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Nordskog AW. Immunogenetics as an Aid to Selection for Disease Resistance in the Fowl. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19830018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. W. Nordskog
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Gras S, Ladell K, Josephs TM, Pewe L, Urban SL, Miners KL, Farenc C, Price DA, Rossjohn J, Harty JT. A T Cell Receptor Locus Harbors a Malaria-Specific Immune Response Gene. Immunity 2017; 47:835-847.e4. [PMID: 29150238 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune response (Ir) genes, originally proposed by Baruj Benacerraf to explain differential antigen-specific responses in animal models, have become synonymous with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). We discovered a non-MHC-linked Ir gene in a T cell receptor (TCR) locus that was required for CD8+ T cell responses to the Plasmodium berghei GAP5040-48 epitope in mice expressing the MHC class I allele H-2Db. GAP5040-48-specific CD8+ T cell responses emerged from a very large pool of naive Vβ8.1+ precursors, which dictated susceptibility to cerebral malaria and conferred protection against recombinant Listeria monocytogenes infection. Structural analysis of a prototypical Vβ8.1+ TCR-H-2Db-GAP5040-48 ternary complex revealed that germline-encoded complementarity-determining region 1β residues present exclusively in the Vβ8.1 segment mediated essential interactions with the GAP5040-48 peptide. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that Vβ8.1 functioned as an Ir gene that was indispensable for immune reactivity against the malaria GAP5040-48 epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Lecia Pewe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Stina L Urban
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Carine Farenc
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Zhao J, Gladieux P, Hutchison E, Bueche J, Hall C, Perraudeau F, Glass NL. Identification of Allorecognition Loci in Neurospora crassa by Genomics and Evolutionary Approaches. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:2417-32. [PMID: 26025978 PMCID: PMC4540973 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic and molecular bases of the ability to distinguish self from nonself (allorecognition) and mechanisms underlying evolution of allorecognition systems is an important endeavor for understanding cases where it becomes dysfunctional, such as in autoimmune disorders. In filamentous fungi, allorecognition can result in vegetative or heterokaryon incompatibility, which is a type of programmed cell death that occurs following fusion of genetically different cells. Allorecognition is genetically controlled by het loci, with coexpression of any combination of incompatible alleles triggering vegetative incompatibility. Herein, we identified, characterized, and inferred the evolutionary history of candidate het loci in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. As characterized het loci encode proteins carrying an HET domain, we annotated HET domain genes in 25 isolates from a natural population along with the N. crassa reference genome using resequencing data. Because allorecognition systems can be affected by frequency-dependent selection favoring rare alleles (i.e., balancing selection), we mined resequencing data for HET domain loci whose alleles displayed elevated levels of variability, excess of intermediate frequency alleles, and deep gene genealogies. From these analyses, 34 HET domain loci were identified as likely to be under balancing selection. Using transformation, incompatibility assays and genetic analyses, we determined that one of these candidates functioned as a het locus (het-e). The het-e locus has three divergent allelic groups that showed signatures of positive selection, intra- and intergroup recombination, and trans-species polymorphism. Our findings represent a compelling case of balancing selection functioning on multiple alleles across multiple loci potentially involved in allorecognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuhai Zhao
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley INRA, UMR BGPI, TA A54/K, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Elizabeth Hutchison
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley Biology Department, 1 College Circle SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, NY
| | - Joanna Bueche
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Charles Hall
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Fanny Perraudeau
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
| | - N Louise Glass
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley
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Abstract
Extreme polymorphism at MHC loci is generally thought to be maintained by natural selection at a population level. Because allelic MHC molecules differ in their influence on the immune response, polymorphism ensures that the response repertoire is broad and that the group survives microbial challenge. Here Leif Anderson and his colleagues propose a different view, based on the observation that certain pathogens passively acquire MHC antigens from their primary host and carry these antigens into subsequent hosts. An immune response to the pathogen may depend on recognition of the non-self MHC antigens.
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Podojil JR, Miller SD. Targeting the B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules: successes and challenges. BioDrugs 2013; 27:1-13. [PMID: 23329394 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-012-0001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As more patient data is cross-referenced with animal models of disease, the primary focus on T(h)1 autoreactive effector cell function in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, has shifted towards the role of T(h)17 autoreactive effector cells and the ability of regulatory T cells (T(reg)) to modulate the pro-inflammatory autoimmune response. Therefore, the currently favored hypothesis is that a delicate balance between T(h)1/17 effector cells and T(reg) cell function is critical in the regulation of inflammatory autoimmune disease. An intensive area of research with regard to the T(h)1/17:T(reg) cell balance is the utilization of blockade and/or ligation of various co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory molecules, respectively, during ongoing disease to skew the immune response toward a more tolerogenic/regulatory state. Currently, FDA-approved therapies for multiple sclerosis patients are all aimed at the suppression of immune cell function. The other favored method of treatment is a modulation or deletion of autoreactive immune cells via short-term blockade of activating co-stimulatory receptors via treatment with fusion proteins such as CTLA4-Ig and CTLA4-FasL. Based on the initial success of CTLA4-Ig, there are additional fusion proteins that are currently under development. Examples of the more recently identified B7/CD28 family members are PD-L1, PD-L2, inducible co-stimulatory molecule-ligand (ICOS-L), B7-H3, and B7-H4, all of which may emerge as potential fusion protein therapeutics, each with unique, yet often overlapping functions. The expression of both stimulatory and inhibitory B7 molecules seems to play an essential role in modulating immune cell function through a variety of mechanisms, which is supported by findings that suggest each B7 molecule has developed its own indispensable niche in the immune system. As more data are generated, the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of the above B7 family-member-derived fusion proteins becomes ever more apparent. Besides defining the biology of these B7/CD28 family members in vivo, additional difficulty in the development of these therapies lies in maintaining the normal immune functions of recognition and reaction to non-self-antigens following viral or bacterial infection in the patient. Further complicating the clinical translation of these therapies, the mechanism of action identified for a particular reagent may depend upon the method of immune-cell activation and the subset of immune cells targeted in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Tarry 6-718, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Germain RN. Uncovering the role of invariant chain in controlling MHC class II antigen capture. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:1073-5. [PMID: 21772033 PMCID: PMC3142091 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Lymphocyte Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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7
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Casati MZ, Longeri M, Polli M, Ceriotti G, Poli G. BoLA class II polymorphism and immune response to Mycobacterium bovis antigens in vitro. J Anim Breed Genet 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1995.tb00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Frommel D, Panicucci F, Baicchi U, Chiara S, Mannucci PM, Ruggeri Z, Muller JY, Allain JP, Seger J, Mercuriali F. Development of Factor VIII Antibody in Haemophilic Monozygotic Twins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1979.tb02856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Adams TE, Brandon MR, Morris B. The potential of the I region of the bovine major histocompatibility complex. ANIMAL BLOOD GROUPS AND BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:155-63. [PMID: 391107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1979.tb01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Zinkernagel RM. Review: cellular immune responses to intracellular parasites: role of the major histocompatibility gene complex and thymus in determining immune responsiveness and susceptibility to disease. Parasite Immunol 2007; 1:91-109. [PMID: 121771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1979.tb00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Blumenthal MM. What we know about the genetics of asthma at the beginning of the 21st century. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2002; 22:11-31. [PMID: 11803799 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-002-0003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the genetic controls that lead to the development of asthma is essential to its proper diagnosis and management. As we enter the 21st century, the goals of genetic research in asthma and allergies will be to: 1) identify genetic factors, 2) define environmental cofactors, 3) characterize how genes and the environment work together to cause disease, 4) develop treatment and prevention measures, including drugs designed for the individual's genetic make-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm M Blumenthal
- Asthma and Allergy Program, University of Minnesota at Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pieters
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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Mikłaszewicz A, Giedrys-Kalemba S, Teodorczyk U, Hałasa J, Goertz K, Zieliński S, Ostrowski M, Kostyrka R, Lapis J, Kulig G, Kulig T, Kruszewski T, Kozłowski M, Lewiński D, Grzywacz B, Grzywacz M, Kuprjanowicz L. Influence of protective genes in the HLA system on renal graft survival. Transplant Proc 2000; 32:1337-8. [PMID: 10995972 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Mikłaszewicz
- HLA Laboratory of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Barcenas-Morales G, Merkenschlager M, Wahid F, Döffinger R, Ivanyi J. Recessive expression of the H2A-controlled immune response phenotype depends critically on antigen dose. Immunology 2000; 99:221-8. [PMID: 10692040 PMCID: PMC2327155 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles acting as immune response genes are coexpressed in heterozygous individuals and therefore control of immune responses is usually codominant. As an exception to this rule, however, several examples of recessive immune responses have been ascribed to regulatory, e.g. suppressive, interactions. We report here that the recessive phenotype of both antibody and T-cell responses to the mycobacterial 16 000-MW antigen depends critically on a low antigen dose for immunization. On the basis of similar responses in hemi- and heterozygous mice, we suggest that the mechanism of recessive MHC control does not involve regulation by the low-responder allele. We also demonstrated mixed haplotype restriction of peptide recognition for a significant fraction of high-antigen-dose primed T cells. Their paucity under limiting antigen dose conditions may lead to the recessive expression of MHC control. In conclusion, our results suggest that recessive MHC control can be explained as a simple gene dosage effect under conditions where antigen is limiting, without a need for regulatory mechanisms.
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Papaccio G, De Luca A, De Luca B, Pisanti FA, Zarrilli S. Detection of dendritic cells in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse islet pancreas infiltrate is correlated with Th2-cytokine production. J Cell Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19990901)74:3<447::aid-jcb12>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sun B, Fang J, Yagami K, Kushida S, Tanaka M, Uchida K, Miwa M. Age-dependent paraparesis in WKA rats: evaluation of MHC k-haplotype and HTLV-1 infection. J Neurol Sci 1999; 167:16-21. [PMID: 10500256 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is shown to be closely associated with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although the occurrence of HAM/TSP was reported to be associated with MHC class II, the mechanism is still unclear. The WKA(RT1k) strain of rats was reported to develop HAM/TSP-like paraparesis after HTLV-1 infection, and was suggested to be an animal model of HAM/TSP. We asked whether MHC k-haplotype is specifically involved in the pathogenesis of paraparesis of WKA(RT1k) rats. We injected the HTLV-1 producing human T cells (MT-2 cells) intravenously into WKA(RT1k) rats and MHC congenic WKA.1L(RT1l) rats which have MHC l-haplotype of LEW rats on the WKA background. Positive antibody response to HTLV-1 antigens and presence of provirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells confirmed that MT-2 cell-injected rats were infected with HTLV-1. Two of 13 MT-2 cell-injected WKA(RT1k) rats and five of 13 MT-2 cell-injected WKA.1L(RT1l) rats developed HAM/TSP-like hindlimb paraparesis between 16 and 26 months old. Interestingly, three of 14 MT-2 cell-uninjected WKA(RT1k) rats and four of 13 MT-2 cell-uninjected WKA.1L(RT1l) rats showed similar paraparesis between 15 and 26 months old. MHC k-haplotype is not specific to the development of paraparesis in WKA(RT1k) rats. The role of aging, genetic background, HTLV-1 infection and other factors on the development of HAM/TSP-like paraparesis in rats are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Stoll G, Gabreëls-Festen AA, Jander S, Müller HW, Hanemann CO. Major histocompatibility complex class II expression and macrophage responses in genetically proven Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies. Muscle Nerve 1998; 21:1419-27. [PMID: 9771665 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199811)21:11<1419::aid-mus9>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study examined major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression and macrophage infiltration in sural nerve biopsies from patients with genetically proven Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) 1A and 1B and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) by immunocytochemistry. In both young and older patients with duplication of the PMP22 gene, MHC class II expression was consistently up-regulated and not closely related to the extent of macrophage infiltration. On the other hand, MHC class II expression was more variable in CMT1A and CMT1B caused by point mutations and in HNPP. The extent of nerve pathology as assessed by teased fiber preparations or electron microscopy was not predictive for the degree of MHC class II expression in CMT1/HNPP. We conclude that MHC class II up-regulation is a common feature in hereditary neuropathies. As shown for the animal model of globoid cell dystrophy, it is conceivable that increased expression of MHC class II molecules in CMT1 and HNPP accelerates nerve pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stoll
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Stavropoulos NE, Ioachim E, Pavlidis N, Pappa L, Kalomiris P, Agnantis NJ. Local immune response after intravesical interferon gamma in superficial bladder cancer. BRITISH JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 1998; 81:875-9. [PMID: 9666774 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the lymphocyte subpopulations (T4, T8 and macrophages) and major histocompatibility (MHC) II antigens in patients with superficial bladder cancer before and after intravesical instillations of recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). PATIENTS AND METHODS Four intravesical weekly instillations of either 1.3 mg (20 patients, group A) or 0.7 mg (11 patients, group B) IFN-gamma were administered in 31 evaluable patients (28 men and three women, mean age 68.5 years). The CD4+, CD8+, CD68+ and HLA-DR antigens were detected immunohistochemically in tumours and a marker tumour before and after intravesical instillations. RESULTS The median number of T4 lymphocytes increased from 15 per high-power field (HPF) to 27.5 in group A (P = 0.0029) and to 45 in group B (P = 0.0117). Macrophages increased from 6 cells/HPF to 15 cells/HPF in group A (P = 0.0029) and from 2 to 8.75 cells/HPF in group B (P = 0.0117). The T8 lymphocyte subpopulation decreased from 4 to 3 cells/HPF (P = 0.0231) in group A and from 5 to 2 cells/HPF (P = 0.0759) in group B. The median percentage of HLA-DR antigens increased from 1.5% to 18% in general, (P < 0.001), from 2.5% to 15% in group A (P = 0.0064) and from 0% to 20% in group B (P = 0.0077). The induction of HLA-DR antigens was statistically significant in those receiving the lower dose (from 0% before instillation to 20% afterward, P = 0.0277), while it was not with the higher dose (from 0% to 5%, P = 0.068). Irrespective of the dose of IFN used. T4 lymphocytes and macrophages increased significantly after treatment in patients in whom the tumour HLA-DR antigens were either up-regulated or remained stable. The median net increase in T4 cells was 17.5 and 30 cells/HPF for groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.0429). CONCLUSION T4 lymphocytes, macrophages and HLA-DR antigens increased after intravesical IFN-gamma in patients with superficial bladder cancer, but T8 lymphocytes decreased. Irrespective of the drug dose used, patients with either upregulated or stable HLA-DR antigens after treatment showed the same pattern of changes in the lymphocyte subpopulations. The two doses generally had the same effect on the immunological variables assessed but the lower dose was more effective in inducing HLA-DR antigens and in increasing the number of T4 lymphocytes in the tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Stavropoulos
- Department of Urology, University of Ioannina, Medical School, Greece
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Papaccio G, Latronico MV, Pisanti FA, Federlin K, Linn T. Adhesion molecules and microvascular changes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse pancreas. An NO-inhibitor (L-NAME) is unable to block adhesion inflammation-induced activation. Autoimmunity 1998; 27:65-77. [PMID: 9583738 DOI: 10.3109/08916939809008037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunoreactivity of pancreatic microvasculature with emphasis on the adhesion molecule expression in NOD mice at a very early stage and after the start of infiltration, before the onset of the diabetic disease. Immunoreactivity for Ia-b, BM8 (mouse macrophages) and inter-cellular-adhesion-molecule-1 (ICAM-1) molecules in untreated control mice and in animals treated using an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) formation (L-arginine analogue), as well as islet culture, nitrite assay and ultrastructural studies were performed. Results showed that Ia-b and ICAM-1 immunoreactivities on endothelia are a very early phenomenon and that pancreatic blood vessels and, in particular, some peri-islet venules, as well as several venules of the exocrine parenchyma, undergo significant morphological changes. Several endothelial cells of both peri-islet and extra-islet compartments, often showed Ia-b and ICAM-1 immunoreactivities, demonstrating that these cells are important for the adhesion processes taking place during early autoimmune inflammation. Inhibition of NO formation does not significantly affect ICAM-1 and Ia-b immunoreactivity both in vivo and in vitro, BM8 immunoreactive cells were considerably less in number although these were detected either around islets or along pancreatic septa, but rarely within the epithelial layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Papaccio
- Institute of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Italy
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Kumar N, Zheng H. Evidence for epitope-specific thymus-independent response against a repeat sequence in a protein antigen. Immunology 1998; 94:28-34. [PMID: 9708183 PMCID: PMC1364327 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the immunogenicity of a recombinant heat-shock protein-related stress protein of 70,000 MW (Pfhsp) of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in H-2 congenic and non-congenic strains of inbred and outbred mice. Most mice of different genetic backgrounds produced antibodies to Pfhsp, indicating a lack of any apparent genetic restriction of immune response. A peptide corresponding to the GGMP repeat sequence in the C-terminal region of Pfhsp was recognized by more than 75% of sera from immunized mice. The GGMP repeat epitope-specific antibodies were largely of the IgM isotype, especially in all seven inbred strains of mice tested. The lack of significant boosting of the immune response, a predominantly IgM isotype of antibodies and generation of antibody responses in athymic nude mice suggest a thymus-independent response against the GGMP repeat epitope in the Pfhsp molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kumar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
Molecular genetic studies of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have led to the identification of more than 200 genes. Besides the large number of genes in the MHC, densely clustered areas of retroelements have been identified. These include short and long interspersed elements (SINEs and LINEs), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). The presence of retroelements in the MHC provides a clear example of how these elements affect the genome plasticity of the host. Comparative analyses of these retroelements have proven highly useful in evolutionary studies of the MHC. Recently, HERV-encoded superantigens have been implicated as candidate autoimmune genes in type I diabetes and multiple sclerosis. In addition, genetic analyses have revealed that autoimmune diseases show strong associations with MHC class II genes. The intriguing correlations between retroviral encoded antigens, MHC class II genes and the development of autoimmune disease merit intense future investigations of retroelements, in particular those endogenous retroviruses located in the MHC class II region proper.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andersson
- Department of Cell Research, Uppsala Genetic Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
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Nieto A, Tobes R, Martín J, Pareja E. Allele walking: a new and highly accurate approach to HLA-DRB1 typing. Application to DRB1*04 alleles. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1997; 49:141-51. [PMID: 9062970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a typing method, which can be used even in small laboratories, to produce a highly accurate and reliable allele assignment in any homozygous or heterozygous situation. We have called the method allele walking (AW) and it consists of sequential rounds of PCR-RFLP. After digestion, electrophoresis separates alleles positive for the mutation from the negative alleles; the cleaved fragment is then recovered from the gel and analyzed for mutations at another codon. In this way, AW is able to positively ascertain which mutations are in the same chromosome (cis-linkage) and assigns alleles independently from each other. Artificial sites are created in the PCR step in order to positively detect substitutions not naturally recognized by any of the existing or convenient enzymes. We report the application of AW for typing the 22 DRB1*04 alleles. The first PCR-RFLP round groups DRB1*04 alleles. Subsequently, the mutations at codons 86, 74, 71, 57 and 37 can be analyzed for the unambiguous assignment of the majority of the alleles. Additional polymorphisms at different codons can be assayed to resolve any undetermined alleles. The viability of all the restriction sites used as well as the feasibility of AW were successfully tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nieto
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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23
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Li J, Farthing PM, Thornhill MH. Cytokine regulation of major histocompatibility complex antigen expression by human oral and skin keratinocytes. Arch Oral Biol 1996; 41:533-8. [PMID: 8937643 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(96)00026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The expression, and cytokine modulation, of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules on oral and skin keratinocytes were compared in cell culture. Both cell types expressed class I, but not class II, constitutively. However, stimulation with interferon-gamma, but not interleukin-1 alpha, and -1 beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha or lymphotoxin, induced increased expression of class I and de-novo expression of HLA-DR on both cell types. Oral keratinocytes differed from skin keratinocytes in that they exhibited greater sensitivity to interferon-gamma stimulation and higher stimulated expression of both class I and HLA-DR. In addition, interferon-gamma stimulated oral, but not skin, keratinocytes to express HLA-DP and -DQ. These observations suggest that, like skin keratinocytes, under certain conditions, oral keratinocytes may be able to act as antigen-presenting cells. This may be important in the initiation and progression of some immune-mediated mucocutaneous diseases. Moreover, differences in MHC expression may help to explain differences in the presentation of these diseases on the skin and oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Clinical Academic Group of Oral Medicine and Dental Diagnostic Science, University Dental Hospital of Manchester, UK
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24
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Newman MJ, Truax RE, French DD, Dietrich MA, Franke D, Stear MJ. Evidence for genetic control of vaccine-induced antibody responses in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1996; 50:43-54. [PMID: 9157685 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to identify evidence for genetic control of immune responses in cattle. To address this question, we evaluated the variation of antibody responses induced by vaccination with Brucella abortus Strain 19, a live attenuated bacterial vaccine, in large half-sibling families. The data were analyzed using a parametric statistical model that incorporated the effects of sire, bovine major histocompatibility complex (BoLA) types and parameters related to the experimental design. The BoLA types represented a readily identifiable marker, analogous to those known to be associated with genetic control of immune responses in other mammals. Variation between individual animals within our test population was significant but we were able to identify both individual animals and families with high or low antibody production phenotypes. In several cases, these traits were significantly correlated with individual bulls, suggesting the existence of sire effects, or with individual BoLA types. These findings are consistent with the theory that at least two separate genes or genetic systems contribute to the control of bovine antibody responses to B. abortus vaccination. These genetic effects are likely to be analogous to those identified in several species of laboratory rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Newman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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25
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Salazar M, Deulofeut H, Granja C, Deulofeut R, Yunis DE, Marcus-Bagley D, Awdeh Z, Alper CA, Yunis EJ. Normal HBsAg presentation and T-cell defect in the immune response of nonresponders. Immunogenetics 1995; 41:366-74. [PMID: 7759133 DOI: 10.1007/bf00163994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes from nonresponders to HBsAg fail to proliferate in vitro in the presence of HBsAg-pulsed antigen presenting cells. We studied four pairs of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched, mixed lymphocyte reaction-negative individuals discordant for HBsAg response. For each pair, responder lymphocytes proliferated in the presence of nonresponder antigen-pulsed antigen presenting cells. Responder and nonresponder antigen presenting cells were equally effective. There was no evidence for inhibition of responder T-cell proliferation by nonresponder lymphocytes or antigen presenting cells. The defect is thus in the helper T cells of nonresponders and not in the antigen processing or binding of processed peptides to MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salazar
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Papaccio G, Latronico M, Chieffi Baccari G. The immunosuppressant FK506 inhibits the damage to mouse pancreatic islets induced by low dose streptozocin. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 277:573-8. [PMID: 7525068 DOI: 10.1007/bf00300231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus was induced in 40 male C57BL6 mice by injection of a low dose of streptozocin (45 mg/kg body weight) on 5 consecutive days. Twenty four of the mice were immunosuppressed by administration of 1.5 mg FK506/kg body weight daily for 10, 15, 18 and 24 days. Administration of FK506 almost completely inhibited the streptozocin-induced islet damage, and consequently glycaemia remained normal. In FK506-treated animals any inflammatory infiltrate was very sparse and was limited to the vascular pole of the islets. Immunocytochemical results demonstrated that infiltrating cells were Ia-immunoreactive, but were not activated. Ultrastructural observations confirmed the absence of B cell necrosis and degranulation in FK506-treated mice; the few infiltrating elements encountered did not contain phagocytic vesicles or show other signs of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Papaccio
- Institute of Anatomy, School of Medicine, 2nd University of Naples, Italy
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27
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Hsiung L, Wang J, Waltenbaugh C. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte subsets of mice maintained on an ethanol-containing liquid diet. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994; 18:12-20. [PMID: 8198207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic patients often have impaired immune function, yet little is known about the precise mechanism(s) of this impairment. We have previously shown that ethanol consumption by mice alters copolymer-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. In this study, we asked whether alcohol consumption by mice would phenotypically alter lymphocyte populations. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed a nutritionally complete liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories for up to 8 days. As controls, mice either were fed a liquid control diet that isocalorically substitutes sucrose for ethanol or remained on a standard solid diet and water ad libitum. Although mice fed ethanol-containing liquid or pair-fed control liquid diets have decreased numbers of spleen cells compared with solid diet controls, only the ethanol-containing diet allowed normally nonresponder C57BL/6 spleen cells to make antibody responses to the poly(Glu50Tyr50) synthetic copolymer antigen. Flow cytometric analysis of splenic lymphocyte populations of mice on the ethanol-containing diet shows an increase in the relative proportion of T-lymphocytes as compared with mice on either solid or liquid control diets. No such change is seen for either B-cell or natural killer cell populations in these same mice. Both liquid control and liquid ethanol diets caused a slight decrease in the CD4:CD8 ratios of splenic T-lymphocytes. We see the relative percentage of T-cells bearing the alpha beta T-cell receptor (TcR) increases in the spleens of liquid ethanol diet mice; a smaller increase TcR alpha beta usage is seen in the spleens of liquid control mice, compared with solid diet mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hsiung
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
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28
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Waltenbaugh C, Mikszta J, Ward H, Hsiung L. Alteration of copolymer-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994; 18:1-7. [PMID: 8198203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption represents a major human health threat. The frequency and severity of infections in alcoholics is often pronounced, suggesting impaired immune function in these patients. The precise effect of ethanol on cells of the immune system is poorly understood. We have previously shown that synthetic copolymers of L-amino acids, GT and GAT, are powerful tools for clarifying the role of regulatory T-cells in both cell-mediated and humoral immunity in inbred mouse strains. We asked whether these same antigens would have application to a murine model of ethanol consumption. In this study, female mice were placed on a nutritionally complete liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories. As control, mice either were placed on a liquid control diet that isocalorically substitutes sucrose for ethanol or remained on a solid diet consisting of standard laboratory chow and water ad libitum. Our data show that the liquid ethanol diet severely inhibits two measures of cell-mediated immunity, the ability of responder B6 mice to make an anti-GAT delayed hypersensitivity and GAT-specific T-cell proliferative responses as compared with pair-fed liquid control diet or solid diet controls. On the contrary, this liquid ethanol diet does not significantly impair humoral immunity; it allows nonresponder C57BL/6 or C3H/HeN mice to respond in vivo to GT immunization. These findings suggested to us that the effect of ethanol may occur prior to antigenic stimulation, and this was confirmed by in vitro immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Waltenbaugh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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29
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Waltenbaugh C, Hsiung L. Phenotype of lymphocytes mediating copolymer-specific humoral immunity in ethanol-consuming C57BL/6 mice. Alcohol 1994; 11:47-52. [PMID: 8142068 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(94)90011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms of impaired immune function in alcoholic patients. We have previously shown that ethanol consumption by mice alters copolymer-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Does ethanol consumption eliminate suppressor T cells, allowing nonresponder mice to make humoral immune responses to poly(Glu50Tyr50) (GT)? Female C57BL/6 mice were fed a nutritionally complete liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories for up to 33 days. Control mice were fed an isocaloric control liquid diet or remained on a solid diet and water. Mice fed the ethanol-containing diet made GT-specific plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses, whereas mice fed liquid control or solid diets did not. Lymphocytes from ethanol liquid diet-consuming mice helped splenocytes from either solid or liquid control mice to make a GT-specific PFC response. The cells mediating help were nylon wool nonadherent, CD4-bearing T cells. These findings suggest that ethanol does not eliminate copolymer-specific suppressor cells, but instead alters the functional capability of helper T cells for humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Waltenbaugh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
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30
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Volpes R, van den Oord JJ, Desmet VJ. Can hepatocytes serve as 'activated' immunomodulating cells in the immune response? J Hepatol 1992; 16:228-40. [PMID: 1484157 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last few years, there has been a growing evidence that hepatocytes are not merely 'passive' target cells for immunological attack by effector T-cells, but may play a more 'active' role in the initiation and perpetuation of the immune response. Immune modulators released by inflammatory cells at the site of inflammation, as well as the eliciting antigen itself, are able to modulate the phenotype of hepatocytes. This would result in abnormal cytokine production and/or cytokine/receptor expression, as well as active synthesis and display of surface immune 'activation' markers and adhesion molecules, which act as co-stimulatory signals for T-cell activation. These accessory functions involve multiple molecular pathways of cell-cell interactions, which in turn will enable hepatocytes to play a role as 'accessory' cells in both the afferent and efferent arms of the cell-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Volpes
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Sint-Rafaël, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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31
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Pincus SH, Carmack CE. Variable regions of antibodies to synthetic polypeptides--III. Antibodies arising in response to administration of anti-idiotope. Mol Immunol 1992; 29:811-9. [PMID: 1378927 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(92)90118-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies elicited by the synthetic polypeptide antigen (T,G)-A-L are directed against two distinct epitopes. The majority of antibodies bind to a GT containing epitope and bear an idiotope defined by monoclonal antibodies I7 and I9. In this study, we have examined the effect of in vivo administration of the I7 and I9 antibodies to mice. Administration of anti-idiotope elicits anti-(T,G)-A-L antibodies in all strains of mice tested, including genetic non-responders to (T,G)-A-L. These antibodies bind to GT and express the idiotope. Additionally, idiotope expressing antibodies that fail to bind to antigen are also produced. Monoclonal anti-(anti-idiotope) antibodies were made. One antibody bound to (T,G)-A-L, the other did not. Sequence analysis was performed and the V-regions of (T,G)-A-L binding antibodies were compared to those of the antibody that failed to bind antigen. Both sets of antibodies are derived from the same germline V-genes as the anti-(T,G)-A-L antibodies. These results have implications for understanding the nature of network regulation of the immune system and for those attempting idiotypic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Pincus
- Laboratory of Microbial Structure and Function, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
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32
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Wyss-Coray T, Brander C, Bettens F, Mijic D, Pichler WJ. Use of antibody/peptide constructs of direct antigenic peptides to T cells: evidence for T cell processing and presentation. Cell Immunol 1992; 139:268-73. [PMID: 1728968 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(92)90119-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human T cells can express MHC-class II products and were shown to be potential antigen-presenting cells. However, they are unable to capture the antigen and only antigens, which bind to T cell membranes such as the gp120 glycoprotein of HIV, are internalized, processed, and presented by T cells. To better understand the role of T cells as antigen-presenting cells, we established a method which overcomes the lack of antigen capture by T cells. Antigen (tetanus toxoid, TT) or an antigenic peptide of TT (residue 830-843, P2) was coupled to antibodies directed to T cell surface molecules such as CD2, CD4, CD8. Antibody/TT and antibody/P2 constructs stimulated P2-specific T cell clones in the absence of accessory cells, if the antibody recognized a T cell surface structure. Compared to the peptide alone, a 100-500 times lower molar concentration of the antibody/peptide construct was required to achieve a similar proliferative response. T cell stimulation via the constructs involved intracellular processing, as nonspecific, glutaraldehyde fixed T cell lines pulsed with the constructs could present the peptide and processing inhibitors like Leupeptin or Chloroquine inhibited the development of a proliferative response to the constructs. Our data underline the ability of T cells to function as antigen-processing and -presenting cells and show that antibody/antigen or antibody/peptide constructs are able to direct a certain antigen or peptide to a T cell. Antibody/peptide constructs may be interesting tools to better understand antigen processing and to study the consequences of antigen presentation by different cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wyss-Coray
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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33
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Cottier H, Kraft R, Meister F. Primary immunodeficiency syndromes and their manifestations in lymph nodes. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1991; 84 ( Pt 2):81-155. [PMID: 2044412 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75522-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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34
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Wakeland EK, Boehme S, She JX, Lu CC, McIndoe RA, Cheng I, Ye Y, Potts WK. Ancestral polymorphisms of MHC class II genes: divergent allele advantage. Immunol Res 1990; 9:115-22. [PMID: 2189934 DOI: 10.1007/bf02918202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E K Wakeland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville
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35
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Wakeland EK, Boehme S, She JX. The generation and maintenance of MHC class II gene polymorphism in rodents. Immunol Rev 1990; 113:207-26. [PMID: 2180807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1990.tb00042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E K Wakeland
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
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36
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Loudovaris T, Brandon M, Fahey K. The major histocombatibility complex and genetic control of antibody response to synthetic antigens in chickens. Avian Pathol 1990; 19:101-17. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459008418660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Wang K, Sun L, Jubelt B, Waltenbaugh C. Cell-mediated immune responses to poliovirus II. Survey of delayed hypersensitivity and T-cell proliferative responses in inbred mouse strains. Viral Immunol 1990; 3:111-7. [PMID: 2163256 DOI: 10.1089/vim.1990.3.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Some epidemiological reports suggest a human genetic predisposition for susceptibility to the development of paralytic poliomyelitis. In a previous study of cell-mediated immune responses by mice to poliovirus (PV), we showed differences in the responses by BALB/c and C57BL/6 (B6) mice. The present study is a further analysis of the delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) and T cell proliferative (Tprlf) responses to PV in 17 different inbred strains of mice, to determine if these responses were under major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or other genetic control. Both DTH and Tprlf to PV did not correlate with MHC for responses to any of the three PV serotypes. Further, we found a lack of concordance of DTH and Tprlf responses to a given PV serotype. The cell-mediated immune responses by any one mouse strain to one PV serotype is not predictive of that mouse strain's response to another PV serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Les Turner ALS Research Laboratory, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL
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38
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Benveniste EN, Sparacio SM, Bethea JR. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha enhances interferon-gamma-mediated class II antigen expression on astrocytes. J Neuroimmunol 1989; 25:209-19. [PMID: 2555395 PMCID: PMC7119699 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(89)90139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes can function as antigen-presenting cells (APC) upon expression of class II antigens, which are induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) can act synergistically with IFN-gamma with respect to class II expression on a variety of cells. As brain cells themselves can secrete TNF-like factors upon stimulation, we examined the effect of TNF-alpha on IFN-gamma-mediated class II induction on astrocytes. TNF-alpha alone had no effect on class II expression, but did synergize with IFN-gamma for enhanced expression of class II antigens. The specificity of TNF-alpha activity was demonstrated by blocking the amplifying effect of TNF-alpha with a polyclonal anti-TNF-alpha antibody. Kinetic analysis of the synergistic effect indicated that optimal TNF-alpha enhancement of class II expression was observed when astrocytes were pretreated with IFN-gamma 12-24 h prior to TNF-alpha addition. A possible mechanism for the synergistic action between IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha may be increased TNF-alpha receptor expression by IFN-gamma. Astrocytes treated with IFN-gamma for 24 h express more TNF-alpha receptors (3900/cell) than do untreated astrocytes (2483/cell), with no significant change in the binding affinity (Kd). These results suggest that the synergistic activity of TNF-alpha requires an inductive signal from IFN-gamma, which in part may be increased TNF-alpha receptor expression. Altogether, our observations indicate that TNF-alpha enhances ongoing class II major histocompatibility complex gene expression in rat astrocytes, which in this system is initially induced by IFN-gamma. TNF-alpha exerts its effect by binding to high affinity TNF-alpha receptors on astrocytes, whose expression is also enhanced by IFN-gamma. These two cytokines work in concert to elevate class II expression on astrocytes, an event which can contribute to initiation and/or perpetuation of intracerebral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Benveniste
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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39
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Krzystyniak K, Flipo D, Mansour S, Fournier M. Suppression of avidin processing and presentation by mouse macrophages after sublethal exposure to dieldrin. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1989; 18:157-66. [PMID: 2606648 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(89)90013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular events in macrophage antigen processing and presentation were examined to determine the possible site(s) of cell-xenobiotic interaction. Antigenic processing by mouse peritoneal macrophages of a single protein antigen, avidin, was significantly suppressed following sublethal exposure of animals to an organochlorine pesticide, dieldrin. Exposure of C57B1/6 female mice to dieldrin affected the in vitro uptake of [methyl-14C]avidin by peritoneal macrophages and markedly decreased phagocytosis of fluorescein-labelled microspheres and Salmonella typhimurium. Release of the processed avidin, determined by immunochemical quantification of immunogenic avidin and by bioassay of immunogenicity of the released antigen, was also markedly affected. Dieldrin markedly affected presentation of avidin on the macrophage surface, observed by cytoimmunochemical staining of the antigen with fluorescent antibody and flow cytometry. Inhibition of the release of processed avidin was dieldrin dose- and time-dependent, following single sublethal intraperitoneal (ip) exposure to the pesticide. The antigenic properties of processed avidin, determined by biological assay using lymphocyte cultures of normal C57B1/6 mice primed with avidin, were proportional to the antigen concentration in supernatants of macrophage cultures, for both vehicle controls and dieldrin-exposed animals. This observation and analysis of the kinetics of release of processed avidin by macrophages from control and dieldrin-exposed animals suggested that the release of processed avidin, but not the immunogenicity of the antigen itself, was affected by the pesticide exposure. Generally, impairment of avidin processing and presentation appeared to be more dramatic than other pesticide-related injuries to macrophages, such as the uptake of the antigen. In conclusion, antigen processing could be a sensitive target for dieldrin-related injury of macrophage functional activities, which, in consequence, could produce suppression of the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krzystyniak
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
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40
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Stoll G, Griffin JW, Li CY, Trapp BD. Wallerian degeneration in the peripheral nervous system: participation of both Schwann cells and macrophages in myelin degradation. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1989; 18:671-83. [PMID: 2614485 DOI: 10.1007/bf01187086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the role of Schwann cells and hematogenous macrophages in myelin degradation and Ia antigen expression during Wallerian degeneration of rodent sciatic nerve. To identify and distinguish between macrophages and Schwann cells we used, in addition to electron microscopy, immunocytochemical staining of teased nerve fibres and 1 microns thick cryosections. Before the appearance of adherent macrophages the myelin sheath fragmented into ovoids, small whorls of myelin debris appeared within Schwann cell cytoplasm and the Schwann cell displayed numerous lipid droplets. However, at least in large fibres most myelin degradation and removal was accomplished or assisted by macrophages, identified by their expression of the ED1 marker. These cells began entering the nerve from blood vessels by day 2, migrated to degenerating nerve fibres and adhered to nerve fibres in the regions of the ovoids. There they penetrated the Schwann cell basal lamina to occupy an intratubal position and phagocytose myelin. During Wallerian degeneration a subpopulation of ED1-positive monocytes/macrophages expressed Ia antigen; Schwann cells were Ia-negative. Ia expression by monocytes/macrophages appeared to be a transient event and was not seen in post-phagocytic macrophages, as indicated by the fact that ED1-positive phagocytes with large vacuoles were Ia-negative. Our data show that both Schwann cells and macrophages play important roles in degrading and removing myelin during Wallerian degeneration. The expression of Ia antigen during Wallerian degeneration indicates that Ia expression need not necessarily reflect specific immune events but in some instances can represent a nonspecific response to PNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stoll
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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41
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Hartung K, Fontana A, Klar M, Krippner H, Jörgens K, Lang B, Peter HH, Pichler WJ, Schendel D, Robin-Winn M. Association of class I, II, and III MHC gene products with systemic lupus erythematosus. Results of a Central European multicenter study. Rheumatol Int 1989; 9:13-8. [PMID: 2505368 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Class I, II, and III MHC gene products were examined in 248 Central European SLE patients. The previously reported association with HLA-A1, -B8 and -DR3, and C4AQ0 alleles was confirmed. The frequency of HLA-DR2 was also slightly elevated in SLE patients, while no increase in C4BQ0 alleles was observed. Additional findings were a significantly increased frequency of HLA-B13 and a significant decrease of HLA-B44.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hartung
- Department of Medicine, Universities of Bern, Switzerland
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Neilson
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Sinigaglia F, Guttinger M, Kilgus J, Doran DM, Matile H, Etlinger H, Trzeciak A, Gillessen D, Pink JR. A malaria T-cell epitope recognized in association with most mouse and human MHC class II molecules. Nature 1988; 336:778-80. [PMID: 2462673 DOI: 10.1038/336778a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An ideal vaccine should elicit a long lasting immune response against the natural parasite, both at the T- and B-cell level. The immune response should occur in all individuals and be directed against determinants that do not vary in the natural parasite population. A major problem in designing synthetic peptide vaccines is that T cells generally recognize peptide antigens only in association with one or a few of the many variants of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. During the characterization of epitopes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum that are recognized by human T cells, we analysed a sequence of the circumsporozoite protein, and found that synthetic peptides corresponding to this sequence are recognized by T cells in association with many different MHC class II molecules, both in mouse and in man. This region of the circumsporozoite protein is invariant in different parasite isolates. Peptides derived from this region should be capable of inducing T-cell responses in individuals of most HLA-DR types, and may represent good candidates for inclusion in an effective anti-malaria peptide vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sinigaglia
- Central Research Units, F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co. Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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44
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Sorger SB, Matis LA, Engel I, McElligott DL, Fink PJ, Hedrick SM. The influence of MHC gene products on the generation of an antigen-specific T-cell repertoire. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 532:18-32. [PMID: 2845844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb36322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described the B10.A pigeon cytochrome c-specific response in terms of clonal phenotypes and T-cell receptor (TcR) gene usage. All B10.A T-cell clones studied respond to antigen in association with syngeneic B10.A APCs and cross-react to antigen in association with one or two allogeneic variants of the I-E-encoded MHC molecules. In congenic strains of mice expressing these allogeneic MHC alleles [B10.A(5R) and B10.S(9R)], pigeon cytochrome c-specific T cells exhibit very similar MHC cross-reactivities. Our goal was to determine whether the same MHC cross-reactive T-cell clones were expressed in each appropriate strain, or whether each T-cell repertoire was unique. The results indicate that identical V alpha-J alpha and V beta-J beta combinations were expressed by the major pigeon cytochrome c-specific response phenotype in B10.A and B10.A(5R) mice. Previous functional data supports this overlap in expressed T-cell clones. B10.A and B10.S(9R) mice exhibit similar response phenotypes to pigeon cytochrome c but express distinctly different TcR genes. The results of these studies support the existence of at least two different mechanisms in determining MHC-linked immune response polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Sorger
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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45
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Andersson G, Lindblom B, Andersson L, Gorski J, Mach B, Rask L. The single DR beta gene of the DRw8 haplotype is closely related to the DR beta 3III gene encoding DRw52. Immunogenetics 1988; 28:1-5. [PMID: 3132421 DOI: 10.1007/bf00372522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In most individuals two HLA-DR beta genes are expressed from each chromosome. One of these genes encodes one of the classical DR specificities, while the other encodes either of the supertypic DRw52/DRw53 specificities. In addition to these genes usually one or two DR beta pseudogenes are present. In contrast, the DRw8 chromosomal region only contains a single DR beta gene. To determine the relationship of this single gene to the multiple DR beta genes of other DR specificities, comparisons of Southern genomic blots were carried out. In this analysis genomic clones for each individual DR beta chain locus were included. The DR beta w8 gene was indistinguishable from the DR beta III gene of DR3 cells (encoding DRw52), suggesting that it is closely related to the latter gene. The functional implications of this finding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andersson
- Department of Cell Research, Uppsala University, Sweden
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46
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Mizuno K, Tsuchimoto S, Matsuno Y, Niiyama T, Fujii H, Natori T, Aizawa M. The functional link between the immune suppression gene and Mhc class II molecules. Immunogenetics 1988; 27:406-13. [PMID: 2453460 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immune response to bovine insulin (BI) in the rat is controlled by the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc)-linked immune response gene (Ir-BI) and immune suppression gene (Is-BI). In the present study, we investigated the low responsiveness to BI in the WKAH rat (RT1k) and attempted to explore the functional link between Is-BI and Mhc class II molecules. Lymph node cells (LNC) from the low responder (WKAH) rats responded well to BI when a large amount of antigen was added to the culture in vitro or after OX8-bearing (OX8+) T cells were eliminated. These LNC, after the elimination of OX8+ cells, could show the RT1.Dk-restricted proliferative response upon in vitro challenge with BI, BI-B chain, or pork insulin. In addition, OX8+ T cells, which were activated with BI and antigen-presenting cells (APC) in vitro, suppressed the anti-BI response of W3/25-bearing proliferating T cells from BI-immunized rats. The results have demonstrated that proliferating T-cell repertoires do exist to BI, which recognize BI-B chain in the context of RT1.Dk molecules in the WKAH rat, and that the state of low responsiveness is mediated to a great extent by antigen-specific OX8+ suppressor T (Ts) cells. Furthermore, the elimination of APC or the addition to RT1.Bk-specific monoclonal antibody in the in vitro secondary activation culture of Ts cells diminished the suppressive activity of OX8+ Ts cells. In the induction phase of Ts cells it therefore seems to be necessary for these cells to recognize BI together with RT1.Bk molecules on APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mizuno
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Needleman BW. Recognition of multiple class II signals by murine T cell antigen receptors. Speculation regarding the relationships among autoreactive, antigen-specific and alloreactive T cells. Immunol Res 1988; 7:152-72. [PMID: 3292673 DOI: 10.1007/bf02918098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B W Needleman
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
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48
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Andersson L, Lundén A, Sigurdardottir S, Davies CJ, Rask L. Linkage relationships in the bovine MHC region. High recombination frequency between class II subregions. Immunogenetics 1988; 27:273-80. [PMID: 2894354 DOI: 10.1007/bf00376122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Class II genes of the bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been investigated by Southern blot analysis using human DNA probes. Previous studies revealed the presence of bovine DO beta, DQ alpha, DQ beta, DR alpha, and DR beta genes, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms for each of these genes were documented. In the present study, the presence of three additional class II genes, designated DZ alpha, DY alpha, and DY beta, are reported. DZ alpha was assumed to correspond to the human DZ alpha gene while the other two were designated DY because their relationship to human class II genes could not be firmly established. The linkage relationships among bovine class II genes and two additional loci, TCP1B and C4, were investigated by family segregation analysis and analysis of linkage disequilibrium. The results clearly indicated that all these loci belong to the same linkage group. This linkage group is divided into two subregions separated by a fairly high recombination frequency. One region includes the C4, DQ alpha, DQ beta, DR alpha, and DR beta loci and the other one is composed of the DO beta, DY alpha, DY beta, and TCP1B loci. No recombinant was observed within any of these subregions and there was a strong or fairly strong linkage disequilibrium between loci within groups. In contrast, as many as five recombinants among three different families were detected in the interval between these subregions giving a recombination frequency estimate of 0.17 +/- 0.07. The fairly high recombination frequency observed between class II genes in cattle is strikingly different from the corresponding recombination estimates in man and mouse. The finding implies either a much larger molecular distance between some of the bovine class II genes or alternatively the presence of a recombinational "hot spot" in the bovine class II region.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Andersson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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49
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Andersson L, Rask L. Characterization of the MHC class II region in cattle. The number of DQ genes varies between haplotypes. Immunogenetics 1988; 27:110-20. [PMID: 2891610 DOI: 10.1007/bf00351084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The organization of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region in cattle was investigated by Southern blot analysis using human probes corresponding to DO, DP, DQ, and DR genes. Exon-specific probes were also employed to facilitate the assessment of the number of different bovine class II genes. The results indicated the presence of single DO beta and DR alpha genes, at least three DR beta genes, while the number of DQ genes was found to vary between MHC haplotypes. Four DQ haplotypes, DQ alpha 1 beta 1 to DQ alpha 2 beta 4, possessed a single DQ alpha and a single DQ beta gene whereas both these genes were duplicated in eight other haplotypes, DQ alpha 3 beta 5 to DQ alpha 9 beta 12. No firm evidence for the presence of bovine DP genes was obtained. The same human probes were also used to investigate the genetic polymorphism of bovine class II genes. DQ alpha, DQ beta, DR alpha, DR beta, and DO beta restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were resolved and in particular the DQ restriction fragment patterns were highly polymorphic. Comparison of the present result with the current knowledge of the class II region in other mammalian species suggested that the DO, DP, DQ, DR, and DZ subdivision of the class II region was established already in the ancestor of mammals. The DP genes appear to be the least conserved class II genes among mammalian species and may have been lost in cattle. The degree of polymorphism of different class II genes, as revealed by RFLP analyses, shows striking similarities between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Andersson
- Department of Animal Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ben-Yehuda
- Corob Research Center, Saroka University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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