disease, when in fact these may simply be a manifestation of the plasticity of the neutrophil as opposed to unique populations. In this review, we profile the surface markers and granule expression of each stage of granulopoiesis to offer insight into how each stage of maturity may be identified. We also highlight the remarkable surface marker expression profiles between the supposed neutrophil populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen McKenna
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatric Research Laboratory, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Richard Wubben
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amrita Dwivedi
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, TTMI, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tim Hurley
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatric Research Laboratory, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Neonatology, Coombe Women and Infant's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lynne A Kelly
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatric Research Laboratory, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nigel J Stevenson
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Viral Immunology Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
| | - Mark A Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, TTMI, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleanor J Molloy
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatric Research Laboratory, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Neonatology, Coombe Women and Infant's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,Neonatology, Children's Hospital Ireland (CHI) at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatrics, CHI at Tallaght, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Singh V, Galla S, Golonka RM, Patterson AD, Chassaing B, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M. Lipocalin 2 deficiency-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis evokes metabolic syndrome in aged mice. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:314-321. [PMID: 32628083 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00118.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is a multifunctional innate immune protein that limits microbial overgrowth. Our previous study demonstrated that the gut microbiota directly induces intestinal Lcn2 production, and Lcn2-deficient (Lcn2-/-) mice exhibit gut dysbiosis. Coincidentally, gut dysbiosis is associated with metabolic syndrome pathogenesis, and elevated Lcn2 levels has been considered a potential clinical biomarker of metabolic syndrome. Yet whether Lcn2 mitigates or exacerbates metabolic syndrome remains inconclusive. Our objective was to determine whether Lcn2 deficiency-induced compositional changes in gut microbiota contribute to gain in adiposity in aged mice. Utilizing Lcn2-/- mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates, we measured metabolic markers, including fasting blood glucose, serum lipids, fat pad weight, and insulin resistance at ages 3, 6, and 9 mo old. Relative to WT mice, aged Lcn2-/- mice exhibited a gain in adiposity associated with numerous features of metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Surprisingly, supplementation with a high-fat diet did not further aggravate metabolic syndrome that spontaneously occurs in Lcn2-/- mice by 6 mo of age. Interestingly, chow-fed Lcn2-/- mice displayed marked differences in the bacterial abundance and metabolomic profile of the gut microbiota compared with WT mice. Overall, our results demonstrate that Lcn2 is essential to maintain metabolic and gut microbiotal homeostasis, where deficiency induces spontaneous delayed onset of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Singh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Galla
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Rachel M Golonka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
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3
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Wang W, Li Z, Chen Y, Wu H, Zhang S, Chen X. Prediction Value of Serum NGAL in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Experimental Acute and Chronic Kidney Injuries. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10070981. [PMID: 32630021 PMCID: PMC7407226 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and accurate serum biomarkers for monitoring acute and chronic kidney disease progression are more convenient and can better evaluate drug efficiency in pharmacological research. Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (NGAL) is considered a hopeful early biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI), but its utility in early prediction and prognosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and immune-mediated glomerulonephritis is still not clear. Moreover, detailed prognosis studies of NGAL in AKI are lacking, and most studies use a urine source. In the current study, through two experimental AKI and two chronic kidney injury animal models, serum NGAL (sNGAL) prediction values on diagnosis and prognosis of kidney injuries in animal disease models have been investigated thoroughly. Four experimental kidney disease models include cisplatin-induced and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AKI, streptozocin-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN), and cationized-bovine serum albumin (c-BSA)-induced membranous nephropathy (MN), respectively. The sNGAL concentration was measured at different stages of kidney injury (KI) in each experimental model, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to investigate the diagnosis efficiency of sNGAL for KI. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the protein levels in the kidneys, and pathological analysis was used as the gold standard to confirm KI. Results suggest that sNGAL can predict early diagnosis of cisplatin-induced AKI accurately but is less powerful in later stages compared to blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr). sNGAL is sensitive but lacks specificity to evaluate early kidney injury for LPS-induced AKI under low-dosage LPS challenge. sNGAL is not an efficient biomarker for early diagnosis of STZ-induced DN, but sNGAL is an efficient predictor for the early diagnosis and prognosis of immune-mediated MN. In conclusion, application of sNGAL as a kidney injury biomarker to determine the diagnosis and prognosis in pharmacological studies is dependent on experimental animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sen Zhang
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (X.C.); Tel.: +86-15201539761 (S.Z.); +86-1063165207 (X.C.)
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (X.C.); Tel.: +86-15201539761 (S.Z.); +86-1063165207 (X.C.)
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4
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Li D, Yan Sun W, Fu B, Xu A, Wang Y. Lipocalin-2-The myth of its expression and function. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 127:142-151. [PMID: 31597008 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 is a functional biomarker for acute and chronic kidney diseases, heart failure and obesity-related medical complications. It is rapidly induced in epithelial cells under stress conditions, but constitutively produced from pre-adipocytes and mature adipocytes. Measuring the lipocalin-2 levels represents an effective approach for risk prediction, patient stratification and disease management. Nevertheless, due to ligand-binding, post-translational modification and protein-protein interaction, lipocalin-2 exists as multiple variants that elicit different pathophysiological functions. To characterize the specific structure-functional relationships of lipocalin-2 variants is critical for the development of biomarker assays with sufficient precision and reliability. Moreover, identifying the pathological forms of lipocalin-2 will provide new therapeutic targets and treatment approaches for obesity-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahui Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Yan Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bowen Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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5
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Lu F, Inoue K, Kato J, Minamishima S, Morisaki H. Functions and regulation of lipocalin-2 in gut-origin sepsis: a narrative review. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2019; 23:269. [PMID: 31375129 PMCID: PMC6679544 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2), an innate immune protein, has come to be recognized for its roles in iron homeostasis, infection, and inflammation. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive description based on currently available evidence of the clinical implications of Lcn2 and its therapeutic potency in gut-origin sepsis. Lcn2 appears to mitigate gut barrier injury via maintaining homeostasis of the microbiota and exerting antioxidant strategy, as well as by deactivating macrophages and inducing immune cell apoptosis to terminate systemic hyper-inflammation. We propose that development of a therapeutic strategy targeting lipocalin-2 could be highly promising in the management of gut-origin sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Lu
- Keio University Graduate School of Medicine Doctoral Programs, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanoamchi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kei Inoue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanoamchi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jungo Kato
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanoamchi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shizuka Minamishima
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanoamchi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morisaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanoamchi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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6
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Dahl SL, Woodworth JS, Lerche CJ, Cramer EP, Nielsen PR, Moser C, Thomsen AR, Borregaard N, Cowland JB. Lipocalin-2 Functions as Inhibitor of Innate Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2717. [PMID: 30534124 PMCID: PMC6275245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 is a constituent of the neutrophil secondary granules and is expressed de novo by macrophages and epithelium in response to inflammation. Lipocalin-2 acts in a bacteriostatic fashion by binding iron-loaded siderophores required for bacterial growth. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) produces siderophores that can be bound by lipocalin-2. The impact of lipocalin-2 in the innate immune response toward extracellular bacteria has been established whereas the effect on intracellular bacteria, such as M.tb, is less well-described. Here we show that lipocalin-2 surprisingly confers a growth advantage on M.tb in the early stages of infection (3 weeks post-challenge). Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we demonstrate that lipocalin-2 derived from granulocytes, but not from epithelia and macrophages, leads to increased susceptibility to M.tb infection. In contrast, lipocalin-2 is not observed to promote mycobacterial growth at later stages of M.tb infection. We demonstrate co-localization of granulocytes and mycobacteria within the nascent granulomas at week 3 post-challenge, but not in the consolidated granulomas at week 5. We hypothesize that neutrophil-derived lipocalin-2 acts to supply a source of iron to M.tb in infected macrophages within the immature granuloma, thereby facilitating mycobacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Louise Dahl
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua S Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Pia Rude Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jack Bernard Cowland
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Bauvois B, Susin SA. Revisiting Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in Cancer: Saint or Sinner? Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090336. [PMID: 30231474 PMCID: PMC6162539 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a glycoprotein present in a wide variety of tissues and cell types. NGAL exists as a 25 kDa monomer, a 46 kDa homodimer (the most abundant form in healthy subjects) and a 130 kDa disulfide-linked heterodimer bound to latent matrix metalloproteinase-9. Dysregulated expression of NGAL in human malignancies suggests its value as a clinical marker. A growing body of evidence is highlighting NGAL’s paradoxical (i.e., both beneficial and detrimental) effects on cellular processes associated with tumor development (proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and multidrug resistance). At least two distinct cell surface receptors are identified for NGAL. This review (i) summarizes our current knowledge of NGAL’s expression profiles in solid tumors and leukemias, and (ii) critically evaluates the beneficial and detrimental activities of NGAL having been documented in a diverse range of cancer-derived cell lines. A better understanding of the causal relationships between NGAL dysregulation and tumor development will require a fine analysis of the molecular aspects and biological role(s) of NGAL both in primary tumors and at different stages of disease. Having an accurate picture of NGAL’s contribution to tumor progression is a prerequisite for attempting to modulate this protein as a putative therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Bauvois
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Universités Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Santos A Susin
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Universités Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, F-75005 Paris, France.
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8
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More than a simple biomarker: the role of NGAL in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:909-923. [PMID: 29739822 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a small circulating protein that is highly modulated in a wide variety of pathological situations, making it a useful biomarker of various disease states. It is one of the best markers of acute kidney injury, as it is rapidly released after tubular damage. However, a growing body of evidence highlights an important role for NGAL beyond that of a biomarker of renal dysfunction. Indeed, numerous studies have demonstrated a role for NGAL in both cardiovascular and renal diseases. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge concerning the involvement of NGAL in cardiovascular and renal diseases and discuss the various mechanisms underlying its pathological implications.
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9
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The Ontogeny of a Neutrophil: Mechanisms of Granulopoiesis and Homeostasis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:82/1/e00057-17. [PMID: 29436479 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00057-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprising the majority of leukocytes in humans, neutrophils are the first immune cells to respond to inflammatory or infectious etiologies and are crucial participants in the proper functioning of both innate and adaptive immune responses. From their initial appearance in the liver, thymus, and spleen at around the eighth week of human gestation to their generation in large numbers in the bone marrow at the end of term gestation, the differentiation of the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell into a mature, segmented neutrophil is a highly controlled process where the transcriptional regulators C/EBP-α and C/EBP-ε play a vital role. Recent advances in neutrophil biology have clarified the life cycle of these cells and revealed striking differences between neonatal and adult neutrophils based on fetal maturation and environmental factors. Here we detail neutrophil ontogeny, granulopoiesis, and neutrophil homeostasis and highlight important differences between neonatal and adult neutrophil populations.
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10
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Moschen AR, Adolph TE, Gerner RR, Wieser V, Tilg H. Lipocalin-2: A Master Mediator of Intestinal and Metabolic Inflammation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:388-397. [PMID: 28214071 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is released by various cell types and is an attractive biomarker of inflammation, ischemia, infection, and kidney damage. Both intestinal and metabolic inflammation, as observed in obesity and related disorders, are associated with increased LCN2 synthesis. While LCN2 in the intestinal tract regulates the composition of the gut microbiota and shows anti-inflammatory activities, it also exhibits proinflammatory activities in other experimental settings. In animal models of metabolic inflammation, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), increased LCN2 expression favors inflammation via the recruitment of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines. A better understanding of this crucial marker of innate immunity might pave the way for targeting this pathway in future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Wieser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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11
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Lipocalin-2 from both myeloid cells and the epithelium combats Klebsiella pneumoniae lung infection in mice. Blood 2017; 129:2813-2817. [PMID: 28396494 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-753434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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Increased Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin is Associated with Mortality and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. Shock 2016; 44:234-8. [PMID: 26009825 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines the clinical utility of increased neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as an indicator of mortality and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in severe sepsis and septic shock. METHODS We designed a prospective cohort study in an intensive care unit, and 123 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock were included. Data were used to determine a relationship between NGAL and the development of MODS and mortality. These associations were determined by the Mann-Whitney U test, log-rank test, Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, and plotting the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS Patients with high NGAL (75th percentile) had increased risk of mortality and MODS compared with patients with low NGAL (log-rank test, P < 0.05). There were 39 patients (32%) with mortality during follow-up at 12 months, 10 patients (8%) with MODS on day 1, and 37 patients (30%) on day 7. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve showed that high NGAL could predict mortality (0.6385) during intensive care unit stay. After adjustment for confounding risk factors chosen by backward elimination by Cox regression analysis, high NGAL remained an independent predictor of mortality and MODS (hazard ratios, 2.128 [95% confidence interval, 1.078-4.203; P = 0.030] and 1.896 [95% confidence interval, 1.012-3.552; P = 0.046], respectively). CONCLUSIONS High plasma NGAL independently predicts mortality and MODS in severe sepsis and septic shock.
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Aghanasir F, Aghaei H, Imani Fooladi AA, Ebrahimi M, Bagherpour G, Nourani MR. Expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in peripheral nerve repair. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 36:429-34. [PMID: 27087673 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1132238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trauma is one of the causes of peripheral nerve injuries. Free radicals increase after tissue damage. Free radicals are usually scavenged and detoxified by antioxidants. In this study, we assessed the antioxidative role of the NGAL molecule in sciatic nerve repair in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sciatic nerves of 40 rats were crushed and the total mRNA of samples from day 1 and 3 and week 1, 3, 5 post injury was extracted. The expression of the NGAL gene was confirmed by RT-PCR. For immunohistochemistry analysis, the samples were fixed in paraformaldehyde and cut in 20 micrometer slices by cryostat. RESULTS The expression of NGAL significantly upregulated in day 1, 3 and week 1 following the crushing of sciatic nerves in comparison with the intact nerves. Immunohistochemistry results also confirmed the protein expression of this gene. DISCUSSION The NGAL molecule showed upregulation in the degeneration process after nerve injury, so it may play an important role in nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Aghanasir
- a Department of Physiology and Biophysics , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Aghaei
- b Department of Physiology , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- c Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Majid Ebrahimi
- d Organ Anatomy Department, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Ghasem Bagherpour
- e Department of Medical Biotechnology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Nourani
- f Tissue Engineering Division, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran , and.,g Genomics Division, Systems Biology Institute, Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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14
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Xu MJ, Feng D, Wu H, Wang H, Chan Y, Kolls J, Borregaard N, Porse B, Berger T, Mak TW, Cowland JB, Kong X, Gao B. Liver is the major source of elevated serum lipocalin-2 levels after bacterial infection or partial hepatectomy: a critical role for IL-6/STAT3. Hepatology 2015; 61:692-702. [PMID: 25234944 PMCID: PMC4303493 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) was originally isolated from human neutrophils and termed neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). However, the functions of LCN2 and the cell types that are primarily responsible for LCN2 production remain unclear. To address these issues, hepatocyte-specific Lcn2 knockout (Lcn2(Hep-/-)) mice were generated and subjected to bacterial infection (with Klesbsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli) or partial hepatectomy (PHx). Studies of Lcn2(Hep-/-) mice revealed that hepatocytes contributed to 25% of the low basal serum level of LCN2 protein (∼ 62 ng/mL) but were responsible for more than 90% of the highly elevated serum LCN2 protein level (∼ 6,000 ng/mL) postinfection and more than 60% post-PHx (∼ 700 ng/mL). Interestingly, both Lcn2(Hep-/-) and global Lcn2 knockout (Lcn2(-/-)) mice demonstrated comparable increases in susceptibility to infection with K. pneumoniae or E. coli. These mice also had increased enteric bacterial translocation from the gut to the mesenteric lymph nodes and exhibited reduced liver regeneration after PHx. Treatment with interleukin (IL)-6 stimulated hepatocytes to produce LCN2 in vitro and in vivo. Hepatocyte-specific ablation of the IL-6 receptor or Stat3, a major downstream effector of IL-6, markedly abrogated LCN2 elevation in vivo. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that STAT3 was recruited to the promoter region of the Lcn2 gene upon STAT3 activation by IL-6. CONCLUSION Hepatocytes are the major cell type responsible for LCN2 production after bacterial infection or PHx, and this response is dependent on IL-6 activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway. Thus, hepatocyte-derived LCN2 plays an important role in inhibiting bacterial infection and promoting liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hailong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yvonne Chan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jay Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Porse
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark,Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Denmark,Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorsten Berger
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Tak W. Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Jack B. Cowland
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaoni Kong
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Diverse functional roles of lipocalin-2 in the central nervous system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 49:135-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Lukasz A, Beneke J, Menne J, Vetter F, Schmidt BMW, Schiffer M, Haller H, Kümpers P, Kielstein JT. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in patients with Shiga toxin mediated haemolytic uraemic syndrome (STEC-HUS). Thromb Haemost 2013; 111:365-72. [PMID: 24172823 DOI: 10.1160/th13-05-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is an increasingly used biomarker for acute kidney injury (AKI). Its utility in adult patients with AKI caused by Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli infection (STEC)-associated haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS), remains unknown. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of serum NGAL admission levels for the need of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in STEC-HUS patients. Baseline serum NGAL was determined by ELISA in 39 patients with STEC O104:H4 infection cared for at Hannover Medical School during the outbreak in Germany through May-July 2011. Patients with HUS had significant higher NGAL levels than healthy controls (379 [248 - 540] vs 39.0 [37.5-45] ng/ml, p < 0.0001). During clinical course, 24 patients required RRT at a median of five days after admission. NGAL admission levels were higher in patients requiring RRT (476 (344-639) ng/ml) compared to patients not requiring RRT (257 (196-426) ng/ml; p < 0.001). Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses identified NGAL as an independent predictor for need of RRT. In a combined model, a joint NGAL/AKIN classification approach improved the predictive accuracy for need of RRT over either marker alone. The combined categorical cut-off point defined by NGAL ≥ 330 ng/ml and presence of AKI (AKIN ≥ I) on admission correctly identified 20 of 24 patients requiring RRT (odds ratio 20, sensitivity 83%, specificity 80%, negative predictive value 75%, positive predictive value 87%). NGAL may serve as an adjunctive tool to improve risk prediction in patients with STEC-HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lukasz
- Alexander Lukasz, MD, Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany, Tel.: +49 251 8347516, Fax: +49 251 8346979, E-mail:
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17
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Liu G, Bi Y, Wang R, Shen B, Zhang Y, Yang H, Wang X, Liu H, Lu Y, Han F. Kinase AKT1 negatively controls neutrophil recruitment and function in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2680-90. [PMID: 23904165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are critically involved in host defense and inflammatory injury. However, intrinsic signaling mechanisms controlling neutrophil recruitment and activities are poorly defined. In this article, we showed that protein kinase AKT1 (also known as PKBα) is the dominant isoform expressed in neutrophils and is downregulated upon bacterial infection and neutrophil activation. AKT1 deficiency resulted in severe disease progression accompanied by recruitment of neutrophils and enhanced bactericidal activity in the acute inflammatory lung injury (ALI) and the Staphylococcus aureus infection mouse models. Moreover, the depletion of neutrophils efficiently reversed the aggravated inflammatory response, but adoptive transfer of AKT1(-/-) neutrophils could potentiate the inflammatory immunity, indicating an intrinsic effect of the neutrophil in modulating inflammation in AKT1(-/-) mice. In the ALI model, the infiltration of neutrophils into the inflammatory site was associated with enhanced migration capacity, whereas inflammatory stimuli could promote neutrophil apoptosis. In accordance with these findings, neutralization of CXCR2 attenuated neutrophil infiltration and delayed the occurrence of inflammation. Finally, the enhanced bactericidal activity and inflammatory immunity of AKT-deficient neutrophils were mediated by a STAT1-dependent, but not a mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent, pathway. Thus, our findings indicated that the AKT1-STAT1 signaling axis negatively regulates neutrophil recruitment and activation in ALI and S. aureus infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Liu
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200023, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Mårtensson J, Bell M, Xu S, Bottai M, Ravn B, Venge P, Martling CR. Association of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) with sepsis and acute kidney dysfunction. Biomarkers 2013; 18:349-56. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.787460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Mårtensson
- Section of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet
StockholmSweden
| | - Max Bell
- Section of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet
StockholmSweden
| | - Shengyuan Xu
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University
UppsalaSweden
| | - Matteo Bottai
- Unit of Biostatistics, The Institution of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
StockholmSweden
| | - Bo Ravn
- Section of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet
StockholmSweden
| | - Per Venge
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University
UppsalaSweden
| | - Claes-Roland Martling
- Section of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet
StockholmSweden
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Yang J, McNeish B, Butterfield C, Moses MA. Lipocalin 2 is a novel regulator of angiogenesis in human breast cancer. FASEB J 2012; 27:45-50. [PMID: 22982376 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-211730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), a member of the lipocalin family, is up-regulated in a variety of epithelial cancers. We have previously reported that Lcn2 induces the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in breast cancer through the estrogen receptor α/Slug axis and that it is a potential noninvasive biomarker of this disease. Here, we report the novel finding that Lcn2 regulates breast cancer angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key angiogenic activator, was significantly increased with Lcn2 expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells as well as in an angiogenic line derived from MDA-MB-436 cells. Treatment with a VEGF-neutralizing antibody demonstrates that VEGF is essential for the angiogenic activity of Lcn2. We further demonstrate that Lcn2-induced VEGF is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and that Lcn2 regulates HIF-1α through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk). The regulation of HIF-1α and VEGF by Lcn2 was also demonstrated in the aggressive MDA-MB-231 cell line. Using the mouse corneal pocket assay, we found that Lcn2 significantly enhanced the angiogenesis induced by VEGF. Taken together, these results are the first to demonstrate that Lcn2 promotes angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo and suggest a novel mechanism through which Lcn2 may promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yang
- Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Srinivasan G, Aitken JD, Zhang B, Carvalho FA, Chassaing B, Shashidharamurthy R, Borregaard N, Jones DP, Gewirtz AT, Vijay-Kumar M. Lipocalin 2 deficiency dysregulates iron homeostasis and exacerbates endotoxin-induced sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1911-9. [PMID: 22786765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Various states of inflammation, including sepsis, are associated with hypoferremia, which limits iron availability to pathogens and reduces iron-mediated oxidative stress. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2; siderocalin, 24p3) plays a central role in iron transport. Accordingly, Lcn2-deficient (Lcn2KO) mice exhibit elevated intracellular labile iron. In this study, we report that LPS induced systemic Lcn2 by 150-fold in wild-type mice at 24 h. Relative to wild-type littermates, Lcn2KO mice were markedly more sensitive to endotoxemia, exhibiting elevated indices of organ damage (transaminasemia, lactate dehydrogenase) and increased mortality. Such exacerbated endotoxemia was associated with substantially increased caspase-3 cleavage and concomitantly elevated immune cell apoptosis. Furthermore, cells from Lcn2KO mice were hyperresponsive to LPS ex vivo, exhibiting elevated cytokine secretion. Additionally, Lcn2KO mice exhibited delayed LPS-induced hypoferremia despite normal hepatic hepcidin expression and displayed decreased levels of the tissue redox state indicators cysteine and glutathione in liver and plasma. Desferroxamine, an iron chelator, significantly protects Lcn2KO mice from LPS-induced toxicity, including mortality, suggesting that Lcn2 may act as an antioxidant in vivo by regulating iron homeostasis. Thus, Lcn2-mediated regulation of labile iron protects the host against sepsis. Its small size and simple structure may make Lcn2 a deployable treatment for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Srinivasan
- Department of Biology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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21
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Bienholz A, Petrat F, Wenzel P, Ickerott P, Weinberg JM, Witzke O, Kribben A, de Groot H, Feldkamp T. Adverse effects of α-ketoglutarate/malate in a rat model of acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F56-63. [PMID: 22513847 PMCID: PMC3431145 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00070.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most common kidney disease in hospitalized patients with high mortality. Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) is one of the major causes of AKI. The combination of α-ketoglutarate+malate (αKG/MAL) showed the ability to reduce hypoxia-induced damage to isolated proximal tubules. The present study utilizes a rat model of I/R-induced AKI accompanied by intensive biomonitoring to examine whether αKG/MAL provides protection in vivo. AKI was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by bilateral renal clamping (40 min) followed by reperfusion (240 min). αKG/MAL was infused continuously for 60 min before and 45 min after ischemia. Normoxic and I/R control groups received 0.9% NaCl solution. The effect of αKG/MAL was evaluated by biomonitoring, blood and plasma parameters, histopathology, and immunohistochemical staining for kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), as well as by determination of tissue ATP and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Intravenous infusion of αKG/MAL at a cumulative dose of 1 mmol/kg each (146 mg/kg αKG and 134 mg/kg MAL) did not prevent I/R-induced increases in plasma creatinine, histopathological alterations, or cortical ATP depletion. On the contrary, the most notable adverse affect in animals receiving αKG/MAL was the decrease in mean arterial blood pressure, which was also accompanied by a reduction in heart rate. Supplementation with αKG/MAL, which is very protective against hypoxia-induced injury in isolated proximal tubules, does not protect against I/R-induced renal injury in vivo, possibly due to cardiovascular depressive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bienholz
- Department of Nephrology, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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Cramer EP, Glenthøj A, Häger M, Juncker-Jensen A, Engelholm LH, Santoni-Rugiu E, Lund LR, Laerum OD, Cowland JB, Borregaard N. No effect of NGAL/lipocalin-2 on aggressiveness of cancer in the MMTV-PyMT/FVB/N mouse model for breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39646. [PMID: 22737251 PMCID: PMC3380857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NGAL/lipocalin-2 is a siderophore-binding protein that is highly expressed in several cancers. It is suggested to confer a proliferative advantage to cancer cells. Its expression has been correlated with aggressiveness of breast cancer as determined both in patients and in mouse breast cancer models. This was recently confirmed in two mouse models of spontaneous breast cancer in wild-type and lipocalin-2-deficient mice. We used a similar strategy using a different mouse strain. Lipocalin-2-deficient mice and mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle T antigen (MMTV-PyMT) mice were crossed into the same FVB/N background. All mice developed tumors by week 8. The mice were sacrificed on week 13 and tissue was processed for biochemical and histological analysis. The total tumor volume and number of metastases were quantitated in 26 lipocalin-2-deficient mice and 34 wild-type controls. Lipocalin-2 expression in tumors of MMTV-PyMT-positive and wild-type mice was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and by immunohistochemistry. The expression of the lipocalin-2 receptors 24p3R and megalin and of Mmp-9, transferrin receptor, and Bdh2 (a producer of a mammalian siderophore) were quantitated by real-time PCR. No significant difference was observed between wild-type and lipocalin-2-deficient mice. Lipocalin-2 was highly expressed in tumors from wild-type mice, but the expression did not correlate with tumor size. No effect of lipocalin-2 was observed with respect to time to tumor appearance, total tumor volume, or to the number of metastases. Histology and gelatinolytic activity of the mammary tumors did not differ between wild-type and lipocalin-2-deficient mice. We conclude that NGAL/lipocalin-2 does not invariably affect the aggressiveness of breast cancers as assessed in mouse models, thus questioning the role of lipocalin-2 in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth P. Cramer
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Glenthøj
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mattias Häger
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Juncker-Jensen
- Finsen Laboratory, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars H. Engelholm
- Finsen Laboratory, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Santoni-Rugiu
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leif R. Lund
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole D. Laerum
- Finsen Laboratory, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Gade Institute, Section of Pathology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jack B. Cowland
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (JBC); (NB)
| | - Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (JBC); (NB)
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Correnti C, Strong RK. Mammalian siderophores, siderophore-binding lipocalins, and the labile iron pool. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13524-31. [PMID: 22389496 PMCID: PMC3340207 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r111.311829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria use tight-binding, ferric-specific chelators called siderophores to acquire iron from the environment and from the host during infection; animals use proteins such as transferrin and ferritin to transport and store iron. Recently, candidate compounds that could serve endogenously as mammalian siderophore equivalents have been identified and characterized through associations with siderocalin, the only mammalian siderophore-binding protein currently known. Siderocalin, an antibacterial protein, acts by sequestering iron away from infecting bacteria as siderophore complexes. Candidate endogenous siderophores include compounds that only effectively transport iron as ternary complexes with siderocalin, explaining pleiotropic activities in normal cellular processes and specific disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Correnti
- From the Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Roland K. Strong
- From the Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
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Lipocalin 2 regulation and its complex role in inflammation and cancer. Cytokine 2011; 56:435-41. [PMID: 21855366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 is a protein that has garnered a great deal of interest in multidisciplinary fields over the last two decades since its discovery. However, its exact function in metabolic processes remains to be completely characterized. More recently, it has come to light as a highly upregulated protein in the setting of injury and infection. This review focuses on lipocalin 2 regulation and its relationship to cytokine and endocrine signaling pathways.
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Klebsiella pneumoniae yersiniabactin promotes respiratory tract infection through evasion of lipocalin 2. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3309-16. [PMID: 21576334 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05114-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a pathogen of increasing concern because of multidrug resistance, especially due to K. pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs). K. pneumoniae must acquire iron to replicate, and it utilizes iron-scavenging siderophores, such as enterobactin (Ent). The innate immune protein lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is able to specifically bind Ent and disrupt iron acquisition. To determine whether K. pneumoniae must produce Lcn2-resistant siderophores to cause disease, we examined siderophore production by clinical isolates (n = 129) from respiratory, urine, blood, and stool samples and by defined siderophore mutants through genotyping and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three categories of K. pneumoniae isolates were identified: enterobactin positive (Ent(+)) (81%), enterobactin and yersiniabactin positive (Ent(+) Ybt(+)) (17%), and enterobactin and salmochelin (glycosylated Ent) positive (Ent(+) gly-Ent(+)) with or without Ybt (2%). Ent(+) Ybt(+) strains were significantly overrepresented among respiratory tract isolates (P = 0.0068) and β-lactam-resistant isolates (P = 0.0019), including the epidemic KPC-producing clone multilocus sequence type 258 (ST258). In ex vivo growth assays, gly-Ent but not Ybt allowed evasion of Lcn2 in human serum, whereas siderophores were dispensable for growth in human urine. In a murine pneumonia model, an Ent(+) strain was an opportunistic pathogen that was completely inhibited by Lcn2 but caused severe, disseminated disease in Lcn2(-/-) mice. In contrast, an Ent(+) Ybt(+) strain was a frank respiratory pathogen, causing pneumonia despite Lcn2. However, Lcn2 retained partial protection against disseminated disease. In summary, Ybt is a virulence factor that is prevalent among KPC-producing K. pneumoniae isolates and promotes respiratory tract infections through evasion of Lcn2.
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Paragas N, Qiu A, Zhang Q, Samstein B, Deng SX, Schmidt-Ott KM, Viltard M, Yu W, Forster CS, Gong G, Liu Y, Kulkarni R, Mori K, Kalandadze A, Ratner AJ, Devarajan P, Landry DW, D'Agati V, Lin CS, Barasch J. The Ngal reporter mouse detects the response of the kidney to injury in real time. Nat Med 2011; 17:216-22. [PMID: 21240264 PMCID: PMC3059503 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins have been proposed to act as surrogate markers of organ damage, yet for many candidates the essential characteristics which link the protein to the injured organ have not yet been described. We generated an NGAL-reporter mouse by inserting a di-fusion reporter gene, Luciferase2(Luc2)/mCherry(mC) into the Ngal locus. The Ngal-Luc2/mC reporter accurately recapitulated the endogenous message and illuminated injuries in vivo in real-time. In the kidney, Ngal-Luc2/mC imaging showed a sensitive, rapid, dose-dependent, reversible, and organ and cellular specific relationship with tubular stress, which quantitatively paralleled urinary Ngal (uNgal). Unexpectedly, specific cells of the distal nephron were the source of uNgal. Cells isolated from Ngal-Luc2/mC mice could also track both the onset and the resolution of the injury, and monitor the actions of NF-κB inhibitors and antibiotics in the case of infection. Accordingly, the imaging of Ngal-Luc2/mC mice and cells identified injurious and reparative agents which effect kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Paragas
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Wu H, Santoni-Rugiu E, Ralfkiaer E, Porse BT, Moser C, Høiby N, Borregaard N, Cowland JB. Lipocalin 2 is protective against E. coli pneumonia. Respir Res 2010; 11:96. [PMID: 20633248 PMCID: PMC2912245 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipocalin 2 is a bacteriostatic protein that binds the siderophore enterobactin, an iron-chelating molecule produced by Escherichia coli (E. coli) that is required for bacterial growth. Infection of the lungs by E. coli is rare despite a frequent exposure to this commensal bacterium. Lipocalin 2 is an effector molecule of the innate immune system and could therefore play a role in hindering growth of E. coli in the lungs. Methods Lipocalin 2 knock-out and wild type mice were infected with two strains of E. coli. The lungs were removed 48 hours post-infection and examined for lipocalin 2 and MMP9 (a myeloid marker protein) by immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. Bacterial numbers were assessed in the lungs of the mice at 2 and 5 days after infection and mortality of the mice was monitored over a five-day period. The effect of administering ferrichrome (an iron source that cannot be bound by lipocalin 2) along with E.coli was also examined. Results Intratracheal installation of E. coli in mice resulted in strong induction of lipocalin 2 expression in bronchial epithelium and alveolar type II pneumocytes. Migration of myeloid cells to the site of infection also contributed to an increased lipocalin 2 level in the lungs. Significant higher bacterial numbers were observed in the lungs of lipocalin 2 knock-out mice on days 2 and 5 after infection with E. coli (p < 0.05). In addition, a higher number of E. coli was found in the spleen of surviving lipocalin 2 knock-out mice on day 5 post-infection than in the corresponding wild-type mice (p < 0.05). The protective effect against E. coli infection in wild type mice could be counteracted by the siderophore ferrichrome, indicating that the protective effect of lipocalin 2 depends on its ability to sequester iron. Conclusions Lipocalin 2 is important for protection of airways against infection by E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pukstad BS, Ryan L, Flo TH, Stenvik J, Moseley R, Harding K, Thomas DW, Espevik T. Non-healing is associated with persistent stimulation of the innate immune response in chronic venous leg ulcers. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 59:115-22. [PMID: 20558044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular pathogenesis of chronic skin wounds is complex and not fully understood. Although these wounds are often characterized as being in a state of persistent inflammation, the impact and participation of the innate immune responses in sustaining this inflammation needs further investigation. OBJECTIVE We investigated the cytokine profiles, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-stimulating activities and the levels of the antibacterial peptide Lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2) in a series of healing and non-healing chronic venous leg ulcers (CVLUs) through a study time of 8 weeks. METHODS Wound fluids from healing and non-healing CVLUs were run on a Human Cytokine Antibody Array, and Lcn-2 levels measured with ELISA. HEK 293 cells transfected with TLR2 or TLR4 and their respective co-receptors, and human peripheral blood monocytes were then stimulated with the wound fluids from healing and non-healing venous leg ulcers. RESULTS Healing wounds were associated with decreasing levels of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and MIP-1delta, whereas in non-healing wounds decreasing levels of IL-8 and MIP-1alpha were found. Accordingly, wound fluid from non-healing CVLUs contained persistent Lcn-2 levels and TLR2- and TLR4-stimulating activities, while, in healing wounds, the TLR-stimulating activities decreased over time with significantly diminished levels of Lcn-2 (p<0.005). CONCLUSIONS Innate immune responses contribute to the chronic inflammation in non-healing CVLUs through participation of Toll-like receptors. The levels of the antimicrobial peptide Lcn-2 in wound fluids from these ulcers are elevated as a reflection of this contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brita S Pukstad
- Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Technology and Science, 7089 Trondheim, Norway.
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Karlsen JR, Borregaard N, Cowland JB. Induction of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin expression by co-stimulation with interleukin-17 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha is controlled by IkappaB-zeta but neither by C/EBP-beta nor C/EBP-delta. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:14088-100. [PMID: 20220144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.017129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a siderophore-binding antimicrobial protein that is up-regulated in epithelial tissues during inflammation. We demonstrated previously that the gene encoding NGAL (LCN2) is strongly up-regulated by interleukin (IL)-1beta in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner but not by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, another potent activator of NF-kappaB. This is due to an IL-1beta-specific synthesis of the NF-kappaB-binding co-factor IkappaB-zeta, which is essential for NGAL induction. We demonstrate here that NGAL is strongly induced by stimulation with TNF-alpha in the presence of IL-17, a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by the newly discovered subset of CD4(+) T helper cells, T(H)-17. In contrast to the murine NGAL orthologue, 24p3/lipocalin 2, we found no requirement for C/EBP-beta or C/EBP-delta for NGAL induction by IL-17 and TNF-alpha as neither small interfering RNAs against the two C/EBP mRNAs nor mutation of the C/EBP sites in the LCN2 promoter abolished IL-17- and TNF-alpha-induced up-regulation of NGAL. NGAL induction is governed solely by NF-kappaB and its co-factor IkappaB-zeta. This was demonstrated by a pronounced reduction in the amount of NGAL mRNA and NGAL protein synthesized in cells treated with small interfering RNA against IkappaB-zeta and a total lack of activation of an LCN2 promoter construct with a mutated NF-kappaB site. As IL-17 stimulation stabilizes the IkappaB-zeta transcript, we propose a model where TNF-alpha induces activation and binding of NF-kappaB to the promoters of both NFKBIZ and LCN2 genes but induce only transcription of IkappaB-zeta. Co-stimulation with IL-17 leads to accumulation of IkappaB-zeta mRNA and IkappaB-zeta protein, which can bind to NF-kappaB on the LCN2 promoter and thus induce NGAL expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim R Karlsen
- Department of Hematology (93.2.2), Granulocyte Research Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kümpers P, Hafer C, Lukasz A, Lichtinghagen R, Brand K, Fliser D, Faulhaber-Walter R, Kielstein JT. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin at inception of renal replacement therapy predicts survival in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2010; 14:R9. [PMID: 20122150 PMCID: PMC2875521 DOI: 10.1186/cc8861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a promising novel biomarker that correlates with the severity and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, its prognostic utility during the late course of AKI, especially in patients that require renal replacement therapy (RRT) remains unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of serum NGAL in patients with established AKI at inception of RRT in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS Serum NGAL (ELISA methodology) was measured in 109 critically ill patients with AKI at inception of RRT in 7 ICUs of a tertiary care university hospital. The primary outcome studied was 28-day mortality. Secondary outcome measures were ICU length of stay, ventilator-free days, and renal recovery at day 28. RESULTS There was a significant difference in serum NGAL between healthy subjects (median [interquartile range] 39.0 [37.5-42.75] ng/mL), critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) (297 [184-490] ng/mL), and critically ill patients with sepsis (708 [365-1301] ng/mL; P < 0.0001), respectively. Multiple linear regression showed that NGAL levels were independently related to the severity of AKI and the extent of systemic inflammation. NGAL levels were higher in non-survivors (430 [303-942] ng/mL) compared to survivors (298 [159-506] ng/mL; P = 0.004). Consistently, Cox proportional hazards regression analysis identified NGAL as a strong independent predictor for 28-day survival (hazard ratio 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15 - 2.23), P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS This is the first prospective evaluation of serum NGAL as an outcome-specific biomarker in critically ill patients at initiation of RRT. The results from this study indicate that serum NGAL is as an independent predictor of 28-day mortality in ICU patients with dialysis-dependent AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kümpers
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Zheng LT, Lee S, Yin GN, Mori K, Suk K. Down-regulation of lipocalin 2 contributes to chemoresistance in glioblastoma cells. J Neurochem 2009; 111:1238-51. [PMID: 19860839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumor and have a poor clinical prognosis. 1, 3-Bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) is an alkylating agent that is commonly used in glioma therapy. However, BCNU chemotherapy often fails due to drug resistance. To gain better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the drug resistance of glioma, a BCNU-resistant variant (C6R) of C6 rat glioma cells was selected and characterized. The established C6R cells were resistant to BCNU-induced cell death and cell cycle arrest as confirmed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay and flow cytometric analysis of DNA content. C6R cells showed an increased expression of common drug resistance-related genes such as O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and multiple drug resistance 1. In contrast, C6R cells showed a decreased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, therefore, displaying shorter cellular processes compared with parental C6 cells. More importantly, in conjunction with the morphological changes, the expression of lipocalin-2 (lcn2), a 25-kDa secreted proapoptotic protein, was markedly reduced in the BCNU-resistant C6R cells. However, there was no significant change in the expression of lcn2 receptors. Addition of recombinant LCN2 protein or introduction of lcn2 cDNA significantly increased the sensitivity of C6 cells and human glioma cells to BCNU or other anticancer drugs, while knockdown of lcn2 expression by antisense cDNA transfection decreased the sensitivity. When lcn2 was re-expressed in C6R cells, the BCNU sensitivity was restored. Lcn2 enhanced BCNU-induced Akt dephosphorylation providing a molecular basis of apoptosis sensitization. These results suggest that LCN2 protein may be involved in glioma drug resistance and may provide a new approach to sensitizing glioblastoma to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Tai Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, CMRI, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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NGAL decreases E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and increases cell motility and invasion through Rac1 in colon carcinoma cells. J Transl Med 2009; 89:531-48. [PMID: 19308044 PMCID: PMC7770608 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)/lipocalin2, a recently recognized iron regulatory protein that binds to matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), is increased in a spectrum of cancers, including those of the colorectum. Using colon carcinoma cell lines stably transfected with NGAL or antisense NGAL, we showed that NGAL overexpression altered subcellular localization of E-cadherin and catenins, decreased E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion, enhanced cell-matrix attachment, and increased cell motility and in vitro invasion. Conversely, a decrease in NGAL enhanced more aggregated growth pattern and decreased in vitro invasion. We further showed that NGAL exerted these effects through the alteration of the subcellular localization of Rac1 in an extracellular matrix-dependent, but MMP9-independent, manner. Furthermore, we observed that the NGAL-overexpressing cells tolerated increased iron levels in the culture environment, whereas the NGAL-underexpressing cells showed significant cell death after prolonged incubation in high-iron condition. Thus, overexpressing NGAL in colon carcinomas is an important regulatory molecule that integrates extracellular environment cues, iron metabolism, and intracellular small GTPase signaling in cancer migration and invasion. NGAL may therefore be a new target for therapeutic intervention in colorectal carcinoma.
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Abstract
Here, we report that lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) promotes breast cancer progression, and we identify the mechanisms underlying this function. We first found that Lcn2 levels were consistently associated with invasive breast cancer in human tissue and urine samples. To investigate the function of Lcn2 in breast cancer progression, Lcn2 was overexpressed in human breast cancer cells and was found to up-regulate mesenchymal markers, including vimentin and fibronectin, down-regulate the epithelial marker E-cadherin, and significantly increase cell motility and invasiveness. These changes in marker expression and cell motility are hallmarks of an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). In contrast, Lcn2 silencing in aggressive breast cancer cells inhibited cell migration and the mesenchymal phenotype. Furthermore, reduced expression of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and increased expression of the key EMT transcription factor Slug were observed with Lcn2 expression. Overexpression of ERalpha in Lcn2-expressing cells reversed the EMT and reduced Slug expression, suggesting that ERalpha negatively regulates Lcn2-induced EMT. Finally, orthotopic studies demonstrated that Lcn2-expressing breast tumors displayed a poorly differentiated phenotype and showed increased local tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis. Taken together, these in vitro, in vivo, and human studies demonstrate that Lcn2 promotes breast cancer progression by inducing EMT through the ERalpha/Slug axis and may be a useful biomarker of breast cancer.
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Kehrer JP. Lipocalin-2: pro- or anti-apoptotic? Cell Biol Toxicol 2009; 26:83-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-009-9119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Leung JCK, Lam MF, Tang SCW, Chan LYY, Tam KY, Yip TPS, Lai KN. Roles of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:365-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nitric oxide inhalation and glucocorticoids as combined treatment in human experimental endotoxemia*. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:3043-7. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e318186f5b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Miharada K, Hiroyama T, Sudo K, Danjo I, Nagasawa T, Nakamura Y. Lipocalin 2-mediated growth suppression is evident in human erythroid and monocyte/macrophage lineage cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:526-37. [PMID: 18064607 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a secreted protein of the lipocalin family, induces apoptosis in some types of cells and inhibits bacterial growth by sequestration of the iron-laden bacterial siderophore. We have recently reported that LCN2 inhibits the production of red blood cells in the mouse. Here we analyzed the role of LCN2 in human hematopoiesis. Expression of LCN2 was observed not only in mature cells such as those of the granulocyte/macrophage and erythroid lineages but also in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. We also examined expression of two candidate receptors for LCN2, brain type organic cation transporter (BOCT) and megalin, in various cell types. BOCT showed relatively high levels of expression in erythroid and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells but lower levels in granulocyte/macrophage and T lymphoid cells. Megalin was expressed at high levels in T lymphoid and erythroid cells but at lower levels in granulocyte/macrophage lineage cells. LCN2 suppressed the growth of erythroid and monocyte/macrophage lineages in vitro, but did not have this effect on cells of other lineages. In addition, immature hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells were not sensitive to LCN2. These results demonstrate a lineage-specific role for LCN2 in human hematopoiesis that is reminiscent of its effects upon mouse hematopoiesis and strongly suggest an important in vivo function of LCN2 in the regulation of human hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Miharada
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Lee S, Lee J, Kim S, Park JY, Lee WH, Mori K, Kim SH, Kim IK, Suk K. A dual role of lipocalin 2 in the apoptosis and deramification of activated microglia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3231-41. [PMID: 17709539 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia are thought to undergo apoptosis as a self-regulatory mechanism. To better understand molecular mechanisms of the microglial apoptosis, apoptosis-resistant variants of microglial cells were selected and characterized. The expression of lipocalin 2 (lcn2) was significantly down-regulated in the microglial cells that were resistant to NO-induced apoptosis. lcn2 expression was increased by inflammatory stimuli in microglia. The stable expression of lcn2 as well as the addition of rLCN2 protein augmented the sensitivity of microglia to the NO-induced apoptosis, while knockdown of lcn2 expression using short hairpin RNA attenuated the cell death. Microglial cells with increased lcn2 expression were more sensitive to other cytotoxic agents as well. Thus, inflammatory activation of microglia may lead to up-regulation of lcn2 expression, which sensitizes microglia to the self-regulatory apoptosis. Additionally, the stable expression of lcn2 in BV-2 microglia cells induced a morphological change of the cells into the round shape with a loss of processes. Treatment of primary microglia cultures with the rLCN2 protein also induced the deramification of microglia. The deramification of microglia was closely related with the apoptosis-prone phenotype, because other deramification-inducing agents such as cAMP-elevating agent forskolin, ATP, and calcium ionophore also rendered microglia more sensitive to cell death. Taken together, our results suggest that activated microglia may secrete LCN2 protein, which act in an autocrine manner to sensitize microglia to the self-regulatory apoptosis and to endow microglia with an amoeboid form, a canonical morphology of activated microglia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinrye Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 101 Dong-in, Joong-gu, Daegu 700-422, Korea
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Borregaard N, Sørensen OE, Theilgaard-Mönch K. Neutrophil granules: a library of innate immunity proteins. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:340-5. [PMID: 17627888 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling has revealed that circulating neutrophils rest between two major bursts of transcriptional and protein synthetic activities. The first occurs in the bone marrow. This equips the neutrophil with stocks of innate defense armory that are packaged into different granule subsets. The second burst occurs when the neutrophil exits circulation and migrates into tissues to find, capture and phagocytose microorganisms. This burst results in the synthesis and secretion of cytokines and chemokines that support resolution of inflammation and healing of damaged tissue. Gene expression profiling has revealed that neutrophils express a variety of innate immunity proteins, known previously only to be expressed in other cells. Likewise, it has become clear that some proteins previously thought to be specific to the neutrophil are expressed in epithelial cells during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100, Denmark.
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Dunn LL, Suryo Rahmanto Y, Richardson DR. Iron uptake and metabolism in the new millennium. Trends Cell Biol 2007; 17:93-100. [PMID: 17194590 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for metabolic processes intrinsic to life, and yet the properties that make iron a necessity also make it potentially deleterious. To avoid harm, iron homeostasis is achieved through iron transport, storage and regulatory proteins. The functions of some of these molecules are well described, for example transferrin and transferrin receptor-1, whereas the roles of others, such as the transferrin homolog melanotransferrin, remain unclear. The past decade has seen the identification of new molecules involved in iron metabolism, such as divalent metal transporter-1, ferroportin-1, hepcidin, hemojuvelin and heme carrier protein-1. Here, we focus on these intriguing new molecules and the insights gained from them into cellular iron uptake and the regulation of iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise L Dunn
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Blackburn Building D06, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Niemann CU, Abrink M, Pejler G, Fischer RL, Christensen EI, Knight SD, Borregaard N. Neutrophil elastase depends on serglycin proteoglycan for localization in granules. Blood 2007; 109:4478-86. [PMID: 17272511 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-02-001719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGranule proteins play a major role in bacterial killing by neutrophils. Serglycin proteoglycan, the major intracellular proteoglycan of hematopoietic cells, has been proposed to play a role in sorting and packing of granule proteins. We examined the content of major neutrophil granule proteins in serglycin knockout mice and found neutrophil elastase absent from mature neutrophils as shown by activity assay, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry, whereas neutrophil elastase mRNA was present. The localization of other neutrophil granule proteins did not differ between wild-type and serglycin knockout mice. Differential counts and neutrophil ultrastructure were unaffected by the lack of serglycin, indicating that defective localization of neutrophil elastase does not induce neutropenia itself, albeit mutations in the neutrophil elastase gene can cause severe congenital neutropenia or cyclic neutropenia. The virulence of intraperitoneally injected Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae) was increased in serglycin knockout mice compared with wild-type mice, as previously reported for neutrophil elastase knockout mice. Thus, serglycin proteoglycan has an important role in localizing neutrophil elastase in azurophil granules of neutrophils, while localization of other granule proteins must be mediated by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten U Niemann
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Hematology, Granulocyte Research Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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