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Herbst R, Huijbers MG, Oury J, Burden SJ. Building, Breaking, and Repairing Neuromuscular Synapses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041490. [PMID: 38697654 PMCID: PMC11065174 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A coordinated and complex interplay of signals between motor neurons, skeletal muscle cells, and Schwann cells controls the formation and maintenance of neuromuscular synapses. Deficits in the signaling pathway for building synapses, caused by mutations in critical genes or autoantibodies against key proteins, are responsible for several neuromuscular diseases, which cause muscle weakness and fatigue. Here, we describe the role that four key genes, Agrin, Lrp4, MuSK, and Dok7, play in this signaling pathway, how an understanding of their mechanisms of action has led to an understanding of several neuromuscular diseases, and how this knowledge has contributed to emerging therapies for treating neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Herbst
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maartje G Huijbers
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre LUMC, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre LUMC, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Julien Oury
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Steven J Burden
- Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Ogura M, Kaminishi T, Shima T, Torigata M, Bekku N, Tabata K, Minami S, Nishino K, Nezu A, Hamasaki M, Kosako H, Yoshimori T, Nakamura S. Microautophagy regulated by STK38 and GABARAPs is essential to repair lysosomes and prevent aging. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57300. [PMID: 37987447 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are degradative organelles and signaling hubs that maintain cell and tissue homeostasis, and lysosomal dysfunction is implicated in aging and reduced longevity. Lysosomes are frequently damaged, but their repair mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that damaged lysosomal membranes are repaired by microautophagy (a process termed "microlysophagy") and identify key regulators of the first and last steps. We reveal the AGC kinase STK38 as a novel microlysophagy regulator. Through phosphorylation of the scaffold protein DOK1, STK38 is specifically required for the lysosomal recruitment of the AAA+ ATPase VPS4, which terminates microlysophagy by promoting the disassembly of ESCRT components. By contrast, microlysophagy initiation involves non-canonical lipidation of ATG8s, especially the GABARAP subfamily, which is required for ESCRT assembly through interaction with ALIX. Depletion of STK38 and GABARAPs accelerates DNA damage-induced cellular senescence in human cells and curtails lifespan in C. elegans, respectively. Thus, microlysophagy is regulated by STK38 and GABARAPs and could be essential for maintaining lysosomal integrity and preventing aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monami Ogura
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kaminishi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shima
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miku Torigata
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nao Bekku
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tabata
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Minami
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishino
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akiko Nezu
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maho Hamasaki
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Jin K, Qiu S, Chen B, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Zhou X, Yang L, Ai J, Wei Q. DOK3 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of prostate cancer via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:423-432. [PMID: 36867541 PMCID: PMC10106266 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DOK3 (Downstream of kinase 3) is involved primarily with immune cell infiltration. Recent research reported the role of DOK3 in tumor progression, with opposite effects in lung cancer and gliomas; however, its role in prostate cancer (PCa) remains elusive. This study aimed to explore the role of DOK3 in PCa and to determine the mechanisms involved. METHODS To investigate the functions and mechanisms of DOK3 in PCa, we performed bioinformatic and biofunctional analyses. Samples from patients with PCa were collected from West China Hospital, and 46 were selected for the final correlation analysis. A lentivirus-based short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) carrier was established for silencing DOK3. A series of experiments involving the cell counting kit-8, bromodeoxyuridine, and flow cytometry assays were performed to identify cell proliferation and apoptosis. Changes in biomarkers from the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway were detected to verify the relationship between DOK3 and the NF-κB pathway. A subcutaneous xenograft mouse model was performed to examine phenotypes after knocking down DOK3 in vivo . Rescue experiments with DOK3 knockdown and NF-κB pathway activation were designed to verify regulating effects. RESULTS DOK3 was up-regulated in PCa cell lines and tissues. In addition, a high level of DOK3 was predictive of higher pathological stages and worse prognoses. Similar results were observed with PCa patient samples. After silencing DOK3 in PCa cell lines 22RV1 and PC3, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited while apoptosis was promoted. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that DOK3 function was enriched in the NF-κB pathway. Mechanism experiments determined that knockdown of DOK3 suppressed activation of the NF-κB pathway, increased the expressions of B-cell lymphoma-2 like 11 (BIM) and B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X (BAX), and decreased the expression of phosphorylated-P65 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP). In the rescue experiments, pharmacological activation of NF-κB by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) partially recovered cell proliferation after the knockdown of DOK3. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that overexpression of DOK3 promotes PCa progression by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jin
- Department of Urology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Center of Biomedical Big Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Department of Urology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chichen Zhang
- Department of Urology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xianghong Zhou
- Department of Urology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Urology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Identification of Melanoma Subsets Based on DNA Methylation Sites and Construction of a Prognosis Evaluation Model. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:6608650. [PMID: 36268281 PMCID: PMC9578801 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6608650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Melanoma is a lethal skin malignant tumor, and its formation or development is regulated by various genetic and epigenetic molecules. Although there are traditional methods provided for the doctors to evaluate the patients' prognosis or make the diagnosis, the novel method based on epigenetic markers is still needed to make the early diagnosis. Results We identified 256 melanoma-independent prognosis-related methylation sites (P < 0.0001) and divided patients into seven methylation subgroups. Methylation levels and survival time in the C2 subgroup were lower than that of other clusters (P < 0.05). We established the predicted model of prognosis risk for melanoma using the significantly changed methylation sites in C2. The model efficiently divided patients into high- and low-risk groups (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.833). Risk scores and patient survival time were negatively correlated (rs = −0.325, P < 0.0001). Genes corresponding to the independent prognosis-associated methylation sites were enriched in cancer- and immunology-related pathways. We identified 35 hub genes. DOK2, GBP4, PSMB9, and NLRC5 were significantly changed according to methylation subgroups, survival, tumor stages, and T categories and were positively correlated, which was validated in the testing group (P < 0.05). The levels of DOK2, GBP4, PSMB9, and NLRC5 had an opposite trend to their methylation sites in patients with poor prognosis. Conclusions We identified seven DNA methylation subtypes and constructed a highly effective prognosis risk assessment model. The transcript levels of key genes corresponding to the independent prognosis-related methylation sites were significantly changed in patients according to prognosis and positively correlated with each other, indicating they may collaboratively promote melanoma formation. These findings further our understanding of the mechanism of melanoma and provide new targets for diagnosis and treatment.
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Genetic dissection of TLR9 reveals complex regulatory and cryptic proinflammatory roles in mouse lupus. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1457-1469. [PMID: 36151396 PMCID: PMC9561083 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In lupus, Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR9 mediate loss of tolerance to RNA and DNA, respectively. Yet, TLR7 promotes disease, while TLR9 protects from disease, implying differences in signaling. To dissect this 'TLR paradox', we generated two TLR9 point mutants (lacking either ligand (TLR9K51E) or MyD88 (TLR9P915H) binding) in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. Ameliorated disease of Tlr9K51E mice compared to Tlr9-/- controls revealed a TLR9 'scaffold' protective function that is ligand and MyD88 independent. Unexpectedly, Tlr9P915H mice were more protected than both Tlr9K51E and Tlr9WT mice, suggesting that TLR9 also possesses ligand-dependent, but MyD88-independent, regulatory signaling and MyD88-mediated proinflammatory signaling. Triple-mixed bone marrow chimeras showed that TLR9-MyD88-independent regulatory roles were B cell intrinsic and restrained differentiation into pathogenic age-associated B cells and plasmablasts. These studies reveal MyD88-independent regulatory roles of TLR9, shedding light on the biology of endosomal TLRs.
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Integrin Regulators in Neutrophils. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132025. [PMID: 35805108 PMCID: PMC9266208 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in humans and are critical for innate immunity and inflammation. Integrins are critical for neutrophil functions, especially for their recruitment to sites of inflammation or infections. Integrin conformational changes during activation have been heavily investigated but are still not fully understood. Many regulators, such as talin, Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM), Rap1, and kindlin, are critical for integrin activation and might be potential targets for integrin-regulating drugs in treating inflammatory diseases. In this review, we outline integrin activation regulators in neutrophils with a focus on the above critical regulators, as well as newly discovered modulators that are involved in integrin activation.
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Dok-1 regulates mast cell degranulation negatively through inhibiting calcium-dependent F-actin disassembly. Clin Immunol 2022; 238:109008. [PMID: 35421591 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In food allergies, antigen-induced aggregation of FcεRI on mast cells initiates highly ordered and sequential signaling events. Dok-1(downstream of tyrosine kinase 1), undergoes intense tyrosine phosphorylation upon FcεRI stimulation, which negatively regulates Ras/Erk signaling and the subsequent cytokine release, but it remains unclear whether Dok-1 regulates Fc-mediated degranulation. In this study, we investigated the role of Dok-1 in FcεRI-mediated degranulation. Dok-1 overexpressing RBL-2H3 cells were established. Degranulation, immunoprecipitation, co-immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and flow cytometry assay were performed to explore the effects of Dok-1 and its underlying mechanisms. We found that, following FcεRI activation, Dok-1 was recruited to the plasma membrane, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation. Phosphorylated Dok-1 inhibits FcεRI-operated calcium influx, and negatively regulated degranulation by inhibiting calcium-dependent disassembly of actin filaments. Our data revealed that Dok-1 is a negative regulator of FcεRI-mediated mast cell degranulation. These findings contribute to the identification of therapeutic targets for food allergies.
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Chen S, Li D, Yu D, Li M, Ye L, Jiang Y, Tang S, Zhang R, Xu C, Jiang S, Wang Z, Aschner M, Zheng Y, Chen L, Chen W. Determination of tipping point in course of PM 2.5 organic extracts-induced malignant transformation by dynamic network biomarkers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128089. [PMID: 34933256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic network biomarkers (DNBs) are designed to identify the tipping point and specific molecules in initiation of PM2.5-induced lung cancers. To discover early-warning signals, we analyzed time-series gene expression datasets over a course of PM2.5 organic extraction-induced human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cell transformation (0th~16th week). A composition index of DNB (CIDNB) was calculated to determine correlations and fluctuations in molecule clusters at each timepoint. We identified a group of genes with the highest CIDNB at the 10th week, implicating a tipping point and corresponding DNBs. Functional experiments revealed that manipulating respective DNB genes at the tipping point led to remarkable changes in malignant phenotypes, including four promoters (GAB2, NCF1, MMP25, LAPTM5) and three suppressors (BATF2, DOK3, DAP3). Notably, co-altered expression of seven core DNB genes resulted in an enhanced activity of malignant transformation compared to effects of single-gene manipulation. Perturbation of pathways (EMT, HMGB1, STAT3, NF-κB, PTEN) appeared in HBE cells at the tipping point. The core DNB genes were involved in regulating lung cancer cell growth and associated with poor survival, indicating their synergistic effects in initiation and development of lung cancers. These findings provided novel insights into the mechanism of dynamic networks attributable to PM2.5-induced cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lizhu Ye
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shijie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chi Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shuyun Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Xu J, Dong X, Wang R, Chen B. DOK2 Has Prognostic and Immunologic Significance in Adults With Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Novel Immune-Related Therapeutic Target. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:842383. [PMID: 35321466 PMCID: PMC8935080 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.842383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe role of downstream tyrosine kinase 2 (DOK2), a major member of the DOK family, remains poorly defined in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Herein, we investigated the expression levels, clinical outcomes, and biological functions of DOK2 in patients with AML.MethodsDatasets were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database for transcriptomic and clinical information. Nomogram construction and assessment were conducted using Cox regression analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and calibration plots. Public databases, including the Gene Expression Omnibus, Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, LinkedOmics, GeneMANIA, TISIDB, and Gene Set Cancer Analysis, were employed for relevant bioinformatic studies. Moreover, we utilized the CIBERSORT algorithm to evaluate the level of infiltration of immune cells into the bone marrow microenvironment.ResultsWe observed that DOK2 transcription levels were markedly upregulated in AML samples (P < 0.001), and its high expression was associated with inferior overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.17, P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 2.50, P < 0.001). ROC curve analysis also showed the reliable diagnostic efficiency of DOK2 in AML. For treatment regimens, patients with high DOK2 expression could significantly prolong OS by receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (P < 0.001), whereas those with low DOK2 expression were more likely to improve DFS by chemotherapy alone rather than HSCT. Nomograms constructed for predicting OS and DFS exhibited satisfactory discrimination and accuracy. Functional enrichment analysis identified that DOK2 was involved in important pathways associated with immune-related activities. Furthermore, CIBERSORT scores reflected negative correlations of DOK2 with activated mast cells and resting CD4+ memory T cells, which indicated its adverse immunomodulatory potential.ConclusionWe suggest that elevated DOK2 expression could be an unfavorable prognostic indicator of survival in patients with AML. Our findings provide new insights into the role of DOK2 in AML, with promising clinical implications.
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Guan Y, Li M, Qiu Z, Xu J, Zhang Y, Hu N, Zhang X, Guo W, Yuan J, Shi Q, Wang W. Comprehensive analysis of DOK family genes expression, immune characteristics, and drug sensitivity in human tumors. J Adv Res 2022; 36:73-87. [PMID: 35127166 PMCID: PMC8799871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of DOK family genes is related to overall survival (OS), clinical stage, tumor mutation, methylation, CNV, and SNV. DOK family genes are significantly associated with poor prognosis of UVM. DOK1-DOK3 has obvious correlation with tumor immunity and tumor microenvironment. DOK family gene is significantly related to tumor stemness and drug sensitivity. The expression of DOK family genes is related to the activation of EMT and hormone ER pathways, and is related to the inhibition of DNA damage response, cell cycle, and hormone AR pathways. DOK1 and DOK3, DOK2 and DOK3 have the significant correlation.
Introduction Objectives Methods Results Conclusions
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Sun P, Li R, Meng Y, Xi S, Wang Q, Yang X, Peng X, Cai J. Introduction to DOK2 and its potential role in cancer. Physiol Res 2021; 70:671-685. [PMID: 34505522 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex, multifactorial disease that modern medicine ultimately aims to overcome. Downstream of tyrosine kinase 2 (DOK2) is a well-known tumor suppressor gene, and a member of the downstream protein DOK family of tyrosine kinases. Through a search of original literature indexed in PubMed and other databases, the present review aims to extricate the mechanisms by which DOK2 acts on cancer, thereby identifying more reliable and effective therapeutic targets to promote enhanced methods of cancer prevention and treatment. The review focuses on the role of DOK2 in multiple tumor types in the lungs, intestines, liver, and breast. Additionally, we discuss the potential mechanisms of action of DOK2 and the downstream consequences via the Ras/MPAK/ERK or PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China. or Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China. or Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei.
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ULK1 Suppresses Osteoclast Differentiation and Bone Resorption via Inhibiting Syk-JNK through DOK3. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:2896674. [PMID: 34820053 PMCID: PMC8608530 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2896674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone resorption diseases, including osteoporosis, are usually caused by excessive osteoclastogenesis. Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), a mammalian serine/threonine kinase, may participate in the regulation of bone homeostasis and osteolytic metastasis. In this study, ULK1 expression during osteoclastogenesis was detected with RT-PCR. We knocked down or overexpressed ULK1 through siRNA or lentiviral transduction in bone marrow macrophage (BMM). TRAP and phalloidin staining were performed to detect the osteoclastogenesis activity. Ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model of osteoporosis and a mouse of model osteoclast-induced bone resorption were applied to explore the role of ULK1 in bone resorption in vivo. The results showed that ULK1 expression was downregulated during osteoclast differentiation and was clinically associated with osteoporosis. ULK1 inhibited osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Knockdown of ULK1 expression activated phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Docking protein 3 (DOK3) was coexpressed with ULK1 during osteoclastogenesis. Downregulation of DOK3 offsets the effect of ULK1 on osteoclastogenesis and induced phosphorylation of JNK and Syk. Activation of ULK1 impeded bone loss in OVX mice with osteoporosis. Additionally, upregulation of ULK1 inhibited osteoclast-induced bone resorption in vivo. Therefore, our study reveals a novel ULK1/DOK3/Syk axis that regulates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, and targeting ULK1 is a potential therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis.
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Dolatshahi M, Ranjbar Hameghavandi MH, Sabahi M, Rostamkhani S. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in pathophysiology of Parkinson disease: Diverse patterns and mechanisms contributing to neurodegeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4101-4123. [PMID: 33884689 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common movement disorder, comprises several pathophysiologic mechanisms including misfolded alpha-synuclein aggregation, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and synaptic loss. Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB), as a key regulator of a myriad of cellular reactions, is shown to be involved in such mechanisms associated with PD, and the changes in NF-κB expression is implicated in PD. Alpha-synuclein accumulation, the characteristic feature of PD pathology, is known to trigger NF-κB activation in neurons, thereby propagating apoptosis through several mechanisms. Furthermore, misfolded alpha-synuclein released from degenerated neurons, activates several signaling pathways in glial cells which culminate in activation of NF-κB and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby aggravating neurodegenerative processes. On the other hand, NF-κB activation, acting as a double-edged sword, can be necessary for survival of neurons. For instance, NF-κB activation is necessary for competent mitochondrial function and deficiency in c-Rel, one of the NF-κB proteins, is known to propagate DA neuron loss via several mechanisms. Despite the dual role of NF-κB in PD, several agents by selectively modifying the mechanisms and pathways associated with NF-κB, can be effective in attenuating DA neuron loss and PD, as reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Dolatshahi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadmahdi Sabahi
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Neurosurgery Research Group (NRG), Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sabra Rostamkhani
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Loh JT, Teo JKH, Lim HH, Lam KP. Emerging Roles of Downstream of Kinase 3 in Cell Signaling. Front Immunol 2020; 11:566192. [PMID: 33133079 PMCID: PMC7550416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.566192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Downstream of kinase (Dok) 3 is a member of the Dok family of adaptor proteins known to regulate signaling pathways downstream of various immunoreceptors. As Dok-3 lacks intrinsic catalytic activity, it functions primarily as a molecular scaffold to facilitate the nucleation of protein complexes in a regulated manner and hence, achieve specificity in directing signaling cascades. Since its discovery, considerable progress has been made toward defining the role of Dok-3 in limiting B cell-receptor signaling. Nonetheless, Dok-3 has since been implicated in the signaling of Toll-like and C-type lectin receptors. Emerging data further demonstrate that Dok-3 can act both as an activator and inhibitor, in lymphoid and non-lymphoid cell types, suggesting Dok-3 involvement in a plethora of signal transduction pathways. In this review, we will focus on the structure and expression profile of Dok-3 and highlight its role during signal transduction in B cells, innate cells as well as in bone and lung tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tong Loh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joey Kay Hui Teo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong-Hwa Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Kumar V. Toll-like receptors in sepsis-associated cytokine storm and their endogenous negative regulators as future immunomodulatory targets. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107087. [PMID: 33075714 PMCID: PMC7550173 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis infects more than 48.9 million people world-wide, with 19.7 million deaths. Cytokine storm plays a significant role in sepsis, along with severe COVID-19. TLR signaling pathways plays a crucial role in generating the cytokine storm. Endogenous negative regulators of TLR signaling are crucial to regulate cytokine storm.
Cytokine storm generates during various systemic acute infections, including sepsis and current pandemic called COVID-19 (severe) causing devastating inflammatory conditions, which include multi-organ failure or multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and death of the patient. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the major pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by immune cells as well as non-immune cells, including neurons, which play a crucial role in generating cytokine storm. They recognize microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, expressed by pathogens) and damage or death-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs; released and/expressed by damaged/killed host cells). Upon recognition of MAMPs and DAMPs, TLRs activate downstream signaling pathways releasing several pro-inflammatory mediators [cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS or RNS)], which cause acute inflammation meant to control the pathogen and repair the damage. Induction of an exaggerated response due to genetic makeup of the host and/or persistence of the pathogen due to its evasion mechanisms may lead to severe systemic inflammatory condition called sepsis in response to the generation of cytokine storm and organ dysfunction. The activation of TLR-induced inflammatory response is hardwired to the induction of several negative feedback mechanisms that come into play to conclude the response and maintain immune homeostasis. This state-of-the-art review describes the importance of TLR signaling in the onset of the sepsis-associated cytokine storm and discusses various host-derived endogenous negative regulators of TLR signaling pathways. The subject is very important as there is a vast array of genes and processes implicated in these negative feedback mechanisms. These molecules and mechanisms can be targeted for developing novel therapeutic drugs for cytokine storm-associated diseases, including sepsis, severe COVID-19, and other inflammatory diseases, where TLR-signaling plays a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children Health Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
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16
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Wargent ET, Martin-Gronert MS, Cripps RL, Heisler LK, Yeo GSH, Ozanne SE, Arch JRS, Stocker CJ. Developmental programming of appetite and growth in male rats increases hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT)5A receptor expression and sensitivity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1946-1957. [PMID: 32719434 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though it is well established that neonatal nutrition plays a major role in lifelong offspring health, the mechanisms underpinning this have not been well defined. Early postnatal accelerated growth resulting from maternal nutritional status is associated with increased appetite and body weight. Likewise, slow growth correlates with decreased appetite and body weight. Food consumption and food-seeking behaviour are directly modulated by central serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) pathways. This study examined the effect of a rat maternal postnatal low protein (PLP) diet on 5-HT receptor mediated food intake in offspring. METHODS Microarray analyses, in situ hybridization or laser capture microdissection of the ARC followed by RT-PCR were used to identify genes up- or down-regulated in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) of 3-month-old male PLP rats. Third ventricle cannulation was used to identify altered sensitivity to serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists with respect to food intake. RESULTS Male PLP offspring consumed less food and had lower growth rates up to 3 months of age compared with Control offspring from dams fed a normal diet. In total, 97 genes were upregulated including the 5-HT5A receptor (5-HT5AR) and 149 downregulated genes in PLP rats compared with Controls. The former obesity medication fenfluramine and the 5-HT receptor agonist 5-Carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) significantly suppressed food intake in both groups, but the PLP offspring were more sensitive to d-fenfluramine and 5-CT compared with Controls. The effect of 5-CT was antagonized by the 5-HT5AR antagonist SB699551. 5-CT also reduced NPY-induced hyperphagia in both Control and PLP rats but was more effective in PLP offspring. CONCLUSIONS Postnatal low protein programming of growth in rats enhances the central effects of serotonin on appetite by increasing hypothalamic 5-HT5AR expression and sensitivity. These findings provide insight into the possible mechanisms through which a maternal low protein diet during lactation programs reduced growth and appetite in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Wargent
- Buckingham Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Malgorzata S Martin-Gronert
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Roselle L Cripps
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lora K Heisler
- The Rowett, Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jonathan R S Arch
- Buckingham Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Claire J Stocker
- Buckingham Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, UK.
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17
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Src Family Tyrosine Kinases in Intestinal Homeostasis, Regeneration and Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082014. [PMID: 32717909 PMCID: PMC7464719 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Src, originally identified as an oncogene, is a membrane-anchored tyrosine kinase and the Src family kinase (SFK) prototype. SFKs regulate the signalling induced by a wide range of cell surface receptors leading to epithelial cell growth and adhesion. In the intestine, the SFK members Src, Fyn and Yes regulate epithelial cell proliferation and migration during tissue regeneration and transformation, thus implicating conserved and specific functions. In patients with colon cancer, SFK activity is a marker of poor clinical prognosis and a potent driver of metastasis formation. These tumorigenic activities are linked to SFK capacity to promote the dissemination and tumour-initiating capacities of epithelial tumour cells. However, it is unclear how SFKs promote colon tumour formation and metastatic progression because SFK-encoding genes are unfrequently mutated in human cancer. Here, we review recent findings on SFK signalling during intestinal homeostasis, regeneration and tumorigenesis. We also describe the key nongenetic mechanisms underlying SFK tumour activities in colorectal cancer, and discuss how these mechanisms could be exploited in therapeutic strategies to target SFK signalling in metastatic colon cancer.
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18
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A Novel 4-Gene Score to Predict Survival, Distant Metastasis and Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051148. [PMID: 32370309 PMCID: PMC7281399 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated a 4-gene score with genes upregulated in LM2-4, a metastatic variant of MDA-MB-231 (DOK 4, HCCS, PGF, and SHCBP1) that was strongly associated with disease-free survival (DFS) in TCGA cohort (hazard ratio [HR]>1.2, p < 0.02). The 4-gene score correlated with overall survival of TCGA (HR = 1.44, p < 0.001), which was validated with DFS and disease-specific survival of METABRIC cohort. The 4-gene score was able to predict worse survival or clinically aggressive tumors, such as high Nottingham pathological grade and advanced cancer staging. High score was associated with worse survival in the hormonal receptor (HR)-positive/Her2-negative subtype. High score enriched cell proliferation-related gene sets in GSEA. The score was high in primary tumors that originated, in and metastasized to, brain and lung, and it predicted worse progression-free survival for metastatic tumors. Good tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy was accompanied by score reduction. High scores were also predictive of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for HR-positive/Her2-negative subtype. High score tumors had increased expression of T cell exhaustion marker genes, suggesting that the score may also be a biomarker for immunotherapy response. Our novel 4-gene score with both prognostic and predictive values may, therefore, be clinically useful particularly in HR-positive breast cancer.
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Liu X, Chen F, Li W. Elevated expression of DOK3 indicates high suppressive immune cell infiltration and unfavorable prognosis of gliomas. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106400. [PMID: 32193105 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Docking protein 3 has been implicated in immune response, including interferon-β production in macrophage and plasma cell differentiation. And its importance in lung adenocarcinoma has been reported. However, studies about its role in gliomas are rare. In this study, we explored the clinical and prognostic characteristics of DOK3 expression in 921 glioma samples. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis verified the independent unfavorable prognostic value and high prognostic accuracy of DOK3 expression for overall survival. Functional analysis with Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) implied the involvement of DOK3 in immune related responses. Immune cell infiltration analysis with online tools, CIBERSORT and EPIC, showed that samples with higher DOK3 expression were infiltrated with much more macrophages. DOK3 was also found to be strongly positively correlated with marker genes of tumor-associated macrophages and M2 macrophages, not M1. Results of immunohistochemical staining also demonstrated that samples with higher DOK3 expression level were infiltrated with more microglia/macrophages and immunosuppressive M2 macrophages. In summary, our results demonstrated the correlation between high DOK3 expression level and malignant progression of gliomas, and the possible involvement of DOK3 in immunosuppressive responses in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Liu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Neurosurgery Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Neurosurgery Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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20
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HDAC6-an Emerging Target Against Chronic Myeloid Leukemia? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020318. [PMID: 32013157 PMCID: PMC7072136 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Imatinib became the standard treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) about 20 years ago, which was a major breakthrough in stabilizing the pathology and improving the quality of life of patients. However, the emergence of resistance to imatinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors leads researchers to characterize new therapeutic targets. Several studies have highlighted the role of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) in various pathologies, including cancer. This protein effectively intervenes in cellular activities by its primarily cytoplasmic localization. In this review, we will discuss the molecular characteristics of the HDAC6 protein, as well as its overexpression in CML leukemic stem cells, which make it a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of CML.
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Abstract
Breast cancer, which is the most common type of cancer among women, is a heterogenous disease. It results from progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in different genes. The Dok1 protein has been identified as the major substrate of protein tyrosine kinases in hematopoietic cells. It is considered as a tumor suppressor due to the reports which describe its inhibitory effect on major oncogenic signaling pathways such as Mek/Erk/PI3k/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin. In this study, we investigated the mutation frequency of the DOK1 gene in 118 breast tumors using Sanger sequencing and DOK1 mRNA expression level in 63 breast cancer samples using qRT-PCR methods. Although the mutation frequency was low DOK1 mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced (63.5%) in the tumors compared to adjacent non-cancerous tissue. We also correlated expression changes with clinicopathological characteristics. Low mRNA levels correlated with age (p = 0.01) and c-erbB-2 (p = 0.05). In most of the previous reports, down-regulation of DOK1 mRNA expression has been associated with promoter methylation. We identified four different coding sequence alterations in 5.1% (6/118) of the tumor samples. However, all of these alterations were located in the functional domains of the protein. Therefore, these mutations may affect the function and/or cellular localization of the protein and contribute to cancer progression by this way. In conclusion our data indicate that DOK1 acts as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer and association of Dok1 with the c-erbB-2 mediated mechanism of action in breast cancer needs to be investigated.
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22
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Poorebrahim M, Sadeghi S, Ghanbarian M, Kalhor H, Mehrtash A, Teimoori-Toolabi L. Identification of candidate genes and miRNAs for sensitizing resistant colorectal cancer cells to oxaliplatin and irinotecan. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 85:153-171. [PMID: 31781855 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance to irinotecan and oxaliplatin, two widely used chemotherapeutic, has become a common problem in cancerous patients. Despite numerous valuable studies, distinct molecular mechanisms involved in the acquisition of resistance to these anti-cancer drugs have remained a challenge. In this study, we studied the possible resistance mechanisms to irinotecan and oxaliplatin in three CRC cell lines (HCT116, HT29, and LoVo) via integration of microarray data with gene regulatory networks. After determination of hub genes, corresponding miRNAs were predicted using several databases and used in construction and subsequent analysis of miRNA-gene networks. Following to preparation of chemo-resistance CRC cells, a standard real-time PCR was conducted for validation of in silico findings. Topological and functional enrichment analyses of the resulted networks introduced several previously reported drug-resistance genes as well as novel biomarkers as hub genes which seem to be crucial in resistance of colon cancer cells to irinotecan and oxaliplatin. Furthermore, results of the functional annotation revealed the essential role of different signaling pathways like metabolic pathways in drug resistance of CRC cell lines to these drugs. A part of in silico findings was also validated in vitro using oxaliplatin-resistant cell lines. While FOXC1 and NFIC were upregulated in cell lines which were resistant to oxaliplatin, silencing FOXC1 decreased the resistance of SW480 cell line to oxaliplatin. In conclusion, our comparative in silico and in vitro study introduces several novel genes and miRNAs as the resistance-mediators which can be used for sensitizing resistant CRC cells to oxaliplatin and irinotecan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Poorebrahim
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Sadeghi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ghanbarian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hourieh Kalhor
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Mehrtash
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Teimoori-Toolabi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Mucha S, Baurecht H, Novak N, Rodríguez E, Bej S, Mayr G, Emmert H, Stölzl D, Gerdes S, Jung ES, Degenhardt F, Hübenthal M, Ellinghaus E, Kässens JC, Wienbrandt L, Lieb W, Müller-Nurasyid M, Hotze M, Dand N, Grosche S, Marenholz I, Arnold A, Homuth G, Schmidt CO, Wehkamp U, Nöthen MM, Hoffmann P, Paternoster L, Standl M, Bønnelykke K, Ahluwalia TS, Bisgaard H, Peters A, Gieger C, Waldenberger M, Schulz H, Strauch K, Werfel T, Lee YA, Wolfien M, Rosenstiel P, Wolkenhauer O, Schreiber S, Franke A, Weidinger S, Ellinghaus D. Protein-coding variants contribute to the risk of atopic dermatitis and skin-specific gene expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:1208-1218. [PMID: 31707051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fifteen percent of atopic dermatitis (AD) liability-scale heritability could be attributed to 31 susceptibility loci identified by using genome-wide association studies, with only 3 of them (IL13, IL-6 receptor [IL6R], and filaggrin [FLG]) resolved to protein-coding variants. OBJECTIVE We examined whether a significant portion of unexplained AD heritability is further explained by low-frequency and rare variants in the gene-coding sequence. METHODS We evaluated common, low-frequency, and rare protein-coding variants using exome chip and replication genotype data of 15,574 patients and 377,839 control subjects combined with whole-transcriptome data on lesional, nonlesional, and healthy skin samples of 27 patients and 38 control subjects. RESULTS An additional 12.56% (SE, 0.74%) of AD heritability is explained by rare protein-coding variation. We identified docking protein 2 (DOK2) and CD200 receptor 1 (CD200R1) as novel genome-wide significant susceptibility genes. Rare coding variants associated with AD are further enriched in 5 genes (IL-4 receptor [IL4R], IL13, Janus kinase 1 [JAK1], JAK2, and tyrosine kinase 2 [TYK2]) of the IL13 pathway, all of which are targets for novel systemic AD therapeutics. Multiomics-based network and RNA sequencing analysis revealed DOK2 as a central hub interacting with, among others, CD200R1, IL6R, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Multitissue gene expression profile analysis for 53 tissue types from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project showed that disease-associated protein-coding variants exert their greatest effect in skin tissues. CONCLUSION Our discoveries highlight a major role of rare coding variants in AD acting independently of common variants. Further extensive functional studies are required to detect all potential causal variants and to specify the contribution of the novel susceptibility genes DOK2 and CD200R1 to overall disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Mucha
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Baurecht
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Department for Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Natalija Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elke Rodríguez
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Saptarshi Bej
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Gabriele Mayr
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hila Emmert
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dora Stölzl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sascha Gerdes
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eun Suk Jung
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Frauke Degenhardt
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Hübenthal
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Christian Kässens
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lars Wienbrandt
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank PopGen, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Hotze
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nick Dand
- School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Grosche
- Pediatric Allergology, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Centrum (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Marenholz
- Pediatric Allergology, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Centrum (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Arnold
- Clinic and Polyclinic of Dermatology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carsten O Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine, Study of Health in Pomerania/KEF, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ulrike Wehkamp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, and the School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology and Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology and Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Holger Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark; Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Young-Ae Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Wolfien
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf Wolkenhauer
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; First Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - David Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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The regulators of BCR signaling during B cell activation. BLOOD SCIENCE 2019; 1:119-129. [PMID: 35402811 PMCID: PMC8975005 DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes produce antibodies under the stimulation of specific antigens, thereby exerting an immune effect. B cells identify antigens by their surface B cell receptor (BCR), which upon stimulation, directs the cell to activate and differentiate into antibody generating plasma cells. Activation of B cells via their BCRs involves signaling pathways that are tightly controlled by various regulators. In this review, we will discuss three major BCR mediated signaling pathways (the PLC-γ2 pathway, PI3K pathway and MAPK pathway) and related regulators, which were roughly divided into positive, negative and mutual-balanced regulators, and the specific regulators of the specific signaling pathway based on regulatory effects.
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Sun GK, Tang LJ, Zhou JD, Xu ZJ, Yang L, Yuan Q, Ma JC, Liu XH, Lin J, Qian J, Yao DM. DOK6 promoter methylation serves as a potential biomarker affecting prognosis in de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Med 2019; 8:6393-6402. [PMID: 31486300 PMCID: PMC6797566 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Downstream of tyrosine kinase 6 (DOK6), which is specifically expressed in the nervous system, was previously recognized as an adapter only in neurite outgrowth. Recent studies also demonstrated the potential role of DOK6 in solid tumors such as gastric cancer and breast cancer. However, previous studies of DOK6 have not dealt with its roles in myeloid malignancies. Herein, we verified the promoter methylation status of DOK6 and further explored its clinical implication in de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS A total of 100 newly diagnosed adult AML patients were involved in the current study. DOK6 expression and methylation were detected by real-time qPCR and methylation-specific PCR (MSP), respectively. Bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) was performed to assess the methylation density of the DOK6 promoter. RESULTS Downstream of tyrosine kinase 6 promoter methylation was significantly increased in AML patients compared to controls (P = .037), whereas DOK6 expression significantly decreased in AML patients (P < .001). The expression of DOK6 was markedly up-regulated after treated by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) in THP-1 cell lines. The methylation status of the DOK6 promoter was associated with French-American-British classifications (P = .037). There was no significant correlation existed between DOK6 expression and its promoter methylation (R = .077, P = .635). Interestingly, of whole-AML and non-APL AML patients, both have a tendency pertaining to the DOK6 methylation group and a significantly longer overall survival (OS) than the DOK6 unmethylation group (P = .042 and .036, respectively). CONCLUSION Our study suggested that DOK6 promoter hypermethylation was a common molecular event in de novo AML patients. Remarkably, DOK6 promoter methylation could serve as an independent and integrated prognostic biomarker not only in non-APL AML patients but also in AML patients who are less than 60 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Kang Sun
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Juan Tang
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Dong Zhou
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jun Xu
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Yang
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yuan
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Chun Ma
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Hui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Qian
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Ming Yao
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Zhang L, Li R, Hu K, Dai Y, Pang Y, Jiao Y, Liu Y, Cui L, Shi J, Cheng Z, Fu L. Prognostic role of DOK family adapters in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 26:305-312. [PMID: 30348947 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disease. Gene mutational and expressional profile can aid the identification of different prognostic subgroups. Downstream of tyrosine kinase (DOK) proteins are a multigenic family of adaptors; some of them are key negative regulators of immune cell signaling. However, the expression and clinical implication of DOK family in AML has rarely been investigated. A total of 155 AML patients with DOK family (DOK1-7) expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database were enrolled in the study. In patients who only received chemotherapy, those with high expressions of DOK4 or DOK5 had significantly shorter EFS and OS than patients with low expressions (all P < 0.001), whereas high DOK7 expressers had longer EFS and OS than the low expressers (all P < 0.05). In patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), however, all DOK members had no impact on EFS and OS. Multivariate analysis confirmed that high DOK5 expression was an independent risk factor for EFS and OS in untransplanted patients (all P < 0.05). Our study suggests that in AML, high expressions of DOK4 and DOK5 are adverse prognostic factors, high DOK7 expression is a good prognostic factor, but their effects can be overcome by allo-HSCT.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Databases, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multigene Family
- Mutation
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Human Resources, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, 475000, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, 475000, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yifeng Dai
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 515041, Shantou, China
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yifan Pang
- Department of Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA
| | - Yang Jiao
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, 475000, Kaifeng, China
| | - Longzhen Cui
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, 475000, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinlong Shi
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, 475000, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiheng Cheng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 515041, Shantou, China.
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, 475000, Kaifeng, China.
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University, Third Hospital, 100191, Beijing, China.
- Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, 475000, Kaifeng, China.
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27
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Li T, Li B, Sara A, Ay C, Leung WY, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Liang Q, Zhang X, Weidner P, Gutting T, Behrens HM, Röcken C, Sung JJ, Ebert MP, Yu J, Burgermeister E. Docking protein-1 promotes inflammatory macrophage signaling in gastric cancer. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1649961. [PMID: 31646096 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1649961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Docking protein-1 (DOK1) is a tumor suppressor frequently lost in malignant cells, however, it retains the ability to control activities of immune receptors in adjacent stroma cells of the tumor microenvironment. We therefore hypothesized that addressing DOK1 may be useful for cancer immunotherapy. DOK1 mRNA and DOK1 protein expression were downregulated in tumor cells of gastric cancer patients (n = 249). Conversely, its expression was up-regulated in cases positive for Epstein Barr Virus (EBV+) together with genes related to macrophage biology and targets of clinical immunotherapy such as programmed-cell-death-ligand-1 (PD-L1). Notably, high DOK1 positivity in stroma cells conferred poor prognosis in patients and correlated with high levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase in CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages. In macrophages derived from human monocytic leukemia cell lines, DOK1 (i) was inducible by agonists of the anti-diabetic transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), (ii) increased polarization towards an inflammatory phenotype, (iii) augmented nuclear factor-κB-dependent transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and (iv) reduced PD-L1 expression. These properties empowered DOK1+ macrophages to decrease the viability of human gastric cancer cells in contact-dependent co-cultures. DOK1 also reduced PD-L1 expression in human primary blood monocytes. Our data propose that the drugability of DOK1 may be exploited to reprogram myeloid cells and enforce the innate immune response against EBV+ human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Dept. of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Dept. of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Beifang Li
- Dept. of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Asgharpour Sara
- Dept. of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Ay
- Dept. of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wing Yan Leung
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Dept. of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanquan Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Dept. of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yujuan Dong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Dept. of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiaoyi Liang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Dept. of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Dept. of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Philip Weidner
- Dept. of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Gutting
- Dept. of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Röcken
- Dept. of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joseph Jy Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Dept. of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Dept. of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Dept. of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Elke Burgermeister
- Dept. of Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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28
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Vella V, Malaguarnera R, Nicolosi ML, Morrione A, Belfiore A. Insulin/IGF signaling and discoidin domain receptors: An emerging functional connection. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118522. [PMID: 31394114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The insulin/insulin-like growth factor system (IIGFs) plays a fundamental role in the regulation of prenatal and postnatal growth, metabolism and homeostasis. As a consequence, dysregulation of this axis is associated with growth disturbance, type 2 diabetes, chronic inflammation and tumor progression. A functional crosstalk between IIGFs and discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) has been recently discovered. DDRs are non-integrin collagen receptors that canonically undergo slow and long-lasting autophosphorylation after binding to fibrillar collagen. While both DDR1 and DDR2 functionally interact with IIGFs, the crosstalk with DDR1 is so far better characterized. Notably, the IIGFs-DDR1 crosstalk presents a feed-forward mechanism, which does not require collagen binding, thus identifying novel non-canonical action of DDR1. Further studies are needed to fully explore the role of this IIGFs-DDRs functional loop as potential target in the treatment of inflammatory and neoplastic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vella
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Maria Luisa Nicolosi
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy.
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29
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Yan W, Tian Y, Sun P, Yang J, Li N, Sun Y, Wang S, Zhang C. Dok-3 deficient mice display different immune clustering and Tim-3 expression. Eur J Med Res 2019; 24:26. [PMID: 31351483 PMCID: PMC6660655 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-019-0384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dok-3 has been shown to play an important role in immune system. Tim-3 also has been recognized as an important immune regulator which involves in many diseases. The relationship of them is still unclear. Methods We detected the expression of Tim-3 on spleen immune cells from Dok-3 deficient mice and control mice by flow cytometry. Results In this article, we found that Dok-3−/− mice display almost entirely different immune clustering characteristics compared with wild type 129 mice. The CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells decreased and DC cells, macrophages, MDSCs increased when the Dok-3 gene knocked-out. The Tim-3 expression on CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, NK cells, DC cells increased when the Dok-3 gene knocked-out. The macrophages and MDSCs just display the opposite results. Conclusions Although Dok-3−/− mice display different immune clustering and Tim-3 expression, the mechanism still needs further study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40001-019-0384-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiang Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, and The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Yijia Tian
- Grade 2015, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Clinical Medicine(5 + 3), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, and The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Intervention Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, and The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, and The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, and The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, and The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, and The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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30
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Jiang S, Da Y, Han S, He Y, Che H. Notch ligand Delta-like1 enhances degranulation and cytokine production through a novel Notch/Dok-1/MAPKs pathway in vitro. Immunol Res 2019; 66:87-96. [PMID: 29181775 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy includes sensitization phase and effect phase, and effect cells degranulate and secrete cytokines in the effect phase, causing allergic clinical symptoms. We have demonstrated that Notch signaling plays an important role in the sensitization phase, but its role in effect phases still remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of Notch signaling in degranulation and cytokine production of the effect phase response. A RBL-2H3 cell model was used and Notch signaling was induced by priming with Notch ligands. Our results showed after priming with Notch ligand, Delta-like1(Dll1)-Fc, β-hexosaminidase release, and cytokines production, including TGF-β, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13, were increased significantly, and the enhancement was abolished after DAPT treatment, a γ-secretase inhibitor, indicating that Dll1 Notch signaling enhanced RBL-2H3 cell degranulation and cytokine production. Western blot analysis showed that Dll1 Notch signaling augmented high-affinity IgE receptors-mediated phosphorylation of MAPKs through suppressing the expression of downstream tyrosine kinases 1 (Dok-1). Besides, a passive systemic anaphylaxis mouse model was used to confirm the role of Notch signaling. And our data showed that allergic clinical features of mice were alleviated, and the level of degranulation was decreased significantly after inhibiting Notch signaling in vivo. Therefore, we demonstrated Notch ligand Dll1 enhanced RBL-2H3 cell degranulation and cytokine production through a novel Notch/Dok-1/MAPKs pathway, suggesting Notch signaling played a key role in the effect phase of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songsong Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Da
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwen Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahong He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilian Che
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Zhang LQ, Cui H, Yu YB, Shi HQ, Zhou Y, Liu MJ. MicroRNA-141-3p inhibits retinal neovascularization and retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in glaucoma mice through the inactivation of Docking protein 5-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8873-8887. [PMID: 30515784 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neovascularization occurs in various ocular disorders including proliferative diabetic retinopathy and secondary neovascular glaucoma, resulting in blindness. This paper aims to investigate the effect of microRNA-141-3p (miR-141-3p) on retinal neovascularization and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma mice through the Docking protein 5 (DOK5)-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Chip retrieval and difference analysis were used for the potential mechanism of miR-141-3p on glaucoma. All modeled mice were transfected with different expression of mimic or inhibitor. The expressions of miR-141-3p, DOK5, and related genes and proteins of the MAPK signaling pathway were detected by Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Cell proliferation, lumen formation, and apoptosis in the retinal vascular epithelial cells and RGCs were detected using Matrigel angiogenesis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assays. Moreover, a total of 63 and 294 differentially expressed genes were obtained in GSE2378 and GSE9944 chips, and 4 genes were within the intersection of the chips. In addition, the results showed that miR-141-3p was found to inhibit the DOK5 gene and activate the MAPK pathway. The number of RGCs, the expression of p38, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), IGF-1, VEGF, HIF1-α, Bax, caspase-3, and the extent of p38, ERK, and JNK phosphorylated were decreased with miR-141-3p upregulation. Lastly, the results obtained showed that miR-141-3p inhibited the proliferation of retinal vascular epithelial cells and inhibited angiogenesis, as well as promoted apoptosis of RGCs. The study suggests that miR-141-3p inhibits retinal neovascularization in glaucoma mice by impeding the activation of the DOK5-mediated MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qiong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong-Bin Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huan-Qi Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mei-Jiao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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32
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Charostad J, Astani A, Goudarzi H, Faghihloo E. DNA methyltransferases in virus-associated cancers. Rev Med Virol 2018; 29:e2022. [PMID: 30511446 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human tumor viruses are either casually linked or contribute in the development of human cancers. Viruses can stimulate oncogenesis through affecting diverse biological pathways in human cells. Growing data have demonstrated frequent involvement of one of the most characteristic parts of cellular epigenetic machinery, DNA methylation, in the oncogenesis. DNA methylation of cellular genes is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) as a key effector enzyme in this process. Dysregulation of DNMTs can cause aberrant gene methylation in promoter of cancer-related genes including tumor suppressor genes, resulting in gene silencing. In this regard, the role of tumor viruses is remarkable. Here, in this review, we used published information to elucidate whether tumor viruses are able to manipulate DNMT regulation, and if so, what are its consequences in the process of oncogenesis. This essay also aims to shed light on which cellular pathways have been engaged by viruses to induce DNMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Charostad
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Akram Astani
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Sahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Thome S, Begandt D, Pick R, Salvermoser M, Walzog B. Intracellular β 2 integrin (CD11/CD18) interacting partners in neutrophil trafficking. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48 Suppl 2:e12966. [PMID: 29896791 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil recruitment during acute inflammation critically depends on the spatial and temporal regulation of β2 integrins (CD11/CD18). This regulation occurs by inside-out and outside-in signalling via interaction of cytoplasmic proteins with the intracellular domains of the integrin α- and β-subunits. The underlying molecular mechanisms regulating β2 integrins in neutrophils are still incompletely understood. AIM This review provides a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge on proteins interacting with the cytoplasmic tail of CD18, the conserved β-subunit of β2 integrins, their regulation and their functional importance for neutrophil trafficking during acute inflammation. RESULTS A total of 22 proteins including Talin, Kindlin 3 and Coronin 1A have been reported to interact with the CD18 cytoplasmic tail. Here, proteins binding to the cytoplasmic domain of CD18 in experiments using purified, recombinant proteins or peptides in, for example, pull-down assays, are defined as direct interactors. Proteins that have been shown to interact with the cytoplasmic domain of CD18 using whole cell lysates in, for example, pull-down experiments are claimed as interacting proteins without evidence for direct interaction. In summary, β2 integrin activation and signalling depend on a specific subset of proteins interacting with CD18 and their precise regulation. If disturbed, profound defects of neutrophil recruitment and activation become evident compromising the innate immune response. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge of proteins interacting with β2 integrins and their regulation during neutrophil trafficking does not only improve our basic understanding of innate immunity but may pave the way to novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Thome
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniela Begandt
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Robert Pick
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Melanie Salvermoser
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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34
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Owen R, Reilly GC. In vitro Models of Bone Remodelling and Associated Disorders. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:134. [PMID: 30364287 PMCID: PMC6193121 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of bone remodelling by diseases such as osteoporosis results in an imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. Research into these metabolic bone disorders is primarily performed in vivo; however, in the last decade there has been increased interest in generating in vitro models that can reduce or replace our reliance on animal testing. With recent advances in biomaterials and tissue engineering the feasibility of laboratory-based alternatives is growing; however, to date there are no established in vitro models of bone remodelling. In vivo, remodelling is performed by organised packets of osteoblasts and osteoclasts called bone multicellular units (BMUs). The key determinant of whether osteoclasts form and remodelling occurs is the ratio between RANKL, a cytokine which stimulates osteoclastogenesis, and OPG, its inhibitor. This review initially details the different circumstances, conditions, and factors which have been found to modulate the RANKL:OPG ratio, and fundamental factors to be considered if a robust in vitro model is to be developed. Following this, an examination of what has been achieved thus far in replicating remodelling in vitro using three-dimensional co-cultures is performed, before overviewing how such systems are already being utilised in the study of associated diseases, such as metastatic cancer and dental disorders. Finally, a discussion of the most important considerations to be incorporated going forward is presented. This details the need for the use of cells capable of endogenously producing the required cytokines, application of mechanical stimulation, and the presence of appropriate hormones in order to produce a robust model of bone remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwendolen C. Reilly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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35
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Chatterjee D, D'Souza A, Zhang Y, Bin W, Tan SM, Bhattacharjya S. Interaction Analyses of 14-3-3ζ, Dok1, and Phosphorylated Integrin β Cytoplasmic Tails Reveal a Bi-molecular Switch in Integrin Regulation. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4419-4430. [PMID: 30243836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are hetero-dimeric (α and β subunits) type I transmembrane proteins that facilitate cell adhesion and migration. The cytoplasmic tails (CTs) of integrins interact with a plethora of intra-cellular proteins that are required for integrin bidirectional signaling. In particular, the β CTs of integrins are known to recruit a variety of cytosolic proteins that often have overlapping recognition sites. However, the chronological sequence of β CTs/cytosolic proteins interactions remains to be fully characterized. Previous studies have shown that the scaffold protein 14-3-3ζ binds to phosphorylated β CTs in activated integrins, whereas interactions of Dok-1 with phosphorylated β CTs maintained integrins in the resting state. In this study, we examined the binding interactions between 14-3-3ζ, Dok1, and phosphorylated integrin β2 and β3 CTs. We show that the scaffold protein 14-3-3ζ interacts with the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain of Dok1 even in the absence of the phosphorylated integrin β CTs. The interactions were mapped onto the β-sheet region of the PTB domain of Dok1. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the 14-3-3ζ/Dok1 binary complex is able to bind to their cognate phosphorylated sequence motifs in the integrin β CTs. We demonstrate that Thr phosphorylated pTTT β2 CT or pTST β3 CT can bind to 14-3-3ζ that is in complex with the Dok1 PTB domain, whereas Ser phosphorylated β2 CT or Tyr phosphorylated β3 CT interacted with Dok1 in 14-3-3ζ/Dok1 complex. Based on these data, we propose that 14-3-3ζ/Dok1 complex could serve as a molecular switch providing novel molecular insights into the regulating integrin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Chatterjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Areetha D'Souza
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yaming Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Wu Bin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Suet-Mien Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
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36
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Zhang B, Jiao A, Dai M, Wiest DL, Zhuang Y. Id3 Restricts γδ NKT Cell Expansion by Controlling Egr2 and c-Myc Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1452-1459. [PMID: 30012846 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
γδ NKT cells are neonatal-derived γδ T lymphocytes that are grouped together with invariant NKT cells based on their shared innate-like developmental program characterized by the transcription factor PLZF (promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger). Previous studies have demonstrated that the population size of γδ NKT cells is tightly controlled by Id3-mediated inhibition of E-protein activity in mice. However, how E proteins promote γδ NKT cell development and expansion remains to be determined. In this study, we report that the transcription factor Egr2, which also activates PLZF expression in invariant NKT cells, is essential for regulating γδ NKT cell expansion. We observed a higher expression of Egr family genes in γδ NKT cells compared with the conventional γδ T cell population. Loss of function of Id3 caused an expansion of γδ NKT cells, which is accompanied by further upregulation of Egr family genes as well as PLZF. Deletion of Egr2 in Id3-deficient γδ NKT cells prevented cell expansion and blocked PLZF upregulation. We further show that this Egr2-mediated γδ NKT cell expansion is dependent on c-Myc. c-Myc knockdown attenuated the proliferation of Id3-deficient γδ NKT cells, whereas c-Myc overexpression enhanced the proliferation of Id3/Egr2-double-deficient γδ NKT cells. Therefore, our data reveal a regulatory circuit involving Egr2-Id3-E2A, which normally restricts the population size of γδ NKT cells by adjusting Egr2 dosage and c-Myc expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710061, China; .,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710061, China
| | - Meifang Dai
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - David L Wiest
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
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Guittard G, Pontarotti P, Granjeaud S, Rodrigues M, Abi-Rached L, Nunès JA. Evolutionary and expression analyses reveal a pattern of ancient duplications and functional specializations in the diversification of the Downstream of Kinase (DOK) genes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:193-198. [PMID: 29453999 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Downstream of Kinase (DOK) proteins represent a multigenic family of adaptors that includes negative regulators of immune cell signaling. Using phylogenetics and intron/exon structure data, we show here that the seven human DOK genes (DOK1 to DOK7) form three highly divergent groups that emerged before the protostome-deuterostome split: DOK1/2/3, DOK4/5/6, and DOK7. For two of these three groups (DOK1/2/3 and DOK4/5/6), further gene duplications occurred in vertebrates and so while chordates only have three DOK genes, vertebrates have seven DOK genes over the three groups. From our expression analysis in humans, we show that each group of DOK genes has a distinct pattern of expression. The DOK1/2/3 group is immune specific, yet each of the three genes in the group has a distinct pattern of expression in immune cells. This immune specificity could thus be ancestral, with the DOK1/2/3 gene also being immune-related in protostomes. The DOK4/5/6 and DOK7 groups represent genes that are much less expressed in immune system than the DOK1/2/3 group. Interestingly, we identify a novel tyrosine based motif that is specific to the vertebrate DOK4/5/6 sequences. The evolution of the DOK genes is thus marked by a pattern of ancient duplications and functional specializations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Guittard
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Immunity and Cancer Team, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Pontarotti
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M UMR 7373, équipe évolution Biologique Modélisation, Marseille, France
| | - Samuel Granjeaud
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CiBi Platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Magda Rodrigues
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Immunity and Cancer Team, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Abi-Rached
- Equipe ATIP, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Jacques A Nunès
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Immunity and Cancer Team, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm, U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM 105, Marseille, France.
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38
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Kajikawa S, Taguchi Y, Hayata T, Ezura Y, Ueta R, Arimura S, Inoue JI, Noda M, Yamanashi Y. Dok-3 and Dok-1/-2 adaptors play distinctive roles in cell fusion and proliferation during osteoclastogenesis and cooperatively protect mice from osteopenia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:967-974. [PMID: 29548825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone mass is determined by coordinated acts of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which control bone formation and resorption, respectively. Osteoclasts are multinucleated, macrophage/monocyte lineage cells from bone marrow. The Dok-family adaptors Dok-1, Dok-2 and Dok-3 are expressed in the macrophage/monocyte lineage and negatively regulate many signaling pathways, implying roles in osteoclastogenesis. Indeed, mice lacking Dok-1 and Dok-2, the closest homologues with redundant functions, develop osteopenia with increased osteoclast counts compared to the wild-type controls. Here, we demonstrate that Dok-3 knockout (KO) mice also develop osteopenia. However, Dok-3 KO, but not Dok-1/-2 double-KO (DKO), mice develop larger osteoclasts within the normal cell-count range, suggesting a distinctive role for Dok-3. Indeed, Dok-3 KO, but not Dok-1/-2 DKO, bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) generated larger osteoclasts with more nuclei due to augmented cell-to-cell fusion in vitro. In addition, while Dok-1/-2 DKO BMDCs generated more osteoclasts, Dok-1/-2/-3 triple-KO (TKO) BMDCs generated osteoclasts increased in both number and size. Furthermore, Dok-1/-2/-3 TKO mice showed the combined effects of Dok-3 and Dok-1/-2 deficiency: severe osteopenia with more and larger osteoclasts. Together, our findings demonstrate that Dok-3 and Dok-1/-2 play distinctive but cooperative roles in osteoclastogenesis and protect mice from osteopenia, providing physiological and pathophysiological insight into bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Kajikawa
- Division of Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuu Taguchi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Hayata
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ezura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Ryo Ueta
- Division of Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sumimasa Arimura
- Division of Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Inoue
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masaki Noda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamanashi
- Division of Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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39
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Hoang KV, Rajaram MVS, Curry HM, Gavrilin MA, Wewers MD, Schlesinger LS. Complement Receptor 3-Mediated Inhibition of Inflammasome Priming by Ras GTPase-Activating Protein During Francisella tularensis Phagocytosis by Human Mononuclear Phagocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:561. [PMID: 29632532 PMCID: PMC5879101 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a remarkably infectious facultative intracellular bacterium of macrophages that causes tularemia. Early evasion of host immune responses contributes to the success of F. tularensis as a pathogen. F. tularensis entry into human monocytes and macrophages is mediated by the major phagocytic receptor, complement receptor 3 (CR3, CD11b/CD18). We recently determined that despite a significant increase in macrophage uptake following C3 opsonization of the virulent Type A F. tularensis spp. tularensis Schu S4, this phagocytic pathway results in limited pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Notably, MAP kinase/ERK activation is suppressed immediately during C3-opsonized Schu S4-CR3 phagocytosis. A mathematical model of CR3-TLR2 crosstalk predicted early involvement of Ras GTPase-activating protein (RasGAP) in immune suppression by CR3. Here, we link CR3-mediated uptake of opsonized Schu S4 by human monocytes and macrophages with inhibition of early signal 1 inflammasome activation, evidenced by limited caspase-1 cleavage and IL-18 release. This inhibition is due to increased RasGAP activity, leading to a reduction in the Ras-ERK signaling cascade upstream of the early inflammasome activation event. Thus, our data uncover a novel signaling pathway mediated by CR3 following engagement of opsonized virulent F. tularensis to limit inflammasome activation in human phagocytic cells, thereby contributing to evasion of the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ky V Hoang
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Heather Marie Curry
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mikhail A Gavrilin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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40
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He P, Xu Z, Zhou J, Li X, Zhang W, Wu D, Zhang Z, Lian X, Yao X, Deng Z, Lin J, Qian J. Methylation‐associated
DOK1
and
DOK2
down‐regulation: Potential biomarkers for predicting adverse prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6604-6614. [PMID: 29150948 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pin‐Fang He
- Laboratory CenterAffiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang CityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
| | - Zi‐Jun Xu
- Laboratory CenterAffiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang CityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
| | - Jing‐Dong Zhou
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang CityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
- Department of HematologyAffiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
| | - Xi‐Xi Li
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang CityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
- Department of HematologyAffiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang CityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
- Department of HematologyAffiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
| | - De‐Hong Wu
- Department of HematologyThe Third People's Hospital of KunShan CityKunshanJiangsuP.R. China
| | - Zhi‐Hui Zhang
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang CityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
- Department of HematologyAffiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
| | - Xin‐Yue Lian
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang CityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
- Department of HematologyAffiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
| | - Xin‐Yu Yao
- School of medicineJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
| | - Zhao‐Qun Deng
- Laboratory CenterAffiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang CityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Laboratory CenterAffiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang CityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
| | - Jun Qian
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhenjiang CityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
- Department of HematologyAffiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsuP.R. China
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Sarin N, Engel F, Rothweiler F, Cinatl J, Michaelis M, Frötschl R, Fröhlich H, Kalayda GV. Key Players of Cisplatin Resistance: Towards a Systems Pharmacology Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29518977 PMCID: PMC5877628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The major obstacle in the clinical use of the antitumor drug cisplatin is inherent and acquired resistance. Typically, cisplatin resistance is not restricted to a single mechanism demanding for a systems pharmacology approach to understand a whole cell's reaction to the drug. In this study, the cellular transcriptome of untreated and cisplatin-treated A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells and their cisplatin-resistant sub-line A549rCDDP2000 was screened with a whole genome array for relevant gene candidates. By combining statistical methods with available gene annotations and without a previously defined hypothesis HRas, MAPK14 (p38), CCL2, DOK1 and PTK2B were identified as genes possibly relevant for cisplatin resistance. These and related genes were further validated on transcriptome (qRT-PCR) and proteome (Western blot) level to select candidates contributing to resistance. HRas, p38, CCL2, DOK1, PTK2B and JNK3 were integrated into a model of resistance-associated signalling alterations describing differential gene and protein expression between cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant cells in reaction to cisplatin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Sarin
- Institute of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Florian Engel
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), 53175 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Florian Rothweiler
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK.
| | - Roland Frötschl
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), 53175 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Holger Fröhlich
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT (b-it), Life Science Data Analytics & Algorithmic Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ganna V Kalayda
- Institute of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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PD-1 and its ligands are important immune checkpoints in cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:2171-2186. [PMID: 27974689 PMCID: PMC5356790 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligands (PD-Ls) have been identified as negative immunoregulatory molecules that promote immune evasion of tumor cells. The interaction of PD-1 and PD-Ls inhibits the function of T cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) while increasing the function of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). This condition causes the tumor cells to evade immune response. Thus, the blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 enhances anti-tumor immunity by reducing the number and/or the suppressive activity of Tregs and by restoring the activity of effector T cells. Furthermore, some monoclonal antibodies blockading PD-1/PD-Ls axis have achieved good effect and received Food and Drug Administration approval. The role of PD-1/PD-Ls in tumors has been well studied, but little is known on the mechanism by which PD-1 blocks T-cell activation. In this study, we provide a brief overview on the discovery and regulatory mechanism of PD-1 and PD-L1 dysregulation in tumors, as well as the function and signaling pathway of PD-1 and its ligands; their roles in tumor evasion and clinical treatment were also studied.
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43
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Fundamental Molecules and Mechanisms for Forming and Maintaining Neuromuscular Synapses. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020490. [PMID: 29415504 PMCID: PMC5855712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular synapse is a relatively large synapse with hundreds of active zones in presynaptic motor nerve terminals and more than ten million acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in the postsynaptic membrane. The enrichment of proteins in presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes ensures a rapid, robust, and reliable synaptic transmission. Over fifty years ago, classic studies of the neuromuscular synapse led to a comprehensive understanding of how a synapse looks and works, but these landmark studies did not reveal the molecular mechanisms responsible for building and maintaining a synapse. During the past two-dozen years, the critical molecular players, responsible for assembling the specialized postsynaptic membrane and regulating nerve terminal differentiation, have begun to be identified and their mechanism of action better understood. Here, we describe and discuss five of these key molecular players, paying heed to their discovery as well as describing their currently understood mechanisms of action. In addition, we discuss the important gaps that remain to better understand how these proteins act to control synaptic differentiation and maintenance.
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Cai X, Xing J, Long CL, Peng Q, Humphrey MB. DOK3 Modulates Bone Remodeling by Negatively Regulating Osteoclastogenesis and Positively Regulating Osteoblastogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2207-2218. [PMID: 28650106 PMCID: PMC5685877 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclastogenesis is essential for bone remodeling and normal skeletal maintenance. Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) promotes osteoclast differentiation and function but requires costimulation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-coupled immunoreceptors. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) coupled to ITAM-adaptor protein DNAX activation protein 12kDA (DAP12) provides costimulation of intracellular calcium signaling during osteoclastogenesis. Previously, we found that downstream of kinase-3 (DOK3) physically associates with DAP12 to inhibit toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced inflammatory signaling in macrophages. However, whether and how DOK3 modulates DAP12-dependent osteoclastogenesis is unknown and the focus of this study. Bone microarchitecture and histology of sex- and age-matched wild-type (WT) and DOK3-deficient (DOK3-/- ) mice were evaluated. Male and female DOK3-/- mice have significantly reduced trabecular bone mass compared with WT mice with increased TRAP+ osteoclasts in vivo. In vitro, DOK3-/- bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) have increased macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-induced proliferation and increased sensitivity to RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Compared with WT, DOK3-/- osteoclasts are significantly larger with more nuclei and have increased resorptive capacity. Mechanistically, DOK3 limits osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting activation of Syk and ERK in response to RANKL and M-CSF. DOK3 is phosphorylated in a DAP12-dependent manner and associates with Grb2 and Cbl. Compared with DAP12-/- mice with high bone mass, DOK3- and DAP12- doubly deficient mice (DKO) have normalized bone mass, indicating that DOK3 also limits DAP12-independent osteoclastogenesis in vivo. In vitro osteoclasts derived from DKO mice are mononuclear with poor resorptive capacity similar to DAP12-/- osteoclasts. Histomorphometry reveals that DOK3-/- mice also have reduced osteoblast parameters. DOK3-/- osteoblasts have reduced in vitro osteoblastogenesis and increased osteoprotegerin (OPG) to RANKL expression ratio compared with WT osteoblasts. Co-culture of WT and DOK3-/- osteoblasts with pre-osteoclasts reveals a reduced capacity of DOK3-/- osteoblasts to support osteoclastogenesis. These data indicate that DOK3 regulates bone remodeling by negatively regulating M-CSF- and RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis and positively regulating osteoblastogenesis. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Cai
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Junjie Xing
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Courtney L Long
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Qisheng Peng
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mary Beth Humphrey
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Department of Veteran's Affairs, Oklahoma City, OK
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Dok-1 and Dok-2 Are Required To Maintain Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Specific CD8 + T Cells in a Murine Model of Ocular Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02297-16. [PMID: 28490594 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02297-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dok-1 and Dok-2 negatively regulate responses downstream of several immune receptors in lymphoid and myeloid cells. Recent evidence showed that Dok proteins are essential in the formation of memory CD8+ T cells to an exogenous epitope expressed by vaccinia virus; however, the importance of Dok-1 and Dok-2 in the control of viral infection is unknown. Here, we investigated the role of Dok proteins in modulating the immune response against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in a mouse model of ocular infection. During acute infection, viral titers in the eye were similar in wild-type (WT) and Dok-1 and Dok-2 double-knockout (DKO) mice, and the percentages of infiltrating leukocytes were similar in DKO and WT corneas and trigeminal ganglia (TG). DKO mice exhibited a diminished CD8+ T cell response to the immunodominant HSV-1 glycoprotein B (gB) epitope in the spleen and draining lymph nodes compared to WT mice during acute infection. Remarkably, gB-specific CD8+ T cells almost completely disappeared in the spleens of DKO mice during latency, and the reduction of CD8+ effector memory T (Tem) cells was more severe than that of CD8+ central memory T (Tcm) cells. The percentage of gB-specific CD8+ T cells in TG during latency was also dramatically reduced in DKO mice; however, they were phenotypically similar to those from WT mice. In ex vivo assays, reactivation was detected earlier in TG cultures from infected DKO versus WT mice. Thus, Dok-1 and Dok-2 promote survival of gB-specific CD8+ T cells in TG latently infected with HSV-1.IMPORTANCE HSV-1 establishes lifelong latency in sensory neurons of trigeminal ganglia (TG). In humans, HSV-1 is able to sporadically reactivate from latently infected neurons and establish a lytic infection at a site to which the neurons project. Most herpetic disease in humans is due to reactivation of HSV-1 from latency rather than to primary acute infection. CD8+ T cells are thought to play an important role in controlling recurrent infections. In this study, we examined the involvement of Dok-1 and Dok-2 signaling proteins in the control of HSV-1 infection. We provide evidence that Dok proteins are required to maintain a CD8+ T cell response against HSV-1 during latency-especially CD8+ Tem cells-and that they negatively affect HSV-1 reactivation from latency. Elucidating Dok-mediated mechanisms involved in the control of HSV-1 reactivation from latency might contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent recurrent HSV-1-induced pathology.
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Ohsugi T. Effects of expressing human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I) oncoprotein Tax on DOK1, DOK2 and DOK3 gene expression in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:935-938. [PMID: 28302940 PMCID: PMC5447985 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mice expressing the tax gene from human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I) genome developed T-cell leukemia or histiocytic sarcoma after at least 12 months. The transgenic mice showed low expression of the downstream of tyrosine kinase (DOK) family members, DOK1, DOK2 and DOK3, which were recently reported to be tumor suppressor genes. Mice showed low DOK2 expression at 5-6 months of age, before disease onset. The expression of DOK1 and DOK3 was not significantly reduced at any age tested. These results suggest that downregulation of DOK2 by the expression of the viral tax gene is the first step in the development of T-cell leukemia or histiocytic sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Ohsugi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno-Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Leong SH, Lwin KM, Lee SS, Ng WH, Ng KM, Tan SY, Ng BL, Carter NP, Tang C, Lian Kon O. Chromosomal breaks at FRA18C: association with reduced DOK6 expression, altered oncogenic signaling and increased gastric cancer survival. NPJ Precis Oncol 2017; 1:9. [PMID: 29872697 PMCID: PMC5859466 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-017-0012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements are common in cancer. More than 50% occur in common fragile sites and disrupt tumor suppressors. However, such rearrangements are not known in gastric cancer. Here we report recurrent 18q2 breakpoints in 6 of 17 gastric cancer cell lines. The rearranged chromosome 18, t(9;18), in MKN7 cells was flow sorted and identified by reverse chromosome painting. High-resolution tiling array hybridization mapped breakpoints to DOK6 (docking protein 6) intron 4 in FRA18C (18q22.2) and an intergenic region in 9q22.2. The same rearrangement was detected by FISH in 22% of 99 primary gastric cancers. Intron 4 truncation was associated with reduced DOK6 transcription. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas stomach adenocarcinoma cohort showed significant correlation of DOK6 expression with histological and molecular phenotypes. Multiple oncogenic signaling pathways (gastrin-CREB, NGF-neurotrophin, PDGF, EGFR, ERK, ERBB4, FGFR1, RAS, VEGFR2 and RAF/MAP kinase) known to be active in aggressive gastric cancers were strikingly diminished in gastric cancers with low DOK6 expression. Median survival of patients with low DOK6-expressing tumors was 2100 days compared with 533 days in patients with high DOK6-expressing tumors (log-rank P = 0.0027). The level of DOK6 expression in tumors predicted patient survival independent of TNM stage. These findings point to new functions of human DOK6 as an adaptor that interacts with diverse molecular components of signaling pathways. Our data suggest that DOK6 expression is an integrated biomarker of multiple oncogenic signals in gastric cancer and identify FRA18C as a new cancer-associated fragile site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Hong Leong
- 1Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610 Singapore.,2Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117596 Singapore
| | - Kyaw Myo Lwin
- 1Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Sze Sing Lee
- 1Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Wai Har Ng
- 1Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Kia Min Ng
- 1Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Soo Yong Tan
- 3Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608 Singapore
| | - Bee Ling Ng
- 4Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Nigel P Carter
- 4Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Carol Tang
- 5National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
| | - Oi Lian Kon
- 1Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610 Singapore.,2Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117596 Singapore
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Binding and inhibition of the ternary complex factor Elk-4/Sap1 by the adapter protein Dok-4. Biochem J 2017; 474:1509-1528. [PMID: 28275114 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The adapter protein Dok-4 (downstream of kinase-4) has been reported as both an activator and inhibitor of Erk and Elk-1, but lack of knowledge about the identity of its partner molecules has precluded any mechanistic insight into these seemingly conflicting properties. We report that Dok-4 interacts with the transactivation domain of Elk-4 through an atypical phosphotyrosine-binding domain-mediated interaction. Dok-4 possesses a nuclear export signal and can relocalize Elk-4 from nucleus to cytosol, whereas Elk-4 possesses two nuclear localization signals that restrict interaction with Dok-4. The Elk-4 protein, unlike Elk-1, is highly unstable in the presence of Dok-4, through both an interaction-dependent mechanism and a pleckstrin homology domain-dependent but interaction-independent mechanism. This is reversed by proteasome inhibition, depletion of endogenous Dok-4 or lysine-to-arginine mutation of putative Elk-4 ubiquitination sites. Finally, Elk-4 transactivation is potently inhibited by Dok-4 overexpression but enhanced by Dok-4 knockdown in MDCK renal tubular cells, which correlates with increased basal and EGF-induced expression of Egr-1, Fos and cylcinD1 mRNA, and cell proliferation despite reduced Erk activation. Thus, Dok-4 can target Elk-4 activity through multiple mechanisms, including binding of the transactivation domain, nuclear exclusion and protein destabilization, without a requirement for inhibition of Erk.
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Laroche-Lefebvre C, Yousefi M, Daudelin JF, Charpentier T, Tarrab E, Klinck R, Lamarre A, Labrecque N, Stäger S, Duplay P. Dok-1 and Dok-2 Regulate the Formation of Memory CD8+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3618-3627. [PMID: 27664281 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diverse signals received by CD8+ T cells are integrated to achieve the required magnitude of cell expansion and the appropriate balance of effector/memory CD8+ T cell generation. Notably, the strength and nature of TCR signaling influence the differentiation and functional capacity of effector and memory CD8+ T cells. Dok-1 and Dok-2, the two members of the Dok family expressed in T cells, negatively regulate TCR signaling in vitro. However, the role of Dok proteins in modulating T cell function in vivo has not yet studied. We studied the function of Dok-1 and Dok-2 proteins in the regulation of the CD8+ T cell response to vaccinia virus infection. Comparison of responses to vaccinia virus expressing OVA peptide SIINFEKL by wild-type and Dok-1/2-/- CD8+ OT-I cells showed that the absence of Dok-1 and Dok-2 slightly reduced the magnitude of virus-specific effector CD8+ T cell expansion. This was not due to reduced proliferation or enhanced apoptosis of effector CD8+ T cells. Dok-1/2-deficient effector CD8+ T cells showed increased cell surface TCR expression following virus infection in vivo and increased expression of granzyme B and TNF upon stimulation with peptide Ag ex vivo. Finally, Dok-1/2-deficient effector CD8+ T had a severe defect in survival that resulted in impaired generation of memory CD8+ T cells. These results reveal the critical involvement of Dok-1 and Dok-2 in a negative-feedback loop that prevents overactivation of CD8+ T cells and promotes memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Laroche-Lefebvre
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Mitra Yousefi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Daudelin
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; and
| | - Tania Charpentier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Esther Tarrab
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Roscoe Klinck
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Nathalie Labrecque
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; and
| | - Simona Stäger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Pascale Duplay
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada;
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Waseda M, Arimura S, Shimura E, Nakae S, Yamanashi Y. Loss of Dok-1 and Dok-2 in mice causes severe experimental colitis accompanied by reduced expression of IL-17A and IL-22. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:135-142. [PMID: 27450811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate immune responses and mucosal barrier functions are required for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Defects in this defense system may lead to inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. Downstream of tyrosine kinases 1 (Dok-1) and its closest homolog, Dok-2, are preferentially expressed in immune cells, and play essential roles in the negative regulation of multiple signaling pathways in both innate and adaptive immunity. However, the function of these proteins in intestinal homeostasis remained unclear. Here we show that Dok-1/-2 double knockout (DKO) mice were highly susceptible to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis compared with Dok-1 or Dok-2 single KO and wild type (WT) mice. Furthermore, DSS-treated Dok-1/-2 DKO mice exhibited increased colonic tissue damage accompanied by reduced proliferation of the epithelial cells relative to WT controls, suggesting that Dok-1/-2 DKO mice have defects in the repair of intestinal epithelial lesions. In addition, the levels of the Th17 cytokines IL-17A and IL-22, which have protective roles in DSS-induced colitis, were reduced in DSS-treated Dok-1/-2 DKO mice compared with WT mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Dok-1 and Dok-2 negatively regulate intestinal inflammation, apparently through the induction of IL-17A and IL-22 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masazumi Waseda
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sumimasa Arimura
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Eri Shimura
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamanashi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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