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Inholz K, Anderl JL, Klawitter M, Goebel H, Maurits E, Kirk CJ, Fan RA, Basler M. Proteasome composition in immune cells implies special immune‐cell‐specific immunoproteasome function. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350613. [PMID: 38458995 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Immunoproteasomes are a special class of proteasomes, which can be induced with IFN-γ in an inflammatory environment. In recent years, it became evident that certain immune cell types constitutively express high levels of immunoproteasomes. However, information regarding the basal expression of proteolytically active immunoproteasome subunits in different types of immune cells is still rare. Hence, we quantified standard proteasome subunits (β1c, β2c, β5c) and immunoproteasome subunits (LMP2, MECL-1, LMP7) in the major murine (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, CD11c+ dendritic cells, CD49d+ natural killer cells, Ly-6G+ neutrophils) and human immune cell (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, CD1c+CD141+ myeloid dendritic cells, CD56+ natural killer cells, granulocytes) subsets. The different human immune cell types were isolated from peripheral blood and the murine immune cell subsets from spleen. We found that proteasomes of most immune cell subsets mainly consist of immunoproteasome subunits. Our data will serve as a reference and guideline for immunoproteasome expression and imply a special role of immunoproteasomes in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Inholz
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Janet L Anderl
- Department of Research, Kezar Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Moritz Klawitter
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Heike Goebel
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elmer Maurits
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher J Kirk
- Department of Research, Kezar Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - R Andrea Fan
- Department of Research, Kezar Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Basler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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2
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Hu X, Hu Z, Zhang H, Zhang N, Feng H, Jia X, Zhang C, Cheng Q. Deciphering the tumor-suppressive role of PSMB9 in melanoma through multi-omics and single-cell transcriptome analyses. Cancer Lett 2024; 581:216466. [PMID: 37944578 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) poses a significant challenge in skin cancers. Recent immunotherapy breakthroughs have revolutionized melanoma treamtment, yet tumor heterogeneity persists as an obstacle. Epigenetic modifications orchestrated by DNA methylation contributed to tumorigenesis, thus potentially unveiling melanoma prognosis. Here, we identified an interferon-gamma (IFN-g) sensitive subtype, which possesses favorable outcomes, robust infiltration CD8+T cells, and IFN-g score in bulk RNA-seq profile. Subsequently, we established an IFN-g sensitivity signature based on machine learning. We validated that PSMB9 is strongly correlated with immunotherapy response in both methylation and expression cohorts in this 10-probe signature. We assumed that PSMB9 acts as a putative melanoma suppressor, for its activation of CD8+T cell; capacity to modulate IFN-γ secretion; and dynamics altering IFN-g receptors in bulk tissue. We performed single-cell RNA-seq on immunotherapy patients' tissue to uncover the nuanced role of PSMB9 in activating CD8T + cells, enhancing IFN-g, and influencing malignant cells receptors and transcriptional factors. Overexpress PSMB9 in two SKCM cell lines to mimic the hypomethylated state to approve our conjecture. Strong cell proliferation and migration inhibition were detected on both cells, indicating that PSMB9 is present in tumor cells and that high expression is detrimental to tumor growth and migration. Overall, comprehensive integrated analysis shows that PSMB9 emerges as a vital prognostic marker, acting predictive potential regarding immunotherapy in melanoma. This evidence not only reveals the multifaceted impact of PSMB9 on both malignant and immune cells but also serves as a prospective target for undergoing immunotherapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Zhengang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing, 400016, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Xiaomin Jia
- Department of Pathology, Lhasa People's Hospital, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, 850001, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Diegelmann J, Brand S. Identification of IL-27 as a novel regulator of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II expression, antigen presentation, and processing in intestinal epithelial cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1226809. [PMID: 37818353 PMCID: PMC10561092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1226809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II receptors plays a fundamental role in T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. A dysregulation of this fine-tuned recognition might result in the development of autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases that are characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation of the intestinal tract and a damaged intestinal epithelial barrier. While MHCII receptors are usually expressed by professional antigen presenting cells (APC) only, there is increasing evidence that non-immune cells such as intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) might express MHCII upon stimulation with IFN-γ and thus act as non-professional APC. However, little is known about other factors regulating intestinal epithelial MHC expression. Here, we identify IL-27 as an inducer of different MHCI and MHCII receptor subtypes and the invariant chain (CD74/li) in IEC via the STAT1/IRF1/CIITA axis. CIITA, MHCII, and CD74 expression was significantly increased in IEC from Crohn's disease (CD) patients with active disease compared to controls or CD patients in remission. IEC phagocytosed and digested external antigens and apoptotic cells. IL-27 strongly stimulated antigen processing via the immunoproteasome in a IRF1-dependent manner. In co-culture experiments, antigen-primed IEC strongly enhanced lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 secretion, dependent on direct cell-cell contact. IL-27 pretreatment of IEC significantly increased CD4+ T cell proliferation and reduced IL-2 levels in lymphocytes in coculture. In summary, we identified IL-27 as a novel regulator of IEC antigen processing and presentation via MHCI and MHCII receptors, underscoring the importance of IEC as non-professional APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Diegelmann
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Luffarelli R, Panarello L, Quatrana A, Tiano F, Fortuni S, Rufini A, Malisan F, Testi R, Condò I. Interferon Gamma Enhances Cytoprotective Pathways via Nrf2 and MnSOD Induction in Friedreich's Ataxia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12687. [PMID: 37628866 PMCID: PMC10454386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a rare monogenic disease characterized by multisystem, slowly progressive degeneration. Because of the genetic defect in a non-coding region of FXN gene, FRDA cells exhibit severe deficit of frataxin protein levels. Hence, FRDA pathophysiology is characterized by a plethora of metabolic disruptions related to iron metabolism, mitochondrial homeostasis and oxidative stress. Importantly, an impairment of the antioxidant defences exacerbates the oxidative damage. This appears closely associated with the disablement of key antioxidant proteins, such as the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). The cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ) has been shown to increase frataxin expression in FRDA cells and to improve functional deficits in FRDA mice. Currently, IFN-γ represents a potential therapy under clinical evaluation in FRDA patients. Here, we show that IFN-γ induces a rapid expression of Nrf2 and MnSOD in different cell types, including FRDA patient-derived fibroblasts. Our data indicate that IFN-γ signals two separate pathways to enhance Nrf2 and MnSOD levels in FRDA fibroblasts. MnSOD expression increased through an early transcriptional regulation, whereas the levels of Nrf2 are induced by a post-transcriptional mechanism. We demonstrate that the treatment of FRDA fibroblasts with IFN-γ stimulates a non-canonical Nrf2 activation pathway through p21 and potentiates antioxidant responses under exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, IFN-γ significantly reduced the sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in FRDA fibroblasts. Collectively, these results indicate the presence of multiple pathways triggered by IFN-γ with therapeutic relevance to FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Luffarelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.L.); (L.P.); (A.Q.); (F.T.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (F.M.); (R.T.)
| | - Luca Panarello
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.L.); (L.P.); (A.Q.); (F.T.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (F.M.); (R.T.)
| | - Andrea Quatrana
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.L.); (L.P.); (A.Q.); (F.T.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (F.M.); (R.T.)
| | - Francesca Tiano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.L.); (L.P.); (A.Q.); (F.T.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (F.M.); (R.T.)
| | - Silvia Fortuni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.L.); (L.P.); (A.Q.); (F.T.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (F.M.); (R.T.)
| | - Alessandra Rufini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.L.); (L.P.); (A.Q.); (F.T.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (F.M.); (R.T.)
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Florence Malisan
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.L.); (L.P.); (A.Q.); (F.T.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (F.M.); (R.T.)
| | - Roberto Testi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.L.); (L.P.); (A.Q.); (F.T.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (F.M.); (R.T.)
| | - Ivano Condò
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.L.); (L.P.); (A.Q.); (F.T.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (F.M.); (R.T.)
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Wu DG, Wang YN, Zhou Y, Gao H, Zhao B. Inhibition of the Proteasome Regulator PA28 Aggravates Oxidized Protein Overload in the Diabetic Rat Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:2857-2869. [PMID: 36715894 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized protein overloading caused by diabetes is one accelerating pathological pathway in diabetic encephalopathy development. To determine whether the PA28-regulated function of the proteasome plays a role in diabetes-induced oxidative damaged protein degradation, brain PA28α and PA28β interference experiments were performed in a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model. The present results showed that proteasome activity was changed in the brains of diabetic rats, but the constitutive subunits were not. In vivo PA28α and PA28β inhibition via adeno-associated virus (AAV) shRNA infection successfully decreased PA28 protein levels and further exacerbated oxidized proteins load by regulating proteasome catalytic activity. These findings suggest that the proteasome plays a role in the elimination of oxidized proteins and that PA28 is functionally involved in the regulation of proteasome activity in vivo. This study suggests that abnormal protein turbulence occurring in the diabetic brain could be explained by the proteasome-mediated degradation pathway. Changes in proteasome activity regulator PA28 could be a reason to induce oxidative aggregation in diabetic brain. Proteasome regulator PA28 inhibition in vivo by AAV vector injection could aggravate oxidized proteins abundance in brain of HFD-STZ diabetic rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gui Wu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Dali University, 6th Snowman Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Zhuhai People's Hospital, 79th Kangning Road, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Na Wang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Dali University, 6th Snowman Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Dali University, 6th Snowman Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Gao
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Dali University, 6th Snowman Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Dali University, 6th Snowman Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
- Li Yun-Qing Expert Workstation of Yunnan Province (No. 202005AF150014) based in Dali University, 6th Snowman Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Davidson K, Pickering AM. The proteasome: A key modulator of nervous system function, brain aging, and neurodegenerative disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1124907. [PMID: 37123415 PMCID: PMC10133520 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1124907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is a large multi-subunit protease responsible for the degradation and removal of oxidized, misfolded, and polyubiquitinated proteins. The proteasome plays critical roles in nervous system processes. This includes maintenance of cellular homeostasis in neurons. It also includes roles in long-term potentiation via modulation of CREB signaling. The proteasome also possesses roles in promoting dendritic spine growth driven by proteasome localization to the dendritic spines in an NMDA/CaMKIIα dependent manner. Proteasome inhibition experiments in varied organisms has been shown to impact memory, consolidation, recollection and extinction. The proteasome has been further shown to impact circadian rhythm through modulation of a range of 'clock' genes, and glial function. Proteasome function is impaired as a consequence both of aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies have demonstrated an impairment in 26S proteasome function in the brain and other tissues as a consequence of age, driven by a disassembly of 26S proteasome in favor of 20S proteasome. Some studies also show proteasome augmentation to correct age-related deficits. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease proteasome function is impaired through distinct mechanisms with impacts on disease susceptibility and progression. Age and neurodegenerative-related deficits in the function of the constitutive proteasome are often also accompanied by an increase in an alternative form of proteasome called the immunoproteasome. This article discusses the critical role of the proteasome in the nervous system. We then describe how proteasome dysfunction contributes to brain aging and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanisa Davidson
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andrew M. Pickering
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET), Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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7
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Targeting immunoproteasome in neurodegeneration: A glance to the future. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108329. [PMID: 36526014 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immunoproteasome is a specialized form of proteasome equipped with modified catalytic subunits that was initially discovered to play a pivotal role in MHC class I antigen processing and immune system modulation. However, over the last years, this proteolytic complex has been uncovered to serve additional functions unrelated to antigen presentation. Accordingly, it has been proposed that immunoproteasome synergizes with canonical proteasome in different cell types of the nervous system, regulating neurotransmission, metabolic pathways and adaptation of the cells to redox or inflammatory insults. Hence, studying the alterations of immunoproteasome expression and activity is gaining research interest to define the dynamics of neuroinflammation as well as the early and late molecular events that are likely involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders. Furthermore, these novel functions foster the perspective of immunoproteasome as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegeneration. In this review, we provide a brain and retina-wide overview, trying to correlate present knowledge on structure-function relationships of immunoproteasome with the variety of observed neuro-modulatory functions.
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Jiang L, Tang J, Guo F, Guo Y. Prediction of Major Histocompatibility Complex Binding with Bilateral and Variable Long Short Term Memory Networks. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060848. [PMID: 35741369 PMCID: PMC9220200 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Major histocompatibility complex molecules are of significant biological and clinical importance due to their utility in immunotherapy. The prediction of potential MHC binding peptides can estimate a T-cell immune response. The variable length of existing MHC binding peptides creates difficulty for MHC binding prediction algorithms. Thus, we utilized a bilateral and variable long-short term memory neural network to address this specific problem and developed a novel MHC binding prediction tool. Abstract As an important part of immune surveillance, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of proteins that recognize foreign molecules. Computational prediction methods for MHC binding peptides have been developed. However, existing methods share the limitation of fixed peptide sequence length, which necessitates the training of models by peptide length or prediction with a length reduction technique. Using a bidirectional long short-term memory neural network, we constructed BVMHC, an MHC class I and II binding prediction tool that is independent of peptide length. The performance of BVMHC was compared to seven MHC class I prediction tools and three MHC class II prediction tools using eight performance criteria independently. BVMHC attained the best performance in three of the eight criteria for MHC class I, and the best performance in four of the eight criteria for MHC class II, including accuracy and AUC. Furthermore, models for non-human species were also trained using the same strategy and made available for applications in mice, chimpanzees, macaques, and rats. BVMHC is composed of a series of peptide length independent MHC class I and II binding predictors. Models from this study have been implemented in an online web portal for easy access and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Jiang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Jijun Tang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Fei Guo
- School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Correspondence: (F.G.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yan Guo
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
- Correspondence: (F.G.); (Y.G.)
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Pishesha N, Harmand TJ, Ploegh HL. A guide to antigen processing and presentation. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:751-764. [PMID: 35418563 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antigen processing and presentation are the cornerstones of adaptive immunity. B cells cannot generate high-affinity antibodies without T cell help. CD4+ T cells, which provide such help, use antigen-specific receptors that recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in complex with peptide cargo. Similarly, eradication of virus-infected cells often depends on cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, which rely on the recognition of peptide-MHC complexes for their action. The two major classes of glycoproteins entrusted with antigen presentation are the MHC class I and class II molecules, which present antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells, respectively. This Review describes the essentials of antigen processing and presentation. These pathways are divided into six discrete steps that allow a comparison of the various means by which antigens destined for presentation are acquired and how the source proteins for these antigens are tagged for degradation, destroyed and ultimately displayed as peptides in complex with MHC molecules for T cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novalia Pishesha
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thibault J Harmand
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Xiong Y, Yu C, Zhang Q. Ubiquitin-Proteasome System-Regulated Protein Degradation in Spermatogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061058. [PMID: 35326509 PMCID: PMC8947704 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a prolonged and highly ordered physiological process that produces haploid male germ cells through more than 40 steps and experiences dramatic morphological and cellular transformations. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays central roles in the precise control of protein homeostasis to ensure the effectiveness of certain protein groups at a given stage and the inactivation of them after this stage. Many UPS components have been demonstrated to regulate the progression of spermatogenesis at different levels. Especially in recent years, novel testis-specific proteasome isoforms have been identified to be essential and unique for spermatogenesis. In this review, we set out to discuss our current knowledge in functions of diverse USP components in mammalian spermatogenesis through: (1) the composition of proteasome isoforms at each stage of spermatogenesis; (2) the specificity of each proteasome isoform and the associated degradation events; (3) the E3 ubiquitin ligases mediating protein ubiquitination in male germ cells; and (4) the deubiquitinases involved in spermatogenesis and male fertility. Exploring the functions of UPS machineries in spermatogenesis provides a global picture of the proteome dynamics during male germ cell production and shed light on the etiology and pathogenesis of human male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiong
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining 314400, China;
| | - Chao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, 3 East Qing Chun Rd, Hangzhou 310020, China;
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qianting Zhang
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining 314400, China;
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13789821134
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11
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Ware CA, Buhimschi CS, Zhao G, El Helou Y, Buhimschi IA. Amniotic Fluid Proteasome and Immunoproteasome in the Setting of Intra-Amniotic Infection, Inflammation, and Preterm Birth. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2562-2573. [PMID: 33665784 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is an important determinant of neonatal morbidity and mortality and intra-amniotic infection (IAI) and inflammation play a causative role. The constitutive proteasome and immunoproteasome are key players in maintenance of proteostasis and their alteration outside pregnancy has been linked to pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory diseases. Our goal was to evaluate the levels, activities, and potential origin of amniotic fluid (AF) proteasome in women with preterm birth induced by infection and/or inflammation. Total proteasome and immunoproteasome concentrations were measured in AF retrieved by trans-abdominal amniocentesis from 155 pregnant women. Proteasome activities were measured with fluorogenic substrates targeting caspase-like (CAS-L), trypsin-like (TRY-L), or chymotrypsin-like (CHE-L) lytic activities. We found that IAI significantly upregulated AF concentrations of total proteasome and of the immunoproteasome (P<0.001 for both) with no differences based on gestational age. Based on substrate preference and profile of pharmacologic inhibition, we identified the CHE-L activity of the immunoproteasome as the primary lytic activity upregulated in AF of pregnancies complicated by IAI. When compared with matched maternal blood and cord blood, proteasome activity was by far the highest in AF and this was further elevated in IAI. Western blot confirmed β5 (PSMB5) and β5i (PSMB8) subunits of the constitutive proteasome and immunoproteasome are present in AF and IHC staining of fetal membranes pointed to chorio-decidua as a potential source. In conclusion, IAI is associated with increased AF immunoproteasome activity that by analogy with other inflammatory diseases may generate antigenic oligopeptides and may play a role in triggering preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Ware
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Catalin S Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Guomao Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Yara El Helou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Irina A Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. .,Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA.
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12
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Kasahara M. Role of immunoproteasomes and thymoproteasomes in health and disease. Pathol Int 2021; 71:371-382. [PMID: 33657242 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome is a multisubunit protease that degrades intracellular proteins into small peptides. Besides playing a pivotal role in many cellular processes indispensable for survival, it is involved in the production of peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. In addition to the standard proteasome shared in all eukaryotes, jawed vertebrates have two specialized forms of proteasome known as immunoproteasomes and thymoproteasomes. The immunoproteasome, which contains cytokine-inducible catalytic subunits with distinct cleavage specificities, produces peptides presented by class I molecules more efficiently than the standard proteasome. The thymoproteasome, which contains a unique catalytic subunit β5t, is a tissue-specific proteasome expressed exclusively in cortical thymic epithelial cells. It plays a critical role in CD8+ cytotoxic T cell development via positive selection. This review provides a brief overview on the structure and function of these specialized forms of proteasome and their involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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13
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Cryo-EM of mammalian PA28αβ-iCP immunoproteasome reveals a distinct mechanism of proteasome activation by PA28αβ. Nat Commun 2021; 12:739. [PMID: 33531497 PMCID: PMC7854634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome activator PA28αβ affects MHC class I antigen presentation by associating with immunoproteasome core particles (iCPs). However, due to the lack of a mammalian PA28αβ-iCP structure, how PA28αβ regulates proteasome remains elusive. Here we present the complete architectures of the mammalian PA28αβ-iCP immunoproteasome and free iCP at near atomic-resolution by cryo-EM, and determine the spatial arrangement between PA28αβ and iCP through XL-MS. Our structures reveal a slight leaning of PA28αβ towards the α3-α4 side of iCP, disturbing the allosteric network of the gatekeeper α2/3/4 subunits, resulting in a partial open iCP gate. We find that the binding and activation mechanism of iCP by PA28αβ is distinct from those of constitutive CP by the homoheptameric TbPA26 or PfPA28. Our study sheds lights on the mechanism of enzymatic activity stimulation of immunoproteasome and suggests that PA28αβ-iCP has experienced profound remodeling during evolution to achieve its current level of function in immune response. The proteasome activator PA28αβ affects MHC class I antigen presentation by associating with immunoproteasome core particles (iCPs). Cryo-EM structures of the mammalian PA28αβ -iCP immunoproteasome and free iCP, combined with cross-linking data, reveal the complex architecture and suggest a distinct immunoproteasome activation mechanism.
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Molecular and cellular dynamics of the 26S proteasome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140583. [PMID: 33321258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the ubiquitin-proteasome system serves to remove proteins that are either dysfunctional or no longer needed. The 26S proteasome is a 2.5 MDa multisubunit complex comprising the 20S core particle, where degradation is executed, and one or two regulatory particles which prepare substrates for degradation. Whereas the 20S core particles of several species had been studied extensively by X-ray crystallography, the 26S holocomplex structure had remained elusive for a long time. Recent advances in single-particle cryo-electron microscopy have changed the situation and provided atomic resolution models of this intriguing molecular machine and its dynamics. Besides, cryo-electron tomography enables structural studies in situ, providing molecular resolution images of macromolecules inside pristinely preserved cellular environments. This has greatly contributed to our understanding of proteasome dynamics in the context of cells.
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15
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Wang Y, Yan K, Lin J, Liu Y, Wang J, Li X, Li X, Hua Z, Zheng Z, Shi J, Sun S, Bi J. CD8+ T Cell Co-Expressed Genes Correlate With Clinical Phenotype and Microenvironments of Urothelial Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:553399. [PMID: 33330025 PMCID: PMC7713665 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.553399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify immune-related co-expressed genes that promote CD8+ T cell infiltration in bladder cancer, and to explore the interactions among relevant genes in the tumor microenvironment. Method We obtained bladder cancer gene matrix and clinical information data from TCGA, GSE32894 and GSE48075. The “estimate” package was used to calculate tumor purity and immune score. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to assess CD8+ T cell proportions. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used to identify the co-expression modules with CD8+ T cell proportions and bladder tumor purity. Subsequently, we performed correlation analysis among angiogenesis factors, angiogenesis inhibitors, immune inflammatory responses, and CD8+ T cell related genes in tumor microenvironment. Results A CD8+ T cell related co-expression network was identified. Eight co-expressed genes (PSMB8, PSMB9, PSMB10, PSME2, TAP1, IRF1, FBOX6, ETV7) were identified as CD8+ T cell-related genes that promoted infiltration of CD8+ T cells, and were enriched in the MHC class I tumor antigen presentation process. The proteins level encoded by these genes (PSMB10, PSMB9, PSMB8, TAP1, IRF1, and FBXO6) were lower in the high clinical grade patients, which suggested the clinical phenotype correlation both in mRNA and protein levels. These factors negatively correlated with angiogenesis factors and positively correlated with angiogenesis inhibitors. PD-1 and PD-L1 positively correlated with these genes which suggested PD-1 expression level positively correlated with the biological process composed by these co-expression genes. In the high expression group of these genes, inflammation and immune response were more intense, and the tumor purity was lower, suggesting that these genes were immune protective factors that improved the prognosis in patients with bladder cancer. Conclusion These co-expressed genes promote high levels of infiltration of CD8+ T cells in an immunoproteasome process involved in MHC class I molecules. The mechanism might provide new pathways for treatment of patients who are insensitive to PD-1 immunotherapy due to low degrees of CD8+ T cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Wang
- Department of Urology, China Medical University, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kexin Yan
- Department of Dermatology, China Medical University, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaxing Lin
- Department of Urology, China Medical University, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, China Medical University, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Urology, China Medical University, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Department of Urology, China Medical University, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Urology, China Medical University, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhixiong Hua
- Department of Urology, China Medical University, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- Department of Urology, China Medical University, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianxiu Shi
- Department of Urology, China Medical University, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Siqing Sun
- Department of Urology, China Medical University, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianbin Bi
- Department of Urology, China Medical University, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Astakhova TM, Moiseeva EV, Sharova NP. Features of the Proteasome Pool in Spontaneously Occurring Malignant Tumors of the Mammary Gland in Mice. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Ghannam K, Martinez Gamboa L, Kedor C, Spengler L, Kuckelkorn U, Häupl T, Burmester G, Feist E. Response to abatacept is associated with the inhibition of proteasome β1i expression in T cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open 2020; 6:rmdopen-2020-001248. [PMID: 32998980 PMCID: PMC7547540 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Abatacept is a biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and modulates the costimulatory signal by cluster of differentiation (CD)28:CD80/CD86 interaction required for T cell activation. Since CD28-mediated signalling regulates many T cell functions including cytokine production of, for example, interferons (IFNs), it is of interest to clarify, whether response to abatacept has an effect on the IFN inducible immunoproteasome, as a central regulator of the immune response. Methods Effects of abatacept on the proteasome were investigated in 39 patients with RA over a period of 24 weeks. Using real-time PCR, transcript levels of constitutive and corresponding immunoproteasome catalytic subunits were investigated at baseline (T0), week 16 (T16) and week 24 (T24) in sorted blood cells. Proteasomal activity and induction of apoptosis after proteasome inhibition were also evaluated. Results Abatacept achieved remission or low disease activity in 55% of patients at T16 and in 70% of patients at T24. By two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), a significant reduction of proteasome immunosubunit β1i was shown only in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of sustained responders at both T16 and T24. One-way ANOVA analysis for each response group confirmed the results and showed a significant reduction at T24 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of the same group. Abatacept did not influence chymotrypsin-like activity of proteasome and had no effect on induction of apoptosis under exposure to a proteasome inhibitor in vitro. Conclusion The reduction of proteasome immunosubunit β1i in T cells of patients with RA with sustained response to abatacept suggests association of the immunoproteasome of T cells with RA disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khetam Ghannam
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorena Martinez Gamboa
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Kedor
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lydia Spengler
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kuckelkorn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Häupl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugen Feist
- Helios Fachklinik Vogelsang-Gommern GmbH, Vogelsang-Gommern, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Kiuchi T, Tomaru U, Ishizu A, Imagawa M, Iwasaki S, Suzuki A, Otsuka N, Ohhara Y, Kinoshita I, Matsuno Y, Dosaka-Akita H, Kasahara M. Expression of the immunoproteasome subunit β5i in non-small cell lung carcinomas. J Clin Pathol 2020; 74:300-306. [PMID: 32943490 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The immunoproteasome is a specific proteasome isoform whose proteolytic activity enhances the generation of antigenic peptides to be presented by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules to CD8+ T cells. Physiologically, it is expressed abundantly in immune cells and is induced in somatic cells by cytokines, especially interferon-γ. Recently, variable expression of immunoproteasomes has been demonstrated in different types of cancers. However, the clinical significance of immunoproteasome expression in malignant tumours is poorly understood. In this study, we performed clinicopathological evaluation of immunoproteasome subunit β5i in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). METHODS Tumour tissues were collected from 155 patients with NSCLCs, and immunohistochemical analysis for β5i was performed in relation to the prognosis of patients. RESULTS High expression of β5i was found in about 20% of all NSCLCs and was found significantly more frequently (40%) in the adenocarcinoma subset. High expression of β5i was associated with a better 5-year relative survival rate in patients with pStage I to II adenocarcinoma and was also a significant and independent favourable prognostic factor in adenocarcinoma patients. In addition, when we performed in vitro analysis using NSCLC cell lines, combined treatment with the immunoproteasome-specific inhibitor ONX0914 and the proteasome inhibitor MG132 enhanced cell death in β5i-expressing NSCLC cell lines. CONCLUSION The expression of immunoproteasome can be explored as both a prognostic factor and a potential therapeutic target in NSCLCs. Since immunoproteasomes have crucial role in the antigen presentation, further studies may help to provide essential knowledge for therapeutic strategies in anticancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kiuchi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishizu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Imagawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, KKR Sapporo Medical Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sari Iwasaki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, KKR Sapporo Medical Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, KKR Sapporo Medical Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Otsuka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Ohhara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kinoshita
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsuno
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Dosaka-Akita
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Hou Y, Lee HJ, Chen Y, Ge J, Osman FOI, McAdow AR, Mokalled MH, Johnson SL, Zhao G, Wang T. Cellular diversity of the regenerating caudal fin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba2084. [PMID: 32851162 PMCID: PMC7423392 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish faithfully regenerate their caudal fin after amputation. During this process, both differentiated cells and resident progenitors migrate to the wound site and undergo lineage-restricted, programmed cellular state transitions to populate the new regenerate. Until now, systematic characterizations of cells comprising the new regenerate and molecular definitions of their state transitions have been lacking. We hereby characterize the dynamics of gene regulatory programs during fin regeneration by creating single-cell transcriptome maps of both preinjury and regenerating fin tissues at 1/2/4 days post-amputation. We consistently identified epithelial, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic populations across all stages. We found common and cell type-specific cell cycle programs associated with proliferation. In addition to defining the processes of epithelial replenishment and mesenchymal differentiation, we also identified molecular signatures that could better distinguish epithelial and mesenchymal subpopulations in fish. The insights for natural cell state transitions during regeneration point to new directions for studying this regeneration model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Hou
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Hyung Joo Lee
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jiaxin Ge
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Fujr Osman Ibrahim Osman
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Maryville University of St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA
| | - Anthony R. McAdow
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Mayssa H. Mokalled
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Stephen L. Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Corresponding author. (G.Z.); (T.W.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Corresponding author. (G.Z.); (T.W.)
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Restricted Expression of the Thymoproteasome Is Required for Thymic Selection and Peripheral Homeostasis of CD8 + T Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 26:639-651.e2. [PMID: 30650357 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymoproteasome subunit β5t is specifically expressed in cortical thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and generates unique peptides to support positive selection. In this study, using a mouse model ubiquitously expressing β5t, we showed that aberrant expression of self-peptides generated by β5t affects CD8+ T cell homeostasis, including thymic selection and maintenance of the peripheral naive pool of CD8+ T cells. In mice in which β5t was expressed both in cortical and medullary TECs, the abundance of CD8+ lineage thymocytes was reduced, and extra-thymic expression of β5t caused accumulation of CD8+ T cells with the memory or exhausted phenotype and induced autoreactive T cell responses. We found that thymoproteasomes are essential for positive selection but that the subsequent change in peptide repertoire in the medulla is also crucial for thymic selection and that β5t-derived peptide must be confined to the thymus to avoid autoimmunity in peripheral tissues.
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21
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Kondakova IV, Shashova EE, Sidenko EA, Astakhova TM, Zakharova LA, Sharova NP. Estrogen Receptors and Ubiquitin Proteasome System: Mutual Regulation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040500. [PMID: 32224970 PMCID: PMC7226411 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides information on the structure of estrogen receptors (ERs), their localization and functions in mammalian cells. Additionally, the structure of proteasomes and mechanisms of protein ubiquitination and cleavage are described. According to the modern concept, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is involved in the regulation of the activity of ERs in several ways. First, UPS performs the ubiquitination of ERs with a change in their functional activity. Second, UPS degrades ERs and their transcriptional regulators. Third, UPS affects the expression of ER genes. In addition, the opportunity of the regulation of proteasome functioning by ERs—in particular, the expression of immune proteasomes—is discussed. Understanding the complex mechanisms underlying the regulation of ERs and proteasomes has great prospects for the development of new therapeutic agents that can make a significant contribution to the treatment of diseases associated with the impaired function of these biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Kondakova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Kooperativny Street, 634009 Tomsk, Russia; (I.V.K.); (E.E.S.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Elena E. Shashova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Kooperativny Street, 634009 Tomsk, Russia; (I.V.K.); (E.E.S.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Evgenia A. Sidenko
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Kooperativny Street, 634009 Tomsk, Russia; (I.V.K.); (E.E.S.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Tatiana M. Astakhova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (T.M.A.); (L.A.Z.)
| | - Liudmila A. Zakharova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (T.M.A.); (L.A.Z.)
| | - Natalia P. Sharova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (T.M.A.); (L.A.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-135-7674; Fax: +7-499-135-3322
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Kondo H, Matsumura T, Kaneko M, Inoue K, Kosako H, Ikawa M, Takahama Y, Ohigashi I. PITHD1 is a proteasome-interacting protein essential for male fertilization. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1658-1672. [PMID: 31915251 PMCID: PMC7008373 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is a protein-degrading molecular complex that is necessary for protein homeostasis and various biological functions, including cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, and immune response. Proteasome activity is finely regulated by a variety of proteasome-interacting molecules. PITHD1 is a recently described molecule that has a domain putatively capable of interacting with the proteasome. However, it is unknown whether PITHD1 can actually bind to proteasomes and what it does in vivo Here we report that PITHD1 is detected specifically in the spermatids in the testis and the cortical thymic epithelium in the thymus. Interestingly, PITHD1 associates with immunoproteasomes in the testis, but not with thymoproteasomes in the thymus. Mice deficient in PITHD1 exhibit severe male infertility accompanied with morphological abnormalities and impaired motility of spermatozoa. Furthermore, PITHD1 deficiency reduces proteasome activity in the testis and alters the amount of proteins that are important for fertilization capability by the sperm. However, the PITHD1-deficient mice demonstrate no detectable defects in the thymus, including T cell development. Collectively, our results identify PITHD1 as a proteasome-interacting protein that plays a nonredundant role in the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kondo
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takafumi Matsumura
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mari Kaneko
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenichi Inoue
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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Transcriptome Analysis Shows That IFN-I Treatment and Concurrent SAV3 Infection Enriches MHC-I Antigen Processing and Presentation Pathways in Atlantic Salmon-Derived Macrophage/Dendritic Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050464. [PMID: 31121853 PMCID: PMC6563251 DOI: 10.3390/v11050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) have been shown to play an important role in shaping adaptive immune responses in addition to their antiviral properties in immune cells. To gain insight into the impact of IFN-I-induced pathways involved in early adaptive immune responses, i.e., antigen-presenting pathways, in an Atlantic salmon-derived (Salmo salar L.) macrophage cell line (TO-cells), we used a comparative de novo transcriptome analysis where cells were treated with IFN-I or kept untreated and concurrently infected with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3). We found that concurrent treatment of TO-cells with IFN-I and SAV3 infection (SAV3/IFN+) significantly enriched the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) pathway unlike the non-IFN-I treated TO-cells (SAV3/IFN−) that had lower expression levels of MHC-I pathway-related genes. Genes such as the proteasomal activator (PA28) and β-2 microglobulin (β2M) were only differentially expressed in the SAV3/IFN+ cells and not in the SAV3/IFN− cells. MHC-I pathway genes like heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), transporter of antigen associated proteins (TAPs) and tapasin had higher expression levels in the SAV3/IFN+ cells than in the SAV3/IFN− cells. There were no MHC-II pathway-related genes upregulated in SAV3/IFN+-treated cells, and cathepsin S linked to the degradation of endosomal antigens in the MHC-II pathway was downregulated in the SAV3/IFN− cells. Overall, our findings show that concurrent IFN-I treatment of TO-cells and SAV3 infection enriched gene expression linked to the MHC-I antigen presentation pathway. Data presented indicate a role of type I IFNs in strengthening antigen processing and presentation that may facilitate activation particularly of CD8+ T-cell responses following SAV3 infection, while SAV3 infection alone downplayed MHC-II pathways.
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Kasahara M, Flajnik MF. Origin and evolution of the specialized forms of proteasomes involved in antigen presentation. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:251-261. [PMID: 30675634 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteasomes are a multi-subunit protease complex that produces peptides bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Phylogenetic studies indicate that two specialized forms of proteasomes, immunoproteasomes and thymoproteasomes, and the proteasome activator PA28αβ emerged in a common ancestor of jawed vertebrates which acquired adaptive immunity based on the MHC, T cell receptors, and B cell receptors ~ 500 million years ago. Comparative genomics studies now provide strong evidence that the genes coding for the immunoproteasome subunits emerged by genome-wide duplication. On the other hand, the gene encoding the thymoproteasome subunit β5t emerged by tandem duplication from the gene coding for the β5 subunit. Strikingly, birds lack immunoproteasomes, thymoproteasomes, and the proteasome activator PA28αβ, raising an interesting question of whether they have evolved any compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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25
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Kajikawa M, Ose T, Fukunaga Y, Okabe Y, Matsumoto N, Yonezawa K, Shimizu N, Kollnberger S, Kasahara M, Maenaka K. Structure of MHC class I-like MILL2 reveals heparan-sulfate binding and interdomain flexibility. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4330. [PMID: 30337538 PMCID: PMC6193965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The MILL family, composed of MILL1 and MILL2, is a group of nonclassical MHC class I molecules that occur in some orders of mammals. It has been reported that mouse MILL2 is involved in wound healing; however, the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we determine the crystal structure of MILL2 at 2.15 Å resolution, revealing an organization similar to classical MHC class I. However, the α1-α2 domains are not tightly fixed on the α3-β2m domains, indicating unusual interdomain flexibility. The groove between the two helices in the α1-α2 domains is too narrow to permit ligand binding. Notably, an unusual basic patch on the α3 domain is involved in the binding to heparan sulfate which is essential for MILL2 interactions with fibroblasts. These findings suggest that MILL2 has a unique structural architecture and physiological role, with binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans on fibroblasts possibly regulating cellular recruitment in biological events. The MILL (MHC-I-like located near the leukocyte receptor complex) family is a group of related nonclassical MHC-I molecules. Here the authors present the crystal structure of MILL2, which reveals an unusual interdomain flexibility, and show that MILL2 binds heparan sulfate on the surface of fibroblasts through a basic patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Kajikawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 190-8543, Japan.,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toyoyuki Ose
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukunaga
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Okabe
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Kento Yonezawa
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Simon Kollnberger
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, University of Cardiff, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
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26
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Yasutomo K. Dysregulation of immunoproteasomes in autoinflammatory syndromes. Int Immunol 2018; 31:631-637. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Immunoproteasomes degrade ubiquitin-coupled proteins and play a role in creating peptides for presentation by MHC class I proteins. Studies of gene-deficient mice, in which each immunoproteasomal subunit was affected, have demonstrated that dysfunction of immunoproteasomes leads to immunodeficiency, i.e. reduced expression of MHC class I and attenuation of CD8 T-cell responses. Recent studies, however, have uncovered a new type of autoinflammatory syndrome characterized by fever, nodular erythema and progressive partial lipodystrophy that is caused by genetic mutations in immunoproteasome subunits. These mutations disturbed the assembly of immunoproteasomes, which led to reduced proteasomal activity and thus accumulation of ubiquitin-coupled proteins. Those findings suggest that immunoproteasomes function as anti-inflammatory machinery in humans. The discovery of a new type of autoinflammatory syndrome caused by dysregulated immunoproteasomes provides novel insights into the important roles of immunoproteasomes in inflammation as well as the spectrum of autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yasutomo
- Department of Immunology & Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
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27
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The immunoproteasome and thymoproteasome: functions, evolution and human disease. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:923-931. [PMID: 30104634 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The basic principle of adaptive immunity is to strictly discriminate between self and non-self, and a central challenge to overcome is the enormous variety of pathogens that might be encountered. In cell-mediated immunity, immunological discernment takes place at a molecular or cellular level. Central to both mechanisms of discernment is the generation of antigenic peptides associated with MHC class I molecules, which is achieved by a proteolytic complex called the proteasome. To adequately accomplish the discrimination between self and non-self that is essential for adaptive immunity and self-tolerance, two proteasome subtypes have evolved via gene duplication: the immunoproteasome and the thymoproteasome. In this Review, we describe various aspects of these immunity-dedicated proteasomes, from their discovery to recent findings.
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Baumann CW, Kwak D, Ferrington DA, Thompson LV. Downhill exercise alters immunoproteasome content in mouse skeletal muscle. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:507-517. [PMID: 29124664 PMCID: PMC6045542 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Content of the immunoproteasome, the inducible form of the standard proteasome, increases in atrophic muscle suggesting it may be associated with skeletal muscle remodeling. However, it remains unknown if the immunoproteasome responds to stressful situations that do not promote large perturbations in skeletal muscle proteolysis. The purpose of this study was to determine how an acute bout of muscular stress influences immunoproteasome content. To accomplish this, wild-type (WT) and immunoproteasome knockout lmp7 -/- /mecl1 -/- (L7M1) mice were run downhill on a motorized treadmill. Soleus muscles were excised 1 and 3 days post-exercise and compared to unexercised muscle (control). Ex vivo physiology, histology and biochemical analyses were used to assess the effects of immunoproteasome knockout and unaccustomed exercise. Besides L7M1 muscle being LMP7/MECL1 deficient, no other major biochemical, histological or functional differences were observed between the control muscles. In both strains, the downhill run shifted the force-frequency curve to the right and reduced twitch force; however, it did not alter tetanic force or inflammatory markers. In the days post-exercise, several of the proteasome's catalytic subunits were upregulated. Specifically, WT muscle increased LMP7 while L7M1 muscle instead increased β5. These findings indicate that running mice downhill results in subtle contractile characteristics that correspond to skeletal muscle injury, yet it does not appear to induce a significant inflammatory response. Interestingly, this minor stress activated the production of specific immunoproteasome subunits that if knocked out were replaced by components of the standard proteasome. These data suggest that the immunoproteasome may be involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory W Baumann
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Dongmin Kwak
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - LaDora V Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Pomatto LCD, Cline M, Woodward N, Pakbin P, Sioutas C, Morgan TE, Finch CE, Forman HJ, Davies KJA. Aging attenuates redox adaptive homeostasis and proteostasis in female mice exposed to traffic-derived nanoparticles ('vehicular smog'). Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 121:86-97. [PMID: 29709705 PMCID: PMC5987225 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Environmental toxicants are catalysts for protein damage, aggregation, and the aging process. Fortunately, evolution selected adaptive homeostasis as a system to mitigate such damage by expanding the normal capacity to cope with toxic stresses. Little is known about the subcellular degradative responses to proteins oxidatively damaged by air pollution. To better understand the impact of environmental toxicants upon the adaptive homeostatic response, female C57BL/6 mice were exposed for 10 weeks to filtered air or reaerosolized vehicular-derived nano-scale particulate matter (nPM), at which point tissues from young (6 month) and middle-aged (21 month) mice were studied. We found significant increases of proteolytic capacity in lung, liver, and heart. Up to two-fold increases were seen in the 20S Proteasome, the Immunoproteasome, the mitochondrial Lon protease, and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a major transcriptional factor for these and other stress-responsive genes. The responses were equivalent in all organs, despite the indirect input of inhaled particles to heart and liver which are downstream of lung. To our knowledge, this is the first exploration of proteostatic responses to oxidative damage by air pollution. Although, middle-aged mice had higher basal levels, their Nrf2-responsive-genes exhibited no response to nanoparticulate exposure. We also found a parallel age-associated rise in the Nrf2 transcriptional inhibitors, Bach1 and c-Myc which appear to attenuate adaptive responses in older mammals, possibly explaining the 'age-ceiling effect.' This report extends prior findings in male mice by demonstrating the involvement of proteolytic responses to traffic-related air pollution in lung, liver, and heart of female mice, with an age-dependent loss of adaptive homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C D Pomatto
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Mayme Cline
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Nicholas Woodward
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Payam Pakbin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the Viterbi School of Engineering, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the Viterbi School of Engineering, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Todd E Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
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30
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Driscoll JJ, Brailey M. Emerging small molecule approaches to enhance the antimyeloma benefit of proteasome inhibitors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 36:585-598. [PMID: 29052093 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell malignancy which, despite recent treatment advances, remains incurable in the vast majority of the over 118,000 patients in the USA afflicted with this disease. Treatment of MM has dramatically improved in the past decade with the introduction of new drugs into therapeutic strategies in both the frontline and relapse settings that has led to a significant improvement in the median overall survival (OS). These drugs have been incorporated into clinical guidelines and transformed the treatment approach to MM. Numerous classes of antimyeloma agents, i.e., alkylators, steroids, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, deactylase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies, are now FDA-approved and can be combined in doublet or triplet regimens. Moreover, many patients do not respond to therapy and those that do eventually relapse. Emerging therapies that may overcome drug resistance and improve MM treatment include that inhibit regulatory and Ub-processing components of the proteasome, a specialized variant of the proteasome known as the immunoproteasome, proteolysis-targeting chimeric molecules (PROTACS and Degronomids). Emerging strategies also include accessory plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T (CAR-T) cells. Advances in understanding proteasome and plasma cell biology may allow for earlier treatment of MM patients using rationally informed combination therapies with curative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Driscoll
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA. .,University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Magen Brailey
- University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, Biology, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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31
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Immunoproteasome Subunits Are Required for CD8 + T Cell Function and Host Resistance to Brucella abortus Infection in Mice. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00615-17. [PMID: 29263103 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00615-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoproteasome is a specific proteasome isoform composed of three subunits, termed β1i, β2i, and β5i. Its proteolytic activity enhances the quantity and quality of peptides to be presented by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules to CD8+ T cells. However, the role of the combined deficiency of the three immunoproteasome subunits in protective immunity against bacterial pathogens has not been investigated. In this study, we addressed the role of the immunoproteasome during infection by Brucella abortus, an intracellular bacterium that requires CD8+ T cell responses for the control of infection. Here, we demonstrate that immunoproteasome triple-knockout (TKO) mice were more susceptible to Brucella infection. This observed susceptibility was accompanied by reduced interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production by mouse CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, the absence of the immunoproteasome had an impact on MHC-I surface expression and antigen presentation by dendritic cells. CD8+ T cell function, which plays a pivotal role in B. abortus immunity, also presented a partial impairment of granzyme B expression and, consequently, reduced cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest that immunoproteasome subunits are important components in host resistance to B. abortus infection by impacting both the magnitude and quality of CD8+ T cell responses.
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32
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Abstract
The activity of proteases is tightly regulated, and dysregulation is linked to a variety of human diseases. For this reason, ABPP is a well-suited method to study protease biology and the design of protease probes has pushed the boundaries of ABPP. The development of highly selective protease probes is still a challenging task. After an introduction, the first section of this chapter discusses several strategies to enable detection of a single active protease species. These range from the usage of non-natural amino acids, combination of probes with antibodies, and engineering of the target proteases. A next section describes the different types of detection tags that facilitate the read-out possibilities including various types of imaging methods and mass spectrometry-based target identification. The power of protease ABPP is illustrated by examples for a selected number of proteases. It is expected that some protease probes that have been evaluated in animal models of human disease will find translation into clinical application in the near future.
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33
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Erokhov PA, Lyupina YV, Radchenko AS, Kolacheva AA, Nikishina YO, Sharova NP. Detection of active proteasome structures in brain extracts: proteasome features of August rat brain with violations in monoamine metabolism. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70941-70957. [PMID: 29050334 PMCID: PMC5642609 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to detect changes in proteasome pools of brain parts of August rats with monoamine metabolism violations in comparison with that of control Wistar rats. To reveal active proteasome structures, a method of native electrophoresis for the analysis of crude tissue fractions was developed. By means of this method and following Western blotting, the most pronounced changes in reorganization of proteasome structures were detected in proteasome pool of the brain cortex of August rats. Main findings are the enhanced expression of immune proteasome subtypes containing proteolytic subunit LMP2 and activator PA28αβ as well as immune proteasome subtypes containing proteolytic subunit LMP7 and activator PA700 and simultaneously decreased expression of subtypes with subunit LMP2 and activator PA700 in the brain cortex of August rats compared to that of Wistar rats. These results were indirectly confirmed by SDS PAGE method followed by Western blotting, which showed the increased quantities of immune subunits and proteasome activators in the brain cortex of August rats compared to that of Wistar rats. Immune proteasomes were revealed by immunohistochemistry in neurons, but not in glial cells of August and Wistar rat cortex. The detected reorganization of proteasome pools is likely to be important for production of special peptides to provide the steady interaction between neurons and adaptation of central nervous system to conditions caused by monoamine metabolism deviations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Erokhov
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Ontogenesis Processes, N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Lyupina
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Ontogenesis Processes, N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra S. Radchenko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Ontogenesis Processes, N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Kolacheva
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia O. Nikishina
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia P. Sharova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Ontogenesis Processes, N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Enosi Tuipulotu D, Netzler NE, Lun JH, Mackenzie JM, White PA. RNA Sequencing of Murine Norovirus-Infected Cells Reveals Transcriptional Alteration of Genes Important to Viral Recognition and Antigen Presentation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:959. [PMID: 28848558 PMCID: PMC5554501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses inherently exploit normal cellular functions to promote replication and survival. One mechanism involves transcriptional control of the host, and knowledge of the genes modified and their molecular function can aid in understanding viral-host interactions. Norovirus pathogenesis, despite the recent advances in cell cultivation, remains largely uncharacterized. Several studies have utilized the related murine norovirus (MNV) to identify innate response, antigen presentation, and cellular recognition components that are activated during infection. In this study, we have used next-generation sequencing to probe the transcriptomic changes of MNV-infected mouse macrophages. Our in-depth analysis has revealed that MNV is a potent stimulator of the innate response including genes involved in interferon and cytokine production pathways. We observed that genes involved in viral recognition, namely IFIH1, DDX58, and DHX58 were significantly upregulated with infection, whereas we observed significant downregulation of cytokine receptors (Il17rc, Il1rl1, Cxcr3, and Cxcr5) and TLR7. Furthermore, we identified that pathways involved in protein degradation (including genes Psmb3, Psmb4, Psmb5, Psmb9, and Psme2), antigen presentation, and lymphocyte activation are downregulated by MNV infection. Thus, our findings illustrate that MNV induces perturbations in the innate immune transcriptome, particularly in MHC maturation and viral recognition that can contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie E Netzler
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Lun
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter A White
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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35
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Broekaart DWM, van Scheppingen J, Geijtenbeek KW, Zuidberg MRJ, Anink JJ, Baayen JC, Mühlebner A, Aronica E, Gorter JA, van Vliet EA. Increased expression of (immuno)proteasome subunits during epileptogenesis is attenuated by inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Epilepsia 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diede W. M. Broekaart
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jackelien van Scheppingen
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Karlijne W. Geijtenbeek
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mark R. J. Zuidberg
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J. Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C. Baayen
- Department of Neurosurgery; VU University Medical Center; Vrije Universiteit; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; Center for Neuroscience; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN); Heemstede The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Gorter
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; Center for Neuroscience; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Erwin A. van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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36
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Karpova YD, Bozhok GA, Alabedal’karim NM, Lyupina YV, Astakhova TM, Legach EI, Sharova NP. Proteasomes and transplantology: Current state of the problem and the search for promising trends. BIOL BULL+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359017030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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37
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Kovács J, Poór P, Kaschani F, Chandrasekar B, Hong TN, Misas-Villamil JC, Xin BT, Kaiser M, Overkleeft HS, Tari I, van der Hoorn RAL. Proteasome Activity Profiling Uncovers Alteration of Catalytic β2 and β5 Subunits of the Stress-Induced Proteasome during Salinity Stress in Tomato Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:107. [PMID: 28217134 PMCID: PMC5289967 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The stress proteasome in the animal kingdom facilitates faster conversion of oxidized proteins during stress conditions by incorporating different catalytic β subunits. Plants deal with similar kind of stresses and also carry multiple paralogous genes encoding for each of the three catalytic β subunits. Here, we investigated the existence of stress proteasomes upon abiotic stress (salt stress) in tomato roots. In contrast to Arabidopsis thaliana, tomato has a simplified proteasome gene set with single genes encoding each β subunit except for two genes encoding β2. Using proteasome activity profiling on tomato roots during salt stress, we discovered a transient modification of the catalytic subunits of the proteasome coinciding with a loss of cell viability. This stress-induced active proteasome disappears at later time points and coincides with the need to degrade oxidized proteins during salt stress. Subunit-selective proteasome probes and MS analysis of fluorescent 2D gels demonstrated that the detected stress-induced proteasome is not caused by an altered composition of subunits in active proteasomes, but involves an increased molecular weight of both labeled β2 and β5 subunits, and an additional acidic pI shift for labeled β5, whilst labeled β1 remains mostly unchanged. Treatment with phosphatase or glycosidases did not affect the migration pattern. This stress-induced proteasome may play an important role in PCD during abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Kovács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Chemical Biology, Fakultät für Biologie, Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Universität Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany
| | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Tram N. Hong
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Johana C. Misas-Villamil
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Bo T. Xin
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Chemical Biology, Fakultät für Biologie, Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Universität Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany
| | | | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
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Immunoproteasome induction is suppressed in hepatitis C virus-infected cells in a protein kinase R-dependent manner. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e270. [PMID: 27833096 PMCID: PMC5133375 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
By changing the relative abundance of generated antigenic peptides through alterations in the proteolytic activity, interferon (IFN)-γ-induced immunoproteasomes influence the outcome of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. In the present study, we investigated the effects of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on IFN-γ-induced immunoproteasome expression using a HCV infection cell culture system. We found that, although IFN-γ induced the transcriptional expression of mRNAs encoding the β1i/LMP2, β2i/MECL-1 and β5i/LMP7 immunoproteasome subunits, the formation of immunoproteasomes was significantly suppressed in HCV-infected cells. This finding indicated that immunoproteasome induction was impaired at the translational or posttranslational level by HCV infection. Gene silencing studies showed that the suppression of immunoproteasome induction is essentially dependent on protein kinase R (PKR). Indeed, the generation of a strictly immunoproteasome-dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope was impaired in in vitro processing experiments using isolated 20S proteasomes from HCV-infected cells and was restored by the silencing of PKR expression. In conclusion, our data point to a novel mechanism of immune regulation by HCV that affects the antigen-processing machinery through the PKR-mediated suppression of immunoproteasome induction in infected cells.
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Draganidis D, Karagounis LG, Athanailidis I, Chatzinikolaou A, Jamurtas AZ, Fatouros IG. Inflammaging and Skeletal Muscle: Can Protein Intake Make a Difference? J Nutr 2016; 146:1940-1952. [PMID: 27581584 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.230912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammaging is the chronic low-grade inflammatory state present in the elderly, characterized by increased systemic concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines. It has been shown that inflammaging increases the risk of pathologic conditions and age-related diseases, and that it also has been associated with increased skeletal muscle wasting, strength loss, and functional impairments. Experimental evidence suggests that the increased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and primary tumor necrosis factor α observed in chronic inflammation lead to protein degradation through proteasome activation and reduced skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) via protein kinase B/Akt downregulation. Dairy and soy proteins contain all the essential amino acids, demonstrate sufficient absorption kinetics, and include other bioactive peptides that may offer nutritional benefits, in addition to those of stimulating MPS. Whey protein has antioxidative effects, primarily because of its ability to enhance the availability of reduced glutathione and the activity of the endogenous antioxidative enzyme system. Soy protein and isoflavone-enriched soy protein, meanwhile, may counteract chronic inflammation through regulation of the nuclear transcription factor κB signaling pathway and cytokine production. Although evidence suggests that whey protein, soy protein, and isoflavone-enriched soy proteins may be promising nutritional interventions against the oxidative stress and chronic inflammation present in pathologic conditions and aging (inflammaging), there is a lack of information about the anabolic potential of dietary protein intake and protein supplementation in elderly people with increased systemic inflammation. The antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as the anabolic potential of protein supplementation, should be further investigated in the future with well-designed clinical trials focusing on inflammaging and its associated skeletal muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Draganidis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Leonidas G Karagounis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece; Department of Nutrition and Health Research, Nestle Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Athanailidis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece; Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Centre for Research and Technology-Thessaly, Trikala, Greece; and
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece;
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van Scheppingen J, Broekaart DWM, Scholl T, Zuidberg MRJ, Anink JJ, Spliet WG, van Rijen PC, Czech T, Hainfellner JA, Feucht M, Mühlebner A, van Vliet EA, Aronica E. Dysregulation of the (immuno)proteasome pathway in malformations of cortical development. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:202. [PMID: 27566410 PMCID: PMC5002182 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The proteasome is a multisubunit enzyme complex involved in protein degradation, which is essential for many cellular processes. During inflammation, the constitutive subunits are replaced by their inducible counterparts, resulting in the formation of the immunoproteasome. Methods We investigated the expression pattern of constitutive (β1, β5) and immunoproteasome (β1i, β5i) subunits using immunohistochemistry in malformations of cortical development (MCD; focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) IIa and b, cortical tubers from patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), and mild MCD (mMCD)). Glial cells in culture were used to elucidate the mechanisms regulating immunoproteasome subunit expression. Results Increased expression was observed in both FCD II and TSC; β1, β1i, β5, and β5i were detected (within cytosol and nucleus) in dysmorphic neurons, balloon/giant cells, and reactive astrocytes. Glial and neuronal nuclear expression positively correlated with seizure frequency. Positive correlation was also observed between the glial expression of constitutive and immunoproteasome subunits and IL-1β. Accordingly, the proteasome subunit expression was modulated by IL-1β in human astrocytes in vitro. Expression of both constitutive and immunoproteasome subunits in FCD II-derived astroglial cultures was negatively regulated by treatment with the immunomodulatory drug rapamycin (inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which is activated in both TSC and FCD II). Conclusions These observations support the dysregulation of the proteasome system in both FCD and TSC and provide new insights on the mechanism of regulation the (immuno)proteasome in astrocytes and the molecular links between inflammation, mTOR activation, and epilepsy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0662-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Scheppingen
- Academic Medical Center, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D W M Broekaart
- Academic Medical Center, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Scholl
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M R J Zuidberg
- Academic Medical Center, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J Anink
- Academic Medical Center, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W G Spliet
- Department of Pathology, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P C van Rijen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T Czech
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J A Hainfellner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Feucht
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Mühlebner
- Academic Medical Center, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E A van Vliet
- Academic Medical Center, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Aronica
- Academic Medical Center, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), ᅟ, The Netherlands.
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Johnston-Carey HK, Pomatto LCD, Davies KJA. The Immunoproteasome in oxidative stress, aging, and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 51:268-81. [PMID: 27098648 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2016.1172554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Immunoproteasome has traditionally been viewed primarily for its role in peptide production for antigen presentation by the major histocompatibility complex, which is critical for immunity. However, recent research has shown that the Immunoproteasome is also very important for the clearance of oxidatively damaged proteins in homeostasis, and especially during stress and disease. The importance of the Immunoproteasome in protein degradation has become more evident as diseases characterized by protein aggregates have also been linked to deficiencies of the Immunoproteasome. Additionally, there are now diseases defined by mutations or polymorphisms within Immunoproteasome-specific subunit genes, further suggesting its crucial role in cytokine signaling and protein homeostasis (or "proteostasis"). The purpose of this review is to highlight our growing understanding of the importance of the Immunoproteasome in the management of protein quality control, and the detrimental impact of its dysregulation during disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Johnston-Carey
- a Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center , The University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Laura C D Pomatto
- a Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center , The University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- a Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center , The University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA ;,b Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, & Sciences , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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Nitta T, Suzuki H. Thymic stromal cell subsets for T cell development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1021-37. [PMID: 26825337 PMCID: PMC11108406 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The thymus provides a specialized microenvironment in which a variety of stromal cells of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin regulate development and repertoire selection of T cells. Recent studies have been unraveling the inter- and intracellular signals and transcriptional networks for spatiotemporal regulation of development of thymic stromal cells, mainly thymic epithelial cells (TECs), and the molecular mechanisms of how different TEC subsets control T cell development and selection. TECs are classified into two functionally different subsets: cortical TECs (cTECs) and medullary TECs (mTECs). cTECs induce positive selection of diverse and functionally distinct T cells by virtue of unique antigen-processing systems, while mTECs are essential for establishing T cell tolerance via ectopic expression of peripheral tissue-restricted antigens and cooperation with dendritic cells. In addition to reviewing the role of the thymic stroma in conventional T cell development, we will discuss recently discovered novel functions of TECs in the development of unconventional T cells, such as natural killer T cells and γδT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nitta
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, 272-8516, Japan.
| | - Harumi Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, 272-8516, Japan.
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43
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Woods K, Knights AJ, Anaka M, Schittenhelm RB, Purcell AW, Behren A, Cebon J. Mismatch in epitope specificities between IFNγ inflamed and uninflamed conditions leads to escape from T lymphocyte killing in melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:10. [PMID: 26885372 PMCID: PMC4754849 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A current focus in cancer treatment is to broaden responses to immunotherapy. One reason these therapies may prove inadequate is that T lymphocytes fail to recognize the tumor due to differences in immunogenic epitopes presented by the cancer cells under inflammatory or non-inflammatory conditions. The antigen processing machinery of the cell, the proteasome, cleaves proteins into peptide epitopes for presentation on MHC complexes. Immunoproteasomes in inflammatory melanomas, and in antigen presenting cells of the immune system, are enzymatically different to standard proteasomes expressed by tumors with no inflammation. This corresponds to alterations in protein cleavage between proteasome subtypes, and a disparate repertoire of MHC-presented epitopes. Methods We assessed steady state and IFNγ-induced immunoproteasome expression in melanoma cells. Using epitope specific T-lymphocyte clones, we studied processing and presentation of three NY-ESO-1 HLA-Cw3 restricted epitopes by melanoma cell lines. Our experimental model allowed comparison of the processing of three distinct epitopes from a single antigen presented on the same HLA complex. We further investigated processing of these epitopes by direct inhibition, or siRNA mediated knockdown, of the immunoproteasome catalytic subunit LMP7. Results Our data demonstrated a profound difference in the way in which immunogenic T-lymphocyte epitopes are presented by melanoma cells under IFNγ inflammatory versus non-inflammatory conditions. These alterations led to significant changes in the ability of T-lymphocytes to recognize and target melanoma cells. Conclusions Our results illustrate a little-studied mechanism of immune escape by tumor cells which, with appropriate understanding and treatment, may be reversible. These data have implications for the design of cancer vaccines and adoptive T cell therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-016-0111-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Woods
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5 ONJCWC, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Ashley J Knights
- Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew Anaka
- Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5 ONJCWC, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia ; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5 ONJCWC, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
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Mammalian proteasome subtypes: Their diversity in structure and function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 591:132-40. [PMID: 26724758 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 20S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase catalysing the degradation of the majority of intracellular proteins. Thereby it is involved in almost all basic cellular processes, which is facilitated by its association with various regulator complexes so that it appears in different disguises like 26S proteasome, hybrid-proteasome and others. The 20S proteasome has a cylindrical structure built up by four stacked rings composed of α- and β-subunits. Since the three active site-containing β-subunits can all or in part be replaced by immuno-subunits, three main subpopulations exist, namely standard-, immuno- and intermediate-proteasomes. Due to posttranslational modifications or/and genetic variations all α- and β-subunits occur in multiple iso- or proteoforms. This leads to the fact that each of the three subpopulations is composed of a variety of 20S proteasome subtypes. This review summarizes the knowledge of proteasome subtypes in mammalian cells and tissues and their possible biological and medical relevancy.
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45
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Dai S, Zhuo M, Song L, Chen X, Yu Y, Tang Z, Zang G. Dendritic cell-based vaccination with lentiviral vectors encoding ubiquitinated hepatitis B core antigen enhances hepatitis B virus-specific immune responses in vivo. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:870-9. [PMID: 26373843 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) plays a predominant role in the clearance of HBV. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key antigen-presenting cells and play an important role in the initiation of immune responses. We previously verified that lentiviral vector encoding ubiquitinated hepatitis B core antigen (LV-Ub-HBcAg) effectively transduced DCs to induce maturation, and the mature DCs efficiently induced T cell polarization to Th1 and generated HBcAg-specific CTLs ex vivo. In this study, HBV-specific immune responses of LV-Ub-HBcAg in BALB/c mice (H-2Kd) were evaluated. It was shown that direct injection of LV-Ub-HBcAg increased the production of cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ, elicited strong antibody responses, and remarkably generated a high percentage of IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells with HBV-specific CTL responses in BALB/c mice. In addition, direct injection of LV-Ub-HBcAg induced potent anti-HBV immune responses, similar to those elicited by in vitro-transduced DCs. In conclusion, the DC-based therapeutic vaccine LV-Ub-HBcAg elicited specific antibody immune responses and induced robust specific CTL activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Dai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Meng Zhuo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Linlin Song
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhenghao Tang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guoqing Zang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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Gruba N, Wysocka M, Brzezińska M, Debowski D, Rolka K, Martin NI, Lesner A. Novel internally quenched substrate of the trypsin-like subunit of 20S eukaryotic proteasome. Anal Biochem 2015; 508:38-45. [PMID: 26314791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis, using combinatorial chemistry, of internally quenched substrates of the trypsin-like subunit of human 20S proteasome. Such substrates were optimized in both the nonprime and prime regions of the peptide chain. Two were selected as the most susceptible for proteasomal proteolysis with excellent kinetic parameters: (i) ABZ-Val-Val-Ser-Arg-Ser-Leu-Gly-Tyr(3-NO2)-NH2 (kcat/KM = 934,000 M(-1) s(-1)) and (ii) ABZ-Val-Val-Ser-GNF-Ala-Met-Gly-Tyr(3-NO2)-NH2 (kcat/KM = 1,980,000 M(-1) s(-1)). Both compounds were efficiently hydrolyzed by the 20S proteasome at picomolar concentrations, demonstrating significant selectivity over other proteasome entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gruba
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Dawid Debowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rolka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
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47
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Pickering AM, Lehr M, Miller RA. Lifespan of mice and primates correlates with immunoproteasome expression. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2059-68. [PMID: 25866968 PMCID: PMC4463211 DOI: 10.1172/jci80514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is large variation in lifespan among different species, and there is evidence that modulation of proteasome function may contribute to longevity determination. Comparative biology provides a powerful tool for identifying genes and pathways that control the rate of aging. Here, we evaluated skin-derived fibroblasts and demonstrate that among primate species, longevity correlated with an elevation in proteasomal activity as well as immunoproteasome expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Immunoproteasome enhancement occurred with a concurrent increase in other elements involved in MHC class I antigen presentation, including β-2 microglobulin, (TAP1), and TAP2. Fibroblasts from long-lived primates also appeared more responsive to IFN-γ than cells from short-lived primate species, and this increase in IFN-γ responsiveness correlated with elevated expression of the IFN-γ receptor protein IFNGR2. Elevation of immunoproteasome and proteasome activity was also observed in the livers of long-lived Snell dwarf mice and in mice exposed to drugs that have been shown to extend lifespan, including rapamycin, 17-α-estradiol, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid. This work suggests that augmented immunoproteasome function may contribute to lifespan differences in mice and among primate species.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Cells, Cultured
- Dwarfism/genetics
- Dwarfism/physiopathology
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Janus Kinases/physiology
- Longevity/drug effects
- Longevity/immunology
- Longevity/physiology
- Male
- Masoprocol/pharmacology
- Mice/physiology
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Oxidative Stress
- Primates/physiology
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/biosynthesis
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/chemistry
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/genetics
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein Subunits
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/physiology
- STAT Transcription Factors/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- Species Specificity
- Up-Regulation
- beta 2-Microglobulin/biosynthesis
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Yao Y, Wei W, Sun J, Chen L, Deng X, Ma L, Hao S. Proteomic analysis of exosomes derived from human lymphoma cells. Eur J Med Res 2015; 20:8. [PMID: 25631545 PMCID: PMC4329659 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-014-0082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes secreted by tumor cells contain specific antigens that may have immunotherapeutic purposes. The aim of this study was to characterize the proteomic content of lymphoma cell-derived exosomes (LCEXs). Methods In this study, exosomes derived from Raji cells (EXORaji) were purified and proteins of EXORaji were separated by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein bands were identified by mass spectrometry. The protein components of EXORaji were analyzed using shotgun technology, and the function proteins of EXORaji were defined and described using the Gene Ontology (GO) database and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Results A total of 197 proteins were identified in EXORaji; 139 proteins were also identified in Raji cells, showing an overlap of 70.56% of the total proteins in EXORaji. Interestingly, the remaining 58 proteins were unique to EXORaji. The GO database and KEGG were used to define and describe the function of proteins. The data showed that some important proteins involved in antigen procession and presentation as well as cell migration and adhesion were also identified in EXORaji, such as MHC-I and II, HSC70, HSP90, and ICMA-1. Conclusions LCEXs express a discrete set of proteins involved in antigen presentation and cell migration and adhesion, suggesting that LCEXs play an important role in the regulation of immunity and interaction between lymphoma cells and their microenvironment. LCEXs harbor most of the proteins of lymphoma cells and could be one of the sources of lymphoma-associated antigens for immunotherapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yao
- Department of Hematology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Hematology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Hematology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Linjun Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaohui Deng
- Department of Hematology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liyuan Ma
- Department of Hematology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Siguo Hao
- Department of Hematology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Wondrak GT, Lobato-Gil S, Aillet F, Lang V, Rodriguez MS. The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) as a Cancer Drug Target: Emerging Mechanisms and Therapeutics. STRESS RESPONSE PATHWAYS IN CANCER 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121086 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9421-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) plays an important role in the setting of the cellular response to multiple stress signals. Although the primary function of ubiquitin was initially associated with proteolysis, it is now considered as a key regulator of protein function controlling, among other functions, signalling cascades, transcription, apoptosis or oncogenesis. Failure at any level of the UPS is associated with the development of multiple pathologies including metabolic problems, immune diseases, inflammation and cancer. The successful use of the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (Velcade) in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) revealed the potential of the UPS as pharmacological target. Ten years later, new inhibitors tackling not only the proteasome but also different subsets of enzymes which conjugate or de-conjugate ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like molecules, have been developed. Most of them are excellent tools to characterize better the emerging molecular mechanisms regulating distinct critical cellular processes. Some of them have been launched already while many others are still in pre-clinical development. This chapter updates some of the most successful efforts to develop and characterize inhibitors of the UPS which tackle mechanisms involved in cancer. Particular attention has been dedicated to updating the status of the clinical trials of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg T. Wondrak
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Univ. of Arizona, College of Pharm. & The Univ. of Arizona Cancer Ctr., Tucson, Arizona USA
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Arellano-Garcia ME, Misuno K, Tran SD, Hu S. Interferon-γ induces immunoproteasomes and the presentation of MHC I-associated peptides on human salivary gland cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102878. [PMID: 25102056 PMCID: PMC4125149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A prominent histopathological feature of Sjögren's syndrome, an autoimmune disease, is the presence of lymphocytic infiltrates in the salivary and lachrymal glands. Such infiltrates are comprised of activated lymphocytes and macrophages, and known to produce multiple cytokines including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). In this study, we have demonstrated that IFN-γ strongly induces the expression of immunoproteasome beta subunits (β1i, β2i and β5i) and immunoproteasome activity but conversely inhibits the expression of proteasome beta subunits (β1, β2 and β5) in human salivary gland (HSG) cells. Mass spectrometric analysis has revealed potential MHC I-associated peptides on the HSG cells, including a tryptic peptide derived from salivary amylase, due to IFN-γ stimulation. These results suggest that IFN-γ induces immunoproteasomes in HSG cells, leading to enhanced presentation of MHC I-associated peptides on cell surface. These peptide-presenting salivary gland cells may be recognized and targeted by auto-reactive T lymphocytes. We have also found that lactacystin, a proteasome inhibitor, inhibits the expression of β1 subunit in HSG cells and blocks the IFN-γ-induced expression of β1i and immunoproteasome activity. However, the expression of β2i and β5i in HSG cells is not affected by lactacystin. These results may add new insight into the mechanism regarding how lactacystin blocks the action of proteasomes or immunoproteasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E. Arellano-Garcia
- School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kaori Misuno
- School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shen Hu
- School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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