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Tang H, Zhang J, Zhu L, Jiang X, Pei C, Li L, Kong X. Characteristics of CD4-1 gene and its immune responses against Aeromonas veronii infection by activating NF-κB signaling in Qihe crucian carp Carassius auratus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109318. [PMID: 38142019 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
CD4-1 found in bony fish contains four extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains similar to that of mammalian CD4, which is crucial for the activation of CD4+ helper T-cell. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the molecular markers, immune functions and regulation mechanism of CD4-1 in teleosts due to their vast diversity. In this study, we cloned and characterized two isoforms of Qihe crucian carp CD4-1, designated as CaCD4-1.1 and CaCD4-1.2. We further explored their expression responses upon stimulation with Aeromonas veronii, and the regulation of their immune responses against A. veronii by NF-κB. The ORF of CaCD4-1.1 and CaCD4-1.2 cDNA encoded 477 and 466 amino acids, respectively. Both proteins contained seven conserved cysteine residues in the extracellular domain, and a CCC motif in their cytoplasm, respectively. However, CaCD4-1.1 exhibited a relatively limited similarity with CaCD4-1.2 in the ectodomain. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the mRNA expression of CaCD4-1.1 and CaCD4-1.2 exhibited differential constitutive expression across all examined tissues. Furthermore, the expression level of CD4-1.2 was higher than that of CD4-1.1 in the gills, head kidney, and spleen of Qihe crucian carp subjected to A. veronii challenge, while it was lower in the trunk kidney. Inhibition of NF-κB activity resulted in a decrease in the expression levels of CD4-1.1 and CD4-1.2 mRNA in the gill, while inducing an increase in expression levels in the spleen, in accordance with the observed ultrastructural changes in both organs. Interestingly, the impact of NF-κB on the mRNA expression level of CD4-1.1 appears to be stronger than that of CD4-1.2. Our results suggest that CaCD4-1.1 and CaCD4-1.2 could be expressed on T cells and antigen-sampling cells that exhibit similar characteristics to mammalian M cells, respectively, and differentially regulated by NF-κB in adaptive immune responses against bacterial infection. This research contributes to a better understanding of the crucial role of CD4-1 in the immune response of Qihe crucian carp and provide novel insights for the prevention and treatment of fish diseases in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Tang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Chao Pei
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China.
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2
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Gaud G, Achar S, Bourassa FXP, Davies J, Hatzihristidis T, Choi S, Kondo T, Gossa S, Lee J, Juneau P, Taylor N, Hinrichs CS, McGavern DB, François P, Altan-Bonnet G, Love PE. CD3ζ ITAMs enable ligand discrimination and antagonism by inhibiting TCR signaling in response to low-affinity peptides. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:2121-2134. [PMID: 37945821 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) contains ten immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) signaling sequences distributed within six CD3 subunits; however, the reason for such structural complexity and multiplicity is unclear. Here we evaluated the effect of inactivating the three CD3ζ chain ITAMs on TCR signaling and T cell effector responses using a conditional 'switch' mouse model. Unexpectedly, we found that T cells expressing TCRs containing inactivated (non-signaling) CD3ζ ITAMs (6F-CD3ζ) exhibited reduced ability to discriminate between low- and high-affinity ligands, resulting in enhanced signaling and cytokine responses to low-affinity ligands because of a previously undetected inhibitory function of CD3ζ ITAMs. Also, 6F-CD3ζ TCRs were refractory to antagonism, as predicted by a new in silico adaptive kinetic proofreading model that revises the role of ITAM multiplicity in TCR signaling. Finally, T cells expressing 6F-CD3ζ displayed enhanced cytolytic activity against solid tumors expressing low-affinity ligands, identifying a new counterintuitive approach to TCR-mediated cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gaud
- Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sooraj Achar
- Immunodynamics Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - François X P Bourassa
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal QC, Canada
| | - John Davies
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Teri Hatzihristidis
- Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seeyoung Choi
- Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Taisuke Kondo
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Selamawit Gossa
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jan Lee
- Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Juneau
- National Institutes of Health Library, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian S Hinrichs
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Duncan and Nancy MacMillan Cancer Immunology and Metabolism Center of Excellence, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul François
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Mila Québec, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- Immunodynamics Section, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul E Love
- Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Modulating T Cell Responses by Targeting CD3. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041189. [PMID: 36831533 PMCID: PMC9953819 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the immune system to fight cancer has become a reality with the clinical success of immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibodies against PD(L)-1 and CTLA-4. However, not all cancer patients respond to ICB. Thus, there is a need to modulate the immune system through alternative strategies for improving clinical responses to ICB. The CD3-T cell receptor (TCR) is the canonical receptor complex on T cells. It provides the "first signal" that initiates T cell activation and determines the specificity of the immune response. The TCR confers the binding specificity whilst the CD3 subunits facilitate signal transduction necessary for T cell activation. While the mechanisms through which antigen sensing and signal transduction occur in the CD3-TCR complex are still under debate, recent revelations regarding the intricate 3D structure of the CD3-TCR complex might open the possibility of modulating its activity by designing targeted drugs and tools, including aptamers. In this review, we summarize the basis of CD3-TCR complex assembly and survey the clinical and preclinical therapeutic tools available to modulate CD3-TCR function for potentiating cancer immunotherapy.
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4
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Tang H, Zhu L, Zhao X, Jiang X, Zhang J, Pei C, Li L, Kong X. Characterization of CD3γ/δ gene and its immune response in Qihe crucian carp Carassius auratus after challenged by Aeromonas veronii and Poly(I:C). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108550. [PMID: 36646341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
CD3γ/δ found in non-mammalian vertebrates is a CD3 homolog with structural characteristics similar to both mammalian CD3γ and CD3δ, and plays important roles in T cell recognization and immune response in fish. In this study, the full-length of CD3γ/δ from Qihe crucian carp (named CaCD3γ/δ) was cloned and characterized, then the expression response profiles and potential immune functions was explored after Aeromonas veronii and Poly(I:C) challenge. The results showed that the full-length of CaCD3γ/δ was 819 bp including a 5'-UTR of 141 bp, a 3'-UTR of 168 bp, and an ORF of 510 bp encoding a putative 169-aa protein with an estimated MW of 18.71 kD and a theoretical pI of 8.77. The protein sequence of CaCD3γ/δ contained a Leu-Leu and a CXXXC motif in the extracellular domain, and an ITAM and a Leu-Ile motif in the cytoplasm, and a residue of Asn in the transmembrane. CaCD3γ/δ was constitutively expressed in the spleen, liver, gill, and blood of Qihe crucian carp. After the carp were challenged with Poly(I:C) and Aeromonas veronii, the mRNA expression levels of CaCD3γ/δ were significantly changed in the spleen, head kidney, intestine and gill, according to the results of qPCR. However, compared with A. veronii, Poly(I:C) challenge can rapidly induce the CaCD3γ/δ expression levels in head kidney, intestine and spleen, which suggested CaCD3γ/δ may be differentially modulated by different pathogens. Moreover, the results of immunohistochemical analysis showed that the CaCD3γ/δ+ secreted cells in the spleen and gills of Qihe crucian were increased after challenged with Poly(I:C), as well as the spleen challenged with A. veronii, but at different levels. Combined with the fact that vascular congestion, necrosis of parenchymal cells, and inflammatory cells including lymphocytes infiltration were also observed in the gill and spleen of Qihe crucian carp treated with A. veronii and Poly(I:C) revealed by pathological analysis, it was predicted that CaCD3γ/δ+ T lymphocytes may participated in the immune response against pathogens. This study will contribute to understand the important role of CaCD3γ/δ+ T lymphocytes in the immune response of Qihe crucian carp, and provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of the diseases of Qihe crucian carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Tang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xianliang Zhao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Chao Pei
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China.
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5
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Satoh T, Kayano H, Takahashi N, Tsukasaki K, Yasuda M. Diagnostic utility of the aberrant immunohistochemical expression of CD3 molecules for peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Ann Diagn Pathol 2022; 60:152013. [PMID: 35905535 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.152013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The histological diagnosis of peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) is often challenging. Flow cytometry (FCM) sometimes shows the loss of pan-T-cell markers for PTCLs, suggesting the neoplastic nature of these cells. Immunohistochemically, the total loss of pan-T-cell markers has been demonstrated in PTCLs. Furthermore, except for the total loss, the aberrant immunohistochemical expressions of pan-T-cell markers have also been empirically observed in PTCLs, but the details remain unexamined. Therefore, the present study semi-quantitatively evaluated the aberrant expression of cytoplasmic CD3ε (cCD3ε), the most common immunohistochemical pan-T-cell marker, in 91 PTCL cases. The expressions of the other CD3 molecules, CD3δ, CD3γ, and CD3ζ were also examined. Frequencies of the total immunohistochemical loss of CD3 molecules and loss of surface CD3ε (sCD3ε) in FCM were analyzed for comparison. The results showed atypical, aberrant expression patterns for immunohistochemical CD3 molecules: perinuclear, cytoplasmic, membranous, and partial negative. The frequency of each molecule was as follows: cCD3ε 40.7 %, CD3δ 26.4 %, CD3γ 53.8 %, and CD3ζ 54.9 %, especially the latter two showed high frequency in peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, and adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia. Immunohistochemical total loss was less than aberrant expression in all CD3 molecules, with the frequency of cCD3ε being the lowest (6.6 %). The loss of sCD3ε in FCM was observed in 43.3 % of cases, with a similar frequency to the aberrant expression of cCD3ε. In conclusion, the aberrant immunohistochemical expression of cCD3ε was a useful finding as is sCD3ε loss in FCM, but CD3γ and CD3ζ were more useful, facilitating the diagnosis of PTCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsugumi Satoh
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University, International Medical Center, 1397-1, Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1298, Japan.
| | - Hidekazu Kayano
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University, International Medical Center, 1397-1, Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1298, Japan; Faculty of Health and Medical Care, School of Medical Technology, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1, Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1298, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Department of Hematopoietic Tumor, Saitama Medical University, International Medical Center, 1397-1, Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1298, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Tsukasaki
- Department of Hematopoietic Tumor, Saitama Medical University, International Medical Center, 1397-1, Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1298, Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuda
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University, International Medical Center, 1397-1, Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1298, Japan
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6
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Tang H, Jiang X, Zhang J, Pei C, Zhao X, Li L, Kong X. Teleost CD4 + helper T cells: Molecular characteristics and functions and comparison with mammalian counterparts. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 240:110316. [PMID: 34474261 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ helper T cells play key and diverse roles in inducing adaptive immune responses in vertebrates. The CD4 molecule, which is found on the surfaces of CD4+ helper T cells, can be used to distinguish subsets of helper T cells. Teleosts are the oldest living species with bona-fide CD4 coreceptors. Although some components of immune systems of teleosts and mammals appear to be similar, many physiological differences are represented between them. Previous studies have shown that two CD4 paralogs are present in teleosts, whereas only one is present in mammals. Therefore, in this review, the CD4 molecular structure, expression profiles, subpopulations, and biological functions of teleost CD4+ helper T cells were summarized and compared with those of their mammalian counterparts to understand the differences in CD4 molecules between teleosts and mammals. This review provides suggestions for further studies on the CD4 molecular function and regulatory mechanism of CD4+ helper T cells in teleost fish and will help establish therapeutic strategies to control fish diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Tang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Chao Pei
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xianliang Zhao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China.
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7
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Picchietti S, Buonocore F, Guerra L, Belardinelli MC, De Wolf T, Couto A, Fausto AM, Saraceni PR, Miccoli A, Scapigliati G. Molecular and cellular characterization of European sea bass CD3ε + T lymphocytes and their modulation by microalgal feed supplementation. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:149-165. [PMID: 33433686 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The CD3 coreceptor is a master T cell surface marker, and genes encoding CD3ζ, γδ, and ε chains have been reported in several teleost fish. Here, a complete cDNA sequence of CD3ɛ chain was identified from a sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) gill transcriptome. Its basal expression was quantified in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs of sea bass juveniles with real-time qPCR analysis. After either in vitro stimulation of head kidney leukocytes with the T-cell mitogen phytohaemagglutinin or in vivo stimulation with an orally administered Vibrio anguillarum vaccine, CD3ε expression levels increased in head kidney leukocytes, confirming that CD3ε T cells may play important roles in fish systemic protection against pathogens. Further, three peptides were designed on the CD3ɛ cytoplasmic tail region and employed as immunogens for antibody production in rabbit. One antiserum so obtained, named RACD3/1, immunostained a band of the expected size in a western blot of a sea bass thymocyte lysate. The distribution of CD3ε+ lymphocyte population in the lymphoid organs and mucosal tissues was addressed in healthy fish by IHC. In decreasing percentage order, CD3ε+ lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry in thymus, peripheral blood leukocytes, gills, head kidney, gut, and spleen. Finally, a significant in vivo enhancement of CD3ε+ T intestinal lymphocytes was found in fish fed on diets in which 100% fish meal was replaced by the microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. biomass. These results indicate that CD3ε+ T cells are involved in nutritional immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Laura Guerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Belardinelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Tania De Wolf
- INVE Aquaculture Research Center, Dendermond, Belgium
| | - Ana Couto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Paolo Roberto Saraceni
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Andrea Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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8
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Wang Y, Xiang Y, Xin VW, Wang XW, Peng XC, Liu XQ, Wang D, Li N, Cheng JT, Lyv YN, Cui SZ, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Xin HW. Dendritic cell biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:107. [PMID: 32746880 PMCID: PMC7397618 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As crucial antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in tumor immunotherapy. Taking into account the many recent advances in DC biology, we discuss how DCs (1) recognize pathogenic antigens with pattern recognition receptors through specific phagocytosis and through non-specific micropinocytosis, (2) process antigens into small peptides with proper sizes and sequences, and (3) present MHC-peptides to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to initiate immune responses against invading microbes and aberrant host cells. During anti-tumor immune responses, DC-derived exosomes were discovered to participate in antigen presentation. T cell microvillar dynamics and TCR conformational changes were demonstrated upon DC antigen presentation. Caspase-11-driven hyperactive DCs were recently reported to convert effectors into memory T cells. DCs were also reported to crosstalk with NK cells. Additionally, DCs are the most important sentinel cells for immune surveillance in the tumor microenvironment. Alongside DC biology, we review the latest developments for DC-based tumor immunotherapy in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Personalized DC vaccine-induced T cell immunity, which targets tumor-specific antigens, has been demonstrated to be a promising form of tumor immunotherapy in patients with melanoma. Importantly, allogeneic-IgG-loaded and HLA-restricted neoantigen DC vaccines were discovered to have robust anti-tumor effects in mice. Our comprehensive review of DC biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy aids in the understanding of DCs as the mentors of T cells and as novel tumor immunotherapy cells with immense potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Gynaecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ying Xiang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | | | - Xian-Wang Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Ning Lyv
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China. .,Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,People's Hospital of Lianjiang, Lianjiang, 524400, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Barberis M, Helikar T, Verbruggen P. Simulation of Stimulation: Cytokine Dosage and Cell Cycle Crosstalk Driving Timing-Dependent T Cell Differentiation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:879. [PMID: 30116196 PMCID: PMC6083814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering an appropriate protective response against invading agents is crucial to the effectiveness of human innate and adaptive immunity. Pathogen recognition and elimination requires integration of a myriad of signals from many different immune cells. For example, T cell functioning is not qualitatively, but quantitatively determined by cellular and humoral signals. Tipping the balance of signals, such that one of these is favored or gains advantage on another one, may impact the plasticity of T cells. This may lead to switching their phenotypes and, ultimately, modulating the balance between proliferating and memory T cells to sustain an appropriate immune response. We hypothesize that, similar to other intracellular processes such as the cell cycle, the process of T cell differentiation is the result of: (i) pleiotropy (pattern) and (ii) magnitude (dosage/concentration) of input signals, as well as (iii) their timing and duration. That is, a flexible, yet robust immune response upon recognition of the pathogen may result from the integration of signals at the right dosage and timing. To investigate and understand how system's properties such as T cell plasticity and T cell-mediated robust response arise from the interplay between these signals, the use of experimental toolboxes that modulate immune proteins may be explored. Currently available methodologies to engineer T cells and a recently devised strategy to measure protein dosage may be employed to precisely determine, for example, the expression of transcription factors responsible for T cell differentiation into various subtypes. Thus, the immune response may be systematically investigated quantitatively. Here, we provide a perspective of how pattern, dosage and timing of specific signals, called interleukins, may influence T cell activation and differentiation during the course of the immune response. We further propose that interleukins alone cannot explain the phenotype variability observed in T cells. Specifically, we provide evidence that the dosage of intercellular components of both the immune system and the cell cycle regulating cell proliferation may contribute to T cell activation, differentiation, as well as T cell memory formation and maintenance. Altogether, we envision that a qualitative (pattern) and quantitative (dosage) crosstalk between the extracellular milieu and intracellular proteins leads to T cell plasticity and robustness. The understanding of this complex interplay is crucial to predict and prevent scenarios where tipping the balance of signals may be compromised, such as in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Barberis
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Physiology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tomáš Helikar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Paul Verbruggen
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Miyazawa R, Murata N, Matsuura Y, Shibasaki Y, Yabu T, Nakanishi T. Peculiar Expression of CD3-Epsilon in Kidney of Ginbuna Crucian Carp. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1321. [PMID: 29951063 PMCID: PMC6008321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TCR/CD3 complex is composed of the disulfide-linked TCR-αβ heterodimer that recognizes the antigen as a peptide presented by the MHC, and non-covalently paired CD3γε- and δε-chains together with disulfide-linked ζ-chain homodimers. The CD3 chains play key roles in T cell development and T cell activation. In the present study, we found nor or extremely lower expression of CD3ε in head- and trunk-kidney lymphocytes by flow cytometric analysis, while CD3ε was expressed at the normal level in lymphocytes from thymus, spleen, intestine, gill, and peripheral blood. Furthermore, CD4-1+ and CD8α+ T cells from kidney express Zap-70, but not CD3ε, while the T cells from other tissues express both Zap-70 and CD3ε, although expression of CD3ε was low. Quantitative analysis of mRNA expression revealed that the expression level of T cell-related genes including tcrb, cd3ε, zap-70, and lck in CD4-1+ and CD8α+ T cells was not different between kidney and spleen. Western blot analysis showed that CD3ε band was detected in the cell lysates of spleen but not kidney. To be interested, CD3ε-positive cells greatly increased after 24 h in in vitro culture of kidney leukocytes. Furthermore, expression of CD3ε in both transferred kidney and spleen leukocytes was not detected or very low in kidney, while both leukocytes expressed CD3ε at normal level in spleen when kidney and spleen leukocytes were injected into the isogeneic recipient. Lower expression of CD3ε was also found in kidney T lymphocytes of goldfish and carp. These results indicate that kidney lymphocytes express no or lower level of CD3ε protein in the kidney, although the mRNA of the gene was expressed. Here, we discuss this phenomenon from the point of function of kidney as reservoir for T lymphocytes in teleost, which lacks lymph node and bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norifumi Murata
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yuta Matsuura
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Minami-ise, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shibasaki
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Takeshi Yabu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
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11
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Bettini ML, Chou PC, Guy CS, Lee T, Vignali KM, Vignali DAA. Cutting Edge: CD3 ITAM Diversity Is Required for Optimal TCR Signaling and Thymocyte Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1555-1560. [PMID: 28733484 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For the αβ or γδTCR chains to integrate extracellular stimuli into the appropriate intracellular cellular response, they must use the 10 ITAMs found within the CD3 subunits (CD3γε, CD3δε, and ζζ) of the TCR signaling complex. However, it remains unclear whether each specific ITAM sequence of the individual subunit (γεδζ) is required for thymocyte development or whether any particular CD3 ITAM motif is sufficient. In this article, we show that mice utilizing a single ITAM sequence (γ, ε, δ, ζa, ζb, or ζc) at each of the 10 ITAM locations exhibit a substantial reduction in thymic cellularity and limited CD4-CD8- (double-negative) to CD4+CD8+ (double-positive) maturation because of low TCR expression and signaling. Together, the data suggest that ITAM sequence diversity is required for optimal TCR signal transduction and subsequent T cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; .,Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Po-Chein Chou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Clifford S Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Thomas Lee
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
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12
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Structural biology of intrinsically disordered proteins: Revisiting unsolved mysteries. Biochimie 2016; 125:112-8. [PMID: 27004461 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) has challenged the classical protein structure-function paradigm by introducing a new paradigm of "coupled binding and folding". This paradigm suggests that IDPs fold upon binding to their partners. Further studies, however, revealed a novel and previously unrecognized phenomenon of "uncoupled binding and folding" suggesting that IDPs do not necessarily fold upon interaction with their lipid and protein partners. The complex and often unusual biophysics of IDPs makes structural characterization of these proteins and their complexes not only challenging but often resulting in opposite conclusions. For this reason, some crucial questions in this field remain unsolved for well over a decade. Considering an important role of IDPs in cellular regulation, signaling and control in health and disease, more efforts are needed to solve these mysteries. Here, I focus on two long-standing contradictions in the literature concerning dimerization and membrane-binding activities of IDPs. Molecular explanation of these discrepancies is provided. I also demonstrate how resolution of these critical issues in the field of IDPs results in our expanded understanding of cell function and has multiple applications in biology and medicine.
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13
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Overlapping signatures of chronic pain in the DNA methylation landscape of prefrontal cortex and peripheral T cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19615. [PMID: 26817950 PMCID: PMC4730199 DOI: 10.1038/srep19615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that epigenetic mechanisms in the brain and the immune system are associated with chronic pain. Genome-wide DNA methylation assessed in 9 months post nerve-injury (SNI) and Sham rats, in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) as well as in T cells revealed a vast difference in the DNA methylation landscape in the brain between the groups and a remarkable overlap (72%) between differentially methylated probes in T cells and prefrontal cortex. DNA methylation states in the PFC showed robust correlation with pain score of animals in several genes involved in pain. Finally, only 11 differentially methylated probes in T cells were sufficient to distinguish SNI or Sham individual rats. This study supports the plausibility of DNA methylation involvement in chronic pain and demonstrates the potential feasibility of DNA methylation markers in T cells as noninvasive biomarkers of chronic pain susceptibility.
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14
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Legroux L, Pittet CL, Beauseigle D, Deblois G, Prat A, Arbour N. An optimized method to process mouse CNS to simultaneously analyze neural cells and leukocytes by flow cytometry. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 247:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Lauritsen JPH, Boding L, Buus TB, Kongsbak M, Levring TB, Rode AKO, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C. Fine-tuning of T-cell development by the CD3γ di-leucine-based TCR-sorting motif. Int Immunol 2015; 27:393-404. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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16
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Human congenital T-cell receptor disorders. LYMPHOSIGN JOURNAL-THE JOURNAL OF INHERITED IMMUNE DISORDERS 2015. [DOI: 10.14785/lpsn-2014-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficiencies of most T-cell receptor (TCR) components (TCRID) have been reported in almost 40 patients worldwide who have also, at times, shown signs of autoimmunity. We updated their clinical, immunological, and molecular features with an emphasis on practical diagnosis, as the range of the disorder grows in complexity with new partial defects. Cellular and animal models are also reviewed and in some cases reveal their limitations for predicting TCRID immunopathology.
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17
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Ferrer A, Schrum AG, Gil D. A PCR-Based Method to Genotype Mice Knocked Out for All Four CD3 Subunits, the Standard Recipient Strain for Retrogenic TCR/CD3 Bone Marrow Reconstitution Technology. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:222-6. [PMID: 23741635 PMCID: PMC3666262 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3-retrogenic-reconstitution system represents a very useful strategy for studying TCR/CD3 signaling. Two retroviral vectors containing genes for all six subunits of the TCR/CD3 complex are used to transduce bone marrow precursors and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Mice used in this system as bone marrow donors lack all four CD3 subunits (CD3γδɛζ−/−). These mice are generated by crossing the strains CD3ζ−/− and CD3γδɛ−/−, the latter resulting from a knockout construct targeted to CD3ɛ that additionally silences the linked genes, CD3γ and CD3δ. Lacking mature T-cell function, CD3γδɛζ−/− mice are immunocompromised animals often produced by heterozygous breeding strategies on the C57BL/6 background. As a more rapid and reliable means to identify CD3γδɛζ−/− mice than previously described Northern and Southern blots, we designed polymerase chain reactions to distinguish knockout from wild-type CD3ɛ and CD3ζ alleles, facilitating the identification of CD3γδɛζ−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ferrer
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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18
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Abstract
T cells employ a cell surface heterodimeric molecule, the T cell receptor (TCR), to recognize specific antigens (Ags) presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and carry out adaptive immune responses. Most T cells possess a TCR with an α and a β chain. However, a TCR constituted by a γ and a δ chain has been described, defining a novel subset of T cells. γδ TCRs specific for a wide variety of ligands, including bacterial phosphoantigens, nonclassical MHC-I molecules and unprocessed proteins, have been found, greatly expanding the horizons of T cell immune recognition. This review aims to provide background in γδ T cell history and function in mouse and man, as well as to provide a critical view of some of the latest developments on this still enigmatic class of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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19
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Cevik SI, Keskin N, Belkaya S, Ozlu MI, Deniz E, Tazebay UH, Erman B. CD81 interacts with the T cell receptor to suppress signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50396. [PMID: 23226274 PMCID: PMC3511562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CD81 (TAPA-1) is a ubiquitously expressed tetraspanin protein identified as a component of the B lymphocyte receptor (BCR) and as a receptor for the Hepatitis C Virus. In an effort to identify trans-membrane proteins that interact with the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), we performed a membrane yeast two hybrid screen and identified CD81 as an interactor of the CD3delta subunit of the TCR. We found that in the absence of CD81, in thymocytes from knockout mice, TCR engagement resulted in stronger signals. These results were recapitulated in T cell lines that express low levels of CD81 through shRNA mediated silencing. Increased signaling did not result from alterations in the levels of TCR on the surface of T lymphocytes. Although CD81 is not essential for normal T lymphocyte development, it plays an important role in regulating TCR and possibly pre-TCR signal transduction by controlling the strength of signaling. CD81 dependent alterations in thymocyte signaling are evident in increased CD5 expression on CD81 deficient double positive (DP) thymocytes. We conclude that CD81 interacts with the T cell receptor to suppress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safak Isil Cevik
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nazli Keskin
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center- SUNUM, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Belkaya
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meral Ilcim Ozlu
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Deniz
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center- SUNUM, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uygar Halis Tazebay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Batu Erman
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center- SUNUM, Istanbul, Turkey
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20
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McAleese F, Eser M. RECRUIT-TandAbs: harnessing the immune system to kill cancer cells. Future Oncol 2012; 8:687-95. [PMID: 22764766 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tandem diabodies (TandAbs) are tetravalent bispecific molecules comprised of antibody variable domains with two binding sites for each antigen. RECRUIT-TandAbs can simultaneously engage an immune system effector cell, such as a natural killer cell or a cytotoxic T cell, and an antigen expressed specifically on a cancer cell, thus leading to killing of the cancer cell. Recruitment of immune effector cells is highly specific and mediated via binding of the TandAb to molecules expressed on the surface of these cells. Furthermore, the absence of an Fc domain allows TandAbs to avoid certain IgG-mediated side effects. With a molecular weight of approximately 110 kDa, TandAbs are far above the first-pass renal clearance limit, offering a pharmacokinetic advantage compared with smaller bispecific antibody formats. This article reviews the RECRUIT-TandAb technology and the therapeutic potential of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionnuala McAleese
- Affimed Therapeutics AG, Technologiepark, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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21
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Bugelski PJ, Martin PL. Concordance of preclinical and clinical pharmacology and toxicology of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins: cell surface targets. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:823-46. [PMID: 22168282 PMCID: PMC3417412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and fusion proteins directed towards cell surface targets make an important contribution to the treatment of disease. The purpose of this review was to correlate the clinical and preclinical data on the 15 currently approved mAbs and fusion proteins targeted to the cell surface. The principal sources used to gather data were: the peer reviewed Literature; European Medicines Agency 'Scientific Discussions'; and the US Food and Drug Administration 'Pharmacology/Toxicology Reviews' and package inserts (United States Prescribing Information). Data on the 15 approved biopharmaceuticals were included: abatacept; abciximab; alefacept; alemtuzumab; basiliximab; cetuximab; daclizumab; efalizumab; ipilimumab; muromonab; natalizumab; panitumumab; rituximab; tocilizumab; and trastuzumab. For statistical analysis of concordance, data from these 15 were combined with data on the approved mAbs and fusion proteins directed towards soluble targets. Good concordance with human pharmacodynamics was found for mice receiving surrogates or non-human primates (NHPs) receiving the human pharmaceutical. In contrast, there was poor concordance for human pharmacodynamics in genetically deficient mice and for human adverse effects in all three test systems. No evidence that NHPs have superior predictive value was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Bugelski
- Biologics Toxicology, Janssen Research & Development, division of Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, Radnor, PA 19087, USA
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22
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Kuypers E, Collins JJP, Jellema RK, Wolfs TGAM, Kemp MW, Nitsos I, Pillow JJ, Polglase GR, Newnham JP, Germeraad WTV, Kallapur SG, Jobe AH, Kramer BW. Ovine fetal thymus response to lipopolysaccharide-induced chorioamnionitis and antenatal corticosteroids. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38257. [PMID: 22693607 PMCID: PMC3365024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Chorioamnionitis is associated with preterm delivery and involution of the fetal thymus. Women at risk of preterm delivery receive antenatal corticosteroids which accelerate fetal lung maturation and improve neonatal outcome. However, the effects of antenatal corticosteroids on the fetal thymus in the settings of chorioamnionitis are largely unknown. We hypothesized that intra-amniotic exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes involution of the fetal thymus resulting in persistent effects on thymic structure and cell populations. We also hypothesized that antenatal corticosteroids may modulate the effects of LPS on thymic development. Methods Time-mated ewes with singleton fetuses received an intra-amniotic injection of LPS 7 or 14 days before preterm delivery at 120 days gestational age (term = 150 days). LPS and corticosteroid treatment groups received intra-amniotic LPS either preceding or following maternal intra-muscular betamethasone. Gestation matched controls received intra-amniotic and maternal intra-muscular saline. The fetal intra-thoracic thymus was evaluated. Results Intra-amniotic LPS decreased the cortico-medullary (C/M) ratio of the thymus and increased Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 mRNA and CD3 expression indicating involution and activation of the fetal thymus. Increased TLR4 and CD3 expression persisted for 14 days but Foxp3 expression decreased suggesting a change in regulatory T-cells. Sonic hedgehog and bone morphogenetic protein 4 mRNA, which are negative regulators of T-cell development, decreased in response to intra-amniotic LPS. Betamethasone treatment before LPS exposure attenuated some of the LPS-induced thymic responses but increased cleaved caspase-3 expression and decreased the C/M ratio. Betamethasone treatment after LPS exposure did not prevent the LPS-induced thymic changes. Conclusion Intra-amniotic exposure to LPS activated the fetal thymus which was accompanied by structural changes. Treatment with antenatal corticosteroids before LPS partially attenuated the LPS-induced effects but increased apoptosis in the fetal thymus. Corticosteroid administration after the inflammatory stimulus did not inhibit the LPS effects on the fetal thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Kuypers
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer J. P. Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Reint K. Jellema
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim G. A. M. Wolfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew W. Kemp
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ilias Nitsos
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - J. Jane Pillow
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Graeme R. Polglase
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - John P. Newnham
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Wilfred T. V. Germeraad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Haematology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Suhas G. Kallapur
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alan H. Jobe
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Boris W. Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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23
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Li B, Niu Y, Liu S, Yu W, Chen J, Wu L, Liu W, Chen S, Yang L, Li Y. A change in CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ϵ, and CD3ζ gene expression in T-lymphocytes from benzene-exposed and benzene-poisoned workers. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:160-7. [PMID: 22214187 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.642022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is known to be highly toxic to a variety of cell types, including lymphocytes. A previous study showed that T-lymphocyte immune function disorder might be related to benzene exposure. To elucidate characteristics of TCR signal transduction in benzene-exposed workers, expression levels of CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ϵ, and CD3ζ genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were analyzed. Real-time RT-PCR using SYBR Green I was used to detect CD3 gene expression levels in PBMC from 20 benzene-exposed workers, seven workers with chronic mild benzene poisoning, five workers with chronic severe benzene poisoning and 14 healthy individuals (controls). The relative mRNA expression level was analyzed by the 2(-Δct) × 100% method. In benzene-exposed worker cells, significantly higher CD3δ, CD3ϵ, and CD3ζ, expression levels were observed as compared with values for cells from the healthy controls. In the workers with chronic severe benzene poisoning, lymphocyte CD3γ, CD3ϵ, and CD3ζ gene expression levels were significantly lower than in control cells. Lymphocytes from chronic mildly benzene- poisoned workers evinced two different gene expression patterns, i.e., CD3γ and CD3ϵ levels were similar to those in the benzene-exposed worker cells, but CD3δ and CD3ζ expression levels were significantly lower relative to those in cells from chronic severely-benzene-poisoned counterparts. It remained to be determined if these reductions in expression of these genes presage or are indicative of deficiencies in the activities of T-lymphocytes in these workers. For now, it is hoped that this study may contribute to a better understanding of the disorders in cellular immunity frequently found with benzene-exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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24
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Janik DK, Lindau-Shepard B, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Heilmann C, Pass KA. Improved Immunoassay for the Detection of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1207-9. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.162263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David K Janik
- Wadsworth Center New York State Department of Health Biggs Laboratory Albany, NY
- Department of Biomedical Sciences School of Public Health University at Albany Albany, NY
| | | | | | - Carsten Heilmann
- Pediatric Clinic II Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Wang S, Xiang YY, Ellis R, Wattie J, Feng M, Inman MD, Lu WY. Effects of furosemide on allergic asthmatic responses in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:1456-67. [PMID: 21729180 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The syndrome of allergic asthma features reversible bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness as well as airway remodelling, including goblet cell hyperplasia. Managing severe asthma is still a clinical challenge. Numerous studies report that furosemide, an inhibitor of Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC) reduces airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in asthmatic patients. However, the mechanism by which furosemide exerts anti-asthmatic action remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate the cellular profile of NKCC1 expression in the lung and examine the effects of furosemide on several outcome measurements in a mouse model of allergic asthma. METHODS Mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Before challenge, the OVA-sensitized mice were treated with furosemide (4.0 mg/kg/day, via daily intraperitoneal injection for 5 days). Outcome measurements in naïve, OVA-exposure, furosemide-treated naïve and furosemide-treated OVA-exposed mice included the slope of the relationship between inhaled methacholine (MCh) concentration and respiratory system resistance (Slope·R(RS)), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell counts and immunohistochemical and immunoblotting assays of lung tissues. RESULTS NKCC1 immunoreactivity was observed in airway epithelial cells (AECs) and alveolar type II (ATII) cells of the control mice. OVA exposure enhanced the expression of NKCC1 in AECs and ATII cells, and increased the infiltration of NKCC1-expressing T lymphocytes in the lung. NKCC1 immunoreactivity was not detected in the airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. Furosemide treatment reduced the Slope·R(RS) in both naïve and OVA-exposed mice by about 50%. Furosemide treatment also increased T lymphocyte infiltration to the lung in OVA-exposed mice by approximately 53%, but had no effect on pulmonary goblet cell hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Furosemide decreases basal airway responsiveness, thereby reducing the extent of allergen-induced AHR. However, the same treatment also increases T lymphocytes infiltration in the course of allergic asthma. Further studies are necessary to address the usefulness of furosemide in the clinical treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- Institute of Physiology, Medical College of Shandong University, Shandong, China
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Weghuber J, Aichinger MC, Brameshuber M, Wieser S, Ruprecht V, Plochberger B, Madl J, Horner A, Reipert S, Lohner K, Henics T, Schütz GJ. Cationic amphipathic peptides accumulate sialylated proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane of eukaryotic host cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2581-90. [PMID: 21718688 PMCID: PMC3161180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) selectively target bacterial membranes by electrostatic interactions with negatively charged lipids. It turned out that for inhibition of microbial growth a high CAMP membrane concentration is required, which can be realized by the incorporation of hydrophobic groups within the peptide. Increasing hydrophobicity, however, reduces the CAMP selectivity for bacterial over eukaryotic host membranes, thereby causing the risk of detrimental side-effects. In this study we addressed how cationic amphipathic peptides—in particular a CAMP with Lysine–Leucine–Lysine repeats (termed KLK)—affect the localization and dynamics of molecules in eukaryotic membranes. We found KLK to selectively inhibit the endocytosis of a subgroup of membrane proteins and lipids by electrostatically interacting with negatively charged sialic acid moieties. Ultrastructural characterization revealed the formation of membrane invaginations representing fission or fusion intermediates, in which the sialylated proteins and lipids were immobilized. Experiments on structurally different cationic amphipathic peptides (KLK, 6-MO-LF11-322 and NK14-2) indicated a cooperation of electrostatic and hydrophobic forces that selectively arrest sialylated membrane constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Weghuber
- Biophysics Institute, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
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27
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de la Cruz J, Kruger T, Parks CA, Silge RL, van Oers NSC, Luescher IF, Schrum AG, Gil D. Basal and antigen-induced exposure of the proline-rich sequence in CD3ε. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:2282-90. [PMID: 21228347 PMCID: PMC3810001 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The CD3ε cytoplasmic tail contains a conserved proline-rich sequence (PRS) that influences TCR-CD3 expression and signaling. Although the PRS can bind the SH3.1 domain of the cytosolic adapter Nck, whether the PRS is constitutively available for Nck binding or instead represents a cryptic motif that is exposed via conformational change upon TCR-CD3 engagement (CD3Δc) is currently unresolved. Furthermore, the extent to which a cis-acting CD3ε basic amino acid-rich stretch (BRS), with its unique phosphoinositide-binding capability, might impact PRS accessibility is not clear. In this study, we found that freshly harvested primary thymocytes expressed low to moderate basal levels of Nck-accessible PRS ("open-CD3"), although most TCR-CD3 complexes were inaccessible to Nck ("closed-CD3"). Ag presentation in vivo induced open-CD3, accounting for half of the basal level found in thymocytes from MHC(+) mice. Additional stimulation with either anti-CD3 Abs or peptide-MHC ligands further elevated open-CD3 above basal levels, consistent with a model wherein antigenic engagement induces maximum PRS exposure. We also found that the open-CD3 conformation induced by APCs outlasted the time of ligand occupancy, marking receptors that had been engaged. Finally, CD3ε BRS-phosphoinositide interactions played no role in either adoption of the initial closed-CD3 conformation or induction of open-CD3 by Ab stimulation. Thus, a basal level of open-CD3 is succeeded by a higher, induced level upon TCR-CD3 engagement, involving CD3Δc and prolonged accessibility of the CD3ε PRS to Nck.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Hybridomas
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Proline/immunology
- Proline/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier de la Cruz
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Initiative to Maximize Student Diversity and Post Baccalaureate Research Education Program, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Travis Kruger
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Christopher A. Parks
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Robert L. Silge
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Nicolai S. C. van Oers
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Immanuel F. Luescher
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Adam G. Schrum
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Diana Gil
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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Stephenson ST, Bostik P, Song B, Rajan D, Bhimani S, Rehulka P, Mayne AE, Ansari AA. Distinct host cell proteins incorporated by SIV replicating in CD4+ T cells from natural disease resistant versus non-natural disease susceptible hosts. Retrovirology 2010; 7:107. [PMID: 21162735 PMCID: PMC3012658 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enveloped viruses including the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replicating within host cells acquire host proteins upon egress from the host cells. A number of studies have catalogued such host proteins, and a few have documented the potential positive and negative biological functions of such host proteins. The studies conducted herein utilized proteomic analysis to identify differences in the spectrum of host proteins acquired by a single source of SIV replicating within CD4+ T cells from disease resistant sooty mangabeys and disease susceptible rhesus macaques. RESULTS While a total of 202 host derived proteins were present in viral preparations from CD4+ T cells from both species, there were 4 host-derived proteins that consistently and uniquely associated with SIV replicating within CD4+ T cells from rhesus macaques but not sooty mangabeys; and, similarly, 28 host-derived proteins that uniquely associated with SIV replicating within CD4+ T cells from sooty mangabeys, but not rhesus macaques. Of interest was the finding that of the 4 proteins uniquely present in SIV preparations from rhesus macaques was a 26 S protease subunit 7 (MSS1) that was shown to enhance HIV-1 'tat' mediated transactivation. Among the 28 proteins found in SIV preparations from sooty mangabeys included several molecules associated with immune function such as CD2, CD3ε, TLR4, TLR9 and TNFR and a bioactive form of IL-13. CONCLUSIONS The finding of 4 host proteins that are uniquely associated with SIV replicating within CD4+ T cells from disease susceptible rhesus macaques and 28 host proteins that are uniquely associated with SIV replicating within CD4+ T cells from disease resistant sooty mangabeys provide the foundation for determining the potential role of each of these unique host-derived proteins in contributing to the polarized clinical outcome in these 2 species of nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T Stephenson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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29
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Pang SS, Berry R, Chen Z, Kjer-Nielsen L, Perugini MA, King GF, Wang C, Chew SH, La Gruta NL, Williams NK, Beddoe T, Tiganis T, Cowieson NP, Godfrey DI, Purcell AW, Wilce MCJ, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. The structural basis for autonomous dimerization of the pre-T-cell antigen receptor. Nature 2010; 467:844-8. [PMID: 20944746 DOI: 10.1038/nature09448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pre-T-cell antigen receptor (pre-TCR), expressed by immature thymocytes, has a pivotal role in early T-cell development, including TCR β-selection, survival and proliferation of CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative thymocytes, and subsequent αβ T-cell lineage differentiation. Whereas αβTCR ligation by the peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex initiates T-cell signalling, pre-TCR-induced signalling occurs by means of a ligand-independent dimerization event. The pre-TCR comprises an invariant α-chain (pre-Tα) that pairs with any TCR β-chain (TCRβ) following successful TCR β-gene rearrangement. Here we provide the basis of pre-Tα-TCRβ assembly and pre-TCR dimerization. The pre-Tα chain comprised a single immunoglobulin-like domain that is structurally distinct from the constant (C) domain of the TCR α-chain; nevertheless, the mode of association between pre-Tα and TCRβ mirrored that mediated by the Cα-Cβ domains of the αβTCR. The pre-TCR had a propensity to dimerize in solution, and the molecular envelope of the pre-TCR dimer correlated well with the observed head-to-tail pre-TCR dimer. This mode of pre-TCR dimerization enabled the pre-Tα domain to interact with the variable (V) β domain through residues that are highly conserved across the Vβ and joining (J) β gene families, thus mimicking the interactions at the core of the αβTCR's Vα-Vβ interface. Disruption of this pre-Tα-Vβ dimer interface abrogated pre-TCR dimerization in solution and impaired pre-TCR expression on the cell surface. Accordingly, we provide a mechanism of pre-TCR self-association that allows the pre-Tα chain to simultaneously 'sample' the correct folding of both the V and C domains of any TCR β-chain, regardless of its ultimate specificity, which represents a critical checkpoint in T-cell development. This unusual dual-chaperone-like sensing function of pre-Tα represents a unique mechanism in nature whereby developmental quality control regulates the expression and signalling of an integral membrane receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Siew Pang
- The Protein Crystallography Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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30
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Janik DK, Lindau-Shepard B, Comeau AM, Pass KA. A multiplex immunoassay using the Guthrie specimen to detect T-cell deficiencies including severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Clin Chem 2010; 56:1460-5. [PMID: 20660143 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.144329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) fulfills many of the requirements for addition to a newborn screening panel. Two newborn screening SCID pilot studies are now underway using the T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assay, a molecular technique. Here we describe an immunoassay with CD3 as a marker for T cells and CD45 as a marker for total leukocytes that can be used with the Guthrie specimen. METHODS The multiplexing capabilities of the Luminex platform were used. Antibody pairs were used to capture and detect CD3 and CD45 from a single 3-mm punch of the Guthrie specimen. The assay for each biomarker was developed separately in identical buffers and then combined to create a multiplex assay. RESULTS Using calibrators made from known amounts of leukocytes, a detection limit of 0.25 x 10(6) cells/mL for CD3 and 0.125 x 10(6) cells/mL for CD45 was obtained. Affinity tests showed no cross-reactivity between the antibodies to CD3 and CD45. The multiplex assay was validated against 8 coded specimens of known clinical status and linked to results from the TREC assay that had identified them. All were correctly identified by the CD345 assay. CONCLUSIONS The performance parameters of the CD345 assay met the performance characteristics generally accepted for immunoassays. Our assay classifications of positive specimens concur with previous TREC results. This CD345 assay warrants evaluation as a viable alternative or complement to the TREC assay as a primary screening tool for detecting T-cell immunodeficiencies, including SCID, in Guthrie specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Janik
- Biggs Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Department of Health, NYS, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
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31
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Structural biology of the T-cell receptor: insights into receptor assembly, ligand recognition, and initiation of signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a005140. [PMID: 20452950 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a005140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex serves as a central paradigm for general principles of receptor assembly, ligand recognition, and signaling in the immune system. There is no other receptor system that matches the diversity of both receptor and ligand components. The recent expansion of the immunological structural database is beginning to identify key principles of MHC and peptide recognition. The multicomponent assembly of the TCR complex illustrates general principles used by many receptors in the immune system, which rely on basic and acidic transmembrane residues to guide assembly. The intrinsic binding of the cytoplasmic domains of the CD3epsilon and zeta chains to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane represents a novel mechanism for control of receptor activation: Insertion of critical CD3epsilon tyrosines into the hydrophobic membrane core prevents their phosphorylation before receptor engagement.
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32
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Veillette A. Organization of immunoreceptor signaling by adapters. Immunol Rev 2009; 232:5-6. [PMID: 19909351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Veillette
- Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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