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Luzuriaga MA, Shahrivarkevishahi A, Herbert FC, Wijesundara YH, Gassensmith JJ. Biomaterials and nanomaterials for sustained release vaccine delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1735. [PMID: 34180608 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are considered one of the most significant medical advancements in human history, as they have prevented hundreds of millions of deaths since their discovery; however, modern travel permits disease spread at unprecedented rates, and vaccine shortcomings like thermal sensitivity and required booster shots have been made evident by the COVID-19 pandemic. Approaches to overcoming these issues appear promising via the integration of vaccine technology with biomaterials, which offer sustained-release properties and preserve proteins, prevent conformational changes, and enable storage at room temperature. Sustained release and thermal stabilization of therapeutic biomacromolecules is an emerging area that integrates material science, chemistry, immunology, nanotechnology, and pathology to investigate different biocompatible materials. Biomaterials, including natural sugar polymers, synthetic polyesters produced from biologically derived monomers, hydrogel blends, protein-polymer blends, and metal-organic frameworks, have emerged as early players in the field. This overview will focus on significant advances of sustained release biomaterial in the context of vaccines against infectious disease and the progress made towards thermally stable "single-shot" formulations. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Luzuriaga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Fabian C Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardon, Texas, USA
| | - Yalini H Wijesundara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardon, Texas, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardon, Texas, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardon, Texas, USA
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Munis AM. Gene Therapy Applications of Non-Human Lentiviral Vectors. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101106. [PMID: 33003635 PMCID: PMC7599719 DOI: 10.3390/v12101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent commercialization of lentiviral vector (LV)-based cell therapies and successful reports of clinical studies have demonstrated the untapped potential of LVs to treat diseases and benefit patients. LVs hold notable and inherent advantages over other gene transfer agents based on their ability to transduce non-dividing cells, permanently transform target cell genome, and allow stable, long-term transgene expression. LV systems based on non-human lentiviruses are attractive alternatives to conventional HIV-1-based LVs due to their lack of pathogenicity in humans. This article reviews non-human lentiviruses and highlights their unique characteristics regarding virology and molecular biology. The LV systems developed based on these lentiviruses, as well as their successes and shortcomings, are also discussed. As the field of gene therapy is advancing rapidly, the use of LVs uncovers further challenges and possibilities. Advances in virology and an improved understanding of lentiviral biology will aid in the creation of recombinant viral vector variants suitable for translational applications from a variety of lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altar M Munis
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Wang N, Yuan Z, Niu W, Li Q, Guo J. Synthetic biology approach for the development of conditionally replicating HIV-1 vaccine. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2017; 92:455-462. [PMID: 28983143 PMCID: PMC5624719 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While the combined antiretroviral therapy has resulted in a significant decrease in HIV-1 related morbidity and mortality, the HIV-1 pandemic has not been substantially averted. To curtail the 2.4 million new infections each year, a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is urgently needed. This review first summarizes four major completed clinical efficacy trials of prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine and their outcomes. Next, it discusses several other approaches that have not yet advanced to clinical efficacy trials, but provided valuable insights into vaccine design. Among them, live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) provided excellent protection in a non-human primate model. However, safety concerns have precluded the current version of LAVs from clinical application. As the major component of this review, two synthetic biology approaches for improving the safety of HIV-1 LAVs through controlling HIV-1 replication are discussed. Particular focus is on a novel approach that uses unnatural amino acid-mediated suppression of amber nonsense codon to generate conditionally replicating HIV-1 variants. The objective is to attract more attention towards this promising research field and to provoke creative designs and innovative utilization of the two control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Nebraska Center for Virology & School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology & School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
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Zhao C, Ao Z, Yao X. Current Advances in Virus-Like Particles as a Vaccination Approach against HIV Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4010002. [PMID: 26805898 PMCID: PMC4810054 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising vaccine candidates against HIV-1 infection. They are capable of preserving the native conformation of HIV-1 antigens and priming CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses efficiently via cross presentation by both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules. Progress has been achieved in the preclinical research of HIV-1 VLPs as prophylactic vaccines that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies and potent T cell responses. Moreover, the progress in HIV-1 dendritic cells (DC)-based immunotherapy provides us with a new vision for HIV-1 vaccine development. In this review, we describe updates from the past 5 years on the development of HIV-1 VLPs as a vaccine candidate and on the combined use of HIV particles with HIV-1 DC-based immunotherapy as efficient prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongbo Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Zhujun Ao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Xiaojian Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
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Dutertre CA, Jourdain JP, Rancez M, Amraoui S, Fossum E, Bogen B, Sanchez C, Couëdel-Courteille A, Richard Y, Dalod M, Feuillet V, Cheynier R, Hosmalin A. TLR3–Responsive, XCR1+, CD141(BDCA-3)+/CD8α+-Equivalent Dendritic Cells Uncovered in Healthy and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Rhesus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4697-708. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Craigo JK, Ezzelarab C, Cook SJ, Chong L, Horohov D, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Envelope determinants of equine lentiviral vaccine protection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66093. [PMID: 23785473 PMCID: PMC3682429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral envelope (Env) antigenic variation and associated immune evasion present major obstacles to vaccine development. The concept that Env is a critical determinant for vaccine efficacy is well accepted, however defined correlates of protection associated with Env variation have yet to be determined. We reported an attenuated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine study that directly examined the effect of lentiviral Env sequence variation on vaccine efficacy. The study identified a significant, inverse, linear correlation between vaccine efficacy and increasing divergence of the challenge virus Env gp90 protein compared to the vaccine virus gp90. The report demonstrated approximately 100% protection of immunized ponies from disease after challenge by virus with a homologous gp90 (EV0), and roughly 40% protection against challenge by virus (EV13) with a gp90 13% divergent from the vaccine strain. In the current study we examine whether the protection observed when challenging with the EV0 strain could be conferred to animals via chimeric challenge viruses between the EV0 and EV13 strains, allowing for mapping of protection to specific Env sequences. Viruses containing the EV13 proviral backbone and selected domains of the EV0 gp90 were constructed and in vitro and in vivo infectivity examined. Vaccine efficacy studies indicated that homology between the vaccine strain gp90 and the N-terminus of the challenge strain gp90 was capable of inducing immunity that resulted in significantly lower levels of post-challenge virus and significantly delayed the onset of disease. However, a homologous N-terminal region alone inserted in the EV13 backbone could not impart the 100% protection observed with the EV0 strain. Data presented here denote the complicated and potentially contradictory relationship between in vitro virulence and in vivo pathogenicity. The study highlights the importance of structural conformation for immunogens and emphasizes the need for antibody binding, not neutralizing, assays that correlate with vaccine protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi K Craigo
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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Nanotechnological Approaches for Genetic Immunization. DNA AND RNA NANOBIOTECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES 2013. [PMCID: PMC7121080 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36853-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic immunization is one of the important findings that provide multifaceted immunological response against infectious diseases. With the advent of r-DNA technology, it is possible to construct vector with immunologically active genes against specific pathogens. Nevertheless, site-specific delivery of constructed genetic material is an important contributory factor for eliciting specific cellular and humoral immune response. Nanotechnology has demonstrated immense potential for the site-specific delivery of biomolecules. Several polymeric and lipidic nanocarriers have been utilized for the delivery of genetic materials. These systems seem to have better compatibility, low toxicity, economical and capable to delivering biomolecules to intracellular site for the better expression of desired antigens. Further, surface engineering of nanocarriers and targeting approaches have an ability to offer better presentation of antigenic material to immunological cells. This chapter gives an overview of existing and emerging nanotechnological approaches for the delivery of genetic materials.
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A brief history of the global effort to develop a preventive HIV vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 31:3502-18. [PMID: 23707164 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Soon after HIV was discovered as the cause of AIDS in 1983-1984, there was an expectation that a preventive vaccine would be rapidly developed. In trying to achieve that goal, three successive scientific paradigms have been explored: induction of neutralizing antibodies, induction of cell mediated immunity, and exploration of combination approaches and novel concepts. Although major progress has been made in understanding the scientific basis for HIV vaccine development, efficacy trials have been critical in moving the field forward. In 2009, the field was reinvigorated with the modest results obtained from the RV144 trial conducted in Thailand. Here, we review those vaccine development efforts, with an emphasis on events that occurred during the earlier years. The goal is to provide younger generations of scientists with information and inspiration to continue the search for an HIV vaccine.
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The development of gene-based vectors for immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [PMCID: PMC7151937 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Live-attenuated lentivirus immunization modulates innate immunity and inflammation while protecting rhesus macaques from vaginal simian immunodeficiency virus challenge. J Virol 2012; 86:9188-200. [PMID: 22696662 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00532-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with attenuated lentiviruses is the only reliable method of protecting rhesus macaques (RM) from vaginal challenge with pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). CD8(+) lymphocyte depletion prior to SIVmac239 vaginal challenge demonstrated that a modest, Gag-specific CD8(+) T cell response induced by immunization with simian-human immunodeficiency virus 89.6 (SHIV89.6) protects RM. Although CD8(+) T cells are required for protection, there is no anamnestic expansion of SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells in any tissues except the vagina after challenge. Further, SHIV immunization increased the number of viral target cells in the vagina and cervix, suggesting that the ratio of target cells to antiviral CD8(+) T cells was not a determinant of protection. We hypothesized that persistent replication of the attenuated vaccine virus modulates inflammatory responses and limits T cell activation and expansion by inducing immunoregulatory T cell populations. We found that attenuated SHIV infection decreased the number of circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells, suppressed T cell activation, decreased mRNA levels of proinflammatory mediators, and increased mRNA levels of immunoregulatory molecules. Three days after SIV vaginal challenge, SHIV-immunized RM had significantly more T regulatory cells in the vagina than the unimmunized RM. By day 14 postchallenge, immune activation and inflammation were characteristic of unimmunized RM but were minimal in SHIV-immunized RM. Thus, a modest vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell response in the context of immunoregulatory suppression of T cell activation may protect against vaginal HIV transmission.
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Hutnick NA, Myles DJF, Hirao L, Scott VL, Ferraro B, Khan AS, Lewis MG, Miller CJ, Bett AJ, Casimiro D, Sardesai NY, Kim JJ, Shiver J, Weiner DB. An optimized SIV DNA vaccine can serve as a boost for Ad5 and provide partial protection from a high-dose SIVmac251 challenge. Vaccine 2012; 30:3202-8. [PMID: 22406458 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One limitation in the development of an improved cellular response needed for an effective HIV-vaccine is the inability to induce robust effector T-cells capable of suppressing a heterologous challenge. To improve cellular immune responses, we examined the ability of an optimized DNA vaccine to boost the cellular immune responses induced by a highly immunogenic Ad5 prime. Five Chinese rhesus macaques received pVax encoding consensus (con) gag/pol/env intramuscularly (IM) with electroporation followed by the Merck Ad5 gag/pol/nef vaccine. A second group of five animals were vaccinated with Merck Ad5 gag/pol/nef followed by pVax gag/pol/env. One year following vaccination, Ad5-prime DNA-boosted monkeys and four unvaccinated controls received an intrarectal challenge with 1000 ID50 SIV(mac)251. The quality and magnitude of the T-cell response was analyzed by ELISpot and polyfunctional flow cytometry. We observed that an Ad5-prime DNA-boost resulted in significantly elevated SIV-specific T-cell responses even compared with animals receiving a DNA-prime Ad5-boost. Ad5 prime DNA boosted animals were capable of suppressing a pathogenic SIV(mac)251 challenge. Peak control correlated with the expansion of HLA-DR(+) CD8(+) T-cells two weeks post-infection. These data illustrate that high optimization of a DNA vaccine can drive of immune responses primed by a robust vector system. This previously unachievable feature of these newly optimized DNAs warrants future studies of this strategy that may circumvent issues of serology associated with viral vector prime-boost systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Hutnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Trovato M, Krebs SJ, Haigwood NL, De Berardinis P. Delivery strategies for novel vaccine formulations. World J Virol 2012; 1:4-10. [PMID: 24175206 PMCID: PMC3782264 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in vaccine design is to identify antigen presentation and delivery systems capable of rapidly stimulating both the humoral and cellular components of the immune system to elicit a strong and sustained immunity against different viral isolates. Approaches to achieve this end involve live attenuated and inactivated virions, viral vectors, DNA, and protein subunits. This review reports the state of current antigen delivery, and focuses on two innovative systems recently established at our labs. These systems are the filamentous bacteriophage fd and an icosahedral scaffold formed by the acyltransferase component (E2 protein) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Bacillus stearothermophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Trovato
- Maria Trovato, Piergiuseppe De Berardinis, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Naples 80131, Italy
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Abbott J, Sanou M, Coleman J, Yamamoto J. Evolutionarily conserved T-cell epitopes on FIV for designing an HIV/AIDS vaccine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:246-54. [PMID: 21719117 PMCID: PMC4461867 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review will discuss the current state of the human HIV-1 vaccine trials including the safety consideration of vaccine composition and difficulties in determining and defining protective immunity and epitopes to HIV-1. Vaccines in animal models of lentivirus infection are compared. In particular, the findings from the prototype FIV vaccine and the HIV-1 protein immunizations studies in cats are discussed, as well as the resulting research regarding a potential HIV-1 vaccine design based on evolutionarily conserved T-cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.R. Abbott
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - M.P. Sanou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - J.K. Coleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - J.K. Yamamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Abstract
HIV-1 and its simian counterpart SIV have been exquisitely tailored by evolution to evade host immunity. By virtue of specific adaptations that thwart individual innate or adaptive immune mechanisms, and an overall replication strategy that provides for rapid establishment of a large, systemic viral population, capable of dynamic adaptation to almost all immune selection pressures, these viruses, once established, almost invariably stay one step ahead of the host's immune system, and in the vast majority of infected individuals, replicate indefinitely. Although many vaccine approaches tested to date have been able to enhance the magnitude of the immune responses to HIV/SIV infection, most of these responses, whether cellular or humoral, have largely failed to be both effectively antiviral and targeted to prevent the emergence of fully functional escape variants. Recent advances, however, have provided strong evidence that the initial stages of infection following mucosal transmission of these viruses are more vulnerable to immune intervention, and have led to the development of vaccine strategies that elicit responses able to effectively intervene in these early stages of infection, either preventing acquisition of infection or establishing early, stringent, and durable control. Here, we place HIV/AIDS vaccine development in the context of the basic immunobiology of HIV and SIV, review the evidence for their vulnerability to immune responses immediately after mucosal transmission, and discuss how this newly recognized vulnerability might be exploited for the development of an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA.
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Chang MO, Suzuki T, Suzuki H, Takaku H. HIV-1 Gag-virus-like particles induce natural killer cell immune responses via activation and maturation of dendritic cells. J Innate Immun 2011; 4:187-200. [PMID: 21778700 DOI: 10.1159/000329226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive efforts that have been made to combat acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the number of people infected each year with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is still increasing worldwide, and a safe and effective vaccine to control HIV infection is urgently needed. Recently, the natural killer (NK) cell-mediated innate immune response, which represents the first line of defense against infections, has attracted attention for its role in combating HIV infection and disease progression. In the present study, we investigated the immunogenic ability of HIV-1 Gag-virus-like particles (Gag-VLPs) to induce NK cell immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Gag-VLPs efficiently activated human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), eliciting MDDC maturation with an associated increase in the surface expression of CD80, CD86 and MHC classes I and II, MDDC proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Gag-VLP-treated MDDCs subsequently activated autologous NK cells, leading to their proliferation and production of interferon-γ and to the upregulation of NK cell cytotoxicity against YAC-1 cells and HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells. In addition, we introduced a 2-phase immunization strategy in BALB/c mice to assess the role of DCs in the induction of NK cell immune responses by Gag-VLPs in vivo. Our findings reveal that Gag-VLPs efficiently activate DCs, which in turn induce innate and Gag-specific immune responses in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myint Oo Chang
- High Technology Research Centre, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Japan.
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Ma J, Shi N, Jiang CG, Lin YZ, Wang XF, Wang S, Lv XL, Zhao LP, Shao YM, Kong XG, Zhou JH, Shen RX. A proviral derivative from a reference attenuated EIAV vaccine strain failed to elicit protective immunity. Virology 2011; 410:96-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Freissmuth D, Hiltgartner A, Stahl-Hennig C, Fuchs D, Tenner-Racz K, Racz P, Uberla K, Strasak A, Dierich MP, Stoiber H, Falkensammer B. Analysis of humoral immune responses in rhesus macaques vaccinated with attenuated SIVmac239Deltanef and challenged with pathogenic SIVmac251. J Med Primatol 2009; 39:97-111. [PMID: 20015159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the correlation between protection and humoral immune response against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac251), 11 macaques were immunized with live-attenuated SIVmac239Deltanef either intravenously or via the tonsils and exposed to SIVmac251 after either 6 or 15 months along with unvaccinated controls. RESULTS Independent of the route of vaccine application, viremia was significantly reduced in vaccinees compared with controls 2 weeks post-challenge. Concomitantly, viremia correlated inversely with SIV-specific IgG, complement-mediated lysis and neutralizing antibodies and these parameters seemed to contribute to reduced viremia. During chronic infection, six monkeys controlled viremia in the circulation (two or fewer infectious units per 10(6) PBMCs) and showed no signs of trapping in lymphatic tissues (Appendix S1). CONCLUSIONS As no significant differences were observed throughout the study, with respect to the humoral immune response and viremia control, between the two vaccinated cohorts, mucosal immunization strategies are recommended due to more simplified application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Freissmuth
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Stone M, Ma ZM, Genescà M, Fritts L, Blozois S, McChesney MB, Miller CJ. Limited dissemination of pathogenic SIV after vaginal challenge of rhesus monkeys immunized with a live, attenuated lentivirus. Virology 2009; 392:260-70. [PMID: 19647847 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In non-human primate models of AIDS, attenuated lentiviruses provide the most reliable protection from challenge with pathogenic virus but the extent to which the vaccine virus replicates after challenge is unclear. At 7 and 14 days after vaginal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac239, plasma SIVenv RNA levels were significantly lower in female macaques immunized 6 months earlier with live, attenuated SHIV89.6 compared to unimmunized control animals. In 2 SHIV-immunized, unprotected macaques SIV replication produced moderate-level plasma viremia with dissemination of challenge virus to all tissues on day 14 after challenge. In protected, SHIV-immunized monkeys, SIV replication was controlled in all tissues, from the day of challenge through 14 days post-challenge. Further, in CD8(+) T cell-depleted SHIV-immunized animals, SIV replication and dissemination were more rapid than in control animals. These findings suggest that replication of a pathogenic AIDS virus can be controlled at the site of mucosal inoculation by live-attenuated lentivirus immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mars Stone
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Abstract
Since the discovery, over a decade and a half ago, that genetically engineered DNA can be delivered in vaccine form and elicit an immune response, there has been much progress in understanding the basic biology of this platform. A large amount of data has been generated in preclinical model systems, and more sustained cellular responses and more consistent antibody responses are being observed in the clinic. Four DNA vaccine products have recently been approved, all in the area of veterinary medicine. These results suggest a productive future for this technology as more optimized constructs, better trial designs and improved platforms are being brought into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A Kutzler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, The Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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Wodarz D. Immunity and protection by live attenuated HIV/SIV vaccines. Virology 2008; 378:299-305. [PMID: 18586297 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Live attenuated virus vaccines have shown the greatest potential to protect against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, a model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Immunity against the vaccine virus is thought to mediate protection. However, it is shown computationally that the opposite might be true. According to the model, the initial growth of the challenge strain, its peak load, and its potential to be pathogenic is higher if immunity against the vaccine virus is stronger. This is because the initial growth of the challenge strain is mainly determined by virus competition rather than immune suppression. The stronger the immunity against the vaccine strain, the weaker its competitive ability relative to the challenge strain, and the lower the level of protection. If the vaccine virus does protect the host against a challenge, it is because the competitive interactions between the viruses inhibit the initial growth of the challenge strain. According to these arguments, an inverse correlation between the level of attenuation and the level of protection is expected, and this has indeed been observed in experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, 321 Steinhaus Hall, University of California, Irvine CA 92697, USA.
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22
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Florins A, Gillet N, Boxus M, Kerkhofs P, Kettmann R, Willems L. Even attenuated bovine leukemia virus proviruses can be pathogenic in sheep. J Virol 2007; 81:10195-200. [PMID: 17626096 PMCID: PMC2045414 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01058-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on a reverse genetics approach, we previously reported that bovine leukemia virus (BLV) mutants harboring deletions in the accessory R3 and G4 genes persist at very low proviral loads and are unable to induce leukemia or lymphoma in sheep, indicating that these R3 and G4 gene sequences are required for pathogenesis. We now show that lymphoma can occur, albeit infrequently (1 case of 20) and after extended periods of latency (7 years). Direct sequencing and reinfection experiments demonstrated that lymphomagenesis was not due to the reversion of the mutant to the wild type. Similar observations with another type of attenuated mutant impaired in the transmembrane protein (TM) YXXL signaling motifs were made. We conclude that the R3 and G4 genes and the TM YXXL motifs are not strictly required for pathogenesis but that their integrity contributes to disease frequency and latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Florins
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, National Fund for Scientific Research-FUSAGx, 13 avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Abstract
Since the identification of HIV in 1984, the search for a safe and effective vaccine has been relentless. While investigator-initiated research has provided substantial information regarding HIV disease and pathogenesis, and over two dozen drugs are licensed in the USA to treat HIV, the global epidemic continues unabated. Early in HIV vaccine research, the pharmaceutical industry took the initiative to produce products for clinical testing. As the likelihood of a quick success decreased, private investment waned. The public sector responded with novel mechanisms to engage industry while continuing to support academic investigators. HIV vaccine research continues to rely on the creativity of individual investigators, as well as collaborations that vary in size and complexity and offer opportunities for the efficient use of resources and accelerated progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Yen Lau
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6700 B Rockledge Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.
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24
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Yamamoto JK, Pu R, Sato E, Hohdatsu T. Feline immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis and development of a dual-subtype feline-immunodeficiency-virus vaccine. AIDS 2007; 21:547-63. [PMID: 17314517 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328013d88a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Young KR, McBurney SP, Karkhanis LU, Ross TM. Virus-like particles: designing an effective AIDS vaccine. Methods 2007; 40:98-117. [PMID: 16997718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses that infect eukaryotic organisms have the unique characteristic of self-assembling into particles. The mammalian immune system is highly attuned to recognizing and attacking these viral particles following infection. The use of particle-based immunogens, often delivered as live-attenuated viruses, has been an effective vaccination strategy for a variety of viruses. The development of an effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has proven to be a challenge, since HIV infects cells of the immune system causing severe immunodeficiency resulting in the syndrome known as AIDS. In addition, the ability of the virus to adapt to immune pressure and reside in an integrated form in host cells presents hurdles for vaccinologists to overcome. A particle-based vaccine strategy has promise for eliciting high titer, long-lived, immune responses to a diverse number of viral epitopes against different HIV antigens. Live-attenuated viruses are effective at generating both cellular and humoral immune responses. However, while these vaccines stimulate immunity, challenged animals rarely clear the viral infection and the degree of attenuation directly correlates with protection from disease. Further, a live-attenuated vaccine has the potential to revert to a pathogenic form. Alternatively, virus-like particles (VLPs) mimic the viral particle without causing an immunodeficiency disease. VLPs are self-assembling, non-replicating, non-pathogenic particles that are similar in size and conformation to intact virions. A variety of VLPs for lentiviruses are currently in preclinical and clinical trials. This review focuses on our current status of VLP-based AIDS vaccines, regarding issues of purification and immune design for animal and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
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26
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Baliga CS, van Maanen M, Chastain M, Sutton RE. Vaccination of mice with replication-defective human immunodeficiency virus induces cellular and humoral immunity and protects against vaccinia virus-gag challenge. Mol Ther 2006; 14:432-41. [PMID: 16713742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe as a potential vaccine candidate a replication-defective HIV that encodes multiple viral genes in addition to a cassette that includes both truncated cyclin T1 and an autofluorescent protein. After confirming functionality of the cyclin T1, we immunized mice intramuscularly once or twice with the replication-defective HIV vector pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein (RD HIV), a plasmid encoding CMV-driven gag (gag DNA), or adenovirus gag (Ad5-gag). Capsid-specific antibody titers following RD HIV immunization were >10(6)/ml and approximately equivalent to those induced by gag DNA and Ad5-gag. Antibodies against the autofluorescent protein and VSV G were also detected. After RD HIV immunization ELISpot assays demonstrated Gag-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) SFU equivalent to that of Ad5-gag and fourfold greater than that of gag DNA. HIV polymerase-specific IFN-gamma SFU values were similar, and boosting increased both antibody titers and the IFN-gamma response. Challenge using vaccinia virus (VV)-gag demonstrated significantly lower recoverable VV for RD HIV-immunized mice compared to controls. No significant differences were observed in vaccinated mice challenged with wild-type VV. This study demonstrates the efficacy of RD HIV in conferring HIV-specific immunity and protection in mice and suggests its potential use in humans as either a prophylactic or a therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Baliga
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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27
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Abstract
HIV poses a serious health threat in the world. Mucosal transmission of HIV through the genitourinary tract may be the most important route of transmission. Intranasal immunisations induce vaginal and systemic immune responses. Various protein-, DNA- and RNA-based immunopotentiating adjuvants/delivery systems and live bacterial and viral vectors are available for intranasal immunisations, and these systems may differ in their ability to induce a specific type of immune response (e.g., a cytotoxic T cell versus an antibody response). As the protection against HIV may require both cytotoxic T cell and antibodies, a combination of adjuvants/delivery systems for combinations of mucosal and parenteral immunisations may be required in order to develop a protective anti-HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vajdy
- Chiron Vaccines, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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28
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Vajdy M. Current Efforts on Generation of Optimal Immune Responses against HIV through Mucosal Immunisations. Drugs R D 2006; 7:267-88. [PMID: 16922589 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200607050-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, over 40 million HIV-infected individuals are found around the globe, with an additional 15,000 daily infections. There is a general consensus that the most effective way to prevent new infections is to introduce a prophylactic vaccine. It is also generally agreed that both cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and neutralising antibodies are important to mediate protection. The neutralising antibodies must be broadly reactive to neutralise multiple primary isolates. There is also increasing agreement that CTLs and neutralising antibodies should be present at mucosal sites of HIV entry, the draining lymph nodes and systemically. The route of immunisation is important when determining the site where protection is desired, i.e. the female genitourinary tract versus the male or female rectum versus systemic tissues, as are the type of HIV-related antigens, immunopotentiating adjuvants and delivery systems. Finally, multiple vaccine delivery systems may be required to be administered through both mucosal and parenteral routes to induce optimal immune responses and protection against HIV infection through rectal, vaginal or systemic routes of transmission. This review discusses current efforts on the generation of optimal immune responses against HIV in the genitourinary and intestinal tracts using mucosal immunisations alone or combinations of mucosal and parenteral immunisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vajdy
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
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29
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Miller CJ, Abel K. Immune mechanisms associated with protection from vaginal SIV challenge in rhesus monkeys infected with virulence-attenuated SHIV 89.6. J Med Primatol 2005; 34:271-81. [PMID: 16128922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2005.00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although live-attenuated human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) vaccines may never be used clinically, these vaccines have provided the most durable protection from intravenous (IV) challenge in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus macaque model. Systemic infection with virulence attenuated-simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) 89.6 provides protection against vaginal SIV challenge. This paper reviews the findings related to the innate and adaptive immune responses and the role of inflammation associated with protection in the SHIV 89.6/SIVmac239 model. By an as yet undefined mechanism, most monkeys vaccinated with live-attenuated SHIV 89.6 mounted effective anti-viral CD8+ T cell responses while avoiding the self-destructive inflammatory cycle found in the lymphoid tissues of unprotected and unvaccinated monkeys.
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30
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Stebbings R, Berry N, Waldmann H, Bird P, Hale G, Stott J, North D, Hull R, Hall J, Lines J, Brown S, D'Arcy N, Davis L, Elsley W, Edwards C, Ferguson D, Allen J, Almond N. CD8+ lymphocytes do not mediate protection against acute superinfection 20 days after vaccination with a live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 2005; 79:12264-72. [PMID: 16160152 PMCID: PMC1211523 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.19.12264-12272.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to test the hypothesis that CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes mediate protection against acute superinfection, we depleted >99% of CD8+ lymphocytes in live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus macC8 (SIVmacC8) vaccinees from the onset of vaccination, maintained that depletion for 20 days, and then challenged with pathogenic, wild-type SIVmacJ5. Vaccinees received 5 mg per kg of humanized anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1 h before inoculation, followed by the same dose again on days 3, 7, 10, 13, and 17. On day 13, peripheral CD8+ T lymphocytes were >99% depleted in three out of four anti-CD8 MAb-treated vaccinees. At this time attenuated SIVmacC8 viral RNA loads in anti-CD8 MAb-treated vaccinees were significantly higher than control vaccinees treated contemporaneously with nonspecific human immunoglobulin. Lymphoid tissue CD8+ T lymphocyte depletion was >99% in three out of four anti-CD8 MAb-treated vaccinees on the day of wild-type SIVmacJ5 challenge. All four control vaccinees and three out of four anti-CD8 MAb-treated vaccinees were protected against detectable superinfection with wild-type SIVmacJ5. Although superinfection with wild-type SIVmacJ5 was detected at postmortem in a single anti-CD8 MAb-treated vaccinee, this did not correlate with the degree of preceding CD8+ T lymphocyte depletion. Clearance of attenuated SIVmacC8 viremia coincided with recovery of normal CD8+ T lymphocyte counts between days 48 and 76. These results support the view that cytotoxic T lymphocytes are important for host-mediated control of SIV primary viremia but do not indicate a central role in protection against acute superinfection conferred by inoculation with live attenuated SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Stebbings
- Division of Immunology, NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
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31
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Broche-Pierre S, Richardson J, Moraillon A, Sonigo P. Evaluation of live feline immunodeficiency virus vaccines with modified antigenic properties. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:2495-2506. [PMID: 16099908 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated viruses have typically been generated from pathogenic viruses by genetic modifications that modified their replicative capacity. The present study investigated whether modification of the antigenic properties of live-attenuated viruses might improve upon the protection that such vaccines afford against lentivirus infection. In a previous study, random amino acid substitutions were introduced into the transmembrane envelope glycoprotein of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), within a highly conserved domain (principal immunodominant domain) bearing immunodominant B-cell epitopes. Amongst a wide set of mutants, mutations that modified antibody specificity without abolishing infectivity ex vivo were selected. In the present study, two such mutants, TN14 and TN92, were evaluated for their replicative capacities and pathogenic properties in vivo in comparison with the parental virus, FIV 34TF10. No significant differences in viral load were observed between mutant and parental viruses. After 1 year of infection, all animals were subjected to a heterologous intraclade superinfection with a primary strain of FIV. Whilst both parental and modified viruses protected cats from high viral loads after superinfection, the TN92 virus afforded a higher degree of protection (P=0·0079). Such improvement in protection might correlate with a decrease in the immunogenicity of a B-cell epitope potentially involved in antibody enhancement of infection.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Base Sequence
- Cat Diseases/immunology
- Cat Diseases/prevention & control
- Cat Diseases/virology
- Cats
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Products, env/administration & dosage
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/pathogenicity
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Lentivirus Infections/immunology
- Lentivirus Infections/prevention & control
- Lentivirus Infections/veterinary
- Lentivirus Infections/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Broche-Pierre
- Génétique des Virus, Institut Cochin (INSERM U567, CNRS UMR8104), 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- Génétique des Virus, Institut Cochin (INSERM U567, CNRS UMR8104), 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Anne Moraillon
- UMR INRA-ENVA-AFSSA 1161 de Virologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), 7 rue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pierre Sonigo
- Génétique des Virus, Institut Cochin (INSERM U567, CNRS UMR8104), 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
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Busch M, Abel K, Li J, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Miller CJ. Efficacy of a SHIV 89.6 proviral DNA vaccine against mucosal SIVmac239 challenge. Vaccine 2005; 23:4036-47. [PMID: 15963361 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sixty percent of rhesus macaques infected with virulence attenuated virus SHIV 89.6 are protected from subsequent intravaginal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac239 [Abel K, Compton L, Rourke T, Montefiori D, Lu D, Rothaeusler K, et al. Simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6-induced protection against intravaginal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac239 is independent of the route of immunization and is associated with a combination of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and alpha interferon responses. J Virol 2003;77(5):3099-118; Miller CJ, McChesney MB, Lu X, Dailey PJ, Chutkowski C, Lu D, et al. Rhesus macaques previously infected with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are protected from vaginal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac239. J Virol 1997;71(3):1911-21]. Previously, we have shown that inoculation with a proviral plasmid encoding SHIV 89.6 (pMA SHIV-89.6) results in systemic infection that is delayed compared to SHIV 89.6 virus inoculation [Busch M, Lu D, Fritts L, Lifson JD, Miller CJ. Comparison of virology and immunology in SHIV 89.6 proviral DNA and virus-inoculated rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 2003;32(4-5):240-6]. We now report that, although monkeys inoculated with pMA SHIV-89.6 or SHIV 89.6 virus had similar plasma anti-SIV binding antibody titers and number of anti-SIV IFN-gamma secreting cells on the day of mucosal SIVmac239 challenge, a smaller proportion of monkeys immunized with pMA SHIV-89.6 were protected from vaginal SIVmac239 challenge compared to monkeys immunized using SHIV 89.6 virus. Protected DNA immunized monkeys had stronger anti-SIV IFN-gamma ELISPOT responses in the acute stage post-challenge than unprotected monkeys. Plasma anti-SIV binding antibody titers and PBMC cytokine responses in the acute stages post-challenge were similar in DNA vaccinated-protected and DNA vaccinated-unprotected monkeys. These results suggest that the delay in systemic infection resulting from delivery of SHIV 89.6 as a plasmid decreased the effectiveness of this live attenuated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Busch
- California National Primate Research Center, University California-Davis, County Road 98, Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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33
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Staprans SI, Feinberg MB. The roles of nonhuman primates in the preclinical evaluation of candidate AIDS vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2005; 3:S5-32. [PMID: 15285703 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.3.4.s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies in nonhuman primates (NHP) play key roles in AIDS vaccine development efforts. In addition to their traditional utilization to gauge vaccine safety and immunogenicity, NHP models are currently employed to an unprecedented extent and in unprecedented ways in contemporary basic and applied vaccine development efforts. Current studies employ NHP models to probe fundamental mechanisms of primate immune system regulation, to investigate pathogenic mechanisms of AIDS, and to optimize immunization strategies involving novel vaccine vectors. The use of experimental challenges of immunized NHPs with either simian immunodeficiency virus or chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus to generate preclinical vaccine efficacy data has emerged as an important criterion for facilitating entry of a given vaccine candidate into early phase clinical evaluation in humans. However, for studies of the biology of AIDS virus transmission, AIDS virus disease pathogenesis and AIDS virus vaccine efficacy that are predicated on experimental viral challenge to be most valuable, additional efforts need to be devoted to generating challenge models that more closely recapitulate HIV-1 infection in humans. Towards this end, improved communication between clinical and preclinical investigators, to promote a bidirectional flow of information focusing on individual research needs and shared goals should enable the NHP models to most effectively expedite progress toward the development of a safe and effective AIDS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvija I Staprans
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.
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34
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Heeney JL. Requirement of diverse T-helper responses elicited by HIV vaccines: induction of highly targeted humoral and CTL responses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2005; 3:S53-64. [PMID: 15285705 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.3.4.s53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With the continued spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic at alarming proportions there is a sense of urgency for an effective prophylactic HIV vaccine. However, in addition to the social, geopolitical and public health problems, the scientific challenges often seem insurmountable. Empirical approaches to develop an HIV/AIDS vaccine have been unsuccessful and this, coupled with the recent failure of the first Phase III clinical trials, calls for a strong rational approach based on a deeper scientific understanding of the correlates of immunity observed in both preclinical and clinical settings. While the field has been polarized between those who have been proponents of vaccines that induce strong cytotoxic T-cell responses, and those who advocate inducing neutralizing antibody responses, we have maintained middle ground. Based on our early preclinical observations in rigorous nonhuman primate vaccine efficacy studies, we have focused on vaccine strategies that induce potent T-helper immune responses capable of driving both cytotoxic, as well as broad highly effective neutralizing antibodies. The critical issue remains in the selection of the specific vaccine antigens. To date, our approach has been to utilize multiple structural as well as regulatory HIV antigens containing highly conserved epitopes. The current challenge faced is to design novel antigens based on mimicking envelope structures capable of inducing broad neutralizing antibodies. Our aim is to combine these with immunization strategies capable of eliciting potent cellular as well as humoral immune responses with the ultimate goal of providing mucosal barriers to HIV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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35
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Stebbings R, Berry N, Stott J, Hull R, Walker B, Lines J, Elsley W, Brown S, Wade-Evans A, Davis G, Cowie J, Sethi M, Almond N. Vaccination with live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus for 21 days protects against superinfection. Virology 2004; 330:249-60. [PMID: 15527850 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Revised: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification of mechanisms that prevent infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) would facilitate the development of an effective AIDS vaccine. In time-course experiments, protection against detectable superinfection with homologous wild-type SIV was achieved within 21 days of inoculation with live attenuated SIV, prior to the development of detectable anti-SIV humoral immunity. Partial protection against superinfection was achieved within 10 days of inoculation with live attenuated SIV, prior to the development of detectable anti-SIV humoral and cellular immunity. Furthermore, co-inoculation of live attenuated SIV with wild-type SIV resulted in a significant reduction in peak virus loads compared to controls that received wild-type SIV alone. These findings imply that innate immunity or non-immune mechanisms are a significant component of early protection against superinfection conferred by inoculation with live attenuated SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Stebbings
- Division of Immunology, NIBSC, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
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36
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Abel K, Rourke T, Lu D, Bost K, McChesney MB, Miller CJ. Abrogation of attenuated lentivirus-induced protection in rhesus macaques by administration of depo-provera before intravaginal challenge with simian immunodeficiency virus mac239. J Infect Dis 2004; 190:1697-705. [PMID: 15478078 PMCID: PMC3401018 DOI: 10.1086/424600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In nonhuman primate models of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, live attenuated lentiviruses provide the most reliable protection from systemic and mucosal challenge with pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Although live attenuated lentiviruses may never be used in humans because of safety concerns, understanding the nature of the protective immune mechanisms induced by live attenuated vaccines in primate models will be useful for developing other vaccine approaches. Approximately 60% of rhesus macaques immunized with nonpathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) strain 89.6 are protected from infection or clinical disease after intravaginal (IVAG) challenge with pathogenic SIVmac239. The goal of the present study was to determine whether administration of Depo-Provera before IVAG challenge with SIV decreases the protective efficacy of infection with SHIV89.6. The rate of protection after IVAG challenge with SIVmac239 was significantly lower (P<.05), and the acute postchallenge plasma viral RNA levels were significantly higher (P<.006), in Depo-Provera-treated, SHIV89.6-immunized macaques than in Depo-Provera-naive, SHIV89.6-immunized macaques. In the primate model of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, treatment with progesterone before IVAG challenge with a pathogenic virus can decrease the efficacy of a model "vaccine."
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Abel
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis
| | - Tracy Rourke
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis
| | - Ding Lu
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis
| | - Kristen Bost
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis
| | - Michael B. McChesney
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California at Davis
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37
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW When simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) deleted in the nef gene caused no disease in macaques and provided protection against wild-type SIV challenge, hopes were high that the removal of nef would convert a pathogenic immunodeficiency virus into a live attenuated vaccine. We seek to highlight recent studies focused on several major issues regarding live attenuated AIDS viruses as vaccine candidates: (1). safety, (2). efficacy, (3). the correlates of immune protection, and (4) the molecular determinants for lentiviral virulence or attenuation. RECENT FINDINGS Nef-deletion mutants have retained virulence; compared with wild-type SIV, disease progression was slowed but not abrogated. After long-term observation, all adult macaques given SIVmac239delta3 exhibited immune dysfunction; over 50% had T-cell depletion, and 18% developed AIDS. Vaccine efficacy has been disappointing, with limited or no cross-protection and no protection against homologous virus challenge years after initial vaccination. To date, the correlates of protective immunity have defied precise definition; no dominant mechanism has yet emerged. Data from passive serum transfer and CD8+ T-cell depletion studies have raised the possibility that alternate mechanism of protection may be operative. Due to relentless viral replication and continuous selective pressure, initially benign viruses can generate virulent progeny with unpredictable genotypes. SUMMARY Neither safety nor efficacy of the current live attenuated primate immunodeficiency virus vaccines has withstood the test of time. However, such viruses are invaluable tools to address two key questions: (1). what are the correlates of protection, and (2). what are the molecular determinants of viral immunopathogenesis?
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Whitney
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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39
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Patterson LJ, Malkevitch N, Venzon D, Pinczewski J, Gómez-Román VR, Wang L, Kalyanaraman VS, Markham PD, Robey FA, Robert-Guroff M. Protection against mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(mac251) challenge by using replicating adenovirus-SIV multigene vaccine priming and subunit boosting. J Virol 2004; 78:2212-21. [PMID: 14963117 PMCID: PMC369221 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.5.2212-2221.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas several recent AIDS vaccine strategies have protected rhesus macaques against a pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)(89.6P) challenge, similar approaches have provided only modest, transient reductions in viral burden after challenge with virulent, pathogenic SIV, which is more representative of HIV infection of people. We show here that priming with replicating adenovirus recombinants encoding SIV env/rev, gag, and/or nef genes, followed by boosting with SIV gp120 or an SIV polypeptide mimicking the CD4 binding region of the envelope, protects rhesus macaques from intrarectal infection with the highly pathogenic SIV(mac251). Using trend analysis, significant reductions in acute-phase and set point viremia were correlated with anti-gp120 antibody and cellular immune responses, respectively. Within immunization groups exhibiting significant protection, a subset (39%) of macaques have exhibited either no viremia, cleared viremia, or controlled viremia at the threshold of detection, now more than 40 weeks postchallenge. This combination prime-boost strategy, utilizing replication competent adenovirus, is a promising alternative for HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jean Patterson
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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40
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Abstract
This review summarizes the general parameters of cell- and antibody-mediated immune protection and the basic mechanisms responsible for what we call immunological memory. From this basis, the various successes and difficulties of vaccines are evaluated with respect to the role of antigen in maintaining protective immunity. Based on the fact that in humans during the first 12-48 months maternal antibodies from milk and serum protect against classical acute childhood and other infections, the concept is developed that maternal antibodies attenuate most infections of babies and infants and turn them into effective vaccines. If this "natural vaccination" under passive protective conditions does not occur, acute childhood diseases may be severe, unless infants are actively vaccinated with conventional vaccines early enough, i.e., in synchronization with the immune system's maturation. Although vaccines are available against the classical childhood diseases, they are not available for many seemingly milder childhood infections such as gastrointestinal and respiratory infections; these may eventually trigger immunopathological diseases. These changing balances between humans and infections caused by changes in nursing habits but also in hygiene levels may well be involved in changing disease patterns including increased frequencies of certain autoimmune and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf M Zinkernagel
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland.
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Buckley KA, Li PL, Khimani AH, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Liska V, Anderson DC, McClure HM, Ruprecht RM. Convergent evolution of SIV env after independent inoculation of rhesus macaques with infectious proviral DNA. Virology 2003; 312:470-80. [PMID: 12919751 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The env gene of three simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) variants developed convergent mutations during disease progression in six rhesus macaques. The monkeys had been inoculated with supercoiled plasmids encoding infectious proviruses of SIVmac239 (a pathogenic, wild-type strain), SIVdelta3 (the live attenuated vaccine strain derived from SIVmac239), or SIVdelta3+ (a pathogenic progeny virus that had evolved from SIVdelta3). All six monkeys developed immunodeficiency and progressed to fatal disease. Although many divergent mutations arose in env among the different hosts, three regions consistently mutated in all monkeys studied; these similar mutations developed independently even though the animals had received only a single infectious molecular clone rather than standard viral inocula that contain viral quasispecies. Together, these data indicate that the env genes of SIVmac239, SIVdelta3, and SIVdelta3+, in the context of different proviral backbones, evolve similarly in different hosts during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Buckley
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, JFB-809, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Hofmann-Lehmann R, Vlasak J, Williams AL, Chenine AL, McClure HM, Anderson DC, O'Neil S, Ruprecht RM. Live attenuated, nef-deleted SIV is pathogenic in most adult macaques after prolonged observation. AIDS 2003; 17:157-66. [PMID: 12545074 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200301240-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A live attenuated SIV vaccine strain, termed SIVmac239Delta3 and containing large deletions in, and the negative regulatory element, was previously shown to cause AIDS mostly in monkeys vaccinated as infants. In the present study, we demonstrate that SIVmac239Delta3 is pathogenic in most vaccinated adult monkeys, given enough time. METHODS Eleven rhesus macaques vaccinated as adults with SIVmac239Delta3 were followed for extended periods (up to 6.8 years). RESULTS We found signs of immune dysregulation in all 11 adult vaccinees. All animals developed persistently inverted CD4 : CD8 T-cell ratios, seven (64%) had persistent recurrent viremia, and six (55%) had decreased CD4 T-cell counts (< 500 x 10 cells/l). Further signs included low CD4CD29 lymphocyte subsets, loss of anti-Gag antibodies, anemia, thrombocytopenia, wasting, and opportunistic infections. Two adult vaccinees (18%) subsequently developed AIDS. Development of chronic, recurrent viremia with plasma viral RNA loads > or = 10 copies/ml and cytoviremia was a poor prognostic sign. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that with time, a live attenuated, multiply deleted SIV vaccine can cause immune dysregulation in most vaccine recipients, even in initially immune competent, healthy adults. Immune dysfunction can progress to full AIDS. However, pathogenic effects became evident only several years after vaccination. Thus, mass vaccination of humans with similarly constructed live attenuated HIV vaccines, recently suggested for countries with high HIV-1 transmission rates, seems contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
In contrast to other retroviruses, lentiviruses have the unique property of infecting non-proliferating cells. Thus vectors derived from lentiviruses are promising tools for in vivo gene delivery applications. Vectors derived from human primate and non-primate lentiviruses have recently been described and, unlike retroviral vectors derived from murine leukemia viruses, lead to stable integration of the transgene into quiescent cells in various organs. Despite all the safety safeguards that have been progressively introduced in lentiviral vectors, the clinical acceptance of vectors derived from pathogenic lentiviruses is subject to debate. It is therefore essential to design vectors derived from a wide range of lentivirus types and to comparatively examine their properties in terms of transduction efficiency and bio-safety. Here, we review the properties of lentiviral vectors derived from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Nègre
- Laboratoire de vectorologie rétrovirale et thérapie génique. INSERM U412, IFR 74, Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, France
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Jekle A, Schramm B, Jayakumar P, Trautner V, Schols D, De Clercq E, Mills J, Crowe SM, Goldsmith MA. Coreceptor phenotype of natural human immunodeficiency virus with nef deleted evolves in vivo, leading to increased virulence. J Virol 2002; 76:6966-73. [PMID: 12072497 PMCID: PMC136331 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.14.6966-6973.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sydney Blood Bank Cohort is a group of patients with slowly progressive infection by a human immunodeficiency virus strain containing spontaneous deletions within the nef long terminal repeat region. In 1999, 18 years after the initial infection, one of the members (D36) developed AIDS. In this work, we used an ex vivo human lymphoid cell culture system to analyze two viral isolates obtained from this patient, one prior to the onset of AIDS in 1995 and one after disease progression in 1999. Both D36 isolates were less potent in depleting CD4(+) T cells than a reference dualtropic, nef-bearing viral isolate. However, the 1999 isolate was measurably more cytotoxic to CD4(+) T cells than the 1995 isolate. Interestingly, although both isolates were nearly equally potent in depleting CCR5(+) CD4(+) T cells, the cytotoxic effect of the 1999 isolate toward CCR5(-) CD4(+) T cells was significantly higher. Furthermore, GHOST cell infection assays and blocking experiments with the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 showed that the later D36 1999 isolate could infect both CCR5(+) and CCR5(-) CXCR4(+) cells efficiently, while infection by the 1995 isolate was nearly completely restricted to CCR5(+) cells. Sequence analysis of the V1/V2 and V3 regions of the viral envelope protein gp120 revealed that the more efficient CXCR4 usage of the later isolate might be caused by an additional potential N-glycosylation site in the V1/V2 loop. In conclusion, these data show that an in vivo evolution of the tropism of this nef-deleted strain toward an X4 phenotype was associated with a higher cytopathic potential and progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jekle
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94141-9100, USA
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Nègre D, Duisit G, Mangeot PE, Moullier P, Darlix JL, Cosset FL. Lentiviral vectors derived from simian immunodeficiency virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 261:53-74. [PMID: 11892253 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56114-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Nègre
- Laboratoire de Vectorologie Rétrovirale et Thérapie Génique, INSERM U412, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR 74, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
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Rasmussen RA, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Li PL, Vlasak J, Schmitz JE, Reimann KA, Kuroda MJ, Letvin NL, Montefiori DC, McClure HM, Ruprecht RM. Neutralizing antibodies as a potential secondary protective mechanism during chronic SHIV infection in CD8+ T-cell-depleted macaques. AIDS 2002; 16:829-38. [PMID: 11919484 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200204120-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To directly examine the role of CD8+ T cells in controlling viremia and disease during chronic, low-level primate immunodeficiency virus infection in DNA prime/protein boost-vaccinated macaques. BACKGROUND A cohort of macaques, vaccinated with either a DNA prime/HIV-1 gp160 boost regimen or with gp160 alone was previously protected partially from sequential challenges with non-pathogenic and pathogenic strains of chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). In this study, the effect of temporary ablation of CD8+ T cells in these animals was examined. METHODS Animals were treated with an anti-CD8 antibody and CD8+ T-cell levels in peripheral blood, plasma viral loads, peripheral blood mononuclear cell-associated virus levels, neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers and simian immunodeficiency virus Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell numbers were followed. RESULTS Plasma viremia rose sharply in direct synchrony with a rapid but transient drop in CD8+ T cells. However, although levels of cell-associated virus also rose concomitantly, peak levels were much lower than those in virus-challenged, naive animals. In addition, despite a rise of pathogenic SHIV89.6P RNA levels in three animals, CD4+ T-cell counts remained unchanged. In each of these animals, neutralizing antibody titers against the pathogenic SHIV89.6P strain were high. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that CD8+ T cells play a key role in suppressing viremia in a chronically infected host. In addition, the results suggest that in the absence of CD8+ T cells, nAb may act as an effective second line of defense by limiting both the spread of infectious virus to new target cells and CD4+ T-cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Rasmussen
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Zinkernagel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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48
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Sharpe S, Polyanskaya N, Dennis M, Sutter G, Hanke T, Erfle V, Hirsch V, Cranage M. Induction of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CTL in rhesus macaques by vaccination with modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing SIV transgenes: influence of pre-existing anti-vector immunity. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:2215-2223. [PMID: 11514732 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-9-2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major aim in AIDS vaccine development is the definition of strategies to stimulate strong and durable cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Here we report that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CTL developed in 4/4 macaques following a single intramuscular injection of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) constructs expressing both structural and regulatory/accessory genes of SIV. In two animals Nef-specific responses persisted, but other responses diminished and new responses were not revealed, following further vaccination. Vaccination of another two macaques, expressing Mamu A*01 MHC class I, with MVA constructs containing nef and gag-pol under the control of the moderate strength natural vaccinia virus early/late promoter P7.5, again induced an early Nef-specific response, whereas responses to Gag remained undetectable. Anti-vector immunity induced by this immunization was shown to prevent the efficient stimulation of CTL directed to the cognate Gag epitope, p11C C-M, following vaccination with another MVA construct expressing SIV Gag-Pol under a strong synthetic vaccinia virus-specific promoter. In contrast, vaccination of a previously unexposed animal resulted in a SIV-specific CTL response widely disseminated in lymphoid tissues including lymph nodes associated with the rectal and genital routes of SIV entry. Thus, despite the highly attenuated nature of MVA, repeated immunization may elicit sufficient anti-vector immunity to limit the effectiveness of later vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Sharpe
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR), Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK1
| | | | - Mike Dennis
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR), Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK1
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institut für Molekulare Virologie, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany2
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK3
| | - Volker Erfle
- Institut für Molekulare Virologie, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany2
| | - Vanessa Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA4
| | - Martin Cranage
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR), Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK1
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Tobiume M, Takahoko M, Tatsumi M, Matsuda M. Establishment of a MAGI-derived indicator cell line that detects the Nef enhancement of HIV-1 infectivity with high sensitivity. J Virol Methods 2001; 97:151-8. [PMID: 11483225 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Nef protein of the simian and human immunodeficiency viruses (SIV and HIV) is regarded as one of the critical determinants of the pathogenicity of HIV-1 in vivo. The positive effect of Nef on viral replication is examined most easily in vitro by the use of indicator cells such as HeLa-CD4-LTR-beta-gal cells (MAGI) or MAGIC5 cells, which are MAGI-derived, CCR5-expressing cells. However, Nef increases the infectivity of many HIV-1 strains no more than 10-fold in these indicator cells. It was noted that MAGI cells expressing a lower level of CD4 enabled us to discriminate more clearly between wild-type and Nef-defective virions. A MAGIC5-derived cell line, MAGNEF, which stably expressed a low level of CD4, was established. The infectivity of the Nef-defective HIV-1 NL4-3 strain was consistently less than one-twentieth of that of the wild type in MAGNEF cells. By using MAGNEF cells, it was shown that Nef enhanced the infectivity of a subtype C HIV-1, Indie-C1 strain, although the effect of Nef on Indie-C1 was significantly less than that on the subtype B strains NL4-3 and SF2. These results validate the versatility of MAGNEF cells for use in the simple and sensitive assay for the level of Nef dependence of various HIV-1 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tobiume
- Department of Pathology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, 162-8655, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Crotty S, Miller CJ, Lohman BL, Neagu MR, Compton L, Lu D, Lü FX, Fritts L, Lifson JD, Andino R. Protection against simian immunodeficiency virus vaginal challenge by using Sabin poliovirus vectors. J Virol 2001; 75:7435-52. [PMID: 11462016 PMCID: PMC114979 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.16.7435-7452.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we provide the first report of protection against a vaginal challenge with a highly virulent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) by using a vaccine vector. New poliovirus vectors based on Sabin 1 and 2 vaccine strain viruses were constructed, and these vectors were used to generate a series of new viruses containing SIV gag, pol, env, nef, and tat in overlapping fragments. Two cocktails of 20 transgenic polioviruses (SabRV1-SIV and SabRV2-SIV) were inoculated into seven cynomolgus macaques. All monkeys produced substantial anti-SIV serum and mucosal antibody responses. SIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses were detected in three of seven monkeys after vaccination. All 7 vaccinated macaques, as well as 12 control macaques, were challenged vaginally with pathogenic SIVmac251. Strikingly, four of the seven vaccinated animals exhibited substantial protection against the vaginal SIV challenge. All 12 control monkeys became SIV positive. In two of the seven SabRV-SIV-vaccinated monkeys we found no virological evidence of infection following challenge, indicating that these two monkeys were completely protected. Two additional SabRV-SIV-vaccinated monkeys exhibited a pronounced reduction in postacute viremia to <10(3) copies/ml, suggesting that the vaccine elicited an effective cellular immune response. Three of six control animals developed clinical AIDS by 48 weeks postchallenge. In contrast, all seven vaccinated monkeys remained healthy as judged by all clinical parameters. These results demonstrate the efficacy of SabRV as a potential human vaccine vector, and they show that the use of a vaccine vector cocktail expressing an array of defined antigenic sequences can be an effective vaccination strategy in an outbred population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Crotty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA
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