1
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Love M, Behrens-Bradley N, Ahmad A, Wertheimer A, Klotz S, Ahmad N. Plasma Levels of Secreted Cytokines in Virologically Controlled HIV-Infected Aging Adult Individuals on Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:202-215. [PMID: 38717822 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected (HIV+) aging adult individuals who have achieved undetectable viral load and improved CD4 T cell counts due to long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) may continue to experience inflammation and immunosenescence. Therefore, we evaluated the plasma levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in 173 HIV+ aging adult individuals with age ranging from 22 to 81 years on long-term ART with viral load mostly <20 HIV RNA copies/mL and compared with 92 HIV-uninfected (HIV- or healthy controls) aging individuals. We found that the median levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were higher (p < 0.001 to <0.0001) and IL-17 trended lower in HIV+ individuals than healthy controls. Increasing CD4 T cell counts in the HIV+ cohort did not significantly change the circulating cytokine levels, although levels of IL-1β increased. However, IL-17 levels significantly decreased with increasing CD4 counts in the healthy controls and yet unchanged in the HIV+ cohort. Of note, the levels of circulating IL-17 were significantly reduced comparatively in the healthy controls where the CD4 count was below 500, yet once above 500 the levels of CD4, IL-17 levels were comparable with the HIV+ cohort. With increasing CD8 T cell counts, the levels of these cytokines were not significantly altered, although levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6 declined, whereas IL-1β and IL-17 were slightly elevated. Furthermore, increasing age of the HIV+ cohort did not significantly impact the cytokine levels although a slight increase in TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 was observed. Similarly, these cytokines were not significantly modulated with increasing levels of undetectable viral loads, whereas some of the HIV+ individuals had higher levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β. In summary, our findings show that HIV+ aging adult individuals with undetectable viral load and restored CD4 T cell counts due to long-term ART still produce higher levels of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared with healthy controls, suggesting some level of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Love
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Aasim Ahmad
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Anne Wertheimer
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stephen Klotz
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nafees Ahmad
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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2
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Nehar-Belaid D, Sokolowski M, Ravichandran S, Banchereau J, Chaussabel D, Ucar D. Baseline immune states (BIS) associated with vaccine responsiveness and factors that shape the BIS. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101842. [PMID: 37717525 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are among the greatest inventions in medicine, leading to the elimination or control of numerous diseases, including smallpox, polio, measles, rubella, and, most recently, COVID-19. Yet, the effectiveness of vaccines varies among individuals. In fact, while some recipients mount a robust response to vaccination that protects them from the disease, others fail to respond. Multiple clinical and epidemiological factors contribute to this heterogeneity in responsiveness. Systems immunology studies fueled by advances in single-cell biology have been instrumental in uncovering pre-vaccination immune cell types and genomic features (i.e., the baseline immune state, BIS) that have been associated with vaccine responsiveness. Here, we review clinical factors that shape the BIS, and the characteristics of the BIS associated with responsiveness to frequently studied vaccines (i.e., influenza, COVID-19, bacterial pneumonia, malaria). Finally, we discuss potential strategies to enhance vaccine responsiveness in high-risk groups, focusing specifically on older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Sokolowski
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | | | - Damien Chaussabel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Duygu Ucar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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3
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Gödde D, Degener S, Walles C, Keller R, Graf K, Tosch M, Krege S, Musch M, Kvasnicka HM, Ackermann M, Störkel S, von Rundstedt FC. Degenerative Changes in Aging Human Pelvic Lymph Nodes-A Reason to Rethink Staging and Therapy of Regional Malignancies? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4754. [PMID: 37835449 PMCID: PMC10571730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastases are common in pelvic urological tumors, and the age-related remodeling process of the pelvic lymph nodes influences metastatic behavior. The aim of this work is to characterize age-related degenerative changes in the pelvic lymph nodes with respect to their occurrence and extent. A total of 5173 pelvic lymph nodes of 390 patients aged 44 to 79 years (median 68 years, IQR 62-71 years) were histologically examined for degenerative structural changes. Lymph node size, lipomatous atrophy, capsular fibrosis, framework fibrosis, and calcifications were recorded semi-quantitatively and evaluated by age group. Significantly more lymph nodes <10 mm were found in older patients (p = 0.001). The incidence of framework fibrosis, capsular fibrosis, and calcifications increased significantly with increasing patient age (p < 0.001). In lipomatous atrophy, an increase in mild to moderate lipomatous atrophy was observed with increasing age (p < 0.001). In this, the largest study to date on this topic, age-related degenerative changes in pelvic lymph nodes were proven. Due to the consecutive decrease in hte filtration function of pelvic lymph nodes with increasing age, staging and therapy of metastatic pelvic urologic carcinomas should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gödde
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Stephan Degener
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Department of Urology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christine Walles
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Rosalie Keller
- Clinic for Otolaryngology, HELIOS-Hospital, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Katharina Graf
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Centre for Clinical Trials, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Marco Tosch
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Susanne Krege
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Urologic Oncology, Evangelische Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Musch
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Urologic Oncology, Evangelische Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136 Essen, Germany
| | - Hans Michael Kvasnicka
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stephan Störkel
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Friedrich-Carl von Rundstedt
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Department of Urology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
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4
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Linterman MA. Age-dependent changes in T follicular helper cells shape the humoral immune response to vaccination. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101801. [PMID: 37379670 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is an excellent strategy to limit the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious disease. Vaccination creates protective, long-lived antibody-mediated immunity by inducing the germinal centre response, an intricate immune reaction that produces memory B cells and long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells that provide protection against (re)infection. The magnitude and quality of the germinal centre response declines with age, contributing to poor vaccine-induced immunity in older individuals. T follicular helper cells are essential for the formation and function of the germinal centre response. This review will discuss how age-dependent changes in T follicular helper cells influence the germinal centre response, and the evidence that age-dependent changes need not be a barrier to successful vaccination in the later years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Linterman
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom.
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5
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Silva-Cayetano A, Fra-Bido S, Robert PA, Innocentin S, Burton AR, Watson EM, Lee JL, Webb LMC, Foster WS, McKenzie RCJ, Bignon A, Vanderleyden I, Alterauge D, Lemos JP, Carr EJ, Hill DL, Cinti I, Balabanian K, Baumjohann D, Espeli M, Meyer-Hermann M, Denton AE, Linterman MA. Spatial dysregulation of T follicular helper cells impairs vaccine responses in aging. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1124-1137. [PMID: 37217705 PMCID: PMC10307630 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude and quality of the germinal center (GC) response decline with age, resulting in poor vaccine-induced immunity in older individuals. A functional GC requires the co-ordination of multiple cell types across time and space, in particular across its two functionally distinct compartments: the light and dark zones. In aged mice, there is CXCR4-mediated mislocalization of T follicular helper (TFH) cells to the dark zone and a compressed network of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in the light zone. Here we show that TFH cell localization is critical for the quality of the antibody response and for the expansion of the FDC network upon immunization. The smaller GC and compressed FDC network in aged mice were corrected by provision of TFH cells that colocalize with FDCs using CXCR5. This demonstrates that the age-dependent defects in the GC response are reversible and shows that TFH cells support stromal cell responses to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Translational Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Jia Le Lee
- Immunology Program, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dominik Alterauge
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia P Lemos
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, INSERM U1160, Paris, France
- OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Edward J Carr
- Immunology Program, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Danika L Hill
- Immunology Program, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isabella Cinti
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Karl Balabanian
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, INSERM U1160, Paris, France
- OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marion Espeli
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, INSERM U1160, Paris, France
- OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alice E Denton
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
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6
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Grifoni A, Alonzi T, Alter G, Noonan DM, Landay AL, Albini A, Goletti D. Impact of aging on immunity in the context of COVID-19, HIV, and tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146704. [PMID: 37292210 PMCID: PMC10246744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of aging biology needs to be expanded due to the continuously growing number of elderly people worldwide. Aging induces changes that affect all systems of the body. The risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer increases with age. In particular, the age-induced adaptation of the immune system causes a greater susceptibility to infections and contributes to the inability to control pathogen growth and immune-mediated tissue damage. Since the impact of aging on immune function, is still to be fully elucidated, this review addresses some of the recent understanding of age-related changes affecting key components of immunity. The emphasis is on immunosenescence and inflammaging that are impacted by common infectious diseases that are characterized by a high mortality, and includes COVID-19, HIV and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tonino Alonzi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Douglas McClain Noonan
- Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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7
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Thomas AL, Wayman JA, Almanan M, Bejjani AT, Miraldi ER, Chougnet CA, Hildeman DA. Elevated CD153 Expression on Aged T Follicular Helper Cells is Vital for B cell Responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.17.533214. [PMID: 36993647 PMCID: PMC10055293 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.533214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Our recent data showed that an aberrant IL-10-producing T follicular helper population (Tfh10) accumulates dramatically with age and is associated with age-related declines in vaccine responsiveness. Through single cell gene expression and chromatin accessibility analysis of IL-10+ and IL-10- memory CD4+ T cells from young and aged mice, we identified increased expression of CD153 on aged Tfh and Tfh10 cells. Mechanistically, we linked inflammaging (increased IL-6 levels) to elevated CD153 expression of Tfh cells through c-Maf. Surprisingly, blockade of CD153 in aged mice significantly reduced their vaccine-driven antibody response, which was associated with decreased expression of ICOS on antigen-specific Tfh cells. Combined, these data show that an IL-6/c-Maf/CD153 circuit is critical for maintaining ICOS expression. Thus, although overall Tfh-mediated B cell responses are reduced in the context of vaccines and aging, our data suggest that elevated expression of CD153 on Tfh cells potentiates the remaining Tfh function in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Immunobiology of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph A Wayman
- Division of Immunobiology of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Maha Almanan
- Division of Immunobiology of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Anthony T Bejjani
- Division of Immunobiology of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Emily R Miraldi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Immunobiology of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Immunobiology of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - David A Hildeman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Immunobiology of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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8
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Generation of a single-cell B cell atlas of antibody repertoires and transcriptomes to identify signatures associated with antigen specificity. iScience 2023; 26:106055. [PMID: 36852274 PMCID: PMC9958373 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although new genomics-based pipelines have potential to augment antibody discovery, these methods remain in their infancy due to an incomplete understanding of the selection process that governs B cell clonal selection, expansion, and antigen specificity. Furthermore, it remains unknown how factors such as aging and reduction of tolerance influence B cell selection. Here we perform single-cell sequencing of antibody repertoires and transcriptomes of murine B cells following immunizations with a model therapeutic antigen target. We determine the relationship between antibody repertoires, gene expression signatures, and antigen specificity across 100,000 B cells. Recombinant expression and characterization of 227 monoclonal antibodies revealed the existence of clonally expanded and class-switched antigen-specific B cells that were more frequent in young mice. Although integrating multiple repertoire features such as germline gene usage and transcriptional signatures failed to distinguish antigen-specific from nonspecific B cells, other features such as immunoglobulin G (IgG) subtype and sequence composition correlated with antigen specificity.
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9
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Sugiyama Y, Fujiwara M, Sakamoto A, Tsushima H, Nishikimi A, Maruyama M. The immunosenescence-related factor DOCK11 is involved in secondary immune responses of B cells. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:2. [PMID: 34980182 PMCID: PMC8722084 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Memory B cells are an antigen-experienced B-cell population with the ability to rapidly differentiate into antibody-producing cells by recall responses. We recently found that dedicator of cytokinesis 11 (DOCK11) contributes to the expansion of antigen-specific populations among germinal center B cells upon immunization. In comparison, limited information is available on the contribution of DOCK11 to secondary humoral immune responses.
Results
In this study, effects of the DOCK11 deficiency in B cells were examined on secondary immune responses to protein antigen. The lack of DOCK11 in B cells resulted in the impaired induction of antibody-producing cells upon secondary immunization with protein antigen. DOCK11 was dispensable for the recall responses of antigen-experienced B cells, as demonstrated by the comparable induction of antibody-producing cells in mice given transfer of antigen-experienced B cells with no DOCK11 expression. Instead, the lack of DOCK11 in B cells resulted in the impaired secondary immune responses in a B cell-extrinsic manner, which was recovered by the adoptive transfer of cognate T cells.
Conclusions
We addressed that intrinsic and extrinsic effects of DOCK11 expression in B cells may contribute to secondary humoral immune responses in manner of the induction of cognate T-cell help.
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10
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Myc-Interacting Zinc Finger Protein 1 (Miz-1) Is Essential to Maintain Homeostasis and Immunocompetence of the B Cell Lineage. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040504. [PMID: 35453704 PMCID: PMC9027237 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging of the immune system is described as a progressive loss of the ability to respond to immunologic stimuli and is commonly referred to as immunosenescence. B cell immunosenescence is characterized by a decreased differentiation rate in the bone marrow and accumulation of antigen-experienced and age-associated B cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). A specific deletion of the POZ-domain of the transcription factor Miz-1 in pro-B cells, which is known to be involved in bone marrow hematopoiesis, leads to premature aging of the B cell lineage. In mice, this causes a severe reduction in bone marrow-derived B cells with a drastic decrease from the pre-B cell stage on. Further, mature, naïve cells in SLOs are reduced at an early age, while post-activation-associated subpopulations increase prematurely. We propose that Miz-1 interferes at several key regulatory checkpoints, critical during B cell aging, and counteracts a premature loss of immunocompetence. This enables the use of our mouse model to gain further insights into mechanisms of B cell aging and it can significantly contribute to understand molecular causes of impaired adaptive immune responses to counteract loss of immunocompetence and restore a functional immune response in the elderly.
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11
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Baarz BR, Rink L. Rebalancing the unbalanced aged immune system - A special focus on zinc. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101541. [PMID: 34915196 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, aging is understood as a dynamic and multifaceted dysregulation process that spares almost no human organ or cell. The immune system being among the most affected, it has been shown predominantly that its integrity determines the tightrope walk between the difference of escaping or suffering from age-related diseases. Next to drug-based anti-aging strategies, micronutrient intervention may represent an emerging but less radical way to slow immune aging. While a sufficient supply of a variety of micronutrients is undeniably important, adequate intake of the trace element zinc appears to tower over others in terms of reaching old age. Inconveniently, zinc deficiency prevalence among the elderly is high, which in turn contributes to increased susceptibility to infection, decreased anti-tumor immunity as well as attenuated response to vaccination. Driven by this research, this review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the various rebalancing capabilities of zinc in the unbalanced immune system of the elderly. This includes an in-depth and cell type-centered discussion on the role of zinc in immunosenescence and inflammaging. We further address upcoming translational aspects e.g. how zinc deficiency promotes the flourishing of certain pathogenic taxa of the gut microbiome and how zinc supply counteracts such alterations in a manner that may contribute to longevity. In the light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we also briefly review current knowledge on the interdependency between age, zinc status, and respiratory infections. Based on two concrete examples and considering the latest findings in the field we conclude our remarks by outlining tremendous parallels between suboptimal zinc status and accelerated aging on the one hand and an optimized zinc status and successful aging on the other hand.
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12
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Lee JL, Linterman MA. Mechanisms underpinning poor antibody responses to vaccines in ageing. Immunol Lett 2022; 241:1-14. [PMID: 34767859 PMCID: PMC8765414 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are a highly effective intervention for conferring protection against infections and reducing the associated morbidity and mortality in vaccinated individuals. However, ageing is often associated with a functional decline in the immune system that results in poor antibody production in older individuals after vaccination. A key contributing factor of this age-related decline in vaccine efficacy is the reduced size and function of the germinal centre (GC) response. GCs are specialised microstructures where B cells undergo affinity maturation and diversification of their antibody genes, before differentiating into long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells. The GC response requires the coordinated interaction of many different cell types, including B cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells and stromal cell subsets like follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). This review discusses how ageing affects different components of the GC reaction that contribute to its limited output and ultimately impaired antibody responses in older individuals after vaccination. An understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the age-related decline in the GC response is crucial in informing strategies to improve vaccine efficacy and extend the healthy lifespan amongst older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Le Lee
- Immunology Program, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Immunology Program, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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13
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Jergović M, Coplen CP, Uhrlaub JL, Nikolich-Žugich J. Immune response to COVID-19 in older adults. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021; 40:1082-1089. [PMID: 34140221 PMCID: PMC8111884 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the third highly pathogenic coronavirus to emerge in the human population in last two decades. SARS-CoV-2 spread from Wuhan, China, across the globe, causing an unprecedented public healthcare crisis. The virus showed remarkable age dependent pathology, with symptoms resembling common cold in most adults and children while causing more severe respiratory distress and significant mortality in older and frail humans. Even before the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak infectious diseases represented one of the major causes of death of older adults. Loss of immune function and reduced protection from infectious agents with age - immunosenescence - is a result of complex mechanisms affecting production and maintenance of immune cells as well as the initiation, maintenance and termination of properly directed immune responses. Here we briefly discuss the current knowledge on how this process affects age-dependent outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Jergović
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona.
| | - Christopher P Coplen
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona
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14
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A booster dose enhances immunogenicity of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in aged mice. MED 2021; 2:243-262.e8. [PMID: 33521747 PMCID: PMC7833318 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of SARS-CoV-2 has caused a worldwide pandemic that has affected almost every aspect of human life. The development of an effective COVID-19 vaccine could limit the morbidity and mortality caused by infection and may enable the relaxation of social-distancing measures. Age is one of the most significant risk factors for poor health outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection; therefore, it is desirable that any new vaccine candidates elicit a robust immune response in older adults. METHODS Here, we use in-depth immunophenotyping to characterize the innate and adaptive immune response induced upon intramuscular administration of the adenoviral vectored ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD-1222) COVID-19 vaccine candidate in mice. FINDINGS A single vaccination generates spike-specific Th1 cells, Th1-like Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, polyfunctional spike-specific CD8+ T cells. and granzyme-B-producing CD8 effectors. Spike-specific IgG and IgM are generated from both the early extrafollicular antibody response and the T follicular helper cell-supported germinal center reaction, which is associated with the production of virus-neutralizing antibodies. A single dose of this vaccine generated a similar type of immune response in aged mice but of a reduced magnitude than in younger mice. We report that a second dose enhances the immune response to this vaccine in aged mice. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 induces both cellular and humoral immunity in adult and aged mice and suggests a prime-boost strategy is a rational approach to enhance immunogenicity in older persons. FUNDING This study was supported by BBSRC, Lister institute of Preventative Medicine, EPSRC VaxHub, and Innovate UK.
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15
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He W, Xiao K, Fang M, Xie L. Immune Cell Number, Phenotype, and Function in the Elderly with Sepsis. Aging Dis 2021; 12:277-296. [PMID: 33532141 PMCID: PMC7801284 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a form of life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host responses to an infection that can be partly attributed to immune dysfunction. Although sepsis affects patients of all ages, elderly individuals display increased susceptibility and mortality. This is partly due to immunosenescence, a decline in normal immune system function associated with physiological aging that affects almost all cell types in the innate and adaptive immune systems. In elderly patients with sepsis, these alterations in immune cells such as endothelial cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, are largely responsible for their poor prognosis and increased mortality. Here, we review recent studies investigating the events affecting both innate and adaptive immune cells in elderly mice and patients with sepsis, including alterations in their number, phenotype, and function, to shed light on possible new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxue He
- 1College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xiao
- 1College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Fang
- 2Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Xie
- 1College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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16
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Webb LMC, Fra‐Bido S, Innocentin S, Matheson LS, Attaf N, Bignon A, Novarino J, Fazilleau N, Linterman MA. Ageing promotes early T follicular helper cell differentiation by modulating expression of RBPJ. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13295. [PMID: 33387451 PMCID: PMC7811847 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing profoundly changes our immune system and is thought to be a driving factor in the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious disease in older people. We have previously shown that the impaired immunity to vaccination that occurs in aged individuals is partly attributed to the effect of age on T follicular helper (Tfh) cell formation. In this study, we examined how age intrinsically affects Tfh cell formation in both mice and humans. We show increased formation of Tfh precursors (pre-Tfh) but no associated increase in germinal centre (GC)-Tfh cells in aged mice, suggesting age-driven promotion of only early Tfh cell differentiation. Mechanistically, we show that ageing alters TCR signalling which drives expression of the Notch-associated transcription factor, RBPJ. Genetic or chemical modulation of RBPJ or Notch rescues this age-associated early Tfh cell differentiation, and increased intrinsic Notch activity recapitulates this phenomenon in younger mice. Our data offer mechanistic insight into the age-induced changes in T-cell activation that affects the differentiation and ultimately the function of effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. C. Webb
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteBabrahamUK
| | - Sigrid Fra‐Bido
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteBabrahamUK
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteBabrahamUK
| | - Louise S. Matheson
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteBabrahamUK
| | - Noudjoud Attaf
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity)Inserm U1291University of ToulouseToulouse, FCNRS U5282France
| | - Alexandre Bignon
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteBabrahamUK
| | - Julien Novarino
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity)Inserm U1291University of ToulouseToulouse, FCNRS U5282France
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity)Inserm U1291University of ToulouseToulouse, FCNRS U5282France
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17
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Sherwani S, Khan MWA. Cytokine Response in SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Elderly. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:737-747. [PMID: 33116752 PMCID: PMC7585778 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s276091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few months of 2019 witnessed the emergence, rise and rapid spread of a novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing an acute respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 2019 or Covid-19. Severe pathological manifestations of the disease in the infected population with comorbidities are linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), associated with an exaggerated synthesis and expression of cytokines, leading to a systemic inflammatory response also known as a cytokine storm (CS). Elderly patients (>60 years of age) showed more deaths in Covid-19 infection. Age-related immune imbalance increases patient susceptibility to CS. In acute Covid-19 infection, it is difficult to minimize or control the overproduction of cytokines; hence, limited medical treatments are effective. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge of involvement of cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 infection, susceptibility factors for the accompanying cytokine storm in severe Covid-19 cases and possible treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subuhi Sherwani
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Wajid Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il2440, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Behrens NE, Wertheimer A, Love MB, Klotz SA, Ahmad N. Evaluation of HIV-specific T-cell responses in HIV-infected older patients with controlled viremia on long-term antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236320. [PMID: 32941433 PMCID: PMC7498024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected older individuals may have a diminished immune response because of exhaustion/immune aging of T-cells. Therefore, we have investigated HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in 100 HIV-infected patients (HIV+) who have aged on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) and achieved controlled viremia (mostly undetectable viral load; 92 patients with <20 to <40 HIV RNA copies/mL and 8 <60 to <100) and improved CD4 T-cell counts. We show that the median frequencies of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ T-cells were higher in HIV+ than uninfected individuals (HIV-), including increasing levels of IFN-γproduced by CD4+ T-cells and decreasing levels by CD8+ T-cells with increasing CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+. No correlation was found between T-cell responses and varying levels of undetectable viremia. HIV-specific TNF-α made by CD8+ T-cells was higher in HIV+ than HIV-, including decreasing levels with increasing CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+. Furthermore, the CD8+ T-cell mediators, CD107a and Granzyme-B, were higher in HIV+ than HIV-, and decreased with increasing CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+. Remarkably, HIV-specific CD8 T-cells produced decreasing levels of IFN-γwith increasing age of HIV+, including decreased levels of CD107a and Granzyme-B in older HIV+. However, HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells produced increasing levels of TNF-α with increasing age of the HIV+, suggesting continued inflammation. In conclusion, HIV+ with controlled viremia on long-term ART and with higher CD4 T-cell counts showed reduced HIV-specific CD8 T-cell responses as compared to those with lower CD4 T-cell counts, and older HIV+ exhibited decreasing levels of CD8 T-cell responses with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Behrens
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Anne Wertheimer
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- College of Medicine, and Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Maria B. Love
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Klotz
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Nafees Ahmad
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Knight M, Changrob S, Li L, Wilson PC. Imprinting, immunodominance, and other impediments to generating broad influenza immunity. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:191-204. [PMID: 32666572 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural influenza virus infections and seasonal vaccinations often do not confer broadly neutralizing immunity across diverse influenza strains. In addition, the virus is capable of rapid antigenic drift in order to evade pre-existing immunity. The surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin, and neuraminidase can easily mutate their immunodominant epitopes without impacting fitness. Skewing human antibody repertoires to target more conserved epitopes is thus an expanding area of research: Many groups are attempting to produce universal influenza vaccines that can protect across a wide variety of strains. Achieving this goal will require a detailed understanding of how infection history impacts humoral responses. It will also require the ability to manipulate or enhance B cell selection in order to expand clones that can recognize subdominant but protective epitopes. In this review, we will discuss what immune imprinting means to immunologists and describe efforts to overcome or silence imprinting in order to improve vaccination efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Knight
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Siriruk Changrob
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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20
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Dugan HL, Henry C, Wilson PC. Aging and influenza vaccine-induced immunity. Cell Immunol 2019; 348:103998. [PMID: 31733824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is defined as the progressive deterioration of the immune system with aging. Immunosenescence stifles the generation of protective B and T cell-mediated adaptive immunity in response to various pathogens, resulting in increased disease susceptibility and severity in the elderly population. In particular, immunosenescence has major impacts on the phenotype, function, and receptor repertoire of B and T cells in the elderly, hindering protective responses induced by seasonal influenza virus vaccination. In order to overcome the detrimental impacts of immunosenescence on protective immunity to influenza viruses, we review our current understanding of the effects of aging on adaptive immune responses to influenza and discuss current and future avenues of vaccine research for eliciting more potent anti-influenza immunity in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley L Dugan
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Carole Henry
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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21
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Russell Knode LM, Park HS, Maul RW, Gearhart PJ. B cells from young and old mice switch isotypes with equal frequencies after ex vivo stimulation. Cell Immunol 2019; 345:103966. [PMID: 31447053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether old B cells have the same capacity to switch isotypes as young cells, we purified splenic follicular, marginal zone, and age-associated B cell subsets from C57BL/6 mice. Cells were stimulated in culture with interleukin 4 and either lipopolysaccharide or anti-CD40, and switching to IgG1 was measured by flow cytometry of surface immunoglobulin. The results show that switching was robust in follicular and marginal zone B cells from old mice and was comparable to their young counterparts. However, age-associated B cells from old mice switched poorly relative to the other subsets. Expression of activation-induced deaminase, which initiates switching, was quantified by qPCR of mRNA, and it was equal between young and old follicular B cells. Thus, in this ex vivo system, the follicular and marginal zone cells from young and old mice behaved similarly, showing that the molecular machinery to perform switching is intact in old B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Russell Knode
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Han-Sol Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Robert W Maul
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Patricia J Gearhart
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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22
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Naismith E, Pangrazzi L. The impact of oxidative stress, inflammation, and senescence on the maintenance of immunological memory in the bone marrow in old age. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190371. [PMID: 31018996 PMCID: PMC6522741 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) provides a preferential survival environment for the long-term maintenance of antigen-experienced adaptive immune cells. After the contact with antigens, effector/memory T cells and plasma cell precursors migrate to the BM, in which they can survive within survival niches in an antigen-independent manner. Despite this, the phenotype of adaptive immune cells changes with aging, and BM niches themselves are affected, leading to impaired long-term maintenance of immunological memory in the elderly as a result. Oxidative stress, age-related inflammation (inflammaging), and cellular senescence appear to play a major role in this process. This review will summarize the age-related changes in T and B cell phenotype, and in the BM niches, discussing the possibility that the accumulation of highly differentiated, senescent-like T cells in the BM during aging may cause inflammation in the BM and promote oxidative stress and senescence. In addition, senescent-like T cells may compete for space with other immune cells within the marrow, partially excluding effector/memory T cells and long-lived plasma cells from the niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Naismith
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luca Pangrazzi
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Arsenović-Ranin N, Petrović R, Živković I, Bufan B, Stoiljković V, Leposavić G. Influence of aging on germinal centre reaction and antibody response to inactivated influenza virus antigens in mice: sex-based differences. Biogerontology 2019; 20:475-496. [PMID: 31049769 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study examined sex-specificities in age-related changes in BALB/c mice IgG antibody responses to immunisation with trivalent inactivated split-virus influenza bulk. Aging diminished the total serum IgG antibody responses to H1N1 and H3N2 and B influenza virus antigens in mice of both sexes, but they remained greater in aged females. This sex difference in aged mice correlated with the greater post-immunisation increase in the frequency of spleen germinal centre (GC) B cells and more favourable T follicular regulatory (Tfr)/GC B cell ratio, as Tfr cells are suggested to control antibody production through suppression of glycolysis. The greater post-immunisation GC B cell response in aged females compared with males correlated with the greater proliferation of B cells and CD4+ cells in splenocyte cultures from aged females restimulated with inactivated split-virus influenza from the bulk. To support the greater post-immunisation increase in the frequency GC B cell in aged females was more favourable Tfr/T follicular helper (Tfh) cell ratio. Additionally, compared with aged males, in age-matched females the greater avidity of serum IgG antibodies was found. However, in aged females IgG2a/IgG1 antibody ratio, reflecting spleen Th1/Th2 cytokine balance, was shifted towards IgG1 when compared with age-matched male mice. This shift was ascribed to a more prominent decline in the titres of functionally important IgG2a antibodies in females with aging. The study suggest that biological sex should be considered as a variable in designing strategies to manipulate with immune outcome of immunisation in aged animals, and possibly, at very long distance, humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Raisa Petrović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Živković
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bufan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vera Stoiljković
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Influenza Virus Vaccination Elicits Poorly Adapted B Cell Responses in Elderly Individuals. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:357-366.e6. [PMID: 30795982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a leading cause of death in the elderly, and the vaccine protects only a fraction of this population. A key aspect of antibody-mediated anti-influenza virus immunity is adaptation to antigenically distinct epitopes on emerging strains. We examined factors contributing to reduced influenza vaccine efficacy in the elderly and uncovered a dramatic reduction in the accumulation of de novo immunoglobulin gene somatic mutations upon vaccination. This reduction is associated with a significant decrease in the capacity of antibodies to target the viral glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (HA), and critical protective epitopes surrounding the HA receptor-binding domain. Immune escape by antigenic drift, in which viruses generate mutations in key antigenic epitopes, becomes highly exaggerated. Because of this reduced adaptability, most B cells activated in the elderly cohort target highly conserved but less potent epitopes. Given these findings, vaccines driving immunoglobulin gene somatic hypermutation should be a priority to protect elderly individuals.
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25
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Dumic I, Nordin T, Jecmenica M, Stojkovic Lalosevic M, Milosavljevic T, Milovanovic T. Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders in Older Age. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 2019:6757524. [PMID: 30792972 PMCID: PMC6354172 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6757524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering an increase in the life expectancy leading to a rise in the elderly population, it is important to recognize the changes that occur along the process of aging. Gastrointestinal (GI) changes in the elderly are common, and despite some GI disorders being more prevalent in the elderly, there is no GI disease that is limited to this age group. While some changes associated with aging GI system are physiologic, others are pathological and particularly more prevalent among those above age 65 years. This article reviews the most important GI disorders in the elderly that clinicians encounter on a daily basis. We highlight age-related changes of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large bowels, and the clinical implications of these changes. We review epidemiology and pathophysiology of common diseases, especially as they relate to clinical manifestation in elderly. Details regarding management of specific disease are discussed in detail if they significantly differ from the management for younger groups or if they are associated with significant challenges due to side effects or polypharmacy. Cancers of GI tract are not included in the scope of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Dumic
- 1Division of Hospital Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI, USA
- 2Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Terri Nordin
- 2Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
- 3Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire WI, USA
| | - Mladen Jecmenica
- 4Gastroenterology Fellowship Program, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, PA, USA
| | | | - Tomica Milosavljevic
- 5Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- 6School of Medicine, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Milovanovic
- 5Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- 6School of Medicine, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
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26
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Gubbels Bupp MR, Potluri T, Fink AL, Klein SL. The Confluence of Sex Hormones and Aging on Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1269. [PMID: 29915601 PMCID: PMC5994698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune systems of post-pubescent males and females differ significantly with profound consequences to health and disease. In many cases, sex-specific differences in the immune responses of young adults are also apparent in aged men and women. Moreover, as in young adults, aged women develop several late-adult onset autoimmune conditions more frequently than do men, while aged men continue to develop many cancers to a greater extent than aged women. However, sex differences in the immune systems of aged individuals have not been extensively investigated and data addressing the effectiveness of vaccinations and immunotherapies in aged men and women are scarce. In this review, we evaluate age- and sex hormone-related changes to innate and adaptive immunity, with consideration about how this impacts age- and sex-associated changes in the incidence and pathogenesis of autoimmunity and cancer as well as the efficacy of vaccination and cancer immunotherapy. We conclude that future preclinical and clinical studies should consider age and sex to better understand the ways in which these characteristics intersect with immune function and the resulting consequences for autoimmunity, cancer, and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanvi Potluri
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ashley L Fink
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Rožman P. The potential of non-myeloablative heterochronous autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for extending a healthy life span. GeroScience 2018; 40:221-242. [PMID: 29948868 PMCID: PMC6060192 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-018-0027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex multifactorial process, a prominent component being the senescence of the immune system. Consequently, immune-related diseases develop, including atherosclerosis, cancer, and life-threatening infections, which impact on health and longevity. Rejuvenating the aged immune system could mitigate these diseases, thereby contributing to longevity and health. Currently, an appealing option for rejuvenating the immune system is heterochronous autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haHSCT), where healthy autologous bone marrow/peripheral blood stem cells are collected during the youth of an individual, cryopreserved, and re-infused when he or she has reached an older age. After infusion, young hematopoietic stem cells can reconstitute the compromised immune system and improve immune function. Several studies using animal models have achieved substantial extension of the life span of animals treated with haHSCT. Therefore, haHSCT could be regarded as a potential procedure for preventing age-related immune defects and extending healthy longevity. In this review, the pros, cons, and future feasibility of this approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primož Rožman
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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28
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Wen Z, Shen Y, Berry G, Shahram F, Li Y, Watanabe R, Liao YJ, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. The microvascular niche instructs T cells in large vessel vasculitis via the VEGF-Jagged1-Notch pathway. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/399/eaal3322. [PMID: 28724574 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular networks in the adventitia of large arteries control access of inflammatory cells to the inner wall layers (media and intima) and thus protect the immune privilege of the aorta and its major branches. In autoimmune vasculitis giant cell arteritis (GCA), CD4 T helper 1 (TH1) and TH17 cells invade into the wall of the aorta and large elastic arteries to form tissue-destructive granulomas. Whether the disease microenvironment provides instructive cues for vasculitogenic T cells is unknown. We report that adventitial microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) perform immunoregulatory functions by up-regulating the expression of the Notch ligand Jagged1. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), abundantly present in GCA patients' blood, induced Jagged1 expression, allowing mvECs to regulate effector T cell induction via the Notch-mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) pathway. We found that circulating CD4 T cells in GCA patients have left the quiescent state, actively signal through the Notch pathway, and differentiate into TH1 and TH17 effector cells. In an in vivo model of large vessel vasculitis, exogenous VEGF functioned as an effective amplifier to recruit and activate vasculitogenic T cells. Thus, systemic VEGF co-opts endothelial Jagged1 to trigger aberrant Notch signaling, biases responsiveness of CD4 T cells, and induces pathogenic effector functions. Adventitial microvascular networks function as an instructive tissue niche, which can be exploited to target vasculitogenic immunity in large vessel vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenke Wen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi Shen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gerald Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Farhad Shahram
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yinyin Li
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryu Watanabe
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yaping Joyce Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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29
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Riley RL, Khomtchouk K, Blomberg BB. Inflammatory immune cells may impair the preBCR checkpoint, reduce new B cell production, and alter the antibody repertoire in old age. Exp Gerontol 2018; 105:87-93. [PMID: 29408522 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging impairs development of new B cells and diminishes the expression of protective antibodies. Reduced numbers of B cell precursors generally occur in old (~2 yrs.) mice. At the pro-B to pre-B cell transition, the pre-B cell receptor (preBCR) checkpoint directs pre-B cell expansion and selection of the pre-B cell immunoglobulin (Ig) μ heavy chain variable region repertoire. The preBCR is comprised of Ig μ heavy chain + surrogate light chains (SLC; λ5/VpreB). In old B cell precursors, SLC is decreased and fewer pre-B cells form the preBCR. In pro-B cells, SLC is complexed with cadherin 17 to form a "pro-B cell receptor" whose signaling is postulated to increase apoptotic sensitivity. We propose that inflammation in old mice, in part mediated by the age-associated B cells (ABC), promotes apoptosis among pro-B cells, particularly those relatively high in SLC. The remaining pro-B cells, with lower SLC, now generate pre-B cells with limited capacity to form the preBCR. Ig μ heavy chains vary in their capacity to associate with SLC and form the preBCR. We speculate that limited SLC restricts formation of the preBCR to a subset of Ig μ heavy chains. This likely impacts the composition of the antibody repertoire among B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Riley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33324, United States.
| | - Kelly Khomtchouk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33324, United States
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33324, United States
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30
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Chan Y, Ng LFP. Age has a role in driving host immunopathological response to alphavirus infection. Immunology 2017; 152:545-555. [PMID: 28744856 PMCID: PMC5680050 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are a group of arthropod-borne pathogens capable of causing a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from milder symptoms like rashes, fever and polyarthralgia, to life-threatening encephalitis. This genus of viruses is prevalent globally, and can infect patients across a wide age range. Interestingly, disease severity of virus-infected patients is wide-ranging. Definitions of the pathogenesis of alphaviruses, as well as the host factors influencing disease severity, remain limited. The innate and adaptive immune systems are important host defences against alphavirus infections. Several reports have highlighted the roles of specific immune subsets in contributing to the immune pathogenesis of these viruses. However, immunosenescence, a gradual deterioration of the immune system brought about by the natural advancement of age, affects the functional roles of these immune subsets. This phenomenon compromises the host's ability to defend against alphavirus infection and pathogenesis. In addition, the lack of maturity in the immune system in newborns and infants also results in more severe disease outcomes. In this review, we will summarize the subtle yet diverse physiological changes in the immune system during aging, and how these changes underlie the differences in disease severity for common alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Hao Chan
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Lisa F. P. Ng
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
- Department of BiochemistryYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Present address:
8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis#04‐06 Immunos138648Singapore
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31
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Asempa TE, Nicolau DP. Clostridium difficile infection in the elderly: an update on management. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1799-1809. [PMID: 29123385 PMCID: PMC5661493 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s149089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is profound and growing. CDI now represents a common cause of health care–associated diarrhea, and is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. CDI disproportionally affects the elderly, possibly explained by the following risk factors: age-related impairment of the immune system, increasing antibiotic utilization, and frequent health care exposure. In the USA, recent epidemiological studies estimate that two out of every three health care–associated CDIs occur in patients 65 years or older. Additionally, the elderly are at higher risk for recurrent CDI. Existing therapeutic options include metronidazole, oral vancomycin, and fidaxomicin. Choice of agent depends on disease severity, history of recurrence, and, increasingly, the drug cost. Bezlotoxumab, a recently approved monoclonal antibody targeting C. difficile toxin B, offers an exciting advancement into immunologic therapies. Similarly, fecal microbiota transplantation is gaining popularity as an effective option mainly for recurrent CDI. The challenge of decreasing CDI burden in the elderly involves adopting preventative strategies, optimizing initial treatment, and decreasing the risk of recurrence. Expanded strategies are certainly needed to improve outcomes in this high-risk population. This review considers available data from prospective and retrospective studies as well as case reports to illustrate the merits and gaps in care related to the management of CDI in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomefa E Asempa
- Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - David P Nicolau
- Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
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32
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Bulati M, Caruso C, Colonna-Romano G. From lymphopoiesis to plasma cells differentiation, the age-related modifications of B cell compartment are influenced by "inflamm-ageing". Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:125-136. [PMID: 28396185 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is a complex process characterized by a general decline in physiological functions with increasing morbidity and mortality. The most important aspect of ageing is the chronic inflammatory status, named "inflamm-ageing", strictly associated with the deterioration of the immune function, termed "immunosenescence". Both are causes of increased susceptibility of elderly to infectious diseases, cancer, dementia, cardiovascular diseases and autoimmunity, and of a decreased response to vaccination. It has been widely demonstrated that ageing has a strong impact on the remodelling of the B cell branch of immune system. The first evident effect is the significant decrease in circulating B cells, primarily due to the reduction of new B cell coming from bone marrow (BM) progenitors, as inflammation directly impacts on B lymphopoiesis. Besides, in aged individuals, there is a shift from naïve to memory immunoglobulins production, accompanied by the impaired ability to produce high affinity protective antibodies against newly encountered antigens. This is accompanied by the increase of expanded clones of B cells, which correlates with poor health status. Age-related modifications also occur in naïve/memory B cells subsets. Indeed, in the elderly, there is a reduction of naïve B cells, accompanied by the expansion of memory B cells that show a senescence-associated phenotype. Finally, elderly show the impaired ability of memory B cells to differentiate into plasma cells. It can be concluded that inflammation is the leading cause of the age-related impairment of B cell compartment, which play certainly a key role in the development of age-related diseases. This makes study of B cells in the aged an important tool for monitoring immunosenescence, chronic inflammatory disorders and the effectiveness of vaccines or pharmacological therapies.
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33
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Turner VM, Mabbott NA. Ageing adversely affects the migration and function of marginal zone B cells. Immunology 2017; 151:349-362. [PMID: 28369800 PMCID: PMC5461100 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells are positioned within the spleen to capture blood-borne antigen and immune complexes and deliver them to follicular dendritic cells in the B-cell follicles. We show that within the spleens of aged mice antigen capture by MZ B cells, and their ability to shuttle between the follicle and MZ, were impaired. The ability of aged MZ B cells to migrate towards the MZ chemoattractant sphingosine-1-phosphate was increased, suggesting that aged MZ B cells had a greater propensity to be retained within the MZ. An extrinsic impairment in aged B-cell migration towards the MZ was demonstrated using bone marrow chimeras. The follicular shuttling of MZ B cells derived from either young or aged bone marrow was similarly reduced in aged recipient spleens, showing that ageing effects on splenic stromal cells were responsible for the impaired follicular shuttling of MZ B cells. MZ B cells rapidly mount T-cell-independent (TI) antibody-responses to microbial polysaccharide antigen. In aged mice the ability to produce immunoglobulins in response to the TI type 1 antigen TNP-LPS was impaired. These ageing-related changes to the MZ and MZ B cells have implications for the clearance of blood-borne pathogens. Indeed elderly people have increased susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae, a TI antigen, and decreased responses to vaccination. A thorough analysis of the mechanisms that underpin the ageing-related decline in the status of the MZ and MZ B cells will help the design of novel treatments to improve immunity in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M. Turner
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
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34
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Turner VM, Mabbott NA. Influence of ageing on the microarchitecture of the spleen and lymph nodes. Biogerontology 2017; 18:723-738. [PMID: 28501894 PMCID: PMC5597693 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The elderly have a decreased response to vaccination and an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. The spleen and lymph nodes are important secondary lymphoid organs where immune cells can rapidly respond to pathogenic material in the blood and lymph in order to mount long-term adaptive immune responses to those pathogens. In aged mice and humans structural changes occur to both the spleen and lymph nodes. These structural changes affect the functioning of the immune cells within, which may ultimate result in less effective or decreased immune responses. This review describes our current understanding of the structural changes that occur to the spleen and lymph nodes of elderly mice. However, where data are available, we also discuss whether similar changes occur in tissues from elderly humans. A particular focus is made on how these structural changes are considered to impact on the functioning of the immune cells within. The world’s population is currently living longer than ever before. The increased incidence and severity of infectious diseases in the elderly has the potential to have a significant impact on the health care system if solutions are not identified. A thorough understanding of the molecular causes of these ageing-related structural changes to the spleen and lymph nodes may help to identify novel treatments that could repair them, and in doing so, improve immune responses and vaccine efficacy in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M Turner
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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35
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Russell Knode LM, Naradikian MS, Myles A, Scholz JL, Hao Y, Liu D, Ford ML, Tobias JW, Cancro MP, Gearhart PJ. Age-Associated B Cells Express a Diverse Repertoire of V H and Vκ Genes with Somatic Hypermutation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1921-1927. [PMID: 28093524 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The origin and nature of age-associated B cells (ABCs) in mice are poorly understood. In this article, we show that their emergence required MHC class II and CD40/CD40L interactions. Young donor B cells were adoptively transferred into congenic recipients and allowed to remain for 1 mo in the absence of external Ag. B cells expressing the T-bet transcription factor, a marker for ABCs, were generated after multiple cell divisions from C57BL/6 donors but not from MHC class II- or CD40-deficient donors. Furthermore, old CD154 (CD40L)-deficient mice did not accrue ABCs, confirming that they arise primarily through T-dependent interactions. To determine what Igs ABCs express, we sequenced VH and Vκ rearranged genes from unimmunized 22-mo-old C57BL/6 mice and showed that they had a heterogeneous repertoire, which was comparable to that seen in old follicular and marginal zone B cell subsets. However, in contrast to the follicular and marginal zone cells, ABCs displayed significant somatic hypermutation. The mutation frequency was lower than found in germinal center cells after deliberate immunization, suggesting that ABCs have undergone mild stimulation from endogenous Ags over time. These observations show that quiescent ABCs are Ag-experienced cells that accumulate during T cell-dependent responses to diverse Ags during the life of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Russell Knode
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Martin S Naradikian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Arpita Myles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jean L Scholz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yi Hao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Danya Liu
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - John W Tobias
- Penn Molecular Profiling Facility, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
| | - Patricia J Gearhart
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224;
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36
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Khatami M. Is cancer a severe delayed hypersensitivity reaction and histamine a blueprint? Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:35. [PMID: 27558401 PMCID: PMC4996813 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Longevity and accumulation of multiple context-dependent signaling pathways of long-standing inflammation (antigen-load or oxidative stress) are the results of decreased/altered regulation of immunity and loss of control switch mechanisms that we defined as Yin and Yang of acute inflammation or immune surveillance. Chronic inflammation is initiated by immune disruptors-induced progressive changes in physiology and function of susceptible host tissues that lead to increased immune suppression and multistep disease processes including carcinogenesis. The interrelated multiple hypotheses that are presented for the first time in this article are extension of author's earlier series of 'accidental' discoveries on the role of inflammation in developmental stages of immune dysfunction toward tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. Detailed analyses of data on chronic diseases suggest that nearly all age-associated illnesses, generally categorized as 'mild' (e.g., increased allergies), 'moderate' (e.g., hypertension, colitis, gastritis, pancreatitis, emphysema) or 'severe' (e.g., accelerated neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases or site-specific cancers and metastasis) are variations of hypersensitivity responses of tissues that are manifested as different diseases in immune-responsive or immune-privileged tissues. Continuous release/presence of low level histamine (subclinical) in circulation could contribute to sustained oxidative stress and induction of 'mild' or 'moderate' or 'severe' (immune tsunami) immune disorders in susceptible tissues. Site-specific cancers are proposed to be 'severe' (irreversible) forms of cumulative delayed hypersensitivity responses that would induce immunological chaos in favor of tissue growth in target tissues. Shared or special features of growth from fetus development into adulthood and aging processes and carcinogenesis are briefly compared with regard to energy requirements of highly complex function of Yin and Yang. Features of Yang (growth-promoting) arm of acute inflammation during fetus and cancer growth will be compared for consuming low energy from glycolysis (Warburg effect). Growth of fetus and cancer cells under hypoxic conditions and impaired mitochondrial energy requirements of tissues including metabolism of essential branched amino acids (e.g., val, leu, isoleu) will be compared for proposing a working model for future systematic research on cancer biology, prevention and therapy. Presentation of a working model provides insightful clues into bioenergetics that are required for fetus growth (absence of external threat and lack of high energy-demands of Yin events and parasite-like survival in host), normal growth in adulthood (balance in Yin and Yang processes) or disease processes and carcinogenesis (loss of balance in Yin-Yang). Future studies require focusing on dynamics and promotion of natural/inherent balance between Yin (tumoricidal) and Yang (tumorigenic) of effective immunity that develop after birth. Lawless growth of cancerous cells and loss of cell contact inhibition could partially be due to impaired mitochondria (mitophagy) that influence metabolism of branched chain amino acids for biosynthesis of structural proteins. The author invites interested scientists with diverse expertise to provide comments, confirm, dispute and question and/or expand and collaborate on many components of the proposed working model with the goal to better understand cancer biology for future designs of cost-effective research and clinical trials and prevention of cancer. Initial events during oxidative stress-induced damages to DNA/RNA repair mechanisms and inappropriate expression of inflammatory mediators are potentially correctable, preventable or druggable, if future studies were to focus on systematic understanding of early altered immune response dynamics toward multistep chronic diseases and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Khatami
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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37
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Dörner T, Lipsky PE. Correlation of circulating CD27high plasma cells and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2016; 13:283-9. [PMID: 15230280 DOI: 10.1191/0961203304lu1014oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CD27 is a useful marker in assessing the number of circulating B cells and B cell subsets because it permits one step identification of the major B cell compartments, CD27- naïve and CD27+ memory B cells as well as CD27high plasma cells. Abnormalities in the distributionof CD27+ B cell subsets are useful in assessing disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE). In particular, the frequencyof CD27high plasma cells significantly correlates with lupus activity in both children and adults with SLE. Conventional immunosuppressive therapies affect the number of CD27- naive B cells and CD27high plasma cells, but do not target CD27+ memory B cells. These results suggest that disease flares may relate to the retention of CD27+ memory B cells after conventional immunosuppressive therapy and that new therapies that target these cells specifically may offer new opportunities to induce remission in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dörner
- Department of Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin.
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38
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Kannan S, Kurupati RK, Doyle SA, Freeman GJ, Schmader KE, Ertl HCJ. BTLA expression declines on B cells of the aged and is associated with low responsiveness to the trivalent influenza vaccine. Oncotarget 2016; 6:19445-55. [PMID: 26277622 PMCID: PMC4637297 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-neutralizing antibody and B cell responses to influenza A viruses were measured in 35 aged and 28 middle-aged individuals following vaccination with the 2012 and 2013 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines. Antibody responses to the vaccine strains were lower in the aged. An analysis of B cell subsets by flow cytometry with stains for immunoregulators showed that B cells of multiple subsets from the aged as compared to younger human subjects showed differences in the expression of the co-inhibitor B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). Expression of BTLA inversely correlated with age and appears to be linked to shifting the nature of the response from IgM to IgG. High BTLA expression on mature B cells was linked to higher IgG responses to the H1N1 virus. Finally, high BTLA expression on isotype switched memory B cells was linked to better preservation of virus neutralizing antibody titers and improved recall responses to vaccination given the following year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Kannan
- Biomedical Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Susan A Doyle
- GRECC, Durham VA Medical Center and Center for the Study of Aging and Human, Development and Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Schmader
- GRECC, Durham VA Medical Center and Center for the Study of Aging and Human, Development and Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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39
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Weltevrede M, Eilers R, de Melker HE, van Baarle D. Cytomegalovirus persistence and T-cell immunosenescence in people aged fifty and older: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2016; 77:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Lefebvre JS, Masters AR, Hopkins JW, Haynes L. Age-related impairment of humoral response to influenza is associated with changes in antigen specific T follicular helper cell responses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25051. [PMID: 27109638 PMCID: PMC4842996 DOI: 10.1038/srep25051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cell responses are essential for generation of protective humoral immunity during influenza infection. Aging has a profound impact on CD4+ T cell function and humoral immunity, yet the impact of aging on antigen specific TFH responses remains unclear. Influenza specific TFH cells are generated in similar numbers in young and aged animals during infection, but TFH cells from aged mice exhibit significant differences, including reduced expression of ICOS and elevated production of IL-10 and IFNγ, which potentially impairs interaction with cognate B cells. Also, more influenza specific T cells in aged mice have a regulatory phenotype, which could contribute to the impaired TFH function. Adoptive transfer studies with young T cells demonstrated that TGF-β1 in the aged environment can drive increased regulatory T cell accumulation. Aging and the aged environment thus impact antigen specific TFH cell function and formation, which contribute to reduced protective humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Lefebvre
- Trudeau Institute, 154 Algonquin Ave, Saranac Lake, NY, 12983, USA
| | - April R Masters
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jacob W Hopkins
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Laura Haynes
- Trudeau Institute, 154 Algonquin Ave, Saranac Lake, NY, 12983, USA
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41
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang M, Liu L, Mbawuike IN. Restoration of Retarded Influenza Virus-specific Immunoglobulin Class Switch in Aged Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7. [PMID: 27274907 PMCID: PMC4892186 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective The declined immune response to infection causes significant higher morbidity and mortality in aging in spite of the coexisted hyperimmunoglobulinemia (HIG). This study is to reveal the cellular basis of HIG and mechanism of weakened HA-specific IgG response in aged mice and to test cell therapy in the treatment of age-related IgG antibody production deficiency with immunocyte adoptive transfer. Methods BALB/c mice was immunized with Influenza A/Taiwan vaccine and challenged with the same strain of virus. ELISA was used to assess the levels of total immunoglobulins and antigen specific antibody response. The flow cytometry and ELISPOT were used to evaluate the frequencies of total immunoglobulin- and specific antibody-producing and secreting B lymphocytes. In vitro expanded mononuclear cells, CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD20+ B lymphocytes from old and young mice were adoptively transferred into influenza virus-challenged aged mice, and HA-specific IgG responses were observed. Results It is found that old mice exhibited higher levels of total serum IgG, IgM and IgA, higher frequencies of IgG+, IgM+ and IgA+ cells, and greater antigen-specific IgM and IgA responses to influenza infection, in comparison to young mice. However, influenza antigen- specific IgG and its subclass responses in old mice were significantly lower. Conclusion The retarded specific IgG response could be attributed to an insufficiency of immunoglobulin class switch in aging. Correlation analysis indicated that HIG and deficient specific IgG production in aged mice could be independent to each other in their pathogenesis. Correction of deficient specific IgG production by adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded and unexpanded CD4+ cells from immunized young mice suggests the CD4+ cell dysfunction contributes to the insufficiency of immunoglobulin class switch in aged mice. The transfusion of in vitro expanded lymphocytes could be a potential effective therapy for the age-related immunodeficiency and could play a role in the infection prevention in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zhang
- ZYX Biotech Company, 1452 Halsey Way, Suite 100, Carrollton, TX 75007, USA; Influenza Research Center, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- ZYX Biotech Company, 1452 Halsey Way, Suite 100, Carrollton, TX 75007, USA; Influenza Research Center, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Monica Zhang
- ZYX Biotech Company, 1452 Halsey Way, Suite 100, Carrollton, TX 75007, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Influenza Research Center, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Innocent N Mbawuike
- Influenza Research Center, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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42
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Dunn-Walters DK. The ageing human B cell repertoire: a failure of selection? Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:50-6. [PMID: 26332693 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells undergo a number of different developmental stages, from initial formation of their B cell receptor (BCR) genes to differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Because the BCR is vital in these differentiation steps, autoreactive and exogenous antigen binding to the BCR exert critical selection pressures to shape the B cell repertoire. Older people are more prone to infectious disease, less able to respond well to vaccination and more likely to have autoreactive antibodies. Here we review evidence of changes in B cell repertoires in older people, which may be a reflection of age-related changes in B cell selection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Dunn-Walters
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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43
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Aalaei-Andabili SH, Rezaei N. MicroRNAs (MiRs) Precisely Regulate Immune System Development and Function in Immunosenescence Process. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 35:57-66. [PMID: 26327579 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1077828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human aging is a complex process with pivotal changes in gene expression of biological pathways. Immune system dysfunction has been recognized as one of the most important abnormalities induced by senescent names immunosenescence. Emerging evidences suggest miR role in immunosenescence. We aimed to systemically review all relevant reports to clearly state miR effects on immunosenescence process. Sensitive electronic searches carried out. Quality assessment has been performed. Since majority of the included studies were laboratory works, and therefore heterogen, we discussed miR effects on immunological aging process nonstatically. Forty-six articles were found in the initial search. After exclusion of 34 articles, 12 studies enrolled to the final stage. We found that miRs have crucial roles in exact function of immune system. MiRs are involved in the regulation of the aging process in the immune system components and target certain genes, promoting or inhibiting immune system reaction to invasion. Also, miRs control life span of the immune system members by regulation of the genes involved in the apoptosis. Interestingly, we found that immunosenescence is controllable by proper manipulation of the various miRs expression. DNA methylation and histone acetylation have been discovered as novel strategies, altering NF-κB binding ability to the miR promoter sites. Effect of miRs on impairment of immune system function due to the aging is emerging. Although it has been accepted that miRs have determinant roles in the regulation of the immunosenescence; however, most of the reports are concluded from animal/laboratory works, suggesting the necessity of more investigations in human.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nima Rezaei
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Molecular Immunology Research Center and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,d Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , The University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
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44
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Holodick NE, Rothstein TL. B cells in the aging immune system: time to consider B-1 cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:176-87. [PMID: 26194480 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of immune senescence has uncovered many changes in B cell development, maintenance, and function with increasing age. However, most of these studies have focused on conventional B cell subsets in the spleen. The B-1 cell subset is an essential arm of the innate immune system, which in general has been understudied in terms of immune senescence. Here, we review what is currently known about B cells during aging and go on to describe why B-1 cell biology is an important component of the aging immune system in the context of diseases that most affect the aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Holodick
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York.,Departments of Medicine and Molecular Medicine, The Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York
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45
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Zhu W, Germain C, Liu Z, Sebastian Y, Devi P, Knockaert S, Brohawn P, Lehmann K, Damotte D, Validire P, Yao Y, Valge-Archer V, Hammond SA, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Higgs BW. A high density of tertiary lymphoid structure B cells in lung tumors is associated with increased CD4 + T cell receptor repertoire clonality. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1051922. [PMID: 26587322 PMCID: PMC4635865 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1051922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
T and B cell receptor (TCR and BCR, respectively) Vβ or immunoglobulin heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 sequencing allows monitoring of repertoire changes through recognition, clonal expansion, affinity maturation, and T or B cell activation in response to antigen. TCR and BCR repertoire analysis can advance understanding of antitumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. TCR and BCR repertoires of sorted CD4+, CD8+ or CD19+ cells in tumor, non-tumoral distant tissue (NT), and peripheral compartments (blood/draining lymph node [P]) from 47 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (agemedian = 68 y) were sequenced. The clonotype spectra were assessed among different tissues and correlated with clinical and immunological parameters. In all tissues, CD4+ and CD8+ TCR repertoires had greater clonality relative to CD19+ BCR. CD4+ T cells exhibited greater clonality in NT compared to tumor (p = 0.002) and P (p < 0.001), concentrated among older patients (age > 68). Younger patients exhibited greater CD4+ T cell diversity in P compared to older patients (p = 0.05), and greater CD4+ T cell clonality in tumor relative to P (p < 0.001), with fewer shared clonotypes between tumor and P than older patients (p = 0.04). More interestingly, greater CD4+ and CD8+ T cell clonality in tumor and P, respectively (both p = 0.05), correlated with high density of tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) B cells, a biomarker of higher overall survival in NSCLC. Results indicate distinct adaptive immune responses in NSCLC, where peripheral T cell diversity is modulated by age, and tumor T cell clonal expansion is favored by the presence of TLSs in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Translational Sciences; MedImmune ; Gaithersburg, MD USA
| | - Claire Germain
- Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape"; INSERM UMRS 1138; Cordeliers Research Center ; Paris, France ; University Sorbonne; University Pierre and Marie Curie; UMRS 1138 ; Paris, France ; University Sorbonne Paris Cité; University Paris Descartes; UMRS 1138 ; Paris, France
| | - Zheng Liu
- Translational Sciences; MedImmune ; Gaithersburg, MD USA
| | | | - Priyanka Devi
- Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape"; INSERM UMRS 1138; Cordeliers Research Center ; Paris, France ; University Sorbonne; University Pierre and Marie Curie; UMRS 1138 ; Paris, France ; University Sorbonne Paris Cité; University Paris Descartes; UMRS 1138 ; Paris, France
| | - Samantha Knockaert
- Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape"; INSERM UMRS 1138; Cordeliers Research Center ; Paris, France ; University Sorbonne; University Pierre and Marie Curie; UMRS 1138 ; Paris, France ; University Sorbonne Paris Cité; University Paris Descartes; UMRS 1138 ; Paris, France
| | - Philip Brohawn
- Translational Sciences; MedImmune ; Gaithersburg, MD USA
| | - Kim Lehmann
- Translational Sciences; MedImmune ; Gaithersburg, MD USA
| | - Diane Damotte
- Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape"; INSERM UMRS 1138; Cordeliers Research Center ; Paris, France ; University Sorbonne; University Pierre and Marie Curie; UMRS 1138 ; Paris, France ; University Sorbonne Paris Cité; University Paris Descartes; UMRS 1138 ; Paris, France ; Department of Pathology; Cochin Hospital; AP-HP ; Paris, France
| | - Pierre Validire
- Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape"; INSERM UMRS 1138; Cordeliers Research Center ; Paris, France ; University Sorbonne; University Pierre and Marie Curie; UMRS 1138 ; Paris, France ; University Sorbonne Paris Cité; University Paris Descartes; UMRS 1138 ; Paris, France ; Department of Pathology; Institut Mutualiste Montsouris ; Paris, France
| | - Yihong Yao
- Translational Sciences; MedImmune ; Gaithersburg, MD USA
| | | | | | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Laboratory "Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape"; INSERM UMRS 1138; Cordeliers Research Center ; Paris, France ; University Sorbonne; University Pierre and Marie Curie; UMRS 1138 ; Paris, France ; University Sorbonne Paris Cité; University Paris Descartes; UMRS 1138 ; Paris, France
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Hansen S, Baptiste K, Fjeldborg J, Horohov D. A review of the equine age-related changes in the immune system: comparisons between human and equine aging, with focus on lung-specific immune-aging. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 20:11-23. [PMID: 25497559 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The equine aging process involves many changes to the immune system that may be related to genetics, the level of nutrition, the environment and/or an underlying subclinical disease. Geriatric horses defined as horses above the age of 20, exhibit a decline in body condition, muscle tone and general well-being. It is not known whether these changes contribute to decreased immune function or are the result of declining immune function. Geriatric years are characterized by increased susceptibility to infections and a reduced antibody response to vaccination as a result of changes in the immune system. Humans and horses share many of these age-related changes, with only a few differences. Thus, inflamm-aging and immunosenescence are well-described phenomena in both human and equine research, particularly in relation to the peripheral blood and especially the T-cell compartment. However, the lung is faced with unique challenges because of its constant interaction with the external environment and thus may not share similarities to peripheral blood when considering age-related changes in immune function. Indeed, recent studies have shown discrepancies in cytokine mRNA and protein expression between the peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage immune cells. These results provide important evidence that age-related immune changes or 'dys-functions' are organ-specific.
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47
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Abstract
Our laboratory has contributed to the areas of B cell receptor (BCR) and pre-BCR gene identification and transcription and has focused on the problem of the aged immune system in mice and humans for the last 15 years. We have found biomarkers for the decrease in B cell function in aged mice and humans. These include decreases in immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch (e.g., IgM to IgG), decreases in the enzyme AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase) and decreases in the transcription factor E47. The E47 mRNA stability is decreased in old B cells due to decreased phospho-MAPKinase and phospho-TTP (tristetraprolin). Inflammation, e.g., TNF-α, which increases with age, impacts B cells directly by increasing their TNF-α and NF-κB and leads to the above decreased pathway. Both class switch and affinity maturation are decreased in elderly responses to the influenza vaccine and biomarkers we have found (numbers and percentages of switched memory B cells and AID in stimulated B cells in culture) can predict a beneficial or decreased immune response to the vaccine. Current and future avenues to improve the humoral immune response in the elderly are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB #3146A, P.O. Box 016960 (R-138), Miami, FL, 33101, USA,
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48
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Abstract
Continued generation of new B cells within the bone marrow is required throughout life. However, in old age, B lymphopoiesis is inhibited at multiple developmental stages from hematopoietic stem cells through the late stages of new B cell generation. While changes in B cell precursor subsets, as well as alterations in the supporting bone marrow microenvironment, in old age have been known for the last 20 years, only more recently have insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible become clarified. Our recent discovery that B cells in aged mice are pro-inflammatory and can diminish B cell generation within the bone marrow suggests a potential mechanism of inappropriate "B cell feedback" which contributes to a bone marrow microenvironment unfavorable to B lymphopoiesis. We hypothesize that the consequences of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment in old age are (1) reduced B cell generation and (2) alteration in the "read-out" of the antibody repertoire. Both of these likely ensue from reduced expression of the surrogate light chain (λ5 + VpreB) and consequently reduced expression of the pre-B cell receptor (preBCR), critical to pre-B cell expansion and Vh selection. In old age, B cell development may progressively be diverted into a preBCR-compromised pathway. These abnormalities in B lymphopoiesis likely contribute to the poor humoral immunity seen in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Riley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960 (R-138), Miami, FL, 33101, USA,
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49
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Goenka R, Scholz JL, Naradikian MS, Cancro MP. Memory B cells form in aged mice despite impaired affinity maturation and germinal center kinetics. Exp Gerontol 2014; 54:109-15. [PMID: 24389058 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether age alters the emergence of high-affinity germinal center B (GCB) cells and switched memory B cells (swBmem) during a primary immune response to a thymus-dependent antigen, using a novel flow cytometric assay to distinguish relative BCR affinity. In young mice, high-affinity B cells predominate in the GCB pool and comprise a smaller proportion of the nascent swBmem pool two weeks after immunization. In aged mice, we observe significant reductions of high-affinity clones among GCB cells, but not nascent swBmem cells. The defect in GC affinity maturation was not overcome by providing excess carrier-specific T cells from young mice, as these cells still displayed compromised effector TFH differentiation in the aged animals. Our results suggest that B cells in aged animals have a reduced ability to prompt effector TFH differentiation, leading to a compromised GC response that results in reduced generation of high-affinity GCB and plasma cells; despite normal production of early swBmem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Goenka
- Dept. of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States.
| | - Jean L Scholz
- Dept. of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States.
| | - Martin S Naradikian
- Dept. of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States.
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Dept. of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States.
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50
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Linterman MA. How T follicular helper cells and the germinal centre response change with age. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:72-9. [PMID: 24217812 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Normal ageing is accompanied by a decline in the function of the immune system that causes an increased susceptibility to infections and an impaired response to vaccination in older individuals. This results in an increased disease burden in the aged population, even with good immunisation programmes in place. The decreased response to vaccination is partly due to the diminution of the germinal centre response with age, caused by impaired T-cell help to B cells. Within the germinal centre, T-cell help is provided by a specialised subset of CD4(+) T cells; T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Tfh cells provide survival and selection signals to germinal centre B cells, allowing them to egress from the germinal centre and become long-live plasma cells or memory B cells, and provide life-long protection against subsequent infection. This review will discuss the cellular and molecular changes in both Tfh cells and germinal centre B cells that occur with advancing age, which result in a smaller germinal centre response and a less effective response to immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Linterman
- Lymphocyte signalling and development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
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