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Nishio-Nagai M, Suzuki S, Yoshikawa K, Ueda R, Kazaoka Y. Adoptive immunotherapy combined with FP treatment for head and neck cancer: An in vitro study. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1471-1481. [PMID: 29048671 PMCID: PMC5643067 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
FP treatment, which combines 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (CDDP) chemotherapy, is widely used for treatment of advanced head and neck cancer (HNC). It has been suggested that these drugs cause immunomodulation in the cancer microenvironment, for example, downregulation of immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs), activating dendritic cells (DCs), and upregulation of tumor antigens and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in cancer cells leads to enhancement of cancer immunity, which is important in cancer treatment, as well as providing a direct killing effect. Therefore, development of chemoimmunotherapy by combining FP treatment with immunotherapy for HNC has become a recent challenging issue. However, the direct effects of these drugs on immune effector cells, especially cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), are not well known. We have investigated the direct actions of these drugs on CTL functions in in vitro experiments using cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65 antigen-specific CTLs (CMVpp65-CTLs) and oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) cell lines overexpressing CMVpp65 antigen as target cells. Although CDDP partially inhibited proliferation of memory CMVpp65-CTL in peripheral blood, the proliferation was not inhibited by 5-FU. Cytotoxicity and the IFN-γ release response of the CMVpp65-CTLs were not inhibited by these drugs, and it is important to note that these drugs, especially 5-FU, sensitized OSCC cell lines to CMVpp65-CTL. Furthermore, CMVpp65-CTL cytotoxicity to CDDP-resistant OSCC cells, HSC-3/CDDP-R1, was the same as the cytotoxicity to the parental cells. Thus, we suggest that combined immunotherapy with FP treatment is an effective novel HNC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayako Nishio-Nagai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Susumu Suzuki
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshikawa
- Division of Advanced Research Promotion, Institute of Comprehensive Medical Research, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Ueda
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kazaoka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Immunotherapy: Current Strategies and Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5947-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Immunodominance: a pivotal principle in host response to viral infections. Clin Immunol 2012; 143:99-115. [PMID: 22391152 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We encounter pathogens on a daily basis and our immune system has evolved to mount an immune response following an infection. An interesting phenomenon that has evolved in response to clearing bacterial and viral infections is called immunodominance. Immunodominance refers to the phenomenon that, despite co-expression of multiple major histocompatibility complex class I alleles by host cells and the potential generation of hundreds of distinct antigenic peptides for recognition following an infection, a large portion of the anti-viral cytotoxic T lymphocyte population targets only some peptide/MHC class I complexes. Here we review the main factors contributing to immunodominance in relation to influenza A and HIV infection. Of special interest are the factors contributing to immunodominance in humans and rodents following influenza A infection. By critically reviewing these findings, we hope to improve understanding of the challenges facing the discovery of new factors enabling better anti-viral vaccine strategies in the future.
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Abstract
This review provides a detailed look at the attributes and immunologic mechanisms of plasmid DNA vaccines and their utility as laboratory tools as well as potential human vaccines. The immunogenicity and efficacy of DNA vaccines in a variety of preclinical models is used to illustrate how they differ from traditional vaccines in novel ways due to the in situ antigen production and the ease with which they are constructed. The ability to make new DNA vaccines without needing to handle a virulent pathogen or to adapt the pathogen for manufacturing purposes demonstrates the potential value of this vaccine technology for use against emerging and epidemic pathogens. Similarly, personalized anti-tumor DNA vaccines can also readily be made from a biopsy. Because DNA vaccines bias the T-helper (Th) cell response to a Th1 phenotype, DNA vaccines are also under development for vaccines against allergy and autoimmune diseases. The licensure of four animal health products, including two prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases, one immunotherapy for cancer, and one gene therapy delivery of a hormone for a food animal, provides evidence of the efficacy of DNA vaccines in multiple species including horses and pigs. The size of these target animals provides evidence that the somewhat disappointing immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in a number of human clinical trials is not due simply to the larger mass of humans compared with most laboratory animals. The insights gained from the mechanisms of protection in the animal vaccines, the advances in the delivery and expression technologies for increasing the potency of DNA vaccines, and encouragingly potent human immune responses in certain clinical trials, provide insights for future efforts to develop DNA vaccines into a broadly useful vaccine and immunotherapy platform with applications for human and animal health.
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Woo SU, Bae JW, Yang JH, Kim JH, Nam SJ, Shin YK. Overexpression of interleukin-10 in sentinel lymph node with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14:3268-73. [PMID: 17762971 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 06/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In breast carcinoma, identification of tumor cells in the sentinel lymph nodes is a predictor of the tumor's metastatic potential. Sentinel lymph node may be targeted not only by tumor cell metastasis but also by cytokines from the emergence of antitumor immune responses. METHODS Between February 2003 and February 2004, the investigator evaluated 38 cases that underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy at the Samsung Medical Center. Eighty paraffin-embedded sections, 49 sentinel, and 31 nonsentinel lymph node, from breast carcinoma without lymphatic metastases were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the cytokine profile (interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, interleukin-10 and interleukin-12) for the T cell response. RESULTS A higher expression of interleukin-10 was observed in sentinel lymph node than in nonsentinel lymph node (P = 0.03). The expressions of interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and interleukin-12 were similar between sentinel and nonsentinel lymph node. CONCLUSIONS Theses results indicate that T cell response was downregulated by interleukin-10 overexpression in sentinel lymph node with breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Uk Woo
- Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Matsuura K, Yamaguchi Y, Ueno H, Osaki A, Arihiro K, Toge T. Maturation of dendritic cells and T-cell responses in sentinel lymph nodes from patients with breast carcinoma. Cancer 2006; 106:1227-36. [PMID: 16475148 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methods for identifying sentinel lymph nodes (SNs) and their clinical significance have been established. Recent advances in molecular immunology have enabled the analysis of precise immune responses. The objective of the current study was to clarify the dendritic cell (DC) maturation, T-helper type 1 (Th-1) and Th-2 responses, and regulatory T-cell responses of SNs in patients with breast carcinoma. METHODS SNs and non-SNs were identified by radioguided and blue dye-guided methods in 70 consecutive patients with clinically lymph node negative (N0) breast carcinoma. Lymphocytes were collected from SNs and non-SNs and were subjected to flow cytometric analysis (FCM) using antibodies of CD83-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), CD80-phycoerythrin (PE), CD86-PE, CD40-PE, human leukemic D-related antigen (HLA-DR)-FITC, CD4-FITC, and CD25-PE. Total RNA was extracted from SNs and non-SNs, and the expression of CD83, interleukin 12p40 (IL-12p40), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-4, IL-10, and Foxp3 was evaluated by using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The immunologic status of SNs was analyzed further with regard to micrometastases, which were identified as negative microscopically but positive according to an RT-PCR analysis that was specific for mammaglobin. RESULTS SNs were detectable in 70 of 71 consecutive patients (98.6%) with clinically N0 breast carcinoma. Fourteen of 70 patients (20.0%) had positive metastasis in SNs. When SNs were compared with non-SNs in 56 metastasis-negative patients, FCM revealed that HLA-DR-positive, CD80-positive, CD86-positive, and CD40-positive cell populations were decreased significantly in SNs. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that, among 44 patients with metastasis-negative SNs, the expression levels of CD83 and IFN-gamma mRNA were significantly lower in SNs compared with non-SNs. Immunologic parameters also were compared between 44 metastasis-negative SNs and 14 metastasis-positive SNs. The metastasis-positive SNs demonstrated significantly higher expression of CD83, IL-12p40, IFN-gamma, IL-10, and Foxp3 mRNA than the metastasis-negative SNs. Correction of micrometastasis detected by mammaglobin enhanced these differences consistently. CONCLUSIONS In patients with breast carcinoma, cellular immune responses, from DC maturation to Th-1 responses, appeared to be less active in SNs compared with non-SNs before metastasis developed. Once metastasis was established in SNs, DC maturation was triggered and was followed by the up-regulation of Th-1 responses, which may reflect antigen-specific immune responses in SNs. Unlike DC maturation and Th-1 responses after metastasis in SNs, up-regulation of Th-2 and regulatory T-cell responses developed in parallel.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/secondary
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphatic Metastasis/genetics
- Mammaglobin A
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Uteroglobin/analysis
- Uteroglobin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Matsuura
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Minami K, Yamaguchi Y, Ohshita A, Kawabuchi Y, Ohta K, Hihara J, Toge T. Generation of antigen-presenting cells using cultured dendritic cells and amplified autologous tumor mRNA. Oncology 2005; 69:399-407. [PMID: 16319511 DOI: 10.1159/000089994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were generated using cultured dendritic cells (DCs) and amplified tumor mRNA, and the potential of tumor antigen-reactive T cell induction by the tumor RNA-introduced DCs (DC/tumor RNA) was analyzed in a patient with melanoma antigen-encoding gene (MAGE3)-positive malignant melanoma of the esophagus. DCs were generated from an adherent fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4. Tumor mRNA was purified from tumor tissue, amplified in vitro using a T7 RNA polymerase system, and then introduced into DCs by electroporation (150 V/150 microF or 100 V/200 microF). The gene introduction efficiency was 44-55% as measured by enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene expression, and the viability of RNA-introduced DCs was approximately 80%. DC/tumor RNA could induce tumor antigen-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in an mRNA-specific manner, but had no effect on the self-antigen-reactive T cells. DC/tumor RNA could induce the polyspecific antigen-reactive CTL responses mediated by both human leukocyte antigen class I and class II molecules, whereas MAGE3 peptide-pulsed DCs induced only the monospecific MAGE3-reactive CTL responses mediated by human leukocyte antigen class I molecules, showing the superiority of the DC/tumor RNA over the DC/peptide. It is suggested that the use of DC/tumor RNA as antigen-presenting cells may be more effective, convenient and practical for the DC-based anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Minami
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan
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Kojima H, Kanno Y, Hase H, Kobata T. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells attenuate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway in antigen-primed immature CD8+ CTLs during functional maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5959-67. [PMID: 15879088 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.5959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the role of CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T (Tr) cells in CTL maturation and effector functions using a murine CTL line and in vitro MLC. Tr cells inhibited CTL functional maturation, but had no effect on CTL effector functions. In CD4(+) responder T cell-depleted MLC supplemented with IL-2, Tr cells suppressed mature CTL generation only when added within the first 2 days of culture. Tr cells down-regulated levels of active Akt, but not STAT5 or ZAP70 in Ag-primed immature CTLs. Down-regulation of active Akt was accompanied by a reduction in CTL cell size and IL-2Ralpha expression. In Tr cell-depleted MLC, CTLs were generated that exhibited high levels of nonspecific cytotoxicity. Our in vitro findings suggest that Tr cells regulate functional CTL maturation to generate optimal Ag-specific immune responses through the control of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Size
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed/methods
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Milk Proteins/biosynthesis
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Trans-Activators/biosynthesis
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Kojima
- Department of Immunology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan.
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Sipione S, Ewen C, Shostak I, Michalak M, Bleackley RC. Impaired Cytolytic Activity in Calreticulin-Deficient CTLs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3212-9. [PMID: 15749851 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident chaperone that is stored in the cytotoxic granules of CTLs and NK cells and is released with granzymes and perforin upon recognition of target cells. To investigate the role of calreticulin in CTL-mediated killing, we generated CTL lines from crt(+/+) and crt(-/-) mice expressing a constitutively active form of calcineurin in the heart. Crt(-/-) CTLs showed reduced cytotoxic activity toward allogeneic target cells despite normal production, intracellular localization, and activity of granzymes and despite perforin overexpression. Comparable or higher amounts of granzymes were degranulated by crt(-/-) cells in response to immobilized anti-CD3 Abs, indicating that calreticulin is dispensable for the signal transduction that leads to granule exocytosis. The ability to form conjugates with target cells was affected in the crt(-/-) CTLs, explaining the observed reduction in cytotoxicity. Conjugate formation and cytotoxicity were completely restored by treatments that facilitate recognition and contact with target cells, a prerequisite for degranulation and killing. Therefore, we conclude that calreticulin is dispensable for the cytolytic activity of granzymes and perforin, but it is required for efficient CTL-target cell interaction and for the formation of the death synapse.
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Abstract
The induction of immune responses requires critical interaction between innate parts of the immune system, which respond rapidly and in a relatively nonspecific manner, and other specific parts, which recognize particular epitopes on an antigen. A critical element in this interaction is the role played by dendritic cells (DCs), which represent "professional antigen-presenting cells." DCs endocytose and process antigen to peptide presented on the cell surface in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This presentation results in interaction with and stimulation of helper T (Th) lymphocytes, which recognize peptide in association with either MHC class II or cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes, which recognize peptide in association with MHC class I. Stimulation of Th lymphocytes produces the growth and differentiation factors (cytokines) essential for the B lymphocytes that have responded to a more intact form of the antigen and that differentiate into antibody-producing cells. The precise interaction between the cells depends on cognate ligand-receptor recognition between the B and Th lymphocytes. DCs also play a direct role with the stimulation of the B lymphocytes. It appears that DC can deliver antigen to the B lymphocytes in a more intact form than the processed form essential for stimulating T lymphocytes, and can release cytokines that assist the differentiation of the B lymphocytes into antibody-producing cells. This close relationship among the three cell types and the cytokines that are produced ensures the precise control and regulation necessary for immune response development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C McCullough
- Immunology Department, the Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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Chersi A, Galati R, Accapezzato D, Francavilla V, Barnaba V, Butler RH, Tanigaki N. Responses of peptide-specific T cells to stimulation with polystyrene beads carrying HLA class I molecules loaded with single peptides. J Immunol Methods 2004; 291:79-91. [PMID: 15345307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2004] [Revised: 05/04/2004] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-sized microbeads carrying single peptide-loaded HLA class I molecules were prepared for HLA-A2 and HLA-B7 by a simple procedure which transfers single peptide-loaded HLA class I molecules from cultured cells to polystyrene beads using anti-peptide antibodies directed to an intracellular segment of HLA-A alpha chains. The surface density of peptide-loaded HLA class I molecules on beads was comparable to that on the peptide-loaded cells. HLA-A2 beads loaded with an HCV peptide HCV1073 were tested for stimulation activity on an HCV1073-specific CD8+ T cell clone NS3-1. A substantial level of gamma-IFN production was induced. The stimulation was peptide-specific. The efficiency was dependent on the bead concentration and the surface HLA class I density on beads and enhanced significantly by co-coupling of anti-CD28 to peptide-loaded beads. The peptide-loading efficiency on HLA class I molecules and the transfer efficiency of HLA class I molecules to polystyrene beads were reasonably high for HLA-A2 and HLA-B7. Thus, polystyrene beads carrying these single peptide-loaded HLA class I molecules are potentially useful in further analysis of the co-stimulatory or inhibitory factors involved in CD8+ T cell responses and eventually in detection of cytotoxic T cells in PBLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Chersi
- Department of Biochemistry, Regina Elena Institute for Cancer Research, Rome, Italy
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12
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Swiatecka-Urban A. Anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibodies for the prevention of rejection in pediatric renal transplant patients: current status. Paediatr Drugs 2004; 5:699-716. [PMID: 14510627 DOI: 10.2165/00148581-200305100-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The anti-interleukin-2 receptor (anti-IL-2R) antibody therapy is an exciting approach to the prevention of acute rejection after renal allograft transplantation whereby immunosuppression is exerted by a selective and competitive inhibition of IL-2-induced T cell proliferation, a critical pathway of allorecognition. The anti-IL-2R antibodies specifically block the alpha-subunit of the IL-2R on activated T cells, and prevent T cell proliferation and activation of the effector arms of the immune system. The anti-IL-2R antibodies are used as induction therapy, immediately after renal transplantation, for prevention of acute cellular rejection in children and adults. During acute rejection, the IL-2Ralpha chain is no longer expressed on T cells; thus, the antibodies cannot be used to treat an existing acute rejection. Two anti-IL-2R monoclonal antibodies are currently in clinical use: daclizumab and basiliximab. In placebo-controlled phase III clinical trials in adults, daclizumab and basiliximab in combination with calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppression, significantly reduced the incidence of acute rejection and corticosteroid-resistant acute rejection without increasing the risk of infectious or malignant complications, and neither antibody was associated with the cytokine-release syndrome. Children who receive calcineurin inhibitors and corticosteroids for maintenance immunosuppression, as well as children who receive augmented immunosuppression to treat acute rejection, are at increased risk of growth impairment, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, lymphoproliferative disorders, diabetes mellitus, and cosmetic changes. In older children, the cosmetic adverse effects frequently reduce compliance with the treatment, and subsequently increase the risk of allograft loss. Being effective and well tolerated in children, the anti-IL-2R antibodies reduce the need for calcineurin inhibitors while maintaining the overall efficacy of the regimen; thus, the anti-IL-2R antibodies increase the safety margin (less toxicity, fewer adverse effects) of the baseline immunosuppression. Secondly, the anti-IL-2R antibodies decrease the need for corticosteroids and muromonab CD3 (OKT3) in children as a result of decreased incidence of acute rejection. The recommended pediatric dose of daclizumab is 1 mg/kg intravenously every 14 days for five doses, with the first dose administered within 24 hours pre-transplantation. This administration regimen maintains daclizumab levels necessary to completely saturate the IL-2Ralpha (5-10 microg/mL) in children for at least 12 weeks.The recommended pediatric dose of basiliximab for recipients <35 kg is 10 mg, and 20 mg for recipients > or =35 kg, intravenously on days 0 and 4 post-transplantation. This administration regimen maintains basiliximab levels necessary to completely saturate the IL-2Ralpha (>0.2 microg/mL) in children for at least 3 weeks.
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Abstract
There is a renewed enthusiasm for therapeutic vaccination as a viable treatment for patients with cancer. Early tumor vaccines were comprised of whole tumor cells, fragments of tumor cells, or protein lysate from tumor cells. Limited results with these approaches led investigators to begin developing the next generation of cancer vaccines based on defined tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Defining and characterizing TAAs for human cancer, development of new approaches for identifying TAAs, and novel strategies to deliver the antigens as potent therapeutic vaccines have all been the focus of intense research in the past decade and will continue to be the focus for decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Lewis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Southwest Cancer Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA
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14
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Abstract
Host defense against pathogenic microbes requires dramatically different responses, depending on the character of the pathogen and on the tissue under attack. Central to the immune system's ability to mobilize a response to an invading pathogen is its ability to distinguish self from nonself. The host has evolved both innate and adaptive mechanisms to respond to and eliminate pathogenic microbes. Both of these mechanisms include self-nonself discrimination. This overview describes key mechanisms used by the immune system to respond to invading microbes and identifies settings in which disturbed immune function exacerbates tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Chaplin
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, BBRB 276/11, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA
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Francke S, Orosz CG, Hsu J, Mathes LE. Immunomodulatory effect of zidovudine (ZDV) on cytotoxic T lymphocytes previously exposed to ZDV. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:2865-71. [PMID: 12183239 PMCID: PMC127449 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.9.2865-2871.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, zidovudine (ZDV) was shown to cause a concentration-dependent inhibition of antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clonal expansion (S. Francke, C. G. Orosz, K. A. Hayes, and L. E. Mathes, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:1900-1905, 2000). However, this suppressive effect was lost if exposure to ZDV was delayed for 24 to 48 h during the antigen sensitization period, suggesting that antigen-primed CTL may be less susceptible than naive T lymphocytes to the suppressive effects of ZDV. The present study was undertaken to determine if naive T lymphocytes were more sensitive to the suppressive effects of ZDV than T lymphocytes previously exposed to antigen. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of ZDV were determined on naive and antigen-primed T-cell responses in an alloantigen system. Lymphocyte cultures with continuous antigen exposure (double prime) were more resistant to ZDV suppression (IC(50) = 316 micro M) than were naive lymphocytes (IC(50) = 87.5 micro M). Interestingly, lymphocytes that were antigen primed but deprived of antigen during the final 7 days of culture (prime/hold) were exquisitely sensitive to ZDV suppression (IC(50) = 29.3 micro M). The addition of 80 micro M ZDV during the initial priming of the single-prime (prime/hold) and double-prime cultures did not select for a more drug-resistant cell population. The differences in ZDV sensitivities are likely a reflection of the physiological properties of the lymphocytes related to their activation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Francke
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Tham EL, Jensen PL, Mescher MF. Activation of antigen-specific T cells by artificial cell constructs having immobilized multimeric peptide-class I complexes and recombinant B7-Fc proteins. J Immunol Methods 2001; 249:111-9. [PMID: 11226469 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation results from the engagement of multiple receptors on T cells by their respective ligands on antigen presenting cells. Studies using artificial cell surface constructs have demonstrated that effective T cell response requires that antigen be presented on a solid surface with dimensions that approximate those of an intact cell. In this report, we describe the cloning and expression of recombinant B7-1-Fc and B7-2-Fc proteins and their incorporation onto 5-microm latex microspheres along with renatured peptide-MHC. These microspheres provide a simple and effective method for the in vitro or in vivo stimulation of antigen-specific T cells under precisely controlled antigen and costimulation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Tham
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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17
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Mo AX, van Lelyveld SF, Craiu A, Rock KL. Sequences that flank subdominant and cryptic epitopes influence the proteolytic generation of MHC class I-presented peptides. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:4003-10. [PMID: 10754291 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.8.4003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome has been shown to make the proper C-terminal cleavage for the generation of several immunodominant class I-presented peptides whereas aminopeptidases generate their proper N termini. In this study, we show that these two distinct proteolytic processes are also involved in generating a subdominant OVA peptide KVVRFDKL (K-L). Moreover, proteasome inhibitors did not enhance the presentation of any K-L construct, suggesting that destruction of this peptide by proteasomes, if any, does not limit its presentation. We have further examined in intact cells the influence of residues flanking this epitope on these proteolytic processes. When the N-terminal flanking residues of K-L are fused to an immunodominant OVA peptide SIINFEKL (S-L), the presentation of S-L is reduced as compared with a construct with its natural flanking sequence and was not inhibited (or enhanced) by proteasome inhibitors. Similarly, a reduction in presentation was observed when the C-terminal flanking residues of the subdominant epitope were attached to S-L. A detailed analysis revealed that the Pro at the P1' position of K-L was responsible for this reduction, and presentation of these C-terminally extended constructs was sensitive to proteasome inhibitor. The study suggests that both the N- and C-terminal flanks of the subdominant peptide are suboptimal for Ag presentation. Moreover, three of four C-terminal residues that flank other subdominant or cryptic epitopes in OVA reduced the presentation of S-L. Therefore, the residues that flank the C termini of several subdominant and cryptic epitopes are often suboptimal for cleavage and may contribute to the phenomenon of immunodominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A X Mo
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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18
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Manning TC, Kranz DM. Binding energetics of T-cell receptors: correlation with immunological consequences. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 20:417-22. [PMID: 10462742 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T C Manning
- Dept of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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19
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Biedermann BC, Pober JS. Human Endothelial Cells Induce and Regulate Cytolytic T Cell Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.9.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We compared the capacity of cultured human endothelial cells (EC) vs B lymphoblastoid cells (BLC) from the same donor to stimulate allogeneic CD8+ T cells to differentiate into CTL, assaying for allorestricted cytotoxicity, T cell growth, IFN-γ secretion, and perforin expression. The input cell number affected specificity and potency of the resulting CTL. At low input (<105 cells/well), anti-EC CTL were rarely detected. At high input (>106 cells/well), anti-EC CTL developed that displayed unrestricted, low-titer killing and an unstable phenotype. At intermediate input (1.0–2.5 × 105 cells/well), classical class I MHC-restricted, CD8+, and perforin-positive anti-EC CTL developed with reproducible frequencies. However, under all conditions EC were less efficient stimulators than BLC from the same donor. Anti-EC CTL did not kill BLC, whereas anti-BLC CTL killed BLC and EC from the same donor with comparable efficiency. When CD8+ T lymphocytes were grown in the presence of EC and BLC together, the differentiation of anti-BLC CTL was completely suppressed, while the anti-EC response was intact. The inhibition of the allogeneic anti-BLC CTL response was independent of T cell-EC contact, and proliferation of CD8+ T cells was inhibited by EC-conditioned medium. We conclude that EC are competent but less efficient activators of CTL differentiation than are BLC and that EC actively regulate differentiation and/or expansion of allospecific CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C. Biedermann
- Program in Molecular Cardiobiology, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Jordan S. Pober
- Program in Molecular Cardiobiology, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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20
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Gordon LB, Nolan SC, Ksander BR, Knopf PM, Harling-Berg CJ. Normal cerebrospinal fluid suppresses the in vitro development of cytotoxic T cells: role of the brain microenvironment in CNS immune regulation. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 88:77-84. [PMID: 9688327 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in brain physiology is well established, while our understanding of its role in brain immunity is undefined. We demonstrate that normal rat CSF suppresses the in vitro development of mastocytoma-specific CTL activity in restimulated splenocytes from Balb/c mice, a strain unable to reject this tumor from the brain. Suppression is dependent on TGF-beta, revealed by reversal of suppression with specific neutralizing antibody. In contrast, mice which can reject this tumor from the brain, such as Balb/c mice with immunological memory to the tumor or CD-1 mice with major histo-incompatibility with the tumor, have populations of precursor CTL which are resistant to CSF-induced suppression, in the in vitro restimulation protocol. We propose that the susceptibility to CSF-induced suppression of peripherally generated immune cells that traffic to the brain plays an important role in determining whether growing tumor cells survive in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Gordon
- The Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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21
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Tsujimura K, Takahashi T, Iwase S, Matsudaira Y, Kaneko Y, Yagita H, Obata Y. Two Types of Anti-TL (Thymus Leukemia) CTL Clones with Distinct Target Specificities: Differences in Cytotoxic Mechanisms and Accessory Molecule Requirements. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.11.5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
TCRαβ CTL clones recognizing mouse thymus leukemia (TL) Ags were established and categorized into two groups: those killing any TL+ target cells (type I) and those killing only TL+ Con A blasts (type II). Cold target inhibition assays showed that the antigenic determinant(s) recognized by type II clones are expressed not only on TL+ Con A blasts but also on other TL+ target cells. The relation of the target specificity to the killing machinery and the accessory molecules involved in cytotoxicity were therefore analyzed using four representative clones selected from each type. Of the target cells tested, Fas was only expressed on Con A blasts, indicating that Fas ligand (FasL)-dependent cytotoxicity is limited to such cells. All four type II and one of four type I clones expressed FasL on the surface, while both types contained perforin in the cytoplasm. Blocking studies using neutralizing anti-FasL mAbs and concanamycin A (CMA), a selective inhibitor of the perforin pathway, suggested that type I clones kill target cells by way of perforin, while type II clones kill TL+ Con A blasts through FasL together with perforin. For their cytotoxicity, type I CTLs require a signal through CD8, while type II require LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions. Type II clones also need a costimulatory signal through an unknown molecule for perforin-dependent cytotoxicity. These results taken together suggest that the difference in the target specificity of anti-TL CTL clones is due to variation in the killing machineries and the dependence on accessory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Tsujimura
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya
| | | | - Shigeru Iwase
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya
- †Department of Chemical Hygiene and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya
| | - Yasue Matsudaira
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya
| | - Yoko Kaneko
- ‡Department for Geriatric Research, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Obu; and
| | - Hideo Yagita
- §Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Obata
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya
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22
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23
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Pettersen RD, Gaudernack G, Olafsen MK, Lie SO, Hestdal K. The TCR-Binding Region of the HLA Class I α2 Domain Signals Rapid Fas-Independent Cell Death: A Direct Pathway for T Cell-Mediated Killing of Target Cells? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.9.4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
TCR binding to an MHC class I/peptide complex is a central event in CTL-mediated elimination of target cells. In this study, we demonstrate that specific activation of the TCR-binding region of the HLA-A2 class I α2 domain induces apoptotic cell death. mAbs to this region rapidly induced apoptosis of HLA-A2-expressing Jurkat E11 cells, as determined by morphologic changes, phosphatidylserine exposure on the cell surface, and propidium iodide uptake. In contrast, apoptosis was not induced following culture with mAbs directed to other regions of the class I molecule. Death signaling by class I molecules is apparently dependent on coreceptor activation, as apoptosis is also signaled by HLA-A2 molecules, where the intracytoplasmic residues were deleted. HLA class I α2-mediated cell death appeared to proceed independent of the Fas pathway. Compared with apoptotic signaling by Fas ligation, HLA class I α2-mediated responses displayed a faster time course and could be observed within 30 min. Furthermore, class I α2-induced cell death did not involve observable DNA fragmentation. The apoptotic response was not affected significantly by peptide inhibitors of IL-1β converting enzyme (ICE)-like proteases and CPP32. Taken together, activation of the TCR-binding domain of the class I α2 helix may result in apoptotic signaling apparently dependent on a novel death pathway. Thus, target HLA class I molecules may directly signal apoptotic cell death following proper ligation by the TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustav Gaudernack
- ‡Section for Immune Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Erb KJ, Kirman J, Woodfield L, Wilson T, Collins DM, Watson JD, LeGros G. Identification of potential CD8+ T-cell epitopes of the 19 kDa and AhpC proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. No evidence for CD8+ T-cell priming against the identified peptides after DNA-vaccination of mice. Vaccine 1998; 16:692-7. [PMID: 9562688 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the major killers among infectious agents. It is of great importance to develop an efficient vaccine against M. tuberculosis since the only available vaccine, M. bovis-BCG, has a low efficacy. Furthermore, the emergence of multi-drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains makes it difficult to cure the disease. CD8+ T cells have been implied to play an important role in protective immunity against M. tuberculosis. A good vaccination strategy for the induction of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses is naked DNA-injection of eukaryotic expression vectors. The use of DNA-injection in an attempt to induce cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses against epitopes of the 19 kDa or AhpC proteins from M. tuberculosis in mice was studied. MHC class I binding assays, of peptides derived from these proteins, demonstrated the presence of potential CD8+ T-cell epitopes. However, CD8+ T-cell responses against the peptides after DNA-injection were not detected. Furthermore, no difference in the kinetics of bacterial clearance was observed in vaccinated versus unvaccinated animals, even though 19 kDa and AhpC specific antibodies were readily detected in the serum of vaccinated animals. Taken together these results suggest that the 19 kDa and AhpC genes are not good candidates for DNA vaccines against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Erb
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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25
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Choksi S, Jameson BA, Korngold R. A structure-based approach to designing synthetic CD8alpha peptides that can inhibit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. Nat Med 1998; 4:309-14. [PMID: 9500604 DOI: 10.1038/nm0398-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD8 molecules function as co-receptors on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), interacting with a nonpolymorphic region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I a3 domain on antigen-presenting cells. Analogues were designed from a structural model of the mouse CD8a molecule to identify surfaces involved in CD8 function. Peptides were screened for in vitro biological activity on alloreactive CTLs, and analogue SC4 (p54-59) was found to be inhibitory during both the generation and effector stages. SC4 was also able to significantly prolong skin allograft survival across a MHC class I barrier. Thus, such CD8 analogues may have therapeutic potential as immunoregulators of CTL immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Choksi
- Kimmel Cancer Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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26
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Luxembourg AT, Borrow P, Teyton L, Brunmark AB, Peterson PA, Jackson MR. Biomagnetic isolation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells usable in immunotherapy. Nat Biotechnol 1998; 16:281-5. [PMID: 9528010 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0398-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Isolating antigen-specific T lymphocytes is hampered by the low frequency of the cells and the low affinity between T-cell receptors (TCR) and antigen. We describe the isolation and purification of antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes from mixed T-cell populations. Magnetic beads coated with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules loaded with specific peptide were used as a substrate for T-cell capture. Low-frequency T cells, as well as T cells with TCR of low affinity for the antigen were captured on the beads. Following isolation and expansion, recovered cells specifically killed target cells in vitro, and displayed antiviral effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Luxembourg
- R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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27
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Perreault C, Roy DC, Fortin C. Immunodominant minor histocompatibility antigens: the major ones. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1998; 19:69-74. [PMID: 9509761 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Sherrington PD, Scott JL, Jin B, Simmons D, Dorahy DJ, Lloyd J, Brien JH, Aebersold RH, Adamson J, Zuzel M, Burns GF. TLiSA1 (PTA1) activation antigen implicated in T cell differentiation and platelet activation is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily exhibiting distinctive regulation of expression. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:21735-44. [PMID: 9268302 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.35.21735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T lineage-specific activation antigen 1 (TLiSA1) antigen was initially described as a T lineage-specific activation antigen involved in the differentiation of human cytotoxic T cells. Subsequently, the antigen was identified on platelets and was shown to be involved in platelet activation, hence it was renamed platelet and T cell antigen 1 (PTA1), although identity between the two antigens was not established. In the present study we have cloned the cDNA encoding TLiSA1 from Jurkat cells and show it to be a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with the unusual structure of two V domains only. Identity between TLiSA1 and platelet PTA1 is established by immunological criteria, by internal peptide sequences obtained from the purified platelet glycoprotein and by sequencing the platelet transcript after reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. In Jurkat cells, TLiSA1/PTA1 mRNA and surface protein expression is greatly stimulated by treatment of the cells with phorbol ester, but the T cell proliferative signal of phorbol ester and ionophore combined greatly reduces or abrogates this response, and this suppressive effect of the ionophore is not reversed by incorporating FK506 to inhibit calcineurin. Together with the known signaling role of PTA1, these data substantiate the notion that this molecule is implicated in T cell differentiation, perhaps by engagement of an adhesive ligand.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Base Sequence
- COS Cells
- Cell Differentiation
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Ionophores/pharmacology
- Jurkat Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Platelet Activation
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tacrolimus/pharmacology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Sherrington
- Department of Haematology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
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29
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Leggatt GR, Alexander-Miller MA, Kumar A, Hoffman SL, Berzofsky JA. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) adherence assay (CAA): a non-radioactive assay for murine CTL recognition of peptide-MHC class I complexes. J Immunol Methods 1997; 201:1-10. [PMID: 9053406 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(96)00203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) form an important immune surveillance system against intracellular pathogens. Here we describe a simple, visual assay for identifying peptides specifically recognized by CTL, based on the discovery that CTL develop increased adhesive properties upon TCR triggering. Several CTL lines were shown to pellet to the bottom of a round bottom 96-well plate in the absence of peptide. In contrast, these same CTL lines incubated with their cognate peptide, allowing them to present peptide to each other, adhered to the sides of the well and were readily distinguished by macroscopic visual examination of the plate after 4-5 h or overnight incubation. This CTL adherence assay (CAA) demonstrated peptide specificity and MHC restriction, and was titratable with peptide concentration. With this technique, a minimal-sized, malaria CTL epitope was correctly identified from a panel of overlapping nonamers, although the adherence pattern of two mono-substituted, variant peptides was less predictive of lytic activity. Also, substitutions in an HIV-1 envelope CTL epitope that reduced lytic activity were correctly predicted. Inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis, upon preincubation, abrogated the adherence, indicating, at minimum, a need for live cells. Wortmannin, a PI-3 kinase inhibitor, inhibited the peptide specific adherence, consistent with a role for TCR or integrin signal transduction in CAA. Other cytoskeletal and metabolic inhibitors had no effect. Adherence of the T cells may involve low affinity, nonspecific interactions since wells coated with FCS, BSA or milk powder all produced an effective CAA in the presence of peptide under serum free conditions. Consequently, CAA may represent a rapid, simple method for screening large numbers of peptides to find cytolytic epitopes for a given CTL line and may identify additional epitopes causing T cell activation and adherence but not cytolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Leggatt
- Metabolism Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1578, USA
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30
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Pion S, Fontaine P, Desaulniers M, Jutras J, Filep JG, Perreault C. On the mechanisms of immunodominance in cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to minor histocompatibility antigens. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:421-30. [PMID: 9045913 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although there are numerous minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHA), T cell responses leading to graft-versus-host (GVH) and graft-versus-tumor effects involve only a small number of immunodominant MiHA. The goal of the present study was to analyze at the cellular and molecular levels the mechanisms responsible for MiHA immunodominance. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated in eight combinations of H2b strains of mice were tested against syngeneic targets sensitized with HPLC-fractionated peptides eluted from immunizing cells. The number of dominant MiHA was found to range from as little as two up to ten depending on the strain combination used. The nature of dominant MiHA was influenced by both the antigen profile of the antigen-presenting cells (APC) and the repertoire of responding CTL. When C57BL/6 dominant MiHA (B6dom) and H-Y were presented on separate APC, they showed similar immunogenicity. In contrast, when they were presented on the same APC, B6dom MiHA totally dominated H-Y. B6dom MiHA did not suppress anti-H-Y responses by acting as T cell receptor antagonists for anti-H-Y CTL, nor were anti-B6dom CTL precursors more abundant than anti-H-Y CTL precursors. Dominance resulted from competition for the APC surface between anti-B6dom and anti-H-Y CTL; the crucial difference between the dominant and the dominated MiHA appears to depend on the differential avidity of their respective CTL for APC. The only B6dom epitope thus far identified is the nonapeptide AAPDNRETF presented by H2-D(b). We found that compared with other known D(b)-binding peptides, AAPDNRETF is expressed at very high levels on the cell surface, binds to the D(b) molecule with very high affinity, and dissociates very slowly from its presenting class I molecule. These data indicate that one cannot predict which MiHA will be dominant or dominated based simply on their respective immunogenicity when presented on separate APC. Indeed, the avidity of T cell/APC interactions appears to determine which antigen(s) will trigger T cell responses when numerous epitopes are presented by the same APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pion
- Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Canada
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31
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Valiante NM, Lienert K, Shilling HG, Smits BJ, Parham P. Killer cell receptors: keeping pace with MHC class I evolution. Immunol Rev 1997; 155:155-64. [PMID: 9059891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
NK cells express receptors that bind to polymorphic determinants of MHC class I heavy chains. MHC ligands vary greatly between mammalian species, and the use of distinct molecular families of NK cell receptors by humans and mice suggests that the receptors too can be evolving rapidly. The KIR (killer cell inhibitory receptor) family of receptors are found in primates and recognize class I epitopes that are of relatively recent origin in primate evolution. Therefore, KIR molecules have probably evolved class I receptor function more recently than C-type lectins, which are represented in both humans and mice. Individual humans express NK cell receptors for which they have no class I ligand, demonstrating a looseness in the coupling of expression between the receptors and their ligands. However, study of a single donor suggests that every NK cell expresses at least one inhibitory receptor for a self-HLA class I allotype, consistent with the missing self hypothesis. Thus the NK-cell receptor-class I interaction appears to control the NK-cell repertoire during ontogeny of the individual and has the potential to be a selective factor influencing both MHC class I and NK cell receptor diversity in the evolution of populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Valiante
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, CA 94305-5400, USA
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32
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Cariappa A, Flyer DC, Rollins CT, Roopenian DC, Flavell RA, Brown D, Waneck GL. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored H-2Db molecules are defective in antigen processing and presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2215-24. [PMID: 8814270 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored (GPI)-Db molecules are defective in mediating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) lysis of transfected lymphoma cells, compared to their transmembrane (TM) counterpart. This defect is manifest when antigenic peptide must be processed and presented through the endogenous pathway. These same transfectants can be lysed by allospecific CTL, or by antigen-specific Db-restricted CTL when pulsed with appropriate exogenous synthetic peptide, demonstrating that they can bind and present peptide for CTL-mediated lympholysis. The defect apparently results from differences between GPI-Db and TM-Db assembly and transport, or from differences in membrane topology that affect CD8+ CTL recognition of major histocompatibility complex/peptide complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cariappa
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129, USA
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33
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Guichard G, Connan F, Graff R, Ostankovitch M, Muller S, Guillet JG, Choppin J, Briand JP. Partially modified retro-inverso pseudopeptides as non-natural ligands for the human class I histocompatibility molecule HLA-A2. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2030-9. [PMID: 8642561 DOI: 10.1021/jm9509511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Syntheses of a series of partially modified retro-inverso analogues of the antigenic peptide M58-66 derived from the influenza virus matrix protein are reported. The retro-inverso modification phi(NH-CO) was obtained by replacement of two successive amino acid residues with a 2-substituted malonate derivative and gem-diaminoalkyl residue. The resulting compounds 1-8 were tested for their binding to the human histocompatibility class I molecule HLA-A2 in an assembly assay using lysates of peptide transporter-deficient cells T2. Specific peptide-dependent HLA-A2 assembly was revealed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significant HLA-A2 assembly was detected in the presence of analogues [gGly58-(S)mLeu59]-M58-66 (1a), [gGly61-(R,S)mPhe62]M58-66 (4), [gVal63-(R,S)mPhe64]M58-66 (6), and [gPhe64-(R,S)mAla65]M58-66 (7). The introduction of the retro-inverso modification between P2-P3, P3-P4, P5-P6, and P8-P9 (compounds 2, 3, 5, and 8, respectively) however led to a dramatic reduction in peptide binding to HLA-A2. Interestingly, compound 1a which contains modification between P1-P2 was found to be the most potent analogue, being able to retain the original HLA-A2 binding profile of the parent peptide M58-66. Taken together, these results and recent binding data obtained in the context of murine MHC class I molecule H-2Kd suggest that the incorporation of peptide bond surrogates in MHC class I-restricted epitopes is a useful approach to design molecules having both increased stability and high MHC-binding capacity. Depending on their agonist or antagonist effects at the T-cell receptor, such non-natural MHC ligands are likely to find many applications in the development of peptide-based vaccines or as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of allergies and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guichard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR 9021 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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