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Hamed M, Kotob MH, Abou Khalil NS, Anwari EA, El Gazzar WB, Idriss SKA, Fakhry ME, Farag AA, Sabra MS, Salaah SM, Abdel-Zaher S, Yehia Saad FA, Naguib M, Lee JS, Sayed AEDH. Hyaluronic acid impacts hematological endpoints and spleen histological features in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:294. [PMID: 38970005 PMCID: PMC11225171 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its identification in the vitreous humour of the eye and laboratory biosynthesis, hyaluronic acid (HA) has been a vital component in several pharmaceutical, nutritional, medicinal, and cosmetic uses. However, little is known about its potential toxicological impacts on aquatic inhabitants. Herein, we investigated the hematological response of Clarias gariepinus to nominal doses of HA. To achieve this objective, 72 adult fish were randomly and evenly distributed into four groups: control, low-dose (0.5 mg/l HA), medium-dose (10 mg/l HA), and high-dose (100 mg/l HA) groups for two weeks each during both the exposure and recovery periods. The findings confirmed presence of anemia, neutrophilia, leucopoenia, lymphopenia, and eosinophilia at the end of exposure to HA. In addition, poikilocytosis and a variety of cytomorphological disturbances were observed. Dose-dependent histological alterations in spleen morphology were observed in the exposed groups. After HA removal from the aquarium for 2 weeks, the groups exposed to the two highest doses still exhibited a notable decline in red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and an increase in mean corpuscular volume. Additionally, there was a significant rise in neutrophils, eosinophils, cell alterations, and nuclear abnormalities percentages, along with a decrease in monocytes, coupled with a dose-dependent decrease in lymphocytes. Furthermore, only the highest dose of HA in the recovered groups continued to cause a significant increase in white blood cells. White blood cells remained lower, and the proportion of apoptotic RBCs remained higher in the high-dose group. The persistence of most of the haematological and histological disorders even after recovery period indicates a failure of physiological compensatory mechanisms to overcome the HA-associated problems or insufficient duration of recovery. Thus, these findings encourage the inclusion of this new hazardous agent in the biomonitoring program and provide a specific pattern of hematological profile in HA-challenged fish. Further experiments are highly warranted to explore other toxicological hazards of HA using dose/time window protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch), Assiut, 71524, Egypt
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Mohamed H Kotob
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Nasser S Abou Khalil
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University, Assuit, Egypt
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Esraa A Anwari
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Walaa Bayoumie El Gazzar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, the Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
- 9Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, 13518, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa K A Idriss
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Michel E Fakhry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and molecular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Amina A Farag
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, 13518, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S Sabra
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Sally M Salaah
- Fresh Water Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Souzan Abdel-Zaher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Research & Studies Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Fatma Alzahraa Yehia Saad
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Biology Research & Studies Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Mervat Naguib
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Alaa El-Din H Sayed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Research & Studies Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
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Auclert LZ, Chhanda MS, Derome N. Interwoven processes in fish development: microbial community succession and immune maturation. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17051. [PMID: 38560465 PMCID: PMC10981415 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Fishes are hosts for many microorganisms that provide them with beneficial effects on growth, immune system development, nutrition and protection against pathogens. In order to avoid spreading of infectious diseases in aquaculture, prevention includes vaccinations and routine disinfection of eggs and equipment, while curative treatments consist in the administration of antibiotics. Vaccination processes can stress the fish and require substantial farmer's investment. Additionally, disinfection and antibiotics are not specific, and while they may be effective in the short term, they have major drawbacks in the long term. Indeed, they eliminate beneficial bacteria which are useful for the host and promote the raising of antibiotic resistance in beneficial, commensal but also in pathogenic bacterial strains. Numerous publications highlight the importance that plays the diversified microbial community colonizing fish (i.e., microbiota) in the development, health and ultimately survival of their host. This review targets the current knowledge on the bidirectional communication between the microbiota and the fish immune system during fish development. It explores the extent of this mutualistic relationship: on one hand, the effect that microbes exert on the immune system ontogeny of fishes, and on the other hand, the impact of critical steps in immune system development on the microbial recruitment and succession throughout their life. We will first describe the immune system and its ontogeny and gene expression steps in the immune system development of fishes. Secondly, the plurality of the microbiotas (depending on host organism, organ, and development stage) will be reviewed. Then, a description of the constant interactions between microbiota and immune system throughout the fish's life stages will be discussed. Healthy microbiotas allow immune system maturation and modulation of inflammation, both of which contribute to immune homeostasis. Thus, immune equilibrium is closely linked to microbiota stability and to the stages of microbial community succession during the host development. We will provide examples from several fish species and describe more extensively the mechanisms occurring in zebrafish model because immune system ontogeny is much more finely described for this species, thanks to the many existing zebrafish mutants which allow more precise investigations. We will conclude on how the conceptual framework associated to the research on the immune system will benefit from considering the relations between microbiota and immune system maturation. More precisely, the development of active tolerance of the microbiota from the earliest stages of life enables the sustainable establishment of a complex healthy microbial community in the adult host. Establishing a balanced host-microbiota interaction avoids triggering deleterious inflammation, and maintains immunological and microbiological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zoé Auclert
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mousumi Sarker Chhanda
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Basherhat, Bangladesh
| | - Nicolas Derome
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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3
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Lombardo GP, Miller A, Aragona M, Messina E, Fumia A, Kuciel M, Alesci A, Pergolizzi S, Lauriano ER. Immunohistochemical Characterization of Langerhans Cells in the Skin of Three Amphibian Species. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:210. [PMID: 38666822 PMCID: PMC11048468 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The amphibian taxon includes three orders that present different morphological characteristics: Anura, Caudata, and Apoda. Their skin has a crucial role: it acts as an immune organ constituting a physical, chemical, immunological, and microbiological barrier to pathogen insult and conducts essential physiological processes. Amphibians have developed specialized features to protect the vulnerable skin barrier, including a glandular network beneath the skin surface that can produce antimicrobial and toxic substances, thus contributing to the defense against pathogens and predators. This study aims to characterize Langerhans cells in the skin of Lithobates catesbeianus (order: Anura; Shaw, 1802), Amphiuma means (order: Caudata; Garden, 1821), and Typhlonectes natans (order: Apoda; Fischer, 1880) with the following antibodies: Langerin/CD207 (c-type lectin), Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)II, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 (expressed by different types of DCs). Our results showed Langerhans cells positive for Langerin CD/207 in the epidermis of the three species; moreover, some antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the connective tissue expressed TLR2 and MHCII. The distribution of the Langerhans cells is very similar in the three amphibians examined, despite their different habitats. A greater knowledge of the amphibian immune system could be useful to better understand the phylogeny of vertebrates and to safeguard amphibians from population declines. Furthermore, the similarities between amphibians' and human skin concerning immunological features may be useful in both biology and translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pia Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Anthea Miller
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Emmanuele Messina
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Michał Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Jagellonian University, Kopernika 15, 30-501 Krakòw, Poland;
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
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Zapata AG. The fish spleen. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109280. [PMID: 38086514 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we review the structure and function of fish spleen with special emphasis on its condition in Elasmobranchs, Teleosts and Lungfish. Apart from the amount of splenic lymphoid tissue, the histological organization of the organ ensures the existence of areas involved in antigen trapping, the ellipsoids, and exhibit numerous melano-macrophages which appear isolated or forming the so-called melano-macrophage centres. An extensive discussion on the functional significance of these centres conclude that they are mere accumulations of macrophages consequence of tissue homeostasis rather than primitive germinal centres, as proposed by some authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín G Zapata
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Zapilko V, Moisio S, Parikka M, Heinäniemi M, Lohi O. Generation of a Zebrafish Knock-In Model Recapitulating Childhood ETV6::RUNX1-Positive B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5821. [PMID: 38136366 PMCID: PMC10871125 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 25% of children with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pB-ALL) harbor the t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation, leading to the ETV6::RUNX1 (E::R) fusion gene. This translocation occurs in utero, but the disease is much less common than the prevalence of the fusion in newborns, suggesting that secondary mutations are required for overt leukemia. The role of these secondary mutations remains unclear and may contribute to treatment resistance and disease recurrence. We developed a zebrafish model for E::R leukemia using CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce the human RUNX1 gene into zebrafish etv6 intron 5, resulting in E::R fusion gene expression controlled by the endogenous etv6 promoter. As seen by GFP fluorescence at a single-cell level, the model correctly expressed the fusion protein in the right places in zebrafish embryos. The E::R fusion expression induced an expansion of the progenitor cell pool and led to a low 2% frequency of leukemia. The introduction of targeted pax5 and cdkn2a/b gene mutations, mimicking secondary mutations, in the E::R line significantly increased the incidence in leukemia. Transcriptomics revealed that the E::R;pax5mut leukemias exclusively represented B-lineage disease. This novel E::R zebrafish model faithfully recapitulates human disease and offers a valuable tool for a more detailed analysis of disease biology in this subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Zapilko
- Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Sanni Moisio
- The Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (S.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- The Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (S.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Olli Lohi
- Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
- Department of Pediatrics and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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Younis NA, Thabit H, El-Samannoudy SI, Attia MM. The immune responses of Oreochromis niloticus against Prohemistomum vivax encysted metacercariae infection with the evaluation of different biomarkers stressors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11885. [PMID: 37482562 PMCID: PMC10363534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the immunological status of Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus); so, a total of 120 O. niloticus were collected from different farms located in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate in Egypt during the period from January 2021 to January 2022. The fish were surveyed for commonly encysted metacercariae present in different organs such as gills, spleen, liver, kidney, and muscles. The collected encysted metacercariae were of the family Cyathocotylidae (Prohemistomum vivax) with a prevalence of 25%. Different cell-mediated immune responses such as Major histocompatibility class II alpha (MHC-IIα), Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7), Interleukin (IL-8), and Clusters of differentiation 4 (CD4) were assessed in different organs such as gills, spleen, liver, kidney, and muscles which revealed an elevation in different genes in infected organs as a reaction from the body against parasitic infection. In addition, the liver enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), were assessed in the serum of O. niloticus as well as blood glucose, cortisol levels, and lysozyme activity were estimated to record higher levels in the infected fish in comparison with the control non-infected ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal A Younis
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Hasnaa Thabit
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, PO 71526, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Salma I El-Samannoudy
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Attia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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Sobah ML, Scott AC, Laird M, Koole C, Liongue C, Ward AC. Socs3b regulates the development and function of innate immune cells in zebrafish. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119727. [PMID: 36969252 PMCID: PMC10030509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is a critical component of the negative feedback regulation that controls signaling by cytokines and other factors thereby ensuring that important processes such as hematopoiesis and inflammation occur at appropriate levels. Methods To gain further insights into SOCS3 function, the zebrafish socs3b gene was investigated through analysis of a knockout line generated using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Results Zebrafish socs3b knockout embryos displayed elevated numbers of neutrophils during primitive and definitive hematopoiesis but macrophage numbers were not altered. However, the absence of socs3b reduced neutrophil functionality but enhanced macrophage responses. Adult socs3b knockout zebrafish displayed reduced survival that correlated with an eye pathology involving extensive infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages along with immune cell dysregulation in other tissues. Discussion These findings identify a conserved role for Socs3b in the regulation of neutrophil production and macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aimee C. Scott
- Institue for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Miranda Laird
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Cassandra Koole
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Institue for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Alister C. Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Institue for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alister C. Ward,
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Zhong A, Gao T. Transcriptome analysis reveals similarities and differences in immune responses in the head and trunk kidneys of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) stimulated with Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:155-163. [PMID: 36055554 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Teleosts have a unique immune system because their head kidney (HK) and trunk kidney (TK) are sites for hematopoiesis. However, the immune functions of the HK and TKs require further elucidation in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). In the present study, imprints of the HK and TK were examined using the Wright's-Giemsa staining method. Morphological characteristics of the blood cell lineages revealed that the HK and TK were hematopoietic organs. To explore its immune function, transcriptome sequencing was performed after infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. A total of 1139 genes showed significant alterations in their expression in the kidney; these genes included 737 upregulated and 402 downregulated genes. Furthermore, 1117 differentially expressed genes were observed in the HK, which included 784 upregulated and 333 downregulated genes. Both organs showed 357 upregulated genes and 85 downregulated genes. Some immune-related genes were only expressed in the TK, such as ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58, the gene encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain and light chain. The immune responses in the HK and TK were differential and the TK played a critical role in the mechanism underlying the immune response. The purpose of the present study was to facilitate the elucidation of the immune defense mechanism of yellow catfish and other teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhong
- Aquaculture Department, College of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1, Haida South Road, Changzhi Island, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China.
| | - Tianxiang Gao
- Aquaculture Department, College of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1, Haida South Road, Changzhi Island, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, 316022, China
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Almohaisen FLJ, Heidary S, Sobah ML, Ward AC, Liongue C. B cell lymphoma 6A regulates immune development and function in zebrafish. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:887278. [PMID: 36389136 PMCID: PMC9650189 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.887278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BCL6A is a transcriptional repressor implicated in the development and survival of B and T lymphoctyes, which is also highly expressed in many non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. Roles in other cell types, including macrophages and non-hematopoietic cells, have also been suggested but require further investigation. This study sought to identify and characterize zebrafish BCL6A and investigate its role in immune cell development and function, with a focus on early macrophages. Bioinformatics analysis identified a homologue for BCL6A (bcl6aa), as well as an additional fish-specific duplicate (bcl6ab) and a homologue for the closely-related BCL6B (bcl6b). The human BCL6A and zebrafish Bcl6aa proteins were highly conserved across the constituent BTB/POZ, PEST and zinc finger domains. Expression of bcl6aa during early zebrafish embryogenesis was observed in the lateral plate mesoderm, a site of early myeloid cell development, with later expression seen in the brain, eye and thymus. Homozygous bcl6aa mutants developed normally until around 14 days post fertilization (dpf), after which their subsequent growth and maturation was severely impacted along with their relative survival, with heterozygous bcl6aa mutants showing an intermediate phenotype. Analysis of immune cell development revealed significantly decreased lymphoid and macrophage cells in both homozygous and heterozygous bcl6aa mutants, being exacerbated in homozygous mutants. In contrast, the number of neutrophils was unaffected. Only the homozygous bcl6aa mutants showed decreased macrophage mobility in response to wounding and reduced ability to contain bacterial infection. Collectively, this suggests strong conservation of BCL6A across evolution, including a role in macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq L. J. Almohaisen
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Southern Technical University, Basra, Iraq
| | | | | | - Alister C. Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Clifford Liongue,
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Liu Y, Jiang N, Liu W, Zhou Y, Xue M, Zhong Q, Li Z, Fan Y. Rag1 and Rag2 Gene Expressions Identify Lymphopoietic Tissues in Larvae of Rice-Field Eel (Monopterus albus). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147546. [PMID: 35886885 PMCID: PMC9324350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In immature lymphocytes, recombination activating genes 1 and 2 are necessary for antigen receptor V (D) J recombination, representing immature lymphocyte biomarkers. Herein, we cloned and sequenced rice-field eel rag1 and rag2 genes. Their expressions in the thymus, liver, and kidney were significant from 0 days post hatching (dph) to 45 dph, peaking at 45 dph in these three tissues. In situ hybridization detected high rag1 and rag2 expressions in the liver, kidney, and thymus of rice-field eel from 2 to 45 dph, suggesting that multiple tissues of rice-field eel contain lymphocyte lineage cells and undergo lymphopoiesis. Tissue morphology was used to observe lymphopoiesis development in these three tissues. The thymus primordium began to develop at 2 dph, while the kidney and liver have generated. Our findings verified that the thymus is the primary lymphopoietic tissue and suggested that, in rice-field eel, lymphocyte differentiation also occurs in the liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
| | - Qiwang Zhong
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
| | - Zhong Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Y.F.)
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Castro R, Magadán S, Jouneau L, Mhana V, Pham HP, Mariotti-Ferrandiz E, Six A, Huetz F, Boudinot P. Clonotypic IgH Response against Systemic Viral infection in Pronephros and Spleen of a Teleost Fish. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2573-2582. [PMID: 35577368 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Upon infection, B lymphocytes develop clonal responses. In teleost fish, which lack lymph nodes, the kinetics and location of B cell responses remain poorly characterized. Fish pronephros is the site of B cell differentiation and the main niche for persistence of plasma cells. In this study, we undertook the analysis of the rainbow trout IgHμ repertoire in this critical tissue for humoral adaptive immunity after primary immunization and boost with a rhabdovirus, the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). We used a barcoded 5' RACE-cDNA sequencing approach to characterize modifications of the IgHμ repertoire, including VH usage in expressed V(D)J rearrangements, clonal diversity, and clonotype sharing between individual fish and treatments. In the pronephros, our approach quantified the clonotype frequency across the whole IgH repertoire (i.e., with all VH), measuring the frequency of Ag-responding clonotypes. Viral infection led to extensive modifications of the pronephros B cell repertoire, implicating several VH subgroups after primary infection. In contrast, only modest changes in repertoire persisted 5 mo later, including VHSV-specific public expansions. The IgM public response implicating IgHV1-18 and JH5, previously described in spleen, was confirmed in pronephros in all infected fish, strongly correlated to the response. However, the distribution of top clonotypes showed that pronephros and spleen B cells constitute distinct compartments with different IgH repertoires. Unexpectedly, after boost, the frequency of anti-VHSV clonotypes decreased both in pronephros and spleen, raising questions about B cell circulation. A better monitoring of B cell response kinetics in lymphoid tissues will be an essential step to understand B memory and plasmocyte formation mechanisms in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Castro
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Susana Magadán
- Immunology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Luc Jouneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vanessa Mhana
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, UMR S959 Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy Laboratory, Paris, France; and
| | - Hang-Phuong Pham
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, UMR S959 Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy Laboratory, Paris, France; and
| | | | - Adrien Six
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, UMR S959 Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy Laboratory, Paris, France; and
| | - François Huetz
- Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, UMR 1222 INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France;
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12
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Lympho-Hematopoietic Microenvironments and Fish Immune System. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050747. [PMID: 35625475 PMCID: PMC9138301 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Teleost fish, the most abundant group of vertebrates, represent an excellent tool to establish possible correlations between the histological organization of their lymphoid organs and their immunological capacities. This approach allows us to analyze embryonic and larval lymphopoiesis, the remarkable organization of the teleost thymus, the role of the kidney as a true equivalent of the lympho-hematopoietic bone marrow of higher vertebrates, the mechanisms of antigen trapping in both ellipsoids and the so-called melano-macrophage centers (MMCs) and their relation with the generation of memory and the lack of germinal centers, and the extended development of the lymphoid tissue associated to mucosae. Abstract In the last 50 years information on the fish immune system has increased importantly, particularly that on species of marked commercial interest (i.e., salmonids, cods, catfish, sea breams), that occupy a key position in the vertebrate phylogenetical tree (i.e., Agnatha, Chondrichtyes, lungfish) or represent consolidated experimental models, such as zebrafish or medaka. However, most obtained information was based on genetic sequence analysis with little or no information on the cellular basis of the immune responses. Although jawed fish contain a thymus and lympho-hematopoietic organs equivalents to mammalian bone marrow, few studies have accounted for the presumptive relationships between the organization of these cell microenvironments and the known immune capabilities of the fish immune system. In the current review, we analyze this topic providing information on: (1) The origins of T and B lymphopoiesis in Agnatha and jawed fish; (2) the remarkable organization of the thymus of teleost fish; (3) the occurrence of numerous, apparently unrelated organs housing lympho-hematopoietic progenitors and, presumably, B lymphopoiesis; (4) the existence of fish immunological memory in the absence of germinal centers.
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13
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Chan JTH, Kadri S, Köllner B, Rebl A, Korytář T. RNA-Seq of Single Fish Cells – Seeking Out the Leukocytes Mediating Immunity in Teleost Fishes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:798712. [PMID: 35140719 PMCID: PMC8818700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.798712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a complex and sophisticated biological system, spanning multiple levels of complexity, from the molecular level to that of tissue. Our current understanding of its function and complexity, of the heterogeneity of leukocytes, is a result of decades of concentrated efforts to delineate cellular markers using conventional methods of antibody screening and antigen identification. In mammalian models, this led to in-depth understanding of individual leukocyte subsets, their phenotypes, and their roles in health and disease. The field was further propelled forward by the development of single-cell (sc) RNA-seq technologies, offering an even broader and more integrated view of how cells work together to generate a particular response. Consequently, the adoption of scRNA-seq revealed the unexpected plasticity and heterogeneity of leukocyte populations and shifted several long-standing paradigms of immunology. This review article highlights the unprecedented opportunities offered by scRNA-seq technology to unveil the individual contributions of leukocyte subsets and their crosstalk in generating the overall immune responses in bony fishes. Single-cell transcriptomics allow identifying unseen relationships, and formulating novel hypotheses tailored for teleost species, without the need to rely on the limited number of fish-specific antibodies and pre-selected markers. Several recent studies on single-cell transcriptomes of fish have already identified previously unnoticed expression signatures and provided astonishing insights into the diversity of teleost leukocytes and the evolution of vertebrate immunity. Without a doubt, scRNA-seq in tandem with bioinformatics tools and state-of-the-art methods, will facilitate studying the teleost immune system by not only defining key markers, but also teaching us about lymphoid tissue organization, development/differentiation, cell-cell interactions, antigen receptor repertoires, states of health and disease, all across time and space in fishes. These advances will invite more researchers to develop the tools necessary to explore the immunology of fishes, which remain non-conventional animal models from which we have much to learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. H. Chan
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Safwen Kadri
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexander Rebl, ; Tomáš Korytář,
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Alexander Rebl, ; Tomáš Korytář,
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14
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Jiang N, Fan Y, Zhou Y, Meng Y, Liu W, Li Y, Xue M, Robert J, Zeng L. The Immune System and the Antiviral Responses in Chinese Giant Salamander, Andrias davidianus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718627. [PMID: 34675918 PMCID: PMC8524050 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese giant salamander, belonging to an ancient amphibian lineage, is the largest amphibian existing in the world, and is also an important animal for artificial cultivation in China. However, some aspects of the innate and adaptive immune system of the Chinese giant salamander are still unknown. The Chinese giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV), a member of the Ranavirus genus (family Iridoviridae), is a prominent pathogen causing high mortality and severe economic losses in Chinese giant salamander aquaculture. As a serious threat to amphibians worldwide, the etiology of ranaviruses has been mainly studied in model organisms, such as the Ambystoma tigrinum and Xenopus. Nevertheless, the immunity to ranavirus in Chinese giant salamander is distinct from other amphibians and less known. We review the unique immune system and antiviral responses of the Chinese giant salamander, in order to establish effective management of virus disease in Chinese giant salamander artificial cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuding Fan
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
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15
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Seternes T, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Scavenger endothelial cells of fish, a review. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1385-1397. [PMID: 33999444 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The definition of scavenger endothelial cells (SEC) is exclusively based on functional and structural characteristics. The following characteristics are common hallmarks for the vertebrate SEC: (a) All vertebrates examined are furnished with a population of special SEC that plays a role in the catabolism of physiologic and non-physiologic soluble waste macromolecules. (b) From the ligands that are endocytosed, SEC in all seven vertebrate classes appear to express the collagen α-chain receptor and the scavenger receptors. In addition, the hyaluronan and the mannose receptors are present on SEC of mammalia (several species) and osteichthyes (e.g., salmon and cod). It is likely that all four receptor types are present in all vertebrate classes. (c) Like liver endothelial cells (LEC) in mammals, SEC in all vertebrate classes are geared to endocytosis of soluble macromolecules, but phagocytic uptake of particles is taken care of mainly by macrophages. (d) The most primitive vertebrates (hagfish, lamprey and ray) carry their SEC in gill vessels, whereas phylogenetically younger fishes (salmon, carp, cod and plaice) carry their SEC in either kidney or heart and in all terrestrial vertebrates-SEC are found exclusively in the liver. (e) SEC of all vertebrates are localized in blood sinusoids or trabeculae that carry large amounts of slowly flowing and O2 poor blood. (f) SEC differs functionally and structurally from what is normally associated with "conventional vascular endothelium."
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Seternes
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jarl Bøgwald
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Roy A Dalmo
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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16
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Xie L, Chen Z, Guo H, Tao Y, Miao X, Wu R, Li Y. Congenital Asplenia Interrupts Immune Homeostasis and Leads to Excessive Systemic Inflammation in Zebrafish. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:668859. [PMID: 34262881 PMCID: PMC8274418 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.668859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Splenectomy or congenital asplenia in humans increases susceptibility to infections. We have previously reported that congenital asplenia in zebrafish reduces resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. However, the molecular mechanism of systemic immune response in congenitally asplenic individuals is largely unexplored. In this study, we found that pro-inflammatory cytokines were more highly induced in congenitally asplenic zebrafish than wild-type after pathogenic A. hydrophila infection and lipopolysaccharide exposure. In addition, a higher aggregation of apoptotic cells was observed in congenitally asplenic zebrafish than that in wild-type. Next, we examined the transcriptome profiles of whole kidneys from wild-type and congenitally asplenic zebrafish to investigate the effects of congenital asplenia on innate and adaptive immune responses induced by the inactivated A. hydrophila. Congenital asplenia inactivated the splenic anti-inflammatory reflex, disrupted immune homeostasis, and induced excessive inflammation as evidenced by the highly induced stress response–related biological processes, inflammatory and apoptosis-associated pathways, and pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in congenitally asplenic zebrafish compared with wild-type after vaccination. In addition, complement component genes (c3a.1, c3a.6, c4, c6, and c9) and several important immune-related genes (tabp.1, tap1, hamp, prg4b, nfil3, defbl1, psmb9a, tfr1a, and sae1) were downregulated in congenitally asplenic zebrafish. Furthermore, congenital asplenia impaired adaptive immunity as demonstrated by downregulation of biological processes and signaling pathways involved in adaptive immune response after vaccination in congenitally asplenic zebrafish. The expression of MHCII/IgM was also significantly reduced in the congenitally asplenic zebrafish when compared with wild-type. Together, our study provides an in-depth understanding of spleen function in controlling immune homeostasis and may offer insight into the pathological response in splenectomized or congenitally asplenic patients after infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Xie
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheyu Chen
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yixi Tao
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomin Miao
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ronghua Wu
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Mokhtar DM, Abdelhafez EA. An overview of the structural and functional aspects of immune cells in teleosts. Histol Histopathol 2021; 36:399-414. [PMID: 33415722 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The immune system of fish consists of two main components, innate and adaptive immunities. Innate immunity is non-specific and acts as the primary line of protection against pathogen invasion, while adaptive immunity is more specific to a certain pathogen/following adaptation. The adaptive immune system consists of the humoral and cellular components. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte cells are the major component of the cellular immunity that frequently kills viral-, bacterial- or parasitic-infected cells. According to the anatomical location, the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in teleost fish subdivides into gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT), and skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT). The MALTs contain various leukocytes; including, but not limited to, lymphocytes (T and B cells), plasma cells, macrophages, and granulocytes. Macrophages are multifunctional cells that are mainly involved in the immune response, including; phagocytosis and degradation of foreign antigens, tissue remodeling, and production of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. An interesting feature of teleost macrophages is their ability to form melanomacrophage centers (MMC) in the hemopoietic tissues. Dendritic cells, rodlet cells, mast cells, eosinophilic granular cells (ECGs), telocytes, osteoclasts, club cells, as well as, barrier cells have been recorded in many fish species and have many immunological roles. This paper aims to summarize the current knowledge of the immune cells present in fish tissues serving as anatomical and physiological barriers against external hazards. Increased knowledge of fish immune systems will facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Enas A Abdelhafez
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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18
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Mitchell CD, Criscitiello MF. Comparative study of cartilaginous fish divulges insights into the early evolution of primary, secondary and mucosal lymphoid tissue architecture. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:435-443. [PMID: 33161090 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cartilaginous fish are located at a pivotal point in phylogeny where the adaptive immune system begins to resemble that of other, more-derived jawed vertebrates, including mammals. For this reason, sharks and other cartilaginous fish are ideal models for studying the natural history of immunity. Insights from such studies may include distinguishing the (evolutionarily conserved) fundamental aspects of adaptive immunity from the (more recent) accessory. Some lymphoid tissues of sharks, including the thymus and spleen, resemble those of mammals in both appearance and function. The cartilaginous skeleton of sharks has no bone marrow, which is also absent in bony fish despite calcified bone, but cartilaginous fish have other Leydig's and epigonal organs that function to provide hematopoiesis analogous to mammalian bone marrow. Conserved across all vertebrate phylogeny in some form is gut-associated lymphoid tissues, or GALT, which is seen from agnathans to mammals. Though it takes many forms, from typhlosole in lamprey to Peyer's patches in mammals, the GALT serves as a site of antigen concentration and exposure to lymphocytes in the digestive tract. Though more complex lymphoid organs are not present in agnathans, they have several primitive tissues, such as the thymoid and supraneural body, that appear to serve their variable lymphocyte receptor-based adaptive immune system. There are several similarities between the adaptive immune structures in cartilaginous and bony fish, such as the thymus and spleen, but there are mechanisms employed in bony fish that in some instances bridge their adaptive immune systems to that of tetrapods. This review summarizes what we know of lymphoid tissues in cartilaginous fishes and uses these data to compare primary and secondary tissues in jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fishes to contextualize the early natural history of vertebrate mucosal immune tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D Mitchell
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, 77807, USA.
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19
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Nájera-Martínez M, López-Tapia BP, Aguilera-Alvarado GP, Madera-Sandoval RL, Sánchez-Nieto S, Giron-Pérez MI, Vega-López A. Sub-basal increases of GABA enhance the synthesis of TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-1β in the immune system organs of the Nile tilapia. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577382. [PMID: 32919148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cells of the immune and neuronal systems share different receptors for cytokines or neurotransmitters, producing feedback responses between both systems. Cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α can induce inflammation; however, the secretion of these molecules can be modulated by anti-inflammatory cytokines, as is the case for TGF-β, as well as by different hormones or neurotransmitters such as the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In this study, we evaluated the secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β under basal conditions, in the head of the kidney, spleen, thymus, and serum of the Nile tilapia, as well as their release induced by different sub-basal increases of GABA. We found that at the higher dose of GABA these cytokines were synthesised at a higher concentration compared to the control group. These results may suggest that there is feedback between both systems and that GABA plays a role in the modulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Nájera-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México
| | - Brenda P López-Tapia
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México
| | | | - Ruth L Madera-Sandoval
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México
| | - Sobeida Sánchez-Nieto
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, México
| | - Manuel Iván Giron-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Armando Vega-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México.
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20
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Zhong JR, Wu P, Feng L, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Kuang SY, Tang L, Zhou XQ. Dietary phytic acid weakened the antimicrobial activity and aggravated the inflammatory status of head kidney, spleen and skin in on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:256-265. [PMID: 32439508 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of phytic acid (PA) on the antimicrobial activity and inflammatory response in three immune organs (head kidney, spleen and skin) of on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). To achieve this goal, we first conducted a 60-day growth trial by feeding fish with graded levels of PA (0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 and 4.0%). Then, the fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila for 6 days. Compared with the control group, the following results were obtained regarding supplementation with certain levels of PA in the diet. (1) There was an increase in skin haemorrhage and lesion morbidity in fish. (2) There was a decrease in activities or contents of immune factors, including lysozyme (LZ), complement 3 (C3), C4 and immunoglobulin M (IgM), and there was downregulation of gene expression levels of hepcidin, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2A (LEAP-2A), LEAP-2B, and β-defensin-1 in immune organs. (3) There was upregulation in the gene expression of the following pro-inflammatory cytokines: tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) (except in the spleen), interferon γ2 (IFN-γ2), IL-6 (except in the spleen), IL-8, IL-12p40, IL-15 and IL-17D. These changes were partly related to the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathway, but downregulation of mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), TGF-β2, IL-413/A, IL-413/B, IL-10 (except in the skin) and IL-11) occurred in a manner partially related to the target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway. Finally, based on the broken-line analysis of skin haemorrhage and lesion morbidity and IgM content in the head kidney, the maximum tolerance levels of PA for on-growing grass carp (120.56-452.00 g) were estimated to be 1.79 and 1.31% of the diet, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ren Zhong
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, China.
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21
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liang Z, Dai K, Zhu M, Zhang M, Pan J, Xue R, Cao G, Tang J, Song X, Hu X, Gong C. Interleukin-17 suppresses grass carp reovirus infection in Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney cells by activating NF-κB signaling. AQUACULTURE (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 520:734969. [PMID: 32287459 PMCID: PMC7112052 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The grass carp accounts for a large proportion of aquacultural production in China, but the hemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection often causes huge economic losses to the industry. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is an important cytokine that plays a critical role in the inflammatory and immune responses. Although IL-17 family members have been extensively studied in mammals, our knowledge of the activity of IL-17 proteins in teleosts in response to viral infection is still limited. In this study, the role of IL-17 in GCRV infection and its mechanism were investigated. The expression levels of IL-17AF1, IL-17AF2, and IL-17AF3 in Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells gradually increased from 6 h after infection with GCRV. The nuclear translocation of p65, which acts in the NF-κB signaling pathway, was also increased by GCRV infection. The overexpression of IL-17AF1, IL-17AF2, or IL-17AF3 also promoted the nuclear translocation of p65 and the levels of phospho-IκBα in CIK cells, and reduced the expression of the viral structural protein VP7. An NF-κB signal inhibitor abolished the inhibition of GCRV infection by IL-17 proteins. These results suggested that the NF-κB signaling pathway was activated by the overexpression of IL-17 proteins, resulting in the inhibition of viral infection. In conclusion, in this study, we demonstrated that IL-17AF1, IL-17AF2, and IL-17AF3 acted as immune cytokines, exerting an antiviral effect by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zi Liang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Mingtian Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jun Pan
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jian Tang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xuehong Song
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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22
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An in vivo brain-bacteria interface: the developing brain as a key regulator of innate immunity. NPJ Regen Med 2020; 5:2. [PMID: 32047653 PMCID: PMC7000827 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-020-0087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections have numerous effects on the brain. However, possible roles of the brain in protecting against infection, and the developmental origin and role of brain signaling in immune response, are largely unknown. We exploited a unique Xenopus embryonic model to reveal control of innate immune response to pathogenic E. coli by the developing brain. Using survival assays, morphological analysis of innate immune cells and apoptosis, and RNA-seq, we analyzed combinations of infection, brain removal, and tail-regenerative response. Without a brain, survival of embryos injected with bacteria decreased significantly. The protective effect of the developing brain was mediated by decrease of the infection-induced damage and of apoptosis, and increase of macrophage migration, as well as suppression of the transcriptional consequences of the infection, all of which decrease susceptibility to pathogen. Functional and pharmacological assays implicated dopamine signaling in the bacteria–brain–immune crosstalk. Our data establish a model that reveals the very early brain to be a central player in innate immunity, identify the developmental origins of brain–immune interactions, and suggest several targets for immune therapies.
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Vega-López A, Pagadala NS, López-Tapia BP, Madera-Sandoval RL, Rosales-Cruz E, Nájera-Martínez M, Reyes-Maldonado E. Is related the hematopoietic stem cells differentiation in the Nile tilapia with GABA exposure? FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:801-814. [PMID: 31419534 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The signaling mediated by small non-proteinogenic molecules, which probably have the capacity to serve as a bridge amongst complex systems is one of the most exiting challenges for the study. In the current report, stem cells differentiation of the immune system in Nile tilapia treated with sub-basal doses of GABA evaluated as c-kit+ and Sca-1+ cells disappearance on pronephros, thymus, spleen and peripheral blood mononuclear cells by flow cytometry was assessed. Explanation of biological response was performed by molecular docking approach and multiparametric analysis. Stem cell differentiation depends on a delicate balance of negative and positive interactions of this neurotransmitter with receptors and transcription factors involved in this process. This in turn depends on the type of interaction with hematopoietic niche to differentiate into primordial, early or late hematopoiesis as well as from the dose delivery. In fish treated with the low doses of GABA (0.1% over basal value) primordial hematopoiesis is regulated by interaction of glutamate (Glu) with the Ly-6 antigen. Early hematopoiesis was influenced by the bond of GABA near or adjacent to turns of FLTR3-Ig-IV domain. During late hematopoiesis, negative regulation by structural modifications on PU.1/IRF-4 complex, IL-7Rα and GM-CSFR mainly prevails. Results of molecular docking were in agreement with the percentages of the main blood cells lineages estimated in pronephros by flow cytometry. Current study provides the first evidences about the role of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters such as GABA and Glu, respectively with the most transcriptional factors and receptors involved on hematopoiesis in adult Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Vega-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu S/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México, CP 07738, Mexico.
| | | | - Brenda P López-Tapia
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu S/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México, CP 07738, Mexico
| | - Ruth L Madera-Sandoval
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu S/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México, CP 07738, Mexico
| | - Erika Rosales-Cruz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Citología, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, México, CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Minerva Nájera-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu S/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México, CP 07738, Mexico
| | - Elba Reyes-Maldonado
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Citología, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, México, CP 11340, Mexico
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Wang Q, Yu Y, Zhang X, Xu Z. Immune responses of fish to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich): A model for understanding immunity against protozoan parasites. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:93-102. [PMID: 30630003 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), which infects almost all freshwater fish species, provides an optimal model for the study of immunity against extracellular protozoa. Ich invades the epithelia of mucosal tissues, forms white spots covering the whole body, and induces high mortality, while survivor fish develop both innate and adaptive immunity against Ich attack in systemic and mucosal tissues. Besides the protective roles of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated innate immune response, the critical immune functions of novel IgT in the skin, gut, gill, and olfactory organ of teleosts have been demonstrated in recent years, and all this information contributes to the ontogeny of the mucosal immune response in vertebrates. Especially in rainbow trout, Ich-infected fish exhibited higher IgT concentrations and titers in the mucosa and increased IgT+ B-lymphocyte proliferation in mucosal tissues. IgM mainly functions in the adaptive immune response in the systemic tissues of rainbow trout, accompanied with increased IgM+ B-lymphocyte proliferation in the head kidney of Ich-infected trout. However, little is known about the interaction between these mucosal tissues and systemic immune organs and the interaction between the inductive immune organs and functional immune organs. Immobilization antigens (Iags), located on the parasite cell and ciliary membranes, have been characterized to be targeted by specific antibodies produced in the host. The crosslinking of antigens mediated by antibodies triggers either an escape response or the immobilization of Ich. With more knowledge about the Iags of Ich and the immunity of teleosts, a more targeted vaccine, even a DNA vaccine, can be developed for the immune control strategy of Ich. Due to the high frequency of clinical fish ichthyophthiriasis, the study of fish immune responses to Ich provides an optimal experimental model for understanding immunity against extracellular protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yongyao Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Yao F, Yin L, Feng S, Wang X, Zhang A, Zhou H. Functional characterization of grass carp runt-related transcription factor 3: Involvement in TGF-β1-mediated c-Myc transcription in fish cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:130-135. [PMID: 30099141 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, both runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) and c-Myc are the downstream effectors of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling to mediate various cellular responses. However, information of their interaction especially in fish is lacking. In the present study, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) runx3 (gcrunx3) cDNA was cloned and identified. Interestingly, opposing effects of recombinant grass carp TGF-β1 (rgcTGF-β1) on c-myc and runx3 mRNA expression were observed in grass carp periphery blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Parallelly, Runx3 protein levels were enhanced by rgcTGF-β1 in the cells. These findings prompted us to examine whether Runx3 can mediate the inhibition of TGF-β1 on c-myc expression in fish cells. In line with this, overexpression of grass carp Runx3 and Runx3 DN (a dominant-negative form of Runx3) in grass carp kidney cell line (CIK) cells decreased and increased c-myc transcript levels, respectively. Particularly, the regulation of Runx3 and Runx3 DN on c-myc mRNA expression was direct since they were presented in the nucleus without any stimulation. In addition, rgcTGF-β1 alone suppressed c-myc mRNA expression in CIK cells as in PBLs. Moreover, this inhibitory effect was also observed when grass carp Runx3 and Runx3 DN were overexpressed. These results strengthened the role of TGF-β1 signaling in controlling c-myc transcription. Taken together, TGF-β1-mediated c-myc expression was affected at least in part by Runx3, thereby firstly exploring the functional role of Runx3 in TGF-β1 down-regulation on c-myc mRNA expression in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Yao
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Licheng Yin
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Jiang N, Fan Y, Zhou Y, Liu W, Robert J, Zeng L. Rag1 and rag2 gene expressions identify lymphopoietic tissues in juvenile and adult Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:24-35. [PMID: 29800626 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rag1 and rag2 are two closely linked recombination activating genes required for V(D)J recombination of antigen receptors in immature lymphocytes, whose expression can serve as marker to identify the lymphopoietic tissues. To study the development of lymphopoietic tissues in Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), the Chinese giant salamander rag1 and rag2 coding sequences were cloned and determined. High transcript levels of rag1 and rag2 were co-detected in the thymus before 14 months of age, whereas levels were lower in spleen, liver and kidney at all stage of development. The spatial expression patterns of rag1 and rag2 were studied in combination with igY and tcrβ gene expression using in situ hybridization. Significant transcript signals for rag1, rag2, tcrβ and igY were detected not only in the thymus and spleen but also the liver and kidney of juvenile and adult Chinese giant salamanders, which suggests that cells of lymphocyte lineage are present in multiple tissues of the Chinese giant salamander. This implies that lymphopoiesis may take place in these tissues. The tissue morphology of thymus suggested that the branched thymic primordium developed into mature organ with the development of thymocyte from juvenile to adult. These results not only confirm that as expected the thymus and spleen are primordial lymphopoietic tissues but also suggest that the liver and kidney provide site of lymphocyte differentiation in Chinese giant salamander.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642, USA.
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China.
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27
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Palanisamy R, Bhatt P, Kumaresan V, Pasupuleti M, Arockiaraj J. Innate and adaptive immune molecules of striped murrel Channa striatus. REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE 2018; 10:296-319. [DOI: 10.1111/raq.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractChanna striatus, also called snakehead murrel, is an important freshwater teleost fish which has been widely cultured for its tasty flesh along with nutritional and medicinal values. The growth of both cultured and wild murrels is affected by various physical, chemical and biological factors. As a teleost fish, C. striatus is an intermediate organism between invertebrates and vertebrates. They have a well‐developed innate immune system than invertebrates and a primitive adaptive immune system compared to that of higher vertebrates, thus an interesting unique immune structure to explore. Studies have identified that a few external stimulants do instigate the immune system to fight against the pathogens at the time of infection in C. striatus. This review discusses the physicochemical and biological stress factors, immune system and immune molecules of C. striatus which are potentially involved in combating the stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Palanisamy
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Humanities SRM University Chennai India
| | - Prasanth Bhatt
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Humanities SRM University Chennai India
| | - Venkatesh Kumaresan
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Humanities SRM University Chennai India
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Lab PCN 206 Microbiology Division CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Humanities SRM University Chennai India
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28
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Madelaire CB, Sokolova I, Gomes FR. Seasonal Patterns of Variation in Steroid Plasma Levels and Immune Parameters in Anurans from Brazilian Semiarid Area. Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:415-433. [PMID: 28398155 DOI: 10.1086/691202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Elevated androgens and glucocorticoids displayed by males during the reproductive season have been proposed to mediate a possible trade-off between reproduction and immunocompetence. Anurans living in arid and semiarid environments display a strong seasonal reproduction, which could accentuate the variation in physiological, immunological, and behavioral parameters. We studied covariation between steroid plasma levels, morphometric variables associated with body condition and immunity, leukocyte profile, parasite load, and response to an immunological challenge across different phases of the annual life-history cycle of three anuran species from a Brazilian semiarid area. Our results showed a seasonal pattern of covariation among leukocyte parameters, kidney mass, and steroid plasma levels, with higher values measured during the reproductive season, particularly when males were sampled during calling activity. Moreover, these anurans showed a stronger response to an immunological challenge during the reproductive period. The immunosuppression during the dry period was particularly evident for the species that aestivate, indicating that the availability of energetic resources might be an important factor determining seasonal variation in inflammatory response. Intensity of the helminth infection was associated with eosinophil count but showed a more complex pattern with regard to androgens levels. These data emphasize that variations in the intensity of helminth infection might be more closely related to specific aspects of the immune response than to the general seasonal patterns of variation in steroid plasma levels, total circulating leukocytes, and inflammatory response.
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29
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Transgenic overexpression of BAFF regulates the expression of immune-related genes in zebrafish, Danio rerio. J Genet 2017; 95:751-760. [PMID: 27994173 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-016-0690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a member of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily that specifically regulates B lymphocyte proliferation and survival. Excess BAFF leads to overproduction of antibodies for secretion, anti-dsDNA antibodies and a lupus-like syndrome in mice. To investigate whether transgenic overexpression of the zebrafish BAFF leads to immunoglobulin changes and/or early maturing of the immune system, a Tol2-GFP-2A-BAFF/His recombinant plasmid was constructed by inserting a 2A peptide between the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and BAFF sequences. Functional GFP and BAFF proteins were expressed separately and confirmed in HeLa cells. The relative expression of immune-related genes (IgLC-1, IgLC-2, IgLC-3, IgD, IgM and IL-4), early lymphoid markers (Ikaros, Rag-1 and TCRAC), and the protooncogene Bcl-2 were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in F0 founder of transgenic zebrafish juveniles and adults. Ectopic expression of BAFF in adults was confirmed using Western blots and was shown to upregulate IgLC-1, IgLC-2, IgD, IgM, IgZ/T, Ikaros, Rag-1, TCRAC, IL-4 and Bcl-2 expression in juveniles on day 21 and IgLC-1, IgLC-2, IgD, IgM,IgZ/T, Rag-1, TCRAC and Bcl-2 expression in zebrafish three months postfertilization. The relative titers of specific IgM against Edwardsiella tarda WED were assessed using modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the whole body homogenate of zebrafish and demonstrated a significant increase in BAFF-transgenic group. Therefore, our findings provided novel insight into further exploration of modulating adaptive immunity and studying autoimmune diseases caused by regulating BAFF.
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30
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Schaeck M, Reyes-López FE, Vallejos-Vidal E, Van Cleemput J, Duchateau L, Van den Broeck W, Tort L, Decostere A. Cellular and transcriptomic response to treatment with the probiotic candidate Vibrio lentus in gnotobiotic sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:147-156. [PMID: 28119147 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at evaluating the cellular and transcriptomic responses induced by the probiotic candidate Vibrio lentus with gnotobiotic European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Linnaeus 1785) larvae. For this, a histomorphological analysis was performed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and the anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) assay. In addition, a global transcriptomic approach was adopted to study the whole body mRNA changes upon administration of V. lentus by microarrays with the custom Agilent sea bass oligonucleotide-microarray v2.0 (4 × 44 K). Following V. lentus administration, the apoptotic and cell proliferative indexes did not show significant differences between treatments for hindgut nor for midgut. However, V. lentus treatment did significantly modify the gene expression related not only to cell proliferation and cell death, but also to cell adhesion, reactive oxygen species metabolism, iron transport, and immune response. Our data represent the first global analysis of the effects of the probiotic candidate V. lentus on the gene expression profile in gnotobiotic European sea bass, and as such, provides a first delineation of the mechanisms by which this agent interacts with its host and exerts its beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlien Schaeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jolien Van Cleemput
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annemie Decostere
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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31
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Cao J, Chen Q, Lu M, Hu X, Wang M. Histology and ultrastructure of the thymus during development in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J Anat 2017; 230:720-733. [PMID: 28233306 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus in teleost fishes plays an important role in producing functionally competent T-lymphocytes. However, the thymus in tilapia is not well known, which greatly hampers investigations into the immune responses of tilapia infected by aquatic pathogens. The histological structure and ultrastructure of the thymus in Oreochromis niloticus, including embryos and larvae at different developmental stages, juveniles, and adult fish, were systematically investigated using whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH), and light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The position of the thymus primordium was first labeled in the embryo at 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) with the thymus marker gene recombination activating gene 1 (Rag1), when the water temperature was 27 °C. Obvious structures of the thymus were easily observed in 4-dpf embryos. At this stage, the thymus was filled with stem cells. At 6 dpf, the thymus differentiated into the cortex and medulla. The shape of the thymus was 'broad bean'-like during the early stages from 4 to 10 dpf, and became wedge-shaped in fish larvae at 20 dpf. At 6 months post-fertilization (mpf), the thymus differentiated into the peripheral zone, central zone, and inner zone. During this stage, myoid cells and adipocytes appeared in the inner zone following thymus degeneration. Then, the thymus displayed more advanced degeneration by 1 year post-fertilization (ypf), and the separation of cortex and medulla was not observed at this stage. The thymic trabecula and lobule were absent during the entire course of development. However, the typical Hassall's corpuscle was present and underwent degeneration. Additionally, TEM showed that the thymic tissues contained a wide variety of cell types, namely lymphocytes, macrophages, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and mastocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maixin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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32
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Mešťanová V, Varga I. Morphological view on the evolution of the immunity and lymphoid organs of vertebrates, focused on thymus. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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33
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Parra D, Korytář T, Takizawa F, Sunyer JO. B cells and their role in the teleost gut. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:150-66. [PMID: 26995768 PMCID: PMC5125549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the main route of entry for pathogens in all living organisms. In the case of teleost fish, mucosal surfaces cover the vast majority of the animal. As these surfaces are in constant contact with the environment, fish are perpetually exposed to a vast number of pathogens. Despite the potential prevalence and variety of pathogens, mucosal surfaces are primarily populated by commensal non-pathogenic bacteria. Indeed, a fine balance between these two populations of microorganisms is crucial for animal survival. This equilibrium, controlled by the mucosal immune system, maintains homeostasis at mucosal tissues. Teleost fish possess a diffuse mucosa-associated immune system in the intestine, with B cells being one of the main responders. Immunoglobulins produced by these lymphocytes are a critical line of defense against pathogens and also prevent the entrance of commensal bacteria into the epithelium. In this review we will summarize recent literature regarding the role of B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins in gut immunity in teleost fish, with specific focus on immunoglobulin isotypes and the microorganisms, pathogenic and non-pathogenic that interact with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Edholm ES, Banach M, Robert J. Evolution of innate-like T cells and their selection by MHC class I-like molecules. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:525-36. [PMID: 27368412 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like-restricted innate-like αβT (iT) cells expressing an invariant or semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire were thought to be a recent evolutionary acquisition restricted to mammals. However, molecular and functional studies in Xenopus laevis have demonstrated that iT cells, defined as MHC class I-like-restricted innate-like αβT cells with a semi-invariant TCR, are evolutionarily conserved and prominent from early development in amphibians. As these iT cells lack the specificity conferred by conventional αβ TCRs, it is generally considered that they are specialized to recognize conserved antigens equivalent to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Thus, one advantage offered by the MHC class I-like iT cell-based recognition system is that it can be adapted to a common pathogen and function on the basis of a relatively small number of T cells. Although iT cells have only been functionally described in mammals and amphibians, the identification of non-classical MHC/MHC class I-like genes in other groups of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates suggests that iT cells have a broader phylogenetic distribution than previously envisioned. In this review, we discuss the possible role of iT cells during the emergence of the jawed vertebrate adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Stina Edholm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Maureen Banach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Zebrafish as a model system have been instrumental in understanding early vertebrate development, especially of the hematopoietic system. The external development of zebrafish and their genetic amenability have allowed in-depth studies of multiple blood cell types and their respective genetic regulation. This chapter highlights some new data in zebrafish hematopoiesis regarding primitive and definitive hematopoiesis in the embryonic and adult fish, allowing the isolation of prospective progenitor subsets. It also highlights assays developed to examine the function of these progenitors in vivo and in vitro, allowing an evolutionary understanding of the hematopoietic system and how zebrafish can be better utilized as a model system for a multitude of hematopoietic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Stachura
- California State University, Chico, Chico, CA, United States
| | - D Traver
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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36
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Hopkins WA, Fallon JA, Beck ML, Coe BH, Jachowski CMB. Haematological and immunological characteristics of eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) infected and co-infected with endo- and ectoparasites. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow002. [PMID: 27293754 PMCID: PMC4801058 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Disease is among the leading causes of the global decline in amphibian populations. In North America, parasites and pathogens are among the factors implicated in precipitous population declines of the giant hellbender salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), but the incidence of infections and the responses of hellbenders to infections remain poorly studied. Here, we document the prevalence of leech and trypanosome infections in a wild population of eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) and describe haematological and immunological characteristics of hellbenders harbouring these infections. We hypothesized that hellbenders parasitized by trypanosomes would be anaemic, that individuals infected with either or both parasites would exhibit shifts in white blood cell counts and that hellbenders infected with leeches would exhibit altered plasma bactericidal capacity. We found that 24 and 68% of hellbenders in our sample population were infected with leeches and trypanosomes, respectively, and 20% were co-infected with both parasites. We found no evidence suggestive of anaemia among infected individuals. However, hellbenders infected with either or both parasites exhibited marked shifts in circulating white blood cells that were consistent with predictable responses to parasitic infection. Additionally, we found that hellbenders harbouring leeches had much higher plasma bactericidal capacity than individuals without leeches, and we offer multiple potential mechanistic explanations for this observation. We also found evidence that cellular and serological immune responses to parasites were less robust in juvenile than adult hellbenders. This finding warrants further investigation in light of the demographic characteristics, specifically the scarcity of juvenile age classes, of hellbender populations where disease is a possible contributor to declines. Finally, we describe two methodological advances that will improve future studies seeking to diagnose trypanosome infections and to test the bactericidal capacity of hellbenders and perhaps other amphibians. Our study provides fundamental insights into how hellbenders respond physiologically to endo- and ectoparasites, which could ultimately prove useful for their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Hopkins
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jesse A Fallon
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Michelle L Beck
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Brittney H Coe
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Huang G, Huang S, Wang R, Yan X, Li Y, Feng Y, Wang S, Yang X, Chen L, Li J, You L, Chen S, Luo G, Xu A. Dynamic Regulation of Tandem 3' Untranslated Regions in Zebrafish Spleen Cells during Immune Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:715-25. [PMID: 26673144 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis, development, and cell differentiation, as well as in the activation of several subsets of immune cells in vitro. Whether APA takes place in immune responses in vivo is largely unknown. We profiled the variation in tandem 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) in pathogen-challenged zebrafish and identified hundreds of APA genes with ∼ 10% being immune response genes. The detected immune response APA genes were enriched in TLR signaling, apoptosis, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. A greater number of microRNA target sites and AU-rich elements were found in the extended 3' UTRs than in the common 3' UTRs of these APA genes. Further analysis suggested that microRNA and AU-rich element-mediated posttranscriptional regulation plays an important role in modulating the expression of APA genes. These results indicate that APA is extensively involved in immune responses in vivo, and it may be a potential new paradigm for immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrui Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Shengfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Ruihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Xinyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yuchao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shaozhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Xia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Liutao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Leiming You
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shangwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Guangbin Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Anlong Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China; and
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38
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Gorgoglione B, Carpio Y, Secombes CJ, Taylor NGH, Lugo JM, Estrada MP. Viral and bacterial septicaemic infections modulate the expression of PACAP splicing variants and VIP/PACAP receptors in brown trout immune organs. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:923-932. [PMID: 26481517 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and PACAP-Related Peptide (PRP) are structurally similar peptides encoded in the same transcripts. Their transcription has been detected not only in the brain but also in a wide range of peripheral tissues, even including organs of the immune system. PACAP exerts pleiotropic activities through G-protein coupled membrane receptors: the PACAP-specific PAC-1 and the VPAC-1 and VPAC-2 receptors that exhibit similar affinities for the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and PACAP. Recent findings added PACAP and its receptors to the growing list of mediators that allow cross-talk between the nervous, endocrine and immune systems in fish. In this study the expression of genes encoding for PACAP and PRP, as well as VIP/PACAP receptors was studied in laboratory-reared brown trout (Salmo trutta) after septicaemic infections. Respectively Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV-Ia) or the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia ruckeri (ser. O1 - biot. 2) were used in infection challenges. Kidney and spleen, the teleost main lymphopoietic organs, were sampled during the first two weeks post-infection. RT-qPCR analysis assessed specific pathogens burden and gene expression levels. PACAP and PRP transcription in each organ was positively correlated to the respective pathogen burden, assessed targeting the VHSV-glycoprotein or Y. ruckeri 16S rRNA. Results showed as the transcription of PACAP splicing variants and VIP/PACAP receptors is modulated in these organs during an acute viral and bacterial septicaemic infections in brown trout. These gene expression results provide clues as to how the PACAP system is modulated in fish, confirming an involvement during active immune responses elicited by both viral and bacterial aetiological agents. However, further experimental evidence is still required to fully elucidate and characterize the role of PACAP and PRP for an efficient immune response against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, England, UK
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Aquatic Biotechnology Project, Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Juana María Lugo
- Aquatic Biotechnology Project, Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Aquatic Biotechnology Project, Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
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39
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Wang X, Tan X, Zhang PJ, Zhang Y, Xu P. Recombination-activating gene 1 and 2 (RAG1 and RAG2) in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). J Biosci 2015; 39:849-58. [PMID: 25431413 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-014-9469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During the development of B and T lymphocytes, Ig and TCR variable region genes are assembled from germline V, D, and J gene segments by a site-specific recombination reaction known as V(D)J recombination. The process of somatic V(D)J recombination, mediated by the recombination-activating gene (RAG) products, is the most significant characteristic of adaptive immunity in jawed vertebrates. Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) RAG1 and RAG2 were isolated by Genome Walker and RT-PCR, and their expression patterns were analysed by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization on sections. RAG1 spans over 7.0 kb, containing 4 exons and 3 introns, and the full-length ORF is 3207 bp, encoding a peptide of 1068 amino acids. The first exon lies in the 5'-UTR, which is an alternative exon. RAG2 full-length ORF is 1062 bp, encodes a peptide of 533 amino acids, and lacks introns in the coding region. In 6-month old flounders, the expression of RAG1 and RAG2 was essentially restricted to the pronephros (head kidney) and mesonephros (truck kidney). Additionally, both of them were mainly expressed in the thymus. These results revealed that the thymus and kidney most likely serve as the primary lymphoid tissues in the flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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40
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Brown GP, Kelehear C, Shilton CM, Phillips BL, Shine R. Stress and immunity at the invasion front: a comparison across cane toad (Rhinella marina) populations. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P. Brown
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Crystal Kelehear
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Ancon Republic of Panama
| | - Catherine M. Shilton
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories; Northern Territory, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries; Berrimah NT 0828 Australia
| | | | - Rick Shine
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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41
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Aeromonas salmonicida Infection Only Moderately Regulates Expression of Factors Contributing to Toll-Like Receptor Signaling but Massively Activates the Cellular and Humoral Branches of Innate Immunity in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:901015. [PMID: 26266270 PMCID: PMC4525466 DOI: 10.1155/2015/901015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to detect a defined spectrum of microbial structures. However, the knowledge about the specificity of teleost Tlr factors for distinct pathogens is limited so far. We measured baseline expression profiles of 18 tlr genes and associated signaling factors in four immune-relevant tissues of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Intraperitoneal injection of a lethal dose of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida induced highly increased levels of cytokine mRNAs during a 72-hour postinfection (hpi) period. In contrast, only the fish-specific tlr22a2 and the downstream factor irak1 featured clearly increased transcript levels, while the mRNA concentrations of many other tlr genes decreased. Flow cytometry quantified cell trafficking after infection indicating a dramatic influx of myeloid cells into the peritoneum and a belated low level immigration of lymphoid cells. T and B lymphocytes were differentiated with RT-qPCR revealing that B lymphocytes emigrated from and T lymphocytes immigrated into head kidney. In conclusion, no specific TLR can be singled out as a dominant receptor for A. salmonicida. The recruitment of cellular factors of innate immunity rather than induced expression of pathogen receptors is hence of key importance for mounting a first immune defense against invading A. salmonicida.
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42
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Abstract
Two types of adaptive immune strategies are known to have evolved in vertebrates: the VLR-based system, which is present in jawless organisms and is mediated by VLRA and VLRB lymphocytes, and the BCR/TCR-based system, which is present in jawed species and is provided by B and T cell receptors expressed on B and T cells, respectively. Here we summarize features of B cells and their predecessors in the different animal phyla, focusing the review on B cells from jawed vertebrates. We point out the critical role of nonclassical species and comparative immunology studies in the understanding of B cell immunity. Because nonclassical models include species relevant to veterinary medicine, basic science research performed in these animals contributes to the knowledge required for the development of more efficacious vaccines against emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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43
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Du L, Feng S, Yin L, Wang X, Zhang A, Yang K, Zhou H. Identification and functional characterization of grass carp IL-17A/F1: An evaluation of the immunoregulatory role of teleost IL-17A/F1. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:202-211. [PMID: 25847875 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, IL-17A and IL-17F are hallmark cytokines of Th17 cells which act significant roles in eradicating extracellular pathogens. IL-17A and IL-17F homologs nominated as IL-17A/F1-3 have been revealed in fish and their functions remain largely undefined. Here we identified and characterized grass carp IL-17A/F1 (gcIL-17A/F1) in fish immune system. In this regard, both tissue distribution and inductive expression of gcIL-17A/F1 indicated its possible involvement in immune response. Moreover, recombinant gcIL-17A/F1 (rgcIL-17A/F1) was prepared and displayed an ability to enhance pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) mRNA expression in head kidney leukocytes. It is suggestive of that gcIL-17A/F1 may act as a proinflammatory cytokine in fish immunity. Besides, rgcIL-17A/F1 induced gene expression and protein release of grass carp chemokine CXCL-8 (gcCXCL-8) in head kidney cells (HKCs), probably via NF-κB, p38 and Erk1/2 pathways. In particular, culture medium from the HKCs treated by rgcIL-17A/F1 could stimulate peripheral blood leukocytes migration and immunoneutralization of endogenous gcCXCL-8 could partially attenuate this stimulation, suggesting that rgcIL-17A/F1 could recruit immune cells through producing gcCXCL-8 as mammalian IL-17 A and F. Taken together, we not only identified the pro-inflammatory role of gcIL-17A/F1 in host defense, but also provided the basis for clarifying Th17 cells in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyong Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyu Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Licheng Yin
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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44
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Dalum AS, Austbø L, Bjørgen H, Skjødt K, Hordvik I, Hansen T, Fjelldal PG, Press CM, Griffiths DJ, Koppang EO. The interbranchial lymphoid tissue of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salarL) extends as a diffuse mucosal lymphoid tissue throughout the trailing edge of the gill filament. J Morphol 2015; 276:1075-88. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alf S. Dalum
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences; Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - Lars Austbø
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences; Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - Håvard Bjørgen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences; Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - Karsten Skjødt
- Faculty of Health Science; Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Ivar Hordvik
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Tom Hansen
- Matre Research Station; Institute of Marine Research; Matre Norway
| | - Per G. Fjelldal
- Matre Research Station; Institute of Marine Research; Matre Norway
| | - Charles McL Press
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences; Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - David J. Griffiths
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences; Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - Erling O. Koppang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences; Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
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45
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Vasil’ev KA, Polevshchikov AV. Thymus development in early ontogeny: A comparative aspect. Russ J Dev Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s106236041503008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Nimmo RA, May GE, Enver T. Primed and ready: understanding lineage commitment through single cell analysis. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:459-67. [PMID: 26004869 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of lineage commitment in multipotential cells is key to maintaining a balanced hematopoietic output throughout life while retaining the capacity to respond to stress and infection. Cell fate decisions are made by individual stem cells, but population-level analysis obscures the mechanics of cell fate choice by averaging the molecular and functional heterogeneity that exists even in the most highly purified stem cell populations. Therefore, single cell analysis of both molecular and cellular phenotypes is crucial to delineate and interrogate the process of lineage commitment. We review recent single cell expression profiling, imaging, and clonal tracking studies that have provided new insights into commitment, focusing on the hematopoietic system, and suggest how new technologies may illuminate our understanding of lineage commitment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Nimmo
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Gillian E May
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tariq Enver
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in CD8A and their associations with T lymphocyte subpopulations in pig. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1447-56. [PMID: 25690570 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Findings from previous studies suggested that the cluster of the differentiation 8 alpha (CD8A) gene plays a prominent role in human T lymphocyte subpopulations. However, the evidence from pig population is still rare. To determine whether the important role of the CD8A gene is conserved in pig, a candidate gene analysis was performed herein through genotype-phenotype associations. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) locating in the regulatory region of porcine CD8A gene were detected and tested for association analysis with seven T lymphocyte subpopulations (proportion of CD4(-)CD8(-), CD4(+)CD8(+), CD4(+)CD8(-), CD4(-)CD8(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), and the ratio of CD4(+) to CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood) in 382 Large White piglets. After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, four SNPs were significantly associated with some or all of the seven T lymphocyte subpopulations. Analyses of pairwise D' measures of linkage disequilibrium between all SNPs were also explored. Two haplotype blocks was inferred and the association study on haplotype level revealed similar effects on T lymphocyte subpopulations. In addition, the tissue-specific RNA expression pattern and electrophoretic mobility shift assay offered further explanation of the link between the CD8A gene with porcine T lymphocyte subpopulations. The findings presented here provide strong evidence for associations of CD8A variants with T lymphocyte subpopulations and may be applied in porcine breeding programs.
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Xu Q, Chen Y, Zhao WM, Huang ZY, Duan XJ, Tong YY, Zhang Y, Li X, Chang GB, Chen GH. The CD8α gene in duck (Anatidae): cloning, characterization, and expression during viral infection. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:431-9. [PMID: 25332128 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 8 alpha (CD8α) is critical for cell-mediated immune defense and T-cell development. Although CD8α sequences have been reported for several species, very little is known about CD8α in ducks. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses of ducks, we cloned CD8α coding sequences from domestic, Muscovy, Mallard, and Spotbill ducks using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Each sequence consisted of 714 nucleotides and encoded a signal peptide, an IgV-like domain, a stalk region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail. We identified 58 nucleotide differences and 37 amino acid differences among the four types of duck; of these, 53 nucleotide and 33 amino acid differences were between Muscovy ducks and the other duck species. The CD8α cDNA sequence from domestic duck consisted of a 61-nucleotide 5' untranslated region (UTR), a 714-nucleotide open reading frame, and an 849-nucleotide 3' UTR. Multiple sequence alignments showed that the amino acid sequence of CD8α is conserved in vertebrates. RT-PCR revealed that expression of CD8α mRNA of domestic ducks was highest in the thymus and very low in the kidney, cerebrum, cerebellum, and muscle. Immunohistochemical analyses detected CD8α on the splenic corpuscle and periarterial lymphatic sheath of the spleen. CD8α mRNA in domestic ducklings was initially up-regulated, and then down-regulated, in the thymus, spleen, and liver after treatment with duck hepatitis virus type I (DHV-1) or the immunostimulant polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Robert J, Edholm ES. A prominent role for invariant T cells in the amphibian Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:513-23. [PMID: 24898512 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Invariant T (iT) cells expressing an invariant or semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire have gained attention in recent years because of their potential as specialized regulators of immune function. These iT cells are typically restricted by nonclassical MHC class I molecules (e.g., CD1d and MR1) and undergo differentiation pathways distinct from conventional T cells. While the benefit of a limited TCR repertoire may appear counterintuitive in regard to the advantage of the diversified repertoire of conventional T cells allowing for exquisite specificity to antigens, the full biological importance and evolutionary conservation of iT cells are just starting to emerge. It is generally considered that iT cells are specialized to recognize conserved antigens equivalent to pathogen-associated molecular pattern. Until recently, little was known about the evolution of iT cells. The identification of class Ib and class I-like genes in nonmammalian vertebrates, despite the heterogeneity and variable numbers of these genes among species, suggests that iT cells are also present in ectothermic vertebrates. Indeed, recent studies in the amphibian Xenopus have revealed a drastic overrepresentation of several invariant TCRs in tadpoles and identified a prominent nonclassical MHC class I-restricted iT cell subset critical for tadpole antiviral immunity. This suggests an important and perhaps even dominant role of multiple nonclassical MHC class I-restricted iT cell populations in tadpoles and, by extension, other aquatic vertebrates with rapid external development that are under pressure to produce a functional lymphocyte repertoire with small numbers of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA,
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Wei N, Pang W, Wang Y, Xiong Y, Xu R, Wu W, Zhao C, Yang G. Knockdown of PU.1 mRNA and AS lncRNA regulates expression of immune-related genes in zebrafish Danio rerio. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:315-319. [PMID: 24463314 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor PU.1 plays a key role in the development of immune system. Recent evidence demonstrated bidirectional transcription and a sense/antisense transcriptional regulatory manner in PU.1 locus. However, the effect of PU.1 mRNA and its antisense long non-coding RNA (AS lncRNA) on adaptive immunity in vivo is still not clear. In this study, we first confirmed the expression of PU.1 AS lncRNA by strand-specific RT-PCR in zebrafish. Additionally, we found that GFP was detected in zebrafish kidney using tissue smears after zebrafish was intraperitoneally injected with pLentiHI-PU.1 shRNA or pLentiHI-PU.1 AS shRNA for 2 days. Moreover, on day 0, 2 and 4, the levels of PU.1 and immune-related genes including TCRAC, Rag2, AID, IgLC-1, mIg, and sIg mRNAs were detected using real-time qPCR. The results showed that the levels of PU.1 and above 6 immune-related gene mRNAs were significantly downregulated on day 2 (P<0.05) and day 4 (P<0.01) by the treatment with the pLentiHI-PU.1 shRNA, whereas these genes were markedly upregulated by the treatment with the pLentiHI-PU.1 AS shRNA. Based on our results, we suggested that the effects of PU.1 transcripts including mRNA and AS lncRNA on immune-related gene expression in zebrafish were opposite. To our knowledge, this was the first report that a novel functional AS lncRNA in adaptive immunity was transcribed from the zebrafish PU.1 locus. Our findings provided novel insight into further exploration on modulating adaptive immunity by regulating PU.1 mRNA and AS lncRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Weijun Pang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Cunzhen Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Gongshe Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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